Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

GPB Main II, Batangas City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE & FINE ARTS

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 2: ELECTROMAGNETISM

Submitted By:

BSEE – 2203 (GROUP 4)

Alog, Prince Lester

Celis, Hazel Mae H.

Manalo, Jerome C.

Ocampo, Neil Carlo D.

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

ENGG 404: ELECTRICAL MACHINES I (Laboratory)

Submitted to:

Engr. Jayson Dela Roca

February 27, 2020

RATIONALE

Through conducting activities regarding with the concepts of electromagnets together with its
applications, the learners will surely have the knowledge and understanding to enhance and improve their
capabilities to perform successfully in their field. The learnings pf the novice that was acquired from the
applications will serve as the foundation of their comprehensiveness that will benefit not just for the world
but also for the accomplishment of their goals or aims

ABSTRACT

Electromagnetism has two aspects, the electricity and the magnetism. It is the science of forces
and field associated with charge. Through the experiment, the student aims to observe an
electromagnetism by creating an electromagnet. This takes place on having an electric current flowing
through a coiled wire. From the battery, the current will run to the looped wire on the nail where it
produces magnetic field causing the attractive force to the iron materials of the paperclips. As long as
there is a current running through the wire, the magnetic field is simultaneously running. The strength of
the magnetic field produced is dependent on the number of coils made and the current flowing from the
electromagnet

INTRODUCTION

Magnet provides attractive force towards iron and other ferromagnetic materials. It produces
magnetic field on its own, causing a force that attracts or repel other magnets. This magnetic field
contributes to almost of our technologies we have today. It greatly affects to the constant
modernization and innovation of our society. However, magnetic fields are not limited to be produced
by merely magnets. It is also created through the use of electricity and is known as electromagnets. In
modern appliances, it can be observed the wide use of electromagnets. This happened since it can
generate desired magnetic fields.

A simple illustration of electromagnet is a wire that is looped up having an electric current

flowing through it. When an electrical current runs into a wire, it can produce electric field but most
importantly is the magnetic field. Magnetic field from electromagnets act the same as regular magnet
but it can be stronger by making increase in the amount of the electric currents. Electromagnets are
used by engineers on designing and building motors which is beneficial to our sets of equipment we
have.

OBJECTIVES

After this activity, students should be able to:

1. Relate that electric current creates a magnetic field.
 2. Describe how an electromagnet is made.
3. Investigate ways to change the strength of an electromagnet
4. List several items that engineers have designed using electromagnets.

MATERIALS

Part 1: Building an Electromagnet

 nail, 3-inch (7. 6 cm) or longer (made of zinc, iron or steel, but not alumi, hum)
 2 feet (. 6 m) insulated copper wire (at least AWG 22 or higher)
 D-cell1 battery
 several metal paperclips, Lacks or pins
 wide rubber band.

Part 2: Electromagnetic Field Stations

 cardboard toilet paper tube

 insulated copper wire (at least AWG 22 or higher), several feet (1 m)
 cardboard (~ 5 × 5 inches or 13 × 13 cm)
 clothespins or clamps (optional)
 masking tape
 rubber band
 2-3 D-cell batteries
 9-V (volt) battery
 several metal paperclips, Lacks and/or pins
 extra batteries, if available: 6-V, 12-V, lantern batteries
 (optional) electrical tape
 2 small orienteering compasses

PROCEDURE

Before the Activity

 Gather materials and make copies of the Building an Electromagnet Worksheet.

 Set up enough Electromagnetic Field Stations to accommodate teams of two students each.
 As an alternative, conduct both parts of the activity as teacher-led class demonstrations.
 Prepare for Electromagnetic Field Stations: Wrap wire around a cardboard toilet paper tube 12-
15 times to make a wire loop. Leave two long tails of wire hanging from the coil. Poke four holes
in the cardboard. Weave the wire ends through the cardboard holes so that the card board tube
 and coil are attached to the cardboard (see Figure 2). Use clothespins, clamps or tape to secure
the cardboard to a table or desk. Using masking tape or rubber band, connect one end of the
coil wire to any battery, leaving the other end of the wire not connected to the battery. Place
some pins, paperclips or tacks at the station. Also, place any other available extra batteries (6V,
12V, etc.) and two, small orienteering compasses at this station.
 Prepare for Building an Electromagnet: For this portion of the activity, either set up the
materials at a station, or give them to pairs of students to work on at their desks.
 Set aside a few extra batteries for students to test their own electromagnets. These might
include the 9-V batteries. You can make a 3-V battery setup by connecting 2 D-cells in series or a
4.5-V battery setup by connecting 3 D-cells in series.
 Cut one 2-ft (.6 m) piece of wire for each team. Using wire strippers, remove about ½ inch (1.3
cm) of insulation from both ends of each piece of wire.

Part 1: Building an Electromagnet

1. Make sure each student pair has the following materials:1 nail,2 feet (.6 m) of insulated
wire,1 D-cell battery, several paperclips (or tacks or pins) and a rubber band.
2. Wrap the wire around a nail at least 20 times see in figure 4). Ensure students wrap
their nails tightly, leaving no gaps between the wires and not overlapping the wraps.
3. Give the students several minutes to see if they can create an electromagnet on their own
before giving them the rest of the instructions.
4. To continue making the electromagnet, connect the ends of the coiled wire to each end of
the battery using the rubber band to hold the wires in place.
5. Test the strength of the electromagnet by seeing how many paperclips it can pick up.
6. Record the number of paperclips on the worksheet.
7. Disconnect the wire from the battery after testing the electromagnet. Can the
electromagnet pick up paperclips when the current is disconnected?
8. Test how varying the design of the electromagnet affects its strength. The two variables to
modify are the number of coils around the nail and the current in the coiled wire by using a
different size or number of batteries. To conserve the battery's pole, remember to
disconnect the wire from the battery after each test.
9. Complete the worksheet; making a list of ways engineer s might be able to use
electromagnets.
10. Conclude by holding a class discussion. Compare results among teams. Ask students the
post-assessment engineering discussion questions provided in the Assessment section.

Part 2: Electromagnetic Field Stations

1. Divide the class into groups of students. Hand out one worksheet per team.
 2. Working from the pre-activity setup (see Figure 2), in which one end of the coiled wire is
attached to one end of the battery, have students connect the other end of the wire to the
other end of the battery using tape or rubber band.
3. To locate the magnetic field of the electromagnet, direct students to move the compass in a
circle around the electromagnet, paying attention to the direction that the compass points
(see Figure 3). Direct students to draw the battery, coil and magnetic field on their
worksheets. Use arrows to show the magnetic field. Label the positive and negative ends of
the battery and the poles of the magnetic field. What happens if you dangle a paperclip
from another paperclip near the coil (see Figure 3)?
4. Next, reverse the connection of the electromagnet by changing both ends of the wire to the
opposite ends of the battery.(When the direction of current is reversed in either a coil or
electromagnet, the magnetic poles reverse-the north pole becomes, the south pole, and the
south pole becomes the north pole.)Use the compass to check the direction of the magnetic
field. Make a second drawing. Dangle the paperclip near the coil again. What happens?
5. Remove at least one end of the wire from the battery to conserve battery power.
6. If time permits, use different batteries and observe any changes. A higher voltage translates
to a greater current, and with more current, the electromagnet becomes stronger.

RELATED LITERATURE

An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric

current. They are often used instead of permanent magnets when a deep and strong magnetic field is
necessary. Another main advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet is that the magnetic
field can be turned off, or quickly changed by controlling the amount of electric current in the winding.
In general, electromagnets consist of a core of magnetic or ferromagnetic material, such as soft iron,
around which a coil has been wound. As long as an electric current flows through the coil, the core
remains magnetic.

Electromagnetism, science of charge and of the forces and fields associated with charge.
Electricity and magnetism are two aspects of electromagnetism. Electricity and magnetism were long
thought to be separate forces. It was not until the 19th century that they were finally treated as
interrelated phenomena. In 1905 Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity established beyond a
doubt that both are aspects of one common phenomenon. At a practical level, however, electric and
magnetic forces behave quite differently and are described by different equations. Electric forces are
produced by electric charges either at rest or in motion. Magnetic forces, on the other hand, are
produced only by moving charges and act solely on charges in motion. Electromagnetism, science of
charge and of the forces and fields associated with charge. Electricity and magnetism are two aspects of
electromagnetism.

Electricity and magnetism were long thought to be separate forces. It was not until the 19th
century that they were finally treated as interrelated phenomena. In 1905 Albert Einstein’s special
theory of relativity established beyond a doubt that both are aspects of one common phenomenon. At a
practical level, however, electric and magnetic forces behave quite differently and are described by
different equations. Electric forces are produced by electric charges either at rest or in motion. Magnetic
forces, on the other hand, are produced only by moving charges and act solely on charges in motion.

Electric and magnetic forces can be detected in regions called electric and magnetic fields. These
fields are fundamental in nature and can exist in space far from the charge or current that generated
them. Remarkably, electric fields can produce magnetic fields and vice versa, independent of any
external charge. A changing magnetic field produces an electric field, as the English physicist Michael
Faraday discovered in work that forms the basis of electric power generation. Conversely, a changing
electric field produces a magnetic field, as the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell deduced. The
mathematical equations formulated by Maxwell incorporated light and wave phenomena into
electromagnetism. He showed that electric and magnetic fields travel together through space as waves
of electromagnetic radiation, with the changing fields mutually sustaining each other.

DATA AND RESULTS

1. Draw the battery, wire coil and magnetic field. Label the positive and negative ends of the
battery, and the poles of the coil’s magnetic field.

2. Describe what happens if you hold a nail or paper clip near the coil.
 the object gets attracted towards the coil and it also vibrates towards the direction of
the coil.

3. Reverse the connection of the coil. Draw the battery, coil and magnetic field. Label the positive
and negative ends of the battery, and the poles of the coil’s magnetic field.
 Magnetic field has a reversed polarity when the poles are switch but the physical objects
are the same.

4. Describe what happens if you hold a nail or paper clip near the coil.
 Like in the previous setup the object is also pulled into the coil.

5. How did you test the strength of your electromagnet?

  We test the strength of the electromagnet by changing the battery volts that we use
during the experiment. We also observed how the number turns in the magnet’s coil
changes the strength of the electromagnet. We also listed how many paper clips the
magnet can lift.

6. Can your electromagnet pick up paper clips when the current is disconnected?
 No, because when the current is disconnected, there is no magnetic field that causes the
attraction between the electromagnet and the paper clips.

7. What did you modify in building your electromagnet (number of coils or size of battery)?
 We modified the built of our electromagnet by using different sizes of batteries and
using different number of coils in our experiment.

8. Fill in the table below with how many papers clips your electromagnet was able to pick up.

Electromagnet How Many Paperclips Did It Pick Up?

With 10-12 coils 3 to 4

With fewer coils

1
How many coils? 5-8 coils

With more coils

How many coils? 20 coils 8

With a different battery #1

N/A
What size battery? N/A

With a different battery #2

What size battery? N/A N/A

9. Write a sentence about how changing the number of coils or battery size affects how many
papers clips the electromagnet could pick up.
 We concluded that the strength of electromagnet is proportional to the battery sizes
and number of coils that are used in the experiment. The bigger size of battery and
more number of coils picked up more paper clips. The smaller size of battery and less
number of coils picked up less paper clips.

10. What are some ways that engineers might be able to use electromagnets?
 Engineers used these electromagnets in entertainment systems like television, radio and
stereo systems that use loudspeakers. These electromagnets are also used in industrial
applications like motors and generators. Medical systems created medical equipment
 like hyperthermia treatments for cancer, implants and magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI)

ANALYSIS

Electromagnet is a device consisting of an iron or steel core that is magnetized by

electric current in a coil that surrounds it. It is usually consist of wire wound into a coil. A current
through the wire creates a magnetic field which is concentrated in the hole which is the center of the
coil. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off.

Most of the time, electromagnets are wound around an iron core. However, it could be wound
around an air core, in which case it is called a solenoid. When connected to a DC voltage or current
source, the electromagnet becomes energized, creating a magnetic field just like a permanent magnet.
The magnetic flux density is proportional to the magnitude of the current flowing in the wire of the
electromagnet. The polarity of the electromagnet is determined by the direction the current.

Engineers developed equipment that use electromagnets. In domestic applications, we can

observe the phenomena in lighting, heating and kitchen appliances. In communication systems, this
exist in all telecommunication equipment and communication networks. In industrial systems this can
be applied in motors, generators, sensors and actuator devices. Electromagnets are widely used and it
helps us to make save time while making our daily lives easier and more convenient.

RESULTS OF OBJECTIVE

1. The group determines the relation of electric current in creating a magnetic field.

2. The group can now describe how the electromagnet is made through the use of wire wound into
an iron core and a current.

3. The group conducts several experiments and observation to change the strength of an
electromagnet by varying the battery volts and number of coils.

4. The group can list several items that engineers have designed using electromagnet after having
the experiment.

CONCLUSION