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Table o| Contents
A LABORATORY IN SPACE . . 1
SPACELAB 1:
SCIENCE IN ORBIT .......... 2
Goals ....................... 2
Disciplines ................... 3
Astronomy and Solar Physics.. 3
Space Plasma Physics ........ 4
Atmospheric Physics
and Earth Observations ...... 6 _ ,
Life .Sciences ............... 7
Materials Science ........... 7
Science Crew ................. 8 ,._
MISSION DEVELOPMENT ,_
AND MANAGEMENT ....... 10 _
Experiment Selection ......... 10
Scientific Guidance .......... 11
Mission Planning ............. 11
Experiment Hardware
Development ................ 11
Payload Integration .......... 12
Science Crew Training ........ 12 "
On-Orbit Operations .......... 13 ",
Data Return ................. 13
Refurbishment and Reuse ..... 13 _:
SPACELAB 1
INVESTIGATIONS .......... 14
Astronomy and Solar Physics . . 15
Space Plasma Physics ......... 17 !_
Atmospheric Physics ,__-_
and Earth Observations ....... 19 "__._
Life Sciences ................ 21
Materials Science ............ 26 _.
Index of Experiments ......... 30
L BRI1YCDPY
MAY2 6
LIBRARY, NASA
/43 7Z
Spacelab, a multidisciDlinaryfacility developed by the European Space Agency for
use in NASA's Space Shuttle Orbiter, includes exposed instrument pallets and a
pressurized laboratory module where scientistscan work in a shirtsleeve environment.
ALABORATOR
'
/NsPACE
Soon the National Aeronautics and Space Administration agencies, and research institutes in many nations will
(NASA) Space Shuttle will carry the European Space conduct investigations in Spacelab. Never before have
Agency (ESA) Spacelab on its first mission. Thus a dream scientists who are not trained astronauts worked in space,
will be realized: scientists no longer will be earthbound but, actively conducting research in collaboration with investi-
like astronauts, will be able to go into space to perform gators on the ground. In the shirtsleeve environment of the
research that cannot be done on Earth. The important first well-equipped laboratory module, these scientists will enjoy
flight of Spacelab will demonstrate the many capabilities of many of the comforts of a ground-based lab. They can
this orbiting research center and will open exciting new handle the equipment, react to unexpected experimental
opportunities for research in all the sciences, conditions and results, change their plans, and gain
Spacelab is a cooperative venture of ESA and NASA. the greatest scientific yield from the mission. The involve-
ESA is responsible for funding, developing, and building ment of users in all phases of the mission from planning
Spacelab; some fifty industrial firms in ten European through post-flight review, including their presence
nations are participating in construction of the flight onboard the flight, is a distinct advantage for space-age
hardware. NASA is responsible for the launch and scientific research.
operational use of Spacelab. The agencies are jointly Spacelab offers a new way of doing science in the
sponsoring the Spacelab 1 mission and contributing unique environment of space. Because very low gravity,
investigations for the flight. The Marshall Space Flight high vacuum, high-energy radiation, and large volumes of
Center in Huntsville, Alabama, is NASA's lead center for ionized gases are difficult or impossible to achieve in
monitoring the development of Spacelab and managing the laboratories on the ground, some important research
first missions, problems can be solved only in space, where these condi-
Spacelab is a versatile modular facility installed in the tions occur naturally. Likewise impossible, except above the
Space Shuttle Orbiter and exposed to space when the cargo atmosphere, is an unobscured view of the sun, planets, and
bay doors are opened. It consists of an enclosed, pressur- stars, and a global view of the Earth itself. In Spacelab,
ized laboratory containing utilities, computers, work scientists have both a picture-window view of the universe
benches, and instrument racks for the conduct of experi- and a laboratory for investigations that are expected to
ments, as well as outside platforms (pallets) where such yield many benefits for mankind on Earth.
equipment as telescopes, antennas, and sensors are In many ways, Spacelab encourages advanced scientific
mounted for direct exposure to space. These units may research in space. By sharing accommodations and
be used in various combinations, returned to Earth, and instruments, users may conduct a variety of investigations
reused on other flights. Spacelab can be outfitted with simultaneously and less expensively than on independent
several tons of laboratory instruments for studies in
astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, and
engineering.
The Spacelab facility is designed for use by scien-
tists who are not necessarily astronauts; men and
women from universities, industries, government
GOALS
The overall goal of the first mission is to verify Spacelab
performance through a variety of scientific experiments.
The investigations selected for the mission will test or
"exercise" the Spacelab hardware, flight and ground
systems, and crew to demonstrate their capabilities for
advanced research in space. However, Spacelab 1 is not
merely a checkout flight or a trial run. Important research
problems that require a laboratory in space are scheduled
for the mission. From the first moments of the flight, we
can expect increased knowledge of space, the sun, the
Instruments requiring direct exposure to space are mounted Earth's environment, biological systems, and chemical and
onU-shapedpallets.
Severalusersshareaccommodations
onthe physicalprocesses.
compact
olatforms. Spacelab1will demonstratenew instrumentsand
methodsfor conductingexperimentsthat aredifficult or
impossible in ground-based laboratories, rockets, or
orbiting satellites. It will carry more equipment than a
conventional satellite, and many of the instruments will be
the largest, most powerful, or most sensitive of their kind
ever to be placed in orbit. This mission is expected to
produce a high yield of new knowledge and to establish a
pool of resources for reuse on future missions. Furthermore,
Spacelab 1will demonstrate the feasibility of cooperative
$
_ An internationalscientificcommunityisinvolvedindeveloping
the Spacelab1 mission.InvestigatorscomefromvariousEuropean
nations,Canada,Japan,and severalstatesinthe UnitedStates.
DISCIPLINES
Spacelab 1 is a multidisciplinarymission; that is, investiga-
tions will be performed in several different fields of scientific
research. While future missions may be dedicated to a
single discipline, Spacelab 1will demonstrate the broad
versatility of the space laboratory. Researchers in many
disciplines face important questions that can be answered
only by experimentation in low gravity outside the Earth's
atmosphere. On this first mission, they have an opportunity
to sample the capabilities of an orbiting facility and to
begin to fill the gaps in our knowledge. The following
survey shows how Spacelab 1 will be used for novel
research in each of these five disciplines.
One group of investigationswill focus on distantstars and galaxies,
Astronomy and Solar Physics seen here through an optical
evenmoredetailsofthese telescope. X-ray
astronomical images will reveal
objects.
While it protects and sustains life on Earth, the atmosphere
is a veil that obscures our vision of the sun and stars, cameras, and other detectors can see the sun and stars with
Electromagnetic radiation in the gamma ray, X-ray, greater clarity than normally possible. With them, we
ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths is largely absorbed in expect to learn more about the life history of our universe
the atmosphere before it can reach the ground. These and our sun.
invisible forms of radiation carry a great deal of informa- Several investigations are designed to observe faint
tion about the sources from which they originate. Only by sources (stars and galaxies) of radiation in the ultraviolet
using special instruments that can see what the human eye and X-ray wavelengths. Both general surveys and detailed
cannot, and by operating them above the atmosphere, can studies of specific astronomical objects will be performed.
we see the universe clearly.
Spacelab 1will carry a group of instruments for investi-
gations developed by scientists in Belgium, France, the
Netherlands, and the United States. These telescopes,
4
k.
The Earth's magnetic environment is filled with electrified gas
(plasma). The magnetosphere extends far beyond the Van Allen
radiationbelts.
!
$
MISSION
DEVELOPMENT
AND
MANA6EMENT
The MarshallSpace FlightCenterin Huntsville,Alabama, EXPERIMENTSELECTION
is responsibleforplanning and directingthe entire
Spacelab 1 mission.The center'sMissionManagerand its Spacelab 1 investigationswere selected in a competition
Spacelab PayloadProjectOffice coordinateall activities judgedon the bases of intrinsicscientificmeritand suita-
pertinentto the payloadof scientificinstruments,after bilityforflight on the Shuttle.NASAand ESA issued
initial selection throughthe developmentof Spacelab 1 Announcements of Opportunityinvitingthe worldwide
experimenthardwareand supportequipment, and it scientificcommunity to proposeinvestigations.Interested
conducts crew trainingforthe whole payload.The Mission scientistsrespondedwithover 400 proposals,which were
Manager'sprime goalis to ensurethat the payloadsatisfies evaluated by an independentgroup of experts.NASAand
the researchneeds of the userscientists,utilizesthe
Shuttle-Spacelabcapabilitiesefficiently,and operates well
duringflight.
A prime contributor to the missionmanagement team is
the European organizationSPICE (SpacelabPayload
Integration and Coordination Europe), which manages the
ESA-sponsoredportion of the payload. The Mission
Manager also works closelywith other NASAorganizations
involvedin Shuttle-Spacelabpreparationsand flight
MISSION PLANNING
As the mission develops, Spacelab 1 planners devise the
mission timeline, an around-the-clock schedule of events Scientistsand technicians around the world participate in the design
during the flight. Each experiment is assigned time slots andtestingof Sloacelab1 experimenthardware.
during which it is "turned on;' receiving the necessary
power, crew time, and computer support for operation, fulfill its research purpose but also to "fit" with other
Appropriate periods for simultaneous experiments are experiments into the size, weight, and power supply
identified, as well as times when such targets as a particular capabilities of Spacelab. For the sake of economy, existing
star or land feature are available for observation. Mission equipment is used as much as possible, and much of the
planning produces a precisely coordinated sequence for the hardware is designed for reuse on future missions. The
many events that make up the Spacelab 1 investigations. Principal Investigators and the Mission Manager stay in
During flight, these operations are monitored and managed close touch to ensure that experiment and support
by the Marshall Center's mission management team from a hardware are well coordinated and are designed in accord
payload control center at the Johnson Space Center in with the expected environmental conditions of the mission.
Houston, Texas.
EXPERIMENT
HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT
Construction of the experiment apparatus occurs simul-
taneously in many different places around the world.
Experiment hardware is developed by investigators them-
selves in collaboration with ESA, NASA, and private
industry. Their apparatus must be designed not only to
It
PAYLOAD INTEGRATION
I_a_mmnt For a successful mission, all Spacelab 1 systems and all
Individual pieces of experi-
ment hardwareare checked experimentsmust be assembledproperly so they work
te Kennedy
Space
Center. ponentsinto a well-organizedand functionalpayload.
thoroughly
before
shipment during
properly.
Integration
thePayload
life
or of
"fitting
the
integration
mission.
together"is the
occurs
assembly
in several
of allphases
com-
Initially, the requirements (such as space, electricity,
p=,/Io=ntntqrm_n computer time, crew time) of each experiment are
Equipment isinstalledinto evaluated and a layout is designed. This blueprint assures
racksand/orpallet(s)and that all "occupants" can share Spacelab's accommodations
checked
ensure forcompatibility
that the instrumentsto compatibly.Cablesconnectinginstrumentsto Spacelab's
work together as an power supply,computer,and datasystemarealsolaid out.
assembled
payload. Later,instrumentsare shippedto thelaunchsiteat
Kennedy SpaceCenterfor assemblyof thetotal payload
and installationinto Spacelab.Componentsare attachedto
racksand thepallet,andall circuitsand connections
S_==e_b Int=cr=_ are tested.
periment racks payload
The integrated (ex-
and pallets) Shortly before launch, Spacelab is placed inside the
is installed
in Space/ab and Shuttle Orbiter and all links are checked. Then the loaded
checkedforcompatibility Orbiter is moved to the Vehicle Assembly Building to be
withtheSpace/ab systems, attached to the External Tanks and Solid Rocket Boosters.
Finally,thefully assembledShuttle-Spacelab is movedto
thelaunchpad.
ON-ORBIT OPERATIONS
Scientists and members of the ground support team will monitor the
During a Spacelabflight,thehubof activityfor scientists Spacelab 1 missionfromconsolesinthe Payload O0erations
onthe groundis thePayloadOperationsControl Center Control
Center.
(POCC).This facility islocatedat JohnsonSpaceCenter in
Houston.The Mission Scientist,ESA ProjectScientist, video tapesthatcontaininformationonly about their own
Mission Manager,twoPayloadSpecialists,and all Principal experiments.Furthermore,afterthe Shuttlelands,all
Investigators, with their research teams, gather here to experiment equipment and samples will be returned to the
oversee the operation of their experiments. Flight Principal Investigators. Full analysis of all returned data
Operations teams from NASA and ESA support these may take several years. Information gleaned from the
activities. Spacelab 1 mission undoubtedly will provide the basis for
From the payload control center, scientists can many future experiments.
communicate with the Spacelab crew by voice and video;
command and data links enable them to follow the progress REFURBISHMENT AND REUSE
of their experiments. If necessary, they may intervene in the Spacelab and many of the experiment instruments are
operations by verbally instructing the crew or by sending designed to be reused on other missions. After Spacelab 1
automated commands to the onboard computer that is dismantled, all hardware will be inspected and, if
controls their instruments. Investigators may install their necessary, repaired or modified. Some pieces may be
own special equipment for experiment data processing and required immediately for other Spacelab missions; others
analysis in the center so they can monitor and modify will remain available as part of an equipment pool that
operations, scientists may draw upon to assemble new experiments
All information pertinent to the Spacelab investigations quickly and economically.
is received through the payload control center's data The final phase of the Spacelab 1 mission is thus the
management system, which provides scientists on the initial phase of later missions. Spacelab is a reusable
ground with more data than are generally available to the resource, ready for other crews and other investigations.
Payload Specialists. Thus, investigators can assess and Before Spacelab 1, opportunities for the independent
respond to up-to-the-minute information and can be scientist to perform research in space were few and far
actively involved in experiment operations hundreds of between; payload development and flight were long and
miles away in space, prohibitively expensive processes. Now a new era in the
history of science is beginning: scientists can work in space
DATA RETURN or send their investigations aloft with relative ease and
During the flight, data are also transmitted to the Spacelab economy. The Spacelab 1 mission invites the world to join
Data Processing Facility at Goddard Space Flight Center in the continuing adventure of science in space.
Greenbelt, Maryland. This facility separates and organizes
the mass of incoming data by experiment. Thus, investi-
gators may obtain computer tapes, voice recordings, and
14
SPACELAB
]INVESTI6AT
Spacelab 1 is a laboratory and observatory for over seventy
investigations in five research disciplines. Such an ambi-
tious program of multidisciplinary research is appropriate
for the inauguration of this facility. The first mission
demonstrates the versatility of Spacelab.
What discoveries and results can be expected from the
Spacelab 1 mission? This research opportunity is so novel
that we can hardly predict the full impact of the mission.
Certainly, we will add to our fund of basic scientific
knowledge; some of the investigations will stretch the
frontiers of science with major advances in theory and
measurements. Others will yield a favorable return-on-
investment through major technical advances and practical
applications. Many of the investigations will be modified
and reflown on later missions to capitalize on the achieve-
ments of Spacelab 1. As we conduct science in space, we
expect keener insight into the universe, the Earth,
materials, and life itself.
Various specific results are expected from individual
investigations. The following summaries include the
purpose, importance, and method of each major Spacelab 1
investigation (some of which involve several experiments).
The identification number, sponsor, and Principal
Investigator's name and affiliation are given for each
investigation. Dozens of co-investigators also are parti-
cipating in the science activities of this mission. All
experiments on the pallet are controlled from the module ,!
by the crew or by computers. No extra-vehicular activity is
scheduled for this mission.
r_-r l"n
J
/
/
FAR ULTRAVIOLET VERY WIDE FIELD CAMERA SPECTROSCOPY IN
ASTRONOMY USING THE 1ES022 (ESA) X-RAY ASTRONOMY
FAUST TELESCOPE G. Court6s, 1ES023 (ESA)
INS005 (NASA) Laboratoire d'Astroflomle R. Andresen,
C.S. Bowyer, Spatlale, France ESA/European Space Research
University of California Purpose:To makea general and Technology Centre,
at Berkeley, United States ultravioletsurveyof thecelestial The Netherlands
Purpose: Toobserve,withhigher spherein a studyof iarge-scale Purpose: Tostudy detailedfeatures
sensitivitythanpreviouslypossible, phenomena, ofcosmicX-raysourcesand their
faintultravioletemissionsfrom Importance: Astronomical observ- variationsin time.
vadousastronomical sources, ationwith widefield-of-viewinstru- Importance: Rockets,balloons,and
Importance: Muchremainstobe mentsis relativelynew.This satelliteshaveopenednew
learnedaboutthestagesinthe life of techniqueisfasterand easierto "windows"for observingthe universe.
a star.It isthoughtthatagingstars interpretthan scanningof many Observationsfromabovethe
reachvery hightemperaturesand pointsovera largearea,and itallows atmosphere, whichabsorbsmost
emit intensefar-ultravioletradiation, constantcomparison with the sky wavelengths and limitsourviewof
These emissions cannotbe detected backgroundand referencestars, thecosmos,havecauseda revolution
byground-based astronomers, but Wide-anglephotographyiswell- in as_n0my in the lastfew years.We
theycanbe detectedbyan ultraviolet suitedfor studiesoflarge-scale can nowseethatviolent,high-energy
sensorplacedoutsidethe Earth's ultravioletradiationin zodiacallight, processes arethe normratherthan
atmosphere. Betterknowledgeof diffusegalacticlight,interstellar theexceptioninthe lifecycleofstars
ultTaviolet sourceswillleadto clouds,and othersources.Ultraviolet and galaxies.Theseexplosiveevents
improvedunderstanding of the life radiationisa signatureof high- emitX-rays.In orderto understand
cycleof starsand galaxiesthroughout temperaturestars-- beth very young, the processes thatdominatestellar
the universe, massivestarsand agingstarsnearthe evolution,we mustleamtoobserve
Method: The Far UltravioletSpace end of theirevolution, and interpretthese X-rayemissions.
Telescope(FAUST)isa compact, Method: A camera-telescope CosmicX-rayspectroscopy isa
widefieid-of-vlewinstrumentthathas mountedin the Spsceiabscientific promisingnewfieldofastronomical
alreadybeen usedon rocketsfor brief airlockbythe crewwilltake wide- research.
astronomicalobservations. FAUST anglepicturesof the skyin ultraviolet Method: The detectorsystemfor this
willbe mountedon the palletand wavelengths.The instrumentwillbe experimentisa gasscintillation
operatedbythe crewfromthe usedto studythe large-scale proportionalcounter.X-raysfroman
module.It issensitiveenoughto structureof the MilkyWayand the astrophysical target(e.g.,a pulsar,
detectvery faint ultravioletemissions remnantsof largeexplosions that supernovaremnant,orclusterof
that are predictedto existjustpriorto occurredeonsagonearthesun. galaxies)are receivedandtheir
the deathof a star.Observationsof Thesefeaturesshouldbe especially characteristics recordedby the way
galaxiesand quasarsand joint noticeablethroughwide-angle they exciteXenongaswithinthe
observations with otherSpacelab1 photography, instrument.Thesedatacan be analyzed
experiments will also be conducted, to determine the energy of each X-ray
This investigationwilldemonstrate event.Resultsare expectedto provide
the effective useon Spaceiabof newinsightsintovery highenergy
existinghardwareat lowcostandthe eventsin ourgalaxyand elsewherein
suitabilityof Spacelabas a platform the universe.Instrumentationislocated
forastronomical studies.It will also onthe pallet,and dataare storedon
providea wealthof photographicdata magnetictapeaftertransmission to the
unavailablebeforethis mission, ground.The crewstarts,stops,and
checksoperations.
I
j_! jt
Jj //
:...
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[l:•
RADIATIONENVIRONMENT
MAPPING
: t
:
ADVANCEDBIOSTACK
EXPERIMENT
....
MICROORGANISMSAND
BIOMOLECULES IN HARD
1N8006 (NASA) 1ES027(ESA) SPACEENVIRONMENT
E.V. Benton, H. BiJcker, 1E8029 (ESA)
University of San Francisco, Institut fOr Flugmedizin/Abteilung G. Homeck,
United States fOr Biophysik, Institut fOr FIugmedizin/Abteilung
Purpose: To measure the cosmic Federal Republic of Germany fOr Biophysik,
radiation inside Spaceisb. Puq)ose: To determine the radiobio- Federal Republic of Germany
Importance: Some radiation from the logicalimportance of cosmic radiation Purpose: To rneasumthe influence of
space environment penetrates the particlesof high charge and high the space environment on various
protective shielding on spacecraft, energy, biological specimens.
Information about the nature of cosmic Importance: Further information is Importance: Exposure to the vacuum
radiation inside Speceiab is vital to the needed to assessthe hazard of cosmic and high-energy radiation in space may
protection of people working them. radiationto humansand experiments in influence living matter at the cellular,
Such data are also necessary for space and to establishguidelines for subcelluiar, and molecular levels.
protecting experiments that may be their protection. We also need to Growth disturbances, membrane
affected by exposure to radiation, understand the effects of single damage, and structural changes in
Method: Dosimeters (radiation detect- particleson biological matter, enzymes and proteins are possible
ors) and stacks of plasticdetector film Method: The experimental packages consequences of prolonged exposure
will be mounted in varioos places are biostacks, layers of different in space. Precise information about the
inside Spacelab. The sampling sites will biological matter sandwiched between effects of space on living matter is
represent a wide range of spacecraft different types of detectors. Biostacks expectad to hasten the solution of
shielding. Penetrating neutrons, will be exposed to cosmic radiation at several problems in space biology and
protons,and particles with high charge several locations inside the module and basic research.
and energy leave tracks in the detector on the pallet. Characteristictracks of Method: More than 300 samples of
materials that can be developed by particles in the detector material will be test materials (microorganismsand
processing after the flight. These tracks correlated with injury of the biological biomolecules, packed in four
ca.rw information about the nature of matter. Improved methods of Iocaliza- containers) located on the pallet will be
radiation inside the Spaceiab module; tion and biologicalevaluation will be exposed to the space vacuum and to
the measurements will be used to used to interpret these data. variouswavelengths and intensities of
determine the potential radiation risk to solar ultraviolet radiation. The speci-
humansand expedmenta. The crew will mens will be evaluated after the flight
have no duties in this investigation, and compared with findings from
simulation experiments on the ground.
Life Sciences
\ !
/'i ) '
_.-
:. _ 4 #
i A diverseprogramof materials
L processingisscheduledfor the
! SPacelab1 mission.Theseexperiments
willtestequipmentandtechniquesfor
_- , ..........
Ii '":
i.__., ........
27
METALLIC EMULSIONS AiPb
INTERFACIAL INSTABILITY
ZONE CRYSTALLIZATION O6CILLATION DAMPING AND CAPILLARY HYSTERESIS
OF SILICON OF A LIQUID 1ES339
1ES321 IN NATURAL LEVITATION J.M. Haynes,
R. Nitsche, 1ES326 University of Bristol,
KristallographischesInstitut H. Rodot, United Kingdom
der Universitlit Frolburg, CNRS Laboratoire
Germany d'a_rothermique,
France
TRAVELLING
GROWTH SOLVENT
OF CdTe KINETICS OF SPREADING Single Experiments
1ES322 OFLIQUIDS
ONSOLIDS UsingSpecial
H. J_ger, 1ES327
Battelle Institut e.V., J,M. ,aynes, Equipment
Germany University of Bristol,
United Kingdom
CRYSTALLIZATION OF
SILICON SPHERES CAPILLARY SURFACES SELF-DIFFUSION
1ES324 IN LOW GRAVITY AND INTERDIFFUSION
Dr. K61ker, 1ES329 IN LIQUID METALS
Consortium_r Elektrochemische J.F. Padday, 1ES335
Industrie GmbH, Kodak Umited, Dr. Kraalz,
Germany United Kingdom Technische Universit_t,
Germany
COUPLED MOTION OF
LIQUID-SOLID SYSTEMS ADHESION OF METALS
IN NEAR ZERO GRAVITY UHV CHAMBER
1ES330 1ES340
J.P.B. Vreeburg, G. Ghersini,
National Aerospace Centro Informazioni
Laboratory N LR, Studi Esperienze,
The Netherlands Italy
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3 1176 00508 5197