Internal

Combustion
Engines
Compiled by
1
PM Muhammad Abd Razak
FKM, UiTMPP
THE GAS POWERED CYCLE – INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE
Recall: Theoritical Air Standard Cycles:
• uses a fixed amount air throughout as the working fluid.
• All processes are internally reversible
• The source of heat supply (Qin) and heat rejection (Qout) are
external.
Air Standard Otto Cycle
• First functioning 4-stroke cycle was developed by Nikolaus
Otto in 1876.
• Form the basis for petrol engine where the heat addition
occurs instantaneously when the piston is at TDC.

Consist of
• 2 isentropic processes
• 2 constant volume processes 2
1 – 2 isentropic compression
2 – 3 reversible constant volume heat addition (qin)
3 – 4 isentropic expansion
4 – 1 reversible constant volume heat rejection (qout)

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Comparing the volumes at 1(BDC) and 2(TDC),
v1 Vs + Vc
The compression ratio rv = =
v2 Vc
wnet qin − qout
Thermal efficiency ηth = =
qin qin
Thus qin = Cv (T3 − T2 )
qout = Cv (T4 − T1 )
Cv (T3 − T2 ) − Cv (T4 − T1 )
ηth =
Cv (T3 − T2 )
Cv {(T3 − T2 ) − (T4 − T1 )}
ηth =
Cv (T3 − T2 )
(T4 − T1 )
ηth = 1 − 5
(T3 − T2 )
For 1→2 and 3→4 (isentropic processes)
k −1 k −1
T2 ⎛ v1 ⎞ ⎛ v4 ⎞ T3
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =
T1 ⎝ v2 ⎠ ⎝ v3 ⎠ T4

T2 = T1 (rv ) k −1 T3 = T4 (rv ) k −1

(T4 − T1 ) 1
η th = 1 − = 1 − k −1
(T3 − T2 ) rv

The thermal efficiency

depends only on the
compression ratio, rv , then

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The heat addition and heat rejection externally are not efficient
For greater practicality, the cycle is improvised with heat
addition happening internally (combustion) and the burnt gas is
exhausted externally, thus giving the name Internal
Combustion Engine, ie I.C.E.
4 stroke spark ignited internal combustion engine (S.I.)

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For further readings : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke
 Spark plug Exhaust port
(burnt gas)
Induction port
(air + fuel)

piston

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Intake - the piston Compression - As the
moves downward, piston rises the valves are
drawing a fresh charge forced shut Flywheel
of vaporized fuel/air momentum drives the
mixture. The exhaust piston upward,
valve is held shut by a compressing the fuel/air
spring. mixture. 9
Power - At the top of the Exhaust - At the end of the
compression stroke the power stroke, the exhaust valve
spark plug fires, igniting is opened by the cam
the compressed fuel. As mechanism. The upward stroke
the fuel burns it expands, of the piston drives the
pushing the piston exhausted fuel out of the
downward. cylinder. 10
A 4 Stroke S.I. Engine

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12
The work ratio is not useful in I.C.E.
We use the Mean Effective Pressure (M.E.P.) or pm which is the height of a
rectangle having the same length and area of a cycle plotted on a p-v
diagram.

pm (v1 − v2 ) = Wnet
Wnet
pm =
(v1 − v2 )
Wnet v1
pm = and rv =
⎛ v2 ⎞ v2
v1 ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟
⎝ v1 ⎠
Wnet
pm =
⎛ 1⎞
v1 ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟
⎝ rv ⎠ 13
Diesel Cycle
• Also known as compression ignition cycle (C.I.)
• only air is compressed during the compression stroke, and
diesel is injected at the end of compression to produce a
constant pressure heat addition(combustion)
• can be designed to operate at much higher compression
ratios than SI engines, typically between 12→ 24, due to
absent of auto-ignition.

Cycle consist of
• 2 isentropic processes
• 1 constant pressure process
• 1 constant volume process

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On T-s and p-v plots

¾ 1 – 2 isentropic compression
¾ 2 – 3 reversible constant pressure heat addition (qin)
¾ 3 – 4 isentropic expansion
¾ 4 – 1 reversible constant volume heat rejection (qout)
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Between 2→3 qin = C p (T3 − T2 )
Between 4→1 qout = Cv (T4 − T1 )

ηth = 1 −
(β −1k
) β=
v3
(cut off ratio)
k (β − 1)rv
Then k −1 where
v2

Why diesel engines ?

• Higher thermal efficiency
• Lower fuel cost
• More suitable for applications with large amount of power
• Buses, lorries, trucks
• Locomotives, ships
• Emergency power generation sets
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Dual Combustion Cycle
• Modern engines operate at higher speed. A more suitable cycle
for C.I. engine is the Dual Combustion Engine.
• Heat addition process is done under 2 conditions :
• Constant volume, followed by
• Constant pressure
Then
ηth = 1 −
(εβ −1
k
)
[(ε − 1) + kε (β − 1)]rv k −1

Where ε = P3/P2
Easier if we use the normal cycle
analysis

qin = Cv (T3 − T2 ) + C p (T4 − T3 )

qout = Cv (T5 − T1 ) 17
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