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Audrey Lei B.

Pike
IS209
CO6 LAB: PHY02

ABSTRACT
This experiment defines the concept of calorimetry respectively the law of heat exchanged
and how thermal equilibrium is achieved when the temperature is the same for both substances once
the temperature is stabilized after the transfer of heat. The specific heat of solid metal is determined
after putting it into a boiling water then immersing it on the calorimeter filled with water.

INTRODUCTION
Heat refers to energy transferred from one body or substance to another in physical contact
with each other as a consequence of temperature difference. The transfer of heat can cause a substance
to undergo a change in temperature and or a change in phase. The amount of heat involved if there is
change in temperature is directly proportional to the product of the mass and amount of change in
temperature. It also depends on the nature of the material. Heat is expressed in calories in the CGS
system and British Thermal Unit or BTU in the FPS system but Joule is the basic unit for all forms
of energy. Conversion: 1 calorie = 4.186 J
Calorimetry is a method of calculating the transfer of heat during a chemical reaction or
other physical process, such as a transition between various states of matter. Because heat is a source
of energy, it follows the rules of energy conservation. When the system is wrapped in thermal
isolation, all heat energy that is lost in one section of the system will be restored in another part of the
system. The experiment focuses in defining concept of calorimetry that when two or more substances
are combined together in a calorimeter, heat flows from the hotter to the colder. Particularly the law
of heat exchanged when the algebraic sum of heat released or lost by the hotter material at a higher
temperature and the heat absorbed or gained by the other substance at a lower temperature must be
zero.

DISCUSSION
The experiment started by heating the beaker with an electric stove, which is filled 3⁄4 with
water. Weigh the metal, which is 44.9 g, then dump it into the beaker and boil for around 20 minutes.
Weigh the calorimeter, which is 46.9 g, and add the water, and weigh it again, and, in order to
determine the mass of the water, subtract the weight of the calorimeter from the total weight of
calorimeter with water, the mass of the water is 157.4g. Record the initial water temperature of 22C.
Prepare the calorimeter from the boiling water, get the metal that we'll assume is 82C as its removed
from the boiling water, and then place it in the calorimeter. The heat transfer will be initiated and
allow the temperature to stabilize until the thermal equilibrium is achieved, the final temperature will
be determined. Calculate the experimental value of the specific metal heat of with the equation QLOSS
(metal) + QGAINED(calorimter &water) = 0, the experimental value is 0.196 cal/g-C. By obtaining the
experimental value, determine the percentage error with access to the accepted value of 0.2174 cal /
g-C. The percentage error of the experiment is 9.84%.

GUIDE QUESTIONS
1. When is a system considered to be in thermal equilibrium? When does heat transfer from
one body to another stop?
The thermal equilibrium occurs when the temperature of two substances
brought in touch to transfer heat from the other to the other is the same. It would take a
certain period for the temperature of the two substances to be fixed, then overtime thermal
equilibrium will be achieve when heat transfer stops and the measured temperature of both
substances are the same and therefore stable.

2. List down 2 sources of error in this experiment and your suggested solutions for these.

Source of Error: In the instruction, it was stated that direct contact between thermometer and
metal is strictly prohibited as the temperature of the water should be measured because it is the
substance that absorbed the heat from the aluminum block, because the shift in the temperature
of water will determines the law of heat exchange. The example is specific but in bigger picture,
the possible source of error is failure in following instructions.
Solution: The solution is very simple such as diligently follow instructions and read the procedure
well so you will not miss out on small but important details.
Source of Error: If the temperature is not distributed properly then it can cause a significant
difference because this simple part of the procedure is important as this contribute in defining how
law of heat exchange manifest.
Solution: The temperature is the biggest factor considered in the experiment so you need to make
sure that the temperature measured is stable so it will not affect the result because there’s an error
in gathering data.

ANALYSIS
The purposes of the experiment are to demonstrate to us the principle of calorimetry and to
understand the law of heat exchange. The experiment was carried out by calculating the initial
temperature of the water and the metal because it is important as we can compare it to the final
temperature and detect the changes, then aluminum block was placed in the boiling water. It is evident
that it is a suitable object to retain the heat so when it was placed in the water it made a shift in the
temperature. The calorimeter was used to distribute the temperature in order to achieve thermal
equilibrium, during which the temperature was measured until it was stable and the law of heat was
defined. When the measuring of all the initial and final temperature was done, proceed in calculating
the experimental value and compare it to the specific value then obtain the percentage error.
CONCLUSION
The experiment demonstrated the law of exchange as the metal acting as the hotter material
at higher temperatures effectively transmitted the heat to the water. It shows that as two substances
come into contact with each other, the hotter one would have an effect on the other one through heat
transfer. If the two substances in touch were given enough time to be able to stabilize the temperature,
the temperature of the two substances would be similar to each other. This show thermal equilibrium
described as heat cannot approach or escape the system as the temperature is no longer shifting. The
objectives of the experiment were achieved as we determined the specific heat of metal with law of
heat exchanged after the metal was put in a boiling water for 20 minutes then immersed in the water,
where thermal equilibrium occurred.

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