PERFORMACE EVALUATION OF SLAG

AGGREGATES AS CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

Professor Dr. Ishtiaque Ahmed

&
Professor Dr. Tanvir Manzur
Department of Civil Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology
(BUET), Dhaka-1000
 Research Significance

• With the increasing rate of construction in Bangladesh, the

construction industry is now facing a scarcity of natural
aggregate.

• Besides, the additional production of steel causing an

increase of slag production. The environmental friendly
disposal of the induction furnace slag is also a matter of
great concern.

• If the slags can be used as an alternative of mineral

aggregate, it will greatly benefit the society and
environment and boast our economy ultimately resulting in
sustainable development.
 Objectives of The Study

• Evaluating various required properties of coarse aggregates for

large particles (particles retained on number 4 standard sieve).

• Evaluating various required properties of the aggregates for

smaller particles (passing on number 4 standard sieve and
retained on number 200 standard sieve).

• Evaluating properties of concrete made by these coarse and

fine aggregates with a view to evaluate performance against
that made of conventional aggregate.
 Experimental Outline

The following test scheme has been designed for the evaluation of the
suitability of coarse aggregate to be used in various concrete works.

• Gradation of Aggregates (ASTM C136)

• Specific Gravity and Absorption Capacity (ASTM C127)
• Unit Weight and Voids (ASTM C29)
• Aggregate Impact Value (BS 812)
• Aggregate Crushing Value (BS 812)
• Ten Percent Fine Value (BS 812)
• Flakiness Index
• Elongation Index
• Angularity Number
• Los Angeles Abrasion Value (ASTM C131)
• pH
 Experimental Outline
The following test scheme has been designed for the evaluation
of suitability of fine aggregate to be used in various concrete
works.

• Gradation of Aggregate (ASTM C136)

• Specific Gravity and Absorption (ASTM C128)
• Unit Weights and Voids (ASTM C29)
 Experimental Outline

The following test scheme has been designed for evaluation of

suitability of the coarse and fine aggregate combined in concrete.

• Compressive Strength of Concrete Using Cylindrical

Specimens (ASTM C39)
• Compressive Strength of Concrete Using Cube Specimens
(BS1881)
• Tensile Strength of Concrete
• Modulus of Elasticity
 Experimental Outline
The following test scheme has been designed for evaluation of
durability of the concrete made with slag aggregates.

• Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT)

• Rapid Migration Test (RMT)
 Experimental Outline
• Compare the flexure capacity of 10’x12’ slab made
with slag aggregates and brick aggregates which will
be reinforced with 6mm and 10mm bars respectively.

• Measure the deflection, crack width and crack

numbers for both slabs and compare them for
serviceability performance.
 Relevant Aggregate
Standard Tests Typical Values
Properties
1% to 10% (Fine Aggregate)
Sulphate Soundness ASTM C88
1% to 12% (Coarse Aggregate)
ASTM C666 & CRD - C - 114
Resistance to Freezing and Performance of Aggregate in Air Durability Factor of 10% to 95
Thawing Entrained Concrete by Rapid %
Cycles

ACI Absorption
ASTM C127 (Coarse Aggregate)
ASTM C128 (Fine Aggregate)
0.2% to 4 % (Coarse
Aggregate) 0.2% to 2%
(Fine Aggregate)

Concrete Presence of Clay and Fines ASTM C117

0.2% to 6 % (Fine Aggregate)
0.2% to 1 % (Coarse
Aggregate)

Mannual Aggregate Reactivity

ASTM C 227 Mortar Bar
Expansion ASTM C 586 Rock
0.01% to 0.2 % after 6 Months
0.01% to 0.2 % after 6 Months
Cylinder Method
Co-efficient of Thermal CRD - C - 125
1.0 x 106 /F to 9.0 x 106 /F
Expansion Aggregate Particles
ASTM D 2936
Tensile Strength 300 psi - 2300 psi
Rock Cores
ASTM D 2938
Compressive Strength 10000 psi - 40000 psi
Rock Cores
ASTM C40 Colour plate No. 3 or less
Organic Impurities
ASTM C87 85 to 105%
ASTM D3398
Particle Shape 35% to 50 %
Void Content
Clay Lumps and Friable
ASTM C 142 0.5 to 2 %
Particles
ASTM C136
Maximum Size 0.5 inch to 6 inch
Sieve Analysis
Modulus of Elasticity ASTM C469 1.0x 106 psi - 10.0 x 106 psi
ASTM C 127 1.6 to 3.2
Specific Gravity
ASTM C 128 1.6 to 3.3
ASTM C136 2.2 - 3.1 (Fine Aggregate)
Fineness of Modulus
CRD - C - 104 5.5 - 8.5 (Coarse Aggregate)
Density ASTM C29 75 lb/cft - 110 lb/ cft
ASTM C131 and C535
Resistance to Degradation 15% to 50 % loss
Los Angeles Machine
 IS 383

Parameters of Aggregates Allowable limits

Wearing Surface: <30%

Aggregate Impact Value (AIV)
Concrete Other than Wearing Surface: <45%
Wearing Surface: <30%
Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV)
Concrete Other than Wearing Surface: <45%
Ten Percent Fines Value (TFV) Concrete Other than Wearing Surface: <50kN
Wearing Surface: <30%
Los Angeles Abrasion Value (LA)
Concrete Other than Wearing Surface: <50%
Fine Aggregate: <10%
Soundness of Aggregate (Tested with Na2SO4)
Course Aggregate: <12%
Fine Aggregate: <15%
Soundness of Aggregate (Tested with MgSO4)
Course Aggregate: <18%

20mm: 90%-100%
Sizes of Coarse Aggregates for Mass Concrete
4.75mm: 0%-10%
(20mm to 4.75mm)
2.36mm: 0%-0.2%
Flakiness Index <40%
Elongation Index <40%
 BS 882

Parameters of Aggregates Allowable limits

Heavy Duty Concrete Floor Finishes: <25%

Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) Pavement Wearing Surfaces: <30%
Others: <45%

Heavy Duty Concrete Floor Finishes: >150kN

Ten Percent Fines Value (TFV) Pavement Wearing Surfaces: >100kN
Others: >50kN

Crushed Stone: <40%

Flakiness Index
Natural Gravel: <50%

20mm: 85%-100%
Single Sized Coarse Aggregates
14mm: 0%-70%
for Mass Concrete (20mm to
10mm: 0%-25%
4.75mm)
5mm: 0%-5%

Crushed Gravel Course Aggregate: 2%

Fines (% Mass Passing 75μm Crushed Rock Aggregate: 4%
Sieve) Crushed Gravel Sand: 4%
Crushed Rock Sand: 16%
 BRTC Test Results
Stone Chips Brick Chips Slag
Test Parameters
(Coarse Aggregate) (Coarse Aggregate) (Coarse Aggregate)

Gradation of Aggregates (FM) 6.81 6.28 6.52

Bulk Specific Gravity (OD) 2.63 1.73 2.42

Water Absobtion Capacity 0.80% 11.40% 2.70%

Unit Weight (Bulk Density) 1530 Kg/m3 1040 Kg/m3 1290 Kg/m3

Voids in Aggregates
42% 40% 47%
(Compacted by Rodding)

Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) 32% 37% 44%

Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) 24% 36% 44%

Ten Percent Fines Value (TFV) 160 KN 90 KN 40 KN

Flakiness Index 24% 23% 8%

Elongation Index 38% 28% 19%

Angularity Number 8 8 12

Los Angeles Abrasion Value

30% 33% 45%
(LA)

pH 7.0 6.0 7.2

 BRTC Test Results
Sylhet Sand Slag
Test Parameters
(Fine Aggregate) (Fine Aggregate)

Unit Weight (Bulk Density) 1540 Kg/m3 1630 Kg/m3

Voids in Aggregates
40% 40%
(Compacted by Rodding)

Bulk Specific Gravity (OD) 2.59 2.74

Water Absobtion Capacity 1.00% 3.90%

Gradation of Aggregates (FM) 3.07 -

 BRTC Vs BRRL(RHD)
BRRL, RHD
Name of The Tests Limits accroding to BUET
Test Results-1 Test Results-2 Test Results-3
RHD
Sieve Analysis (FM) - - - 6.52

Aggregate Crushing Value

40.60% 38.42% 38.80% < 38% 44%
(ACV)
Ten Percent Fines Value
76 KN 75 KN 78 KN > 75 KN 40 KN
(TFV)
41.54% 41.04% 42.54%
Los Angeles Abrasion (LA) < 40% 45%
41.24% 41.58% 40.86%
3 3 3 3 3
Unit Weight (OD Basis) 1372.21 kg/m 1365.90 kg/m 1372.14 kg/m > 1200 kg/m 1290 kg/m
Specific Graity (OD Basis) 2.61 2.68 2.7 2.42

Water Absorption 1.65% 1.83% 1.73% 2.70%

Flakiness Index 5.02% 5.30% 5.31% < 30% 8%

Elongation Index 4.43% 5.07% 4.94% < 30% 19%

Clay Lumps 0.93% 0.60% 0.52%

Full Scale Slab Casting
Problems with 6mm Bar
Problems with 6mm Bar
Ways to Solve the Problem
Ways to Solve the Problem
Ways to Solve the Problem
Testing of Slabs
 Testing of Slabs

Slab Designation Coarse Aggregate Fine Aggregate Cement Type Dia. of The Main Bars

Coarse sand (Sylhet

S61 Brick Chips OPC 10 mm
Sand)

Coarse sand (Sylhet

S62 Brick Chips OPC 6 mm
Sand)

Slag (Coarse
S63 Slag (Fine Aggregate) OPC 10 mm
Aggregate)

Slag (Coarse
S64 Slag (Fine Aggregate) OPC 6 mm
Aggregate)
Load vs Deflection
Moment vs Deflection
Load vs Deflection
Moment vs Deflection
 Summary Table
Designation S61 S62 S63 S64

Grade of Reinforcement (ksi) 60 60 60 60

Diameter of the main Bar (mm) 10 6 10 6
Spacing of the main bar (inch) 8 4 8 4
Loading Type UDL UDL UDL UDL
Service Live Load (psf) 50 50 50 50
First Crack Load (psf) - 137.5 - 148
Moment (K-ft/ft) at first crack load - 0.825 - 0.888
Allowable Crack Width (mm) at
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
service Live Load condition
Allowable Deflection (mm) at service
20 20 20 20
Live Load condition
Crack Width (mm) at service Live Load 0 0 0 0
Deflection (mm) at service Live Load 2 1.9 1.5 1.5

Design Live Load Moment (K-ft/ft) 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51

Crack Width (mm) at Design Live Load

0 0 0 0
Moment
Deflection (mm) at Design Live Load
3.1 3 2.8 2.9
Moment
 Pervious Slag Concrete
Designation ID Maximum Water/Cement
Aggregate Size
(Inch)
Slab 1 1 0.36
Slab 2 1 0.32
Slab 3 1 0.28
Slab 4 3/4 0.36
Slab 5 3/4 0.32
Slab 6 3/4 0.28
Slab 7 3/8 0.36
Slab 8 3/8 0.32
Slab 9 3/8 0.28
 Pervious Slag Concrete

Corresponding Compressive Strength

Obtained (psi)
Designation ID Permeability (mm/hr)

Cylinder Cube

Slab-1 330 470 89876

Slab-2 420 540 69555

Slab-3 540 700 78020

Slab-4 470 630 26789

Slab-5 540 740 51214

Slab-6 620 950 61941

Slab-7 2970 3130 4097

Slab-8 3100 4460 3494

Slab-9 3890 4690 7351

Thermal Property of Slag Mortar
Thermal Property of Slag Mortar
Type of K K
Mortar (Cal. cm-1 sec-1 oC-1 ) (W m-1 K-1)

Slag Fine
0.000915577 0.384542
Mortar

Coarse
Sand 0.001563834 0.656810
Mortar

Brick Fine
0.001184603 0.497533
Mortar

River Sand
0.001422359 0.597391
Mortar
Fire Resistance of Slag Mortar
 Compressive Strength (MPa) Flexural Strength (MPa)

Aggregate After burning After burning

W/C Normal Normal
Type
Sample Water Sample Water
Air Cooled Air Cooled
(unburnt) Cooled (unburnt) Cooled
Sample Sample
Sample Sample
0.4 42.6 33.1 11.2 6.6 4.9 0.5
Coarse Sand 0.5 40.8 27.7 6.6 6.0 3.2 0.2
0.6 36.9 18.6 5.4 5.3 2.4 0.1
0.4 24.6 22.1 10.2 5.5 4.7 1.6
River Sand 0.5 22.8 18.6 7.6 5.4 4.0 1.0
0.6 21.9 11.6 5.8 5.1 3.1 0.2
0.4 35.8 32.8 20.4 6.5 3.9 1.8
Brick Fine 0.5 25.3 24.5 10.7 5.4 3.4 0.8
0.6 23.8 15.6 7.3 5.3 2.8 0.5
0.4 44.5 31.4 24.0 8.6 4.3 1.4
Slag Fine 0.5 36.4 24.7 18.1 8.0 3.8 0.6
0.6 34.6 18.9 13.5 5.4 3.2 0.2
 Cylinder Matrix
Designition Mix ratio W/C CA FA Cement

A 1 1.5 3 0.4 Slag Slag OPC

B 1 1.5 3 0.45 Slag Slag OPC
C 1 1.5 3 0.5 Slag Slag OPC
D 1 2 4 0.4 Slag Slag OPC
E 1 2 4 0.45 Slag Slag OPC
F 1 2 4 0.5 Slag Slag OPC
G 1 1.5 3 0.4 Slag + Brick Slag OPC
H 1 1.5 3 0.45 Slag + Brick Slag OPC
I 1 1.5 3 0.5 Slag + Brick Slag OPC
J 1 2 4 0.4 Slag + Brick Slag OPC
K 1 2 4 0.45 Slag + Brick Slag OPC
L 1 2 4 0.5 Slag + Brick Slag OPC
M 1 1.5 3 0.4 Brick Sylhet OPC
N 1 1.5 3 0.45 Brick Sylhet OPC
O 1 1.5 3 0.5 Brick Sylhet OPC
P 1 2 4 0.4 Brick Sylhet OPC
Q 1 2 4 0.45 Brick Sylhet OPC
R 1 2 4 0.5 Brick Sylhet OPC
S 1 1.5 3 0.4 Brick Slag OPC
T 1 1.5 3 0.45 Brick Slag OPC
U 1 1.5 3 0.5 Brick Slag OPC
V 1 2 4 0.4 Brick Slag OPC
W 1 2 4 0.45 Brick Slag OPC
X 1 2 4 0.5 Brick Slag OPC
Modulus of Elasticity
Problems with Slag
Problems with Slag
RCPT
 RCPT
0.5
Time (Minutes) Current (A)
0.45
0 0.11
0.4

PASSED CURRENT (AMP)

30 0.13
0.35
60 0.14
0.3
90 0.16
0.25
120 0.17
0.2
150 0.17
180 0.18 0.15

210 0.18 0.1

240 0.18 0.05

270 0.18 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
300 0.18
TIME (MINUTES)
330 0.18
360 0.18
Passed Charge (Coulombs) 3591
 RCPT
ASTM C1202 standard

Charge Passed
Chloride Permeability Typical of
(Coulombs)

> 4,000 High High W/C ratio (>0.60) conventional PCC

2,000 - 4,000 Medium Moderate W/C ratio (0.40-0.50) conventional PCC

1,000 - 2,000 Low Low W/C ratio (<0.40) conventional PCC

100 - 1,000 Very low Latex-modified concrete or internally-sealed concrete

< 100 Negligible Polymer-impregnated concrete, Polymer concrete

 RCPT Results
8000

7000

6000

5000
Passed Charged (Columb)

4000

3000

2000

1000

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X
RMT
 RMT
NT BUILD 492,1999

Chloride Diffusion Co-efficient(x10^-12 m^2/s) Resistance

Drcm≤2 VeryGood

2<Drcm<8 Good

8<Drcm<16 Acceptable

Drcm≥16 Unacceptable
RMT Results