Assignment No 1

Name: Saadat Ali

Roll No: 867

Topic Name: Line Integral, Surface Integral and

Functions of Several Variables

Submitted to: Mam Sidra Yasmeen

Class: BS Physics (Evening) 2nd Semester

Line Integral
If ƒ is continuous and the functions g, h, and k have continuous first derivatives, then these sums
approach a limit as n increases and the lengths approach zero. We call this limit the line integral
of ƒ over the curve from a to b. If the curve is denoted by a single letter, C for example, the
notation for the integral is

∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑠 "The integral of f over C"

𝐶

If r(t) is smooth for a ≤ t ≤ b (𝑣 = 𝑑𝑟|𝑑𝑡 is continuous and never 0), we can use the equation
𝑏
𝑠(𝑡) = ∫ |𝑣(τ)𝑑τ
𝑎

to express ds in Equation (1) as 𝑑𝑠 = |𝑣(𝑡)| 𝑑𝑡 A theorem from advanced calculus says that we
can then evaluate the integral of ƒ over C as
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑡), ℎ(𝑡), 𝑘(𝑡)|𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡.
𝑐 𝑎

Notice that the integral on the right side of this last equation is just an ordinary (single) definite
integral, where we are integrating with respect to the parameter t. The formula evaluates the line
integral on the left side correctly no matter what parametrization is used, as long as the
parametrization is smooth.

How to Evaluate a Line Integral?

To integrate a continuous function f (x, y, z) over a curve C:
1. Find a smooth parametrization of C,
r(t) = g(t)I + h(t)j +k(t)k 𝑎≤𝑡 ≤𝑏

2. Evaluate the integral as

𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑡), ℎ(𝑡), 𝑘(𝑡)|𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡.
𝑐 𝑎

If ƒ has the constant value 1, then the integral of ƒ over C gives the length of C.

Example 1: Evaluating a Line Integral

Integrate 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 + 𝑧 over the line segment C joining the origin to the point (1, 1,
1) given in the following diagram.
Solution:
We choose the simplest parametrization we can think of:
𝒓(𝒕) = 𝒕𝒊 + 𝒕𝒋 + 𝒓𝒌, 𝟎 ≤𝒕 ≤𝟏

The components have continuous first derivation and |𝑣(𝑡)| = |𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘| = √12 + 12 + 12 =

√3 is never 0, so the parametrization is smooth. The integral of 𝑓 over C is
1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡, 𝑡, 𝑡)(√3)𝑑𝑡
𝑐 0
1
= ∫ (𝑡 − 3𝑡 2 + 𝑡)√3 𝑑𝑡
0
1
1
= √3 ∫ (2𝑡 − 3𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 = √3 [𝑡 2 − 𝑡 3 ] = 0
0 0

Surface Integral
If 𝑅 is the shadow region of a surface 𝑆 defined by the equation 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐, and 𝑔 is a
continuous function defined at the points of 𝑆, then the integral of 𝑔 over 𝑆 is the integral,

|∆𝑓|
∬ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑑𝐴,
|∆𝑓. 𝑃|
𝑅

Where 𝑃 is a unit vector normal to 𝑅 and ∆𝑓. 𝑝 ≠ 0, The integral itself is called a surface
integral.
The integral in Equation given above takes on different meanings in different applications. If g
has the constant value 1, the integral gives the area of S. If g gives the mass density of a thin
shell of material modeled by S, the integral gives the mass of the shell.
|∆𝑓|
We can abbreviate the integral in Equation by writing for |∆𝑓.𝑃| 𝑑𝐴

Surface integrals behave like other double integrals, the integral of the sum of two functions
being the sum of their integrals and so on. The domain Additivity Property takes the form

∬ 𝑔𝑑𝜎 = ∬ 𝑔𝑑𝜎 + ∬ 𝑔𝑑𝜎 + ∬ 𝑔𝑑𝜎 + ⋯ + ∬ 𝑔𝑑𝜎

𝑠 𝑠1 𝑠2 𝑠3 𝑠𝑛
The idea is that if S is partitioned by smooth curves into a finite number of no overlapping
smooth patches (i.e., if S is piecewise smooth), then the integral over S is the sum of the integrals
over the patches. Thus, the integral of a function over the surface of a cube is the sum of the
integrals over the faces of the cube. We integrate over a turtle shell of welded plates by
integrating one plate at a time and adding the results.

Example:

Integrating Over a Surface

Integrate 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) over the surface of the cube cut from the first octant
by the planes 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑧 = 1

Solution:
We integrate xyz over each of the six sides and add the results. Since on the sides that lie in the
coordinate planes, the integral over the surface of the cube reduces to,

∬ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝜎 = ∬ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝜎 + ∬ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝜎 + ∬ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝜎

𝐶𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐶

Side A is the surface 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑧 = 1 over the square region 𝑅𝑥𝑦 : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1, in

the xy-plane. For this surface and region.
𝑝 = 𝑘, ∆𝑓 = 𝑘, |∆𝑓| = 1, |∆𝑓. 𝑝| = |𝑘. 𝑘| = 1
|∆𝑓| 1
𝑑𝜎 = 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
|∆𝑓. 𝑝| 1
𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦(1) = 𝑥𝑦
And

1 1 1
𝑦 1
∬ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝜎 = ∬ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 =
0 0 0 2 4
𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐴 𝑅𝑥𝑦

1
Symmetry tells us that the integrals of xyz over sides B and C are also 4. Hence,

1 1 1 3
∬ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝜎 = + + =
4 4 4 4
𝐶𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
Functions of Several Variables
Function of Two Variables
A function of two variables is a rule that assigns to each ordered pair of real numbers (x, y) in
set D a unique real number denoted by 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦). The set D is the domain of 𝑓 and its range is the
set of values that 𝑓 takes on, that is, {𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) | (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐷}
The temperature T at a point on the surface of the earth at any given time depends on the
longitude x and latitude y of the point. We can think of T as being a function of the two variables
x and y, or as a function of the pair (x, y). We indicate this functional dependencies by writing
𝑇 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).
The volume of V of a circular cylinder depends on its radius r and its height h. In fact, we know
that 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ. We say that V is a function of r and h, and we write 𝑉(𝑟, ℎ) = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

Example:

For each of the following functions, evaluate 𝑓(3, 2) and find and sketch the domain.

√𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 √6
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = =
𝑥−1 2
The expression for 𝑓 makes sense if the denominator is not 0 and the quantity under the square
root sign is nonnegative. So the domain of 𝑓 is
𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 > 0, 𝑥 ≠ 1}
The inequality 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 > 0, or 𝑦 ≥ −𝑥 − 1, describe the points that lie on or above the line
𝑦 = −𝑥 − 1, while 𝑥 ≠ 1 means that the points on the line 𝑥 = 1 be excluded from the domain

Functions of Three or More Variables

A function of three variables, 𝑓, is a rule that assigns to each ordered triple(x, y, z) in a domain
𝐷 ⊂ 𝑅 3 a unique real number denoted by 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧). For example, the temperature T at a point on
the surface of the Earth depends on the longitude x and latitude y of the point and the time t, so
we could write 𝑇 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)

Example:
Find the domain of 𝑓 if, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐼𝑛(𝑧 − 𝑦) + 𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
Solution:
The expression for 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is defined as long as 𝑧 − 𝑦 > 0, so the domain
𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅 3 |𝑧 > 𝑦}
This is a half-space consisting of all points that lie above the plane z = y
It’s very difficult to visualize a function f of three variables by its graph, since that would lie in a
four-dimensional space. However, we do gain some insight into 𝑓 by examining its level
surfaces, which are the surfaces with equations 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑘, where k is a constant. If the point
(x, y, z) moves along a level surface, the value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) remain fixed.

References:
 Essential Calculus: Early Transcendental by James Stewart
 Thomas Calculus