APPLIED PHYSICS ASSIGNMENT

Submitted to:
Sir Hasnain Ahmad

Submitted by:
Areej
Roll no:
BSCS-F-19-20

Question No:01
What is Electromagnetic Induction? Who discovered it?
Answer:

If the moving conductor was connected to a sensitive galvanometer, it would

show an electric current flowing through the circuit as long as the conductor is kept moving in
the magnetic field. The emf produced in the conductor is called induced emf and the current
generated is called induced current. This phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction.

Definition:

The phenomena of induction of an emf in a circuit due to change in magnetic flux

linked with it is called electromagnetic induction.

Discovery of Electromagnetic Induction:

Michael Faraday is credited with discovering electromagnetic induction on August 29, 1831.

... He found that, upon passing a current through one coil, a momentary current was induced in
the other coil— mutual induction. If he moved a magnet through a loop of wire, an electric
current flowed in that
wire.

For Example:

An electric generator
produces a current
because of
electromagnetic
induction.Other uses of
electromagnetic induction include electric motors used in anything from washing machines to
trains,electric hobs and cookers,transformers ,welding and guitar pickups.
Question No:02
Why do transformers not work with DC?
Answer:

The transformer works on the principle of mutual induction, for which current in one

coil must change uniformly. If DC supply is given, the current will not change due to
constant supply and the transformer will not work.
Thus, when we use DC sources, the magnetic field produced by a DC current is uniform
and does not change over time. ... Ultimately, a transformer cannot work on DC because, the
primary coil will create a uniform and constant magnetic field, which will fail to induce EMF in the
secondary coil.

Question No:03
What was Maxwell’s contribution to the laws of electricity and magnetism?
Answer:

It is widely believed that electricity and magnetism were united by James Clerk Maxwell in

the nineteenth century. In his 1865 paper 'A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic
Field', Maxwell substituted the quantity 'Displacement Current' into Ampère's circuital law and
he obtained the electromagnetic wave equation.
Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space as waves moving
at the speed of light. He proposed that light is an undulation in the same medium that is the
cause of electric and magnetic phenomena.
Question No:04
What were Maxwell’s and Hertz’s contributions to electromagnetic waves?
Answer:
Maxwell’s contributions to electromagnetic waves:

About 150 years ago, James Clerk Maxwell, an English scientist, developed a scientific theory
to explain electromagnetic waves. He noticed that electrical fields and magnetic fields can
couple together to form electromagnetic waves. Neither an electrical field (like the static which
forms when you rub your feet on a carpet), nor a magnetic field (like the one that holds a
 magnet onto your refrigerator) will go anywhere by themselves. But Maxwell discovered that a
CHANGING magnetic field will induce a CHANGING electric field and vice-versa.
An electromagnetic wave exists when the changing magnetic field causes a changing
electric field, which then causes another changing magnetic field, and so on forever.

Heinrich Hertz contributions to electromagnetic waves:

Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist, applied Maxwell's theories to the production and reception
of radio waves. The unit of frequency of a radio wave -- one cycle per second -- is named the
hertz, in honor of Heinrich Hertz.
Hertz proved the existence of radio waves in the late 1880s. He used two rods to serve as a
receiver and a spark gap as the receiving antennae. Where the waves were picked up, a spark
would jump. Hertz showed in his experiments that these signals possessed all of the properties
of electromagnetic waves.

Question No:05
What is an Electromagnetic Wave?
Answer:

Electromagnetic waves or EM waves are waves that are created as a result of vibrations

between an electric field and a magnetic field. In other words, EM waves are composed of
oscillating magnetic and electric fields.
Waves which do not require any medium for their propagation are called electromagnetic
waves.

Types of Electromagnetic Waves:

 Radio Waves. Radio waves have the lowest energy, lowest frequency and the longest
wavelengths of all the electromagnetic waves. ...
 Microwaves. Microwaves are shorter than radio waves with wavelengths measured in
centimeters. Microwaves are used to cook your food
 Infrared. Between microwaves and visible light are infrared waves. ...
 Visible light. ...
 Ultraviolet. ...
 X-rays. ...
 Gamma rays.
 Visible light

Question No:06
What are the relative orientations of the electric and magnetic fields of an
electromagnetic wave?
Answer:
E is the electric field vector, and B is the magnetic field vector of the EM wave.
For electromagnetic waves E and B are always perpendicular to each other and perpendicular
to the direction of propagation. The direction of propagation is the direction of E x B.
According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, changing magnetic field will create
an electric field perpendicular to its direction. That is why in an electromagnetic
wave, electric and magnetic fields promote each other in directions perpendicular to
themselves. So, they are perpendicular.
Question No:07
What is the relation between the wavelength and frequency of an electromagnetic
wave?
Answer:

Wavelength:
A wavelength is a measure of distance between two identical peaks “Crest” (high points) or
“Troughs” (low points) in a wave.

A wave is a repeating pattern of traveling energy for e.g. Light, sound etc.

Frequency:
Frequency describes the number of repetitions/Cycles per unit time.

In the electromagnetic spectrum there are many different types of waves with varying
frequencies and wavelengths.

Relation Between Frequency and Wavelength:

They are all related by one important equation:

Any electromagnetic wave's frequency multiplied by its wavelength equals the speed of
light
Frequency (f) × Wavelength (λ)= Speed of light(c)

f×λ=c

We can use this relationship to calculate the wavelength or frequency of any electromagnetic
wave if we have the other measurement. Just divide the speed of light by whichever
measurement you have and then you've got the other.

Frequency = Speed of Light / Wavelength

f = c / λ

Wavelength = Speed of Light / Frequency

λ = c / f

Above formula indicates that there is a inverse relationship between wavelength and frequency.

Higher the frequency, shorter will be the Wavelength.

Lower the frequency, longer will be the Wavelength.

Question No:08
What is a typical wavelength and frequency of a microwave?
Answer:
Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from about one
meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between 300 MHz (1 m) and 300 GHz (1 mm).

Question No:09
The frequency of an AM radio station is 850 kHz. Why is it possible to pick up this
station anywhere between 845 and 855 kHz?

Answer:
It is possible to pick up the station anywhere between 845 and 855 kHz, whether the frequency
of an AM radio station is 850kHz because broadcast transmitters produce electromagnetic
waves over a certain bandwidth or range of frequencies.

Question No:10
Why are microwavable meals not packaged in aluminum containers?
Answer:
Aluminum is a conductor, so it already has free number of electrons. If we put some material to
microwave, it could burst the material within no time. That’s why microwaveable meals not
packed in aluminum containers.
Microwaves do not penetrate through conductors but are reflected from them. The aluminum
container will prevent the microwaves from penetrating through and cooking the food.
Question No:11
Most cellular phones transmit and receive at 1.8 GHz (1 GHz = 10 9 Hz). What is
the
wavelength of this wave?
Answer:
We have formula of Wavelength:
λ = c / f

f = frequency
c = velocity
λ = wavelength

=3x10^8/1.8x10^ (9)
=0.17m
=17cm Ans.
Question No:12
The green laser pointer used in class has a frequency of 5.645 x 10 14 Hz. What is
the wavelength?
Answer:
We have formula of Wavelength:
λ = c / f

f = frequency
c = velocity
λ = wavelength

=3x10^8/5.64x10^14
=5.32x10^-7
=532cm Ans.

Question No:13
What is the frequency of an x-ray that has a wavelength of 1 nm (nm = 10 -9 m)?
Answer:
We have formula of frequency:
f= c /λ

f = frequency
c = velocity
λ = wavelength

=3x10^8/1x10^ (-9)
=3x10^17Hz Ans.

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