UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

ACTIVITY 2: RECOGNIZE THE ELECTRODYNAMIC AND WAVES

APPLICATIONS

PRODUCED BY:
Duglar Jair Calderón González
1022333598
Mario Daniel Canaval
xxxxxxx
Leidy Jarin Cruz
1022357253

203058A_471 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND WAVES

PRESENTED TO THE TEACHER

Wilmer Hernán Gutiérrez

Bogotá D. C. Colombia March 2018

 INTRODUCTION

Through the following work the student will have the possibility of acquiring new knowledge
of the different types of waves that exist, the means by which they propagate and the value
that each of them has on the different types of soils, will begin to be implemented the
equations that are required to find the requested result starting with the result of the equation
of the lost tangent so in this way apply non-dissipative, lossless dielectric, dielectric with
losses and good conductor, in each of its means.
 INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY DEVELOPED
POINT ONE

Each student in the group has to answer the following questions using academic
references to support the research:

1. Explain the practical application of the loss tangent with an example.

𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
𝜔𝜖

𝜎(𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦) material's ability to conduct an electric current.

𝜔 (𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)measures angular displacement per unit time. Its units are
therefore degrees (or radians) per second.

𝜖 (𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦) Physical constant that describes the way an electric field
affects and it is affected by a medium.
𝜖 = 𝜖0 𝜖𝑟

1
𝜖0 = 36𝜋 𝑥10−9 𝐹/𝑚

Answer:

• we will find the tangent of loss for a signal at a frequency of 10 kHz and the
medium will be the sea water
𝑠
Parameters of sea water: 𝜎 = 4 ∈𝑟 = 80
𝑚
𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
𝜔𝜖
4
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
1
2𝜋 ∗ 104 ∗ 80 36𝜋 ∗ 10−9
 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 90000
(𝛿) = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 (90000)
(𝛿) ≈ 90°
2. What kind of information give us the propagation velocity in electromagnetic waves
propagation?
The phase velocity of a wave is the rate at which the phase of the wave propagates in space.
This is the velocity at which the phase of any one frequency component of the wave travels.
Answer:
All waves have a finite propagation velocity, in whose value the elastic restoring
forces of the medium and certain factors of the mass of the medium influence: the linear
density in the strings; the depth of the water under the surface, or the adiabatic coefficient,
the molecular mass and the temperature in the case of the propagation of sound in a gas.

• Speed along a string It can be done by measuring the time it takes for a pulse to arrive
from point A to point B of the string.

• Speed on the surface of a liquid: with a wave cell we measure the distance between
two consecutive maxima that remain apparently immobile (see experience of the
wave cell). Once the frequency of the stroboscope is known, the speed is determined
quite accurately.

• Speed of sound waves: with a low frequency generator and a speaker, we can produce
sound. With microphone to receive it. If we connect the terminals that leave the
generator to one of the ways, the A for example, of an oscilloscope, in this one, we
will observe the waves emitted. If we connect the terminals of the loudspeaker to the
other path of the oscilloscope, the B, we will observe a wave of the same wavelength
and frequency, but of different Amplitude, consequence of which the energy that
emits the speaker has to be distributed among all the points of the space that they are,
in relation to the loudspeaker, at the same distance as the microphone.

• To measure the speed of light, more sophisticated devices and procedures are needed
that exceed the baccalaureate studies
.
3. Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in

Medium Explanation
The behavior of a wave in the free
space depends on how close it is to the
Free space ground, the troposphere, and the
ionosphere, since these have a
considerable electrical variation that can
 affect the propagation causing the
waves to attenuate.

in this medium it does not present any

Perfect type of conduction current therefore the
dielectrics wave travels in a more efficient manner
without loss or attenuation.
in this case, the conductors present bias
Good current, which causes load
conductors accumulations to occur, but the joule
loss is more significant

4. Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical application of every type
of radiation.
Answer:
Electromagnetic spectrum is called the energy distribution of the set of
electromagnetic waves, referred to an object called electromagnetic spectrum or
simply spectrum electromagnetic radiation that emits or absorbs a substance, this
radiation serves to identify the substance in a manner analogous to digital. The spectra
can be observed through spectroscopes that, in addition to allowing the spectrum to
be seen, allow measurements to be made on it, such as the wavelength, frequency and
intensity of the radiation.
The electromagnetic spectrum extends from the radiation of shorter wavelengths,
such as gamma rays and X-rays, through ultraviolet radiation, visible light and
infrared radiation, to electromagnetic waves of longer wavelength, such as radio
waves, although the limit for the smallest possible wavelength would not be the
Planck length, it is believed that the maximum limit would be the size of the Universe
although formally the electromagnetic spectrum is infinite and continuous.

Between
Radio Used by radio and television for the
3Hz and
frequencies dissemination of its contents.
300 MHz
Between
It is used especially in wifi networks
300 MHz Microwave
and domestic ovens for heating food
and 30 GHz
Between This field has been little explored so
300 GHz Rays T far, however, they are being used to
and 3 THz show images and in communications
Between It is used in nocturnal viewers capturing
300 GHz Infrared the traditions of heat caused by the
and 400 radiation molecules generating a vision in the
THz dark
 Between This radiation is the one perceived by
Visible
400 nm our eyes, that is, the radiation generated
Radiation
and700 nm by the sun or the stars
Better known as UV rays found in rays
Between emitted by the sun and have the ability
Ultraviolet
400 nm and to break chemical bonds generating a
light
15 nm mutation, in the case of the skin can
burn it.
Between 30 Its most common use is that of
and 30000 X-rays medicine, on radiographs to determine
PHz possible bone fractures
Used by astronomers in the study of
Gamma rays
high energy regions

5. What is the refraction index and what kind of information give us about the
electromagnetic waves behavior?
Answer:
Is like the speed of light in the vacuum that is divided by the speed of light in the
middle, a more complete description of the indices is given for the glasses, the given
values are approximate and do not consider the dispersion that are small variations
with the wavelength of light.

Material n Material n
Vacuum 1.000 Ethyl alcohol 1.362
Air 1.000277 Glycerine 1.473
Water 4/3 Ice 1.31
Carbon disulfide 1.63 Polystyrene 1.59
Methylene iodide 1.74 Crown glass 1.50-1.62
Diamond 2.417 Flint glass 1.57-1.75

6. What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are they used? What is a
magnetic and a nonmagnetic medium and where are they used? Why do we use
plane waves to explain practical models associated to electromagnetic
phenomenon?

Answer:
 CONCEPT DEFINITION APPLICATION
In the transmissions
They are waves that
emitted by an antenna
propagate in a single
Flat Wave since in remote parts of
direction like we can see
the space these waves
when moving a rope.
become flat waves.
The non-flat waves are all
those waves that are
These waves are more
generated circularly around
common because they
non-plane the emitter cone as the waves
are used in the
wave of the wifi these waves have
transmission of Internet
the characteristic that they
or radio networks
are two-dimensional and
propagate in any sense

POINT TWO

Choose one of the following problems, solve it and share the solution in the forum.
Perform a critical analysis on the group members’ contributions and reply this in the forum.

Exercise One
1. A dissipative medium has the following parameters:
𝜀𝑟 = 6, 𝜇𝑟 = 1.25 and 𝜎 = 1.5 𝑆/𝑚
Fin the wavelength and the number of wavelengths that will penetrate a 9.6MHz signal.

ε1 = 6
μ1 = 1,25
σ1 = 1,5

SOLUTION
The propagation constant γ is calculated

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝐹 = 9,6 𝑀ℎ𝑧 = 9,67 𝑠𝑒𝑔
 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑤 = 2𝜋𝐹 = 2𝜋 ∗ 9,67 𝑠𝑒𝑔

μ = μ1 4π ∗ 10−7 = 1.25 ∗ 4π ∗ 10−7

10−9 10−9
ε = ε1 =6∗
36𝜋 36𝜋

𝛾 = √𝑗𝜔μ(σ + 𝑗𝜔ε)

𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽

1
1 2
με σ2 2
𝛼 = 𝑤 ( [(1 + 2 2 ) − 1])
2 𝑤 ε

1
1 2
με σ2 2
𝛽 = 𝑤( [(1 + 2 2 ) + 1])
2 𝑤 ε

𝛾 = 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝛼 + 𝑗 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝛽

𝑅𝑎𝑑
𝛽 = 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛
𝑚

wavelength
2𝜋
𝜆= The unit are meters
𝛽

Depth of penetration
 1
σp = 𝛼= the unit are cm

The wave penetrates

σ𝑝
σp(x) =
𝜆

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑤 = 2𝜋 ∗ 9,67 𝑠𝑒𝑔 = 𝑤 = 47214837,53

μ = 1.25 ∗ 4π ∗ 10−7 = μ = 0,00000157079

10−9
ε= 6∗ ε = 0,00000000005305
36𝜋

σ1 = 1,5

0,00000157079 ∗ 0,00000000005305
𝛼 = 𝑤( [(1
2
1
1 2
2 2
1,5
+ ) − 1])
47214837,532 ∗ 0,000000000053052

1
1 2
0,00000157079 ∗ 0,00000000005305 2,25 2
𝛼 = 𝑤( [(1 + ) − 1])
2 0,00000627

1
0,00000157079 ∗ 0,00000000005305 2
= 𝑤( ∗ 598,043)
2
 1
0,00000157079 ∗ 0,00000000005305 2
= 𝑤( ∗ 598,043)
2

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝛼 = 7,4530
𝑚
1
1 2
με σ2 2
𝛽 = 𝑤( [(1 + 2 2 ) + 1])
2 𝑤 ε

1
με 1 2
𝛽 = 𝑤 ( [600,043]2 )
2

1
0,00000157079 ∗ 0,00000000005305 2
𝛽 = 𝑤( ∗ 600,043)
2

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝛽 = 7,4654
𝑚

Wavelength
2𝜋
𝜆= The unit are meters
𝛽

2𝜋
𝜆=
7,4654

𝜆 = 0,8416𝑚

Depth of penetration
1
σp = 𝛼 the unit are cm
 1
σp =
7,4530

σp = 0,1341cm

The wave penetrates

σ𝑝
σp(x) =
𝜆

0,1341cm
σp(x) =
0,8416𝑚

Exercise Two

2. In a medium with the following characteristics, 𝜀𝑟 = 4, 𝜇𝑟 = 1.6 and 𝜎 =

2.3𝑥10−4 𝑆/𝑚 find these parameters for a 90MHz signal:
a. Loss tangent.
b. Propagation constant.
c. Phase velocity.
d. Wavelength.
e. Index of refraction.
Explain the meaning of each found value.
Open mediums propagation parameters

Medium Non- Lossless Dielectric with Good

dissipative dielectric losses conductor
𝜸 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜
𝜶 0 𝜎𝜂 𝑅𝑒(𝛾) √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜
2
𝜷 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝐼𝑚(𝛾) 𝑗√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜
𝜼 𝜇 𝜇
√ √ 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜
𝜀 𝜀 √ √
𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀 𝜎

Answer:
𝜀𝑟 = 4,
𝜇𝑟 = 1.6
𝜎 = 2.3𝑥10−4 𝑆/𝑚
90MHz
The first thing we must calculate is the tangent of Loss

𝑠
Parameters of sea water: 𝜎 = 4 ∈𝑟 = 8
𝑚

a) Loss tangent
𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
𝜔𝜖
2.3𝑥10−4
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
1
2𝜋 ∗ 9 ∗ 106 ∗ 4 ∗ 36𝜋 ∗ 10−9

𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 0.115
R/: the means of propagation is a LOSSLESS DIELECTRIC
b) Propagation constant.

𝛾 = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀

1
𝛾 = 𝐽(2𝜋 ∗ 9 ∗ 106 )√(1.6 ∗ 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 ) ∗ (4 ∗ ∗ 10−9 )
36𝜋

𝛾 = 𝐽(0.269039578)
R/: the constant of propagation in a dielectric medium without losses is quite low.
𝜇
𝜂=√
𝜀

1.6 ∗ 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7
𝜂=√ = 238.4301184
1 −9
4 ∗ 36𝜋 ∗ 10

𝜎𝜂
𝛼=
2
 (2.3𝑥10−4 ) ∗ (238.4301184)
𝛼= = 0.027419463
2

𝛽 = 𝜔√𝜇𝜀

1
𝛽 = (2𝜋 ∗ 9 ∗ 106 )√(1.6 ∗ 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 ) ∗ (4 ∗ ∗ 10−9 )=0.269039578
36𝜋

c) Phase velocity.

𝜔
𝑣𝑝 =
𝛽
2𝜋 ∗ 9 ∗ 106
𝑣𝑝 = = 210187170.9
0.269039578

R/: we can determine that the propagation rate is quite good for this medium.

d) Wavelength.

2𝜋
𝜆=
𝛽
2𝜋
𝜆= = 23.3541301
0.269039578

R/: it can be determined that the wavelength occupies a very small space in the driver.

e) Index of refraction.

1
𝑐0 =
√𝜇0 𝜖0
1
𝑐0 =
√(4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 ) ∗ ( 1 𝑥 10−9 )
36𝜋
 1
𝑐0 = = 300000000
3.333333333 ∗ 10−9

𝑐0
𝑛=
𝑣𝑝

300000000
𝑛= = 1.427299291
210187170.9
R/: This medium has a low refraction rate which makes it an optimal medium for transfer.

Exercise Five

5. For a 2.5GHz signal, traveling in seawater find the attenuation per length unit. How
long does the signal must travel, in order to have an attenuation greater than 3dB?

Solution:
Data:
soil characterization
𝜎=4
𝜖𝑟 = 80
𝜔 = 2.5 𝐺𝐻𝑧

𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
𝜔𝜖

4
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
1
2𝜋 ∙ 2.5𝑥109 ∙ 80 ∙ 36𝜋 𝑥10−9

4
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
6.28 ∙ 2.5𝑥109 ∙ 80 ∙ 0.00884𝑥10−9
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 0.360
 𝛾 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀)

1
𝛾 = √𝑗(6.28 ∙ 2.5𝑥109 ) ∙ (1 ∙ 4𝜋𝑥10−7 ) (4 + 𝑗(6.28 ∙ 2.5𝑥109 ) ∙ (80 ∙ 𝑥10−9 ))
36𝜋

𝛾 = √𝑗(19729.20) ∙ (15.10)
𝛾 = 545.81

𝑗𝜇
𝜂=√
𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀

𝑗(6.28 ∙ 2.5𝑥109 ) ∙ (1 ∙ 4𝜋𝑥10−7 )

𝜂=√
1
4 + 𝑗(6.28 ∙ 2.5𝑥109 ) ∙ (80 ∙ 36𝜋 𝑥10−9 )

(19729.20)
𝜂=√
(15.10)

𝜂 = 36.14

𝛼 = √𝜋 ∙ 𝑓 ∙ 𝜇 ∙ 𝜎

𝛼 = √𝜋 ∙ 2.5𝑥109 ∙ 1 ∙ 4𝜋𝑥10−7 ∙ 4
𝛼 = 198.59
How long does the signal must travel, to have an attenuation greater than 3dB?

𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝑚 𝑥 = 3𝑑𝐵
3𝑑𝐵
𝑥=
𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝑚
3𝑑𝐵
𝑥=
198.59𝑑𝐵/𝑚

𝑥 = 1.51 𝑚𝑚
 GROUP ACTIVITY TO DEVELOPED
In group solve the following practical exercise
In an excel document make the following actions:
1. In a sheet put the following table, assigning an average frequency for every type of
radiation.

Acronym Meaning Selected frequency

ELF Extra Low Frequency 16.5
SLF Super Low Frequency 165
ULF Ultra Low Frequency 1650
VLF Very Low Frequency 16500
LF Low Frequency 165000
MF Medium Frequency 1650000
HF High Frequency 16500000
VHF Very High Frequency 165000000
UHF Ultra High Frequency 1650000000
SHF Super High Frequency 16500000000
EHF Extra High Frequency 1.65E+11

In another sheet define 9 different mediums with their electromagnetic characteristics and
let the user to select the medium and automatically graph the lost tangent for the selected
medium.
Fig. 1, medium cobre
Fig. 2, medium Suelo seco
Fig. 3, medium Aluminio
Fig. 4, medium agua de mar
Fig. 5, medium suelo vegetal
Fig. 6, medium agua dulce
Fig. 7, medium vidrio
Fig. 8, medium cuarzo
Fig. 9, medium Nylon
 CONCLUSIONS

• You learn to recognize the value of the lost tangent to implement the equations of
each of the media.

• You learn to identify the media where the waves propagate because each one of
them has a different value of conductivity.

• Each one of the proposed exercises is analyzed to apply its solution through the
result of the lost tangent.
 REFERENCES

• Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press.

513-519. Retrieved from:
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/logi
n.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513
• Universidad del país vasco (2016). Cuaderno de cultura científica from:
https://culturacientifica.com/2016/07/26/la-velocidad-las-ondas-electromagneticas-
la-naturaleza-la-luz/
• Temas_3 (2003). Propagación de ondas en medio natural, from:
http://ocw.upm.es/teoria-de-la-senal-y-comunicaciones-1/radiacion-y-
propagacion/contenidos/apuntes/tema3_2004.pdf
• Guillermo Pérez espectometrica.com. from:
https://www.espectrometria.com/espectro_electromagntico
• Definición.de (2008). Definición de refracción from:
https://definicion.de/refraccion/
• Electromagnetismo_ingenieria_eletronica_parte9Capitulo6.pdf. from:
http://vitela.javerianacali.edu.co/bitstream/handle/11522/3277/Electromagnetismo_i
ngenieria_electronica_Parte9Capitulo6.pdf?sequence=12
• Universidad del país vasco (2016). Cuaderno de cultura científica from:
https://culturacientifica.com/2016/07/26/la-velocidad-las-ondas-electromagneticas-
la-naturaleza-la-luz/
• Wikillerato (2013).Velocidad de propagación de una onda from:
http://www.wikillerato.org/Velocidad_de_propagaci%C3%B3n_de_una_onda.html
• ONDAS_EM_CONCEPTOS_BASICOS2.doc from:
http://www.uco.es/organiza/departamentos/ing-
electrica/documentos/ONDAS_EM_CONCEPTOS_BASICOS.pdf
• Universidad nacional de la plata Argentina. Facultad de ingeniería. Ondas planas en
medios reales Reflexión y transmisión from:
https://catedra.ing.unlp.edu.ar/electrotecnia/camposyo/Reflexion.pdf
• Propagación de ondas planas.doc from:
https://catedra.ing.unlp.edu.ar/electrotecnia/camposyo/3-
propagaciondeondasplanas.pdf
• Alcajo (2011). Propagación medio disipativo from:
https://es.slideshare.net/alcajo2011/propagacion-medio-disipativo