Virus

Adenoviruses
 Poxvirus

Molluscum
contagiosum
Papilloma
viruses
Polyomavirus
 Herpesvirus
[HSV-1] & [HSV-2]
α-herpesvirus family
Varicella zoster
virus [HHV-3]
α-herpesvirus family
Cytomegalovirus
[HHV-5]
β-herpesvirus
Epstein-Barr
Virus [HHV-4]
γ-herpesvirus
HHV 6, HHV 7
β-herpesvirus

Parvovirus B19
 Reoviridae
Rotavirus
[REO- Respiratory
Enteric Orphan]
Reoviridae
Coltivirus
Orthomyxo viridae
Influenza virus A,B,C
 Paramyxovirus
[parainfluenza virus]

Morbillivirus
[measles virus]
Rubula virus
[mumps virus]
RSV
Togaviridae
Rubivirus
[Rubella virus]

Togaviridae
Alphavirus
Flaviviridae
Flavivirus
West Nile Virus
 Flaviviridae
Flavivirus
Yellow and Dengue
Fever Viruses, St. Louis
and Japanese
Encephalitis Viruses
Rhabdoviruses
[Rabies virus,
Lyssavirus]
 Filoviruses
[Marburg and Ebola
viruses]

Borna Disease
Virus
Genome Replication site &
structure polymerase type

linear, nucleus, and use own DNA

DNA genome polymerase
 DS linear , replicates in cytoplasm of
epithelial cell use DNA
DNA genome dependent RNA polymerase

DS linear , replicates in cytoplasm of

keratinocytes use DNA
DNA genome dependent RNA polymerase
 replicates in nucleus of
keratinocytes
circular DS
DNA genome CD8+ is activated,
early genes are E1-E7 and late
genes are L1-L2
 circular DS replicates in nucleus of
DNA genome oligodendrocytes
 Ds linear replicates in nucleus of
DNA genome fibroblasts and epithelial cells
 Ds linear
DNA genome replicates in nucleus
 Ds linear replicates in nucleus
DNA genome
 replicates in nucleus of
B cells or epithelial cells
Ds linear
DNA genome [People with infectious
mononucleosis produce
antibodies that agglutinate
sheep red cells]
 Ds linear replicates in nucleus
DNA genome

replicate in erythroid
ss linear DNA genome precursor cells
 RN

Encodes RNA-dependent RNA

DS segmented RNA polymerase
genome
replicates in cytoplasma of
entercytes [small intestine]
DS segmented RNA
genome replicate in bone marrow cells
 replicate in cytoplasm; infects
SS segmented, RNA the upper and lower
genome respiratory tract
SS non-segmented , replicates in cytoplasm of
RNA geonme upper respiratory tract

SS non-segmented , replicate in cytoplasm of

RNA geonme nasopharynx
SS non-segmented , replicates in cytoplasm of
RNA geonme upper respiratory tract
SS non-segmented , replicates in cytoplasm of
RNA geonme upper respiratory tract
 Encodes RNA-dependent RNA
polymerase,
RNA gemome,SS+ve replicates in cytoplasm, infects
nonsegmented the upper respiratory tract and
then
spreads to local lymph nodes,

Once released into the

RNA gemome, cytoplasm, the alphavirus
nonsegmented genomes bind to ribosomes as
mRNA in endothelial cell
 SS, +ve sense non- replicates in skin Langerhans
segmented RNA genome cells
 SS, +ve sense non- replicate in hepatocytes,
segmented RNA genome macrophages, CNS
 binds to acetylcholine
(−) RNA genome receptors and replicate in
stirated muscle
negative-strand RNA
viruses SS − Replicate in monocytes,
nonsegmented epithelial cell, dendritic cell

linear, SS, non- replicates in the nucleus

segmented negative- infects parenchymal cells of
strand RNA viruses different organs and peripheral
blood mononuclear cells
 General info

lytic, persistent, and latent infection ,

E1A and E1B proteins inactivate E6 and E7 to promote growth

encodes own polymerase, adenovirus does not cause cellular enlargem

(cytomegaly)

form dense dark inclusion bodies

produce mononucleuar inflammatory response

Inactivated by heat, formaldehyde and bleach

 can be seen with ordianry microscopy

Virus is assembled in inclusion bodies

(Guarnieri bodies)
needs own polnerase for replicartion coz
it replicate in cytoplasm.

stimulates the growth of the cell, prevents

apoptosis, inhibits inflammation, and is not cytolytic, causes a wartlike le
 lytic, chronic, latent, and transforming infections, on keratin
E6 and E7 proteins inactivate p53 and p110RB to promote cell growth, p
retinoblastoma

HPV virus 16 and 11, 18 cause genital warts that can progress to cervical car

L1 major capsid protein interact with host receptor protein ,

 lytic, chronic, latent, and transforming
infections,

T antigen inactivates p53 and RB to promote cell growth

early strands code for transforming protein and late strands codes for ca
protein

JCV replicate in oligodendrocyte and cause PML, also infect kidney cell and
latent
lytic, persistent, latent infection, encodes DNA dependent DNA polyme

has 2 layers of tegument protein, gene encoding region are UL and U

lytic infections of fibroblasts and epithelial cells and latent infections

trigeminal ganglion [1] and sacral ganglia [2]
[1] infects ABOVE the waist: eye and mouth lesions
[2] 2 infects BELOW the waist: genital lesions

Both types of HSV can cause oral and genital lesions

establish latency In dorsal root ganglia, smallest genome of hep
family

binding to the mannose-6-phosphate receptor result in its degradatio

Virus replication in the lung is a major source of contagion.

centripetal distrubtion of rash & "dewdrop" lile rash confirm Chickenp

Herpes zoster results from depression of cell-mediated immunity, VZV ca

syncytia,

congenital VZV- scarring of skin, hperplasia of limb,

common viral that can pass through placenta & cause congenital d

latency in T cells, macrophages

virus is reactivated by immunosuppression

blocks NK cell attack on infected cell

causes asymptomatic shedding, reactivation leads to vertical transmiss

CMV does not infect the B cell

 lytic, latent, or immortalizing infection
latency in memeory B cell, associated with human cancer

The primary receptor for EBV is also the receptor for the C3d component
complement system (also called CR2 or CD21)

can stimulate and immortalize B cells by translocation on c-myc onco

The activated T cells appear as atypical lymphocytes (also called Downey

cause asymptomatic shedding
 latency in hematopoetic bone marrow stem cell

virus may be reactivated by certain drugs (including antibiotics and ster

HHV-6 may also cause a mononucleosis syndrome &

lymphadenopathy in adults

HHV-6 has also been associated with multiple sclerosis and chronic fati
syndrome

smallest DNA virus, B19 and bocavirus are the only parvoviruses known to
human disease.

Bocavirus cause acute respiratory disease, which may become severe in

children.
Requirement of growing cells (B19) or helper virus (dependovirus) for repl

enode 3 capsid protein, Vp2 is major; can cross the placenta

Uses blood group antigen P as cellular receptor for replication

 RNA virus
infectious diarrhea in infants and young
children.

Reoviruses are the only RNA viruses that are DS

Cytolytic and toxin-like action on the intestine

cause asymptomatic infections in humans. Vp7 makes outer capsid & Vp6
inner capsid

mild proteolysis to intermediate/infectious subviral particles released by c

Vp4 promotes penetration
 viremia can persist for weeks or months even after cessation of sympto

Serious hemorrhagic disease can result from infection of vascular endothe

vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes

generally causes mild or subclinical infection.

 Influenza C virus causes common cold .

HA binds to sialic acid promote penetration & NA breaks the bond for viron

May have mutation: drift is epidemic; reassortment: shift- pandemic [pri

reservoir for the antigenic shift-Pigs, horses, and fowl]

contain Hemaglutinin & Neuraminidase protein , M1, M2 protien also

Can proceed to secondary bacterial infection

There are 3 types of “flu shots”

1. regular –age 6 or above
2. high dose – 65 or above
3. intradermal -18-64 yrs
has HA &NA protein, form multinucleate giant cells.

Cause of respiratory distress in children < 1 yr

rarely cause viremia

result in common cold syndrome

common cause of pediatric rash , form giant cell

inactivated by heat & light

binds to CD46 & CD100 on activated B & T cells

are excellent inducers of interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-β

 common cause of aseptic meningitis

inactivated by chemical agents, heat, UV

associated with congenital rubella syndrome - virus is easily detectabl

pharyngeal secretions, multiple organs, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and recta

IgM antibodies do not cross the placenta, their presence indicates that the
have been synthesized by the infant in utero
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): common cold, pneumonia, bronchioliti
threatening for premature infants > 1 yr

has G-protein as its envelop protein

does not bind to sialic acid or red blood cells

easily inactivated by dryness and acid.

Human metapnuemovirus (hMPV), also in the genus Paramyxoviridae, is

similar to RSV in structure and function. It is a common respiratory path
 bud at plasma membranes, rubella is a respiratory virus,

The carboxy (COOH) terminus of the glycoproteins is anchored in the capsid

the envelope to wrap tightly (“shrink-wrap”

Rubella virus is not cytolytic, but the replication of rubella prevents (in a p
known as heterologous interference) the replication of superinfectin
picornaviruses

the virus can replicate in the placenta

rubella is not an arbovirus, most common pediatric diseases with ras

cause lytic or persistent infections

The virus enters the cell by means of receptor-mediated

endocytosis

The initial two thirds of the alphavirus RNA is translated into a polyprotein
subsequently cleaved into four nonstructural early proteins

acquire their envelope by budding at the cell surface

 Viruses are cytolytic, establish viremia and systemic infection

cause lytic or persistent infections

flavivirus genome is translated into a single polyprotein

are good inducers of interferon and cytokines, which can account for the
symptoms during prodrome

can infect cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage.

Nonneutralizing antibody can enhance flavivirus infection via Fc receptors

the structural genes are at the 5′-end of the flavivirus genome

acquire their envelope by budding into the endoplasmic reticu

Two forms of Yellow Fever exist: jungle (has reservoir in tropical monkey
urban (has reservoir in humans). Each is transmitted by a different mosq

cytolytic, establish viremia and systemic infection

cause lytic or persistent infections

flavivirus genome is translated into a single polyprotein

are good inducers of interferon and cytokines, which can account for the
symptoms during prodrome

zika and powassan are also included in flaviviridae fam

 Rabies virus multiplies in the CNS and travels via axons to many different

Virus spreads along neurons to salivary glands and brain, Antibody produc
virus reaches brain

Incubation period depends on proximity of bite to CNS and infectious d

Has 5 proteins, Glycoprotein , Nucleoprotein , Phosphoprotein ,Matrix pr

,Polymerase

not very cytolytic ; Exist in 2 episodic form

Urban –unimmunized dog and cat ,Sylvain – foxes , wolves, raccoons

rodents
 Ebola virus and Marburg virus are BL4 pathogens, encodes seven prote

Glycoprotein is cleaved into 2 parts

Ebola virus binds to Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), a cholesterol transfer

and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1)

Replication in monocytes elicits a cytokine storm of proinflammatory cyto

The viral proteins can also inhibit interferon production and action.

encodes five detectable proteins, including a polymerase (L), nucleoprote

phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), and envelope glycoprotein (G
its genome is unsegmented

can infect horses, sheep, and humans, non-cytolytic & persistant infecti
 Morphology and Incubation
shape period

Non-enveloped
Medium-sized icosahedral 5-9 days
capsid
large size brick shaped,
enveloped icosachedral 5-17 day
capsid

large size oval shaped ,

enveloped 2-8 weeks
icosachedral capsid
Non-enveloped, icosahedral
capsid 3-4 months
Non-enveloped, icosahedral
capsid variable
large, enveloped, icosahedral
capsids variable
large, enveloped, icosahedral
capsids 2 week
large, enveloped, icosahedral 3-12 weeks
capsids
large, enveloped, icosahedral
capsids 2 months
 large, enveloped, 4-7 days for
icosahedral capsids HHV-6

Small, nonenveloped,
icosahedral capsid [+ or − 5-10 days
sense]
Medium size, double capsid
icosahedral nucleocapsid, 1-3 days
nonenveloped
Medium size, double capsid
icosahedral nucleocapsid, 3-6 days
nonenveloped
 Large size, helical
nucleocapsid, enveloped, 1-4 days
pleomorphic
 large, enveloped, 2-6 days
helical nucleocapsid

large, enveloped,
helical nucleocapsid 10-12 days
 large, enveloped,
helical nucleocapsid 2-3 weeks
 large, enveloped,
helical nucleocapsid 2-8 days
 Small size, envelope 14-21 days
icosahedral nucleocapsid

2–10 day
Small size, envelope
icosahedral nucleocapsid
icosahedral nucleocapsid
enveloped 2-14 days
 SLE-5-15 days

JBE- 5-15 days

icosahedral nucleocapsid
enveloped yellow fever- 3-6 days

dengue- 4-7 days

Medium size, bullet shaped,
enveloped, helical 60-365 after bite
nucleocapsid
 3–9 days
filamentous, enveloped
helical nucleocapsid ebola virus - 2-21 days

enveloped 4 weeks
 susceptible on

children, infants, immnocompromised

patient
 children

children and
AIDS patient
 Common, plantar, and flat warts are
most
common in children and young adults.

Laryngeal papillomas occur in young

children
and middle-aged adults.

Immunocompromised patient
immunocompromised patients [ AIDS]
age 15 or above
 children, neonates,
immunocompromised pateint and
sexually active people
neonates children, teenager old adults
and immunocompromised patients
 children, adults and
opportunistic infection in
immunocompromised patient
 children, teenager,
immunocompromised patient
 adults , children

children, pregnant women, pateint

with chronic anemia
 Infants < 24 months
Older children and adults
Undernourished people
children , adults
adults , children
 children and adults

unvaccinated pateint &

immunocompromised
unvaccinated pateint &
immunocompromised
infants, premature, children, adults
Children: mild exanthematous disease
Adults: more severe disease with
arthritis or arthralgia Fetus < 20
weeks: congenital defects

People who enter ecologic niche of

arthropods infected by arboviruses
People who enter ecologic niche of
arthropods infected by arboviruses
People who enter ecologic niche of
arthropods infected by arboviruses
 Veterinarians and animal handlers
Person bitten by a rabid animal
Inhabitants of countries with no pet
vaccination program
immunocompromised patient

*
 Disease

Pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, atypical

pneumonia, respiratory tract infection,
pharyngoconjunctivitis (pinkeye),
hemorrhagic cystitis, and gastroenteritis,
dairrhea, obesity
 small pox [variola] -
1. variola major= clasical smallpox
2. variola minor =alastrim (non-fatal)

pearly skin papules, Benign cutaneous

poxvirus disease
 HPV, skin warts,[HPV 1,4] genital warts[HPV
16,11,18]
koilocytes, cervical cancer[HPV 16,18] STD
dysplaisa.
Mucosal syndrome -Laryngeal papilloma [HPV
6,11] Oral papilloma, Conjunctival papilloma
anogenital warts-Condyloma acuminatum [HPV
6,11] Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, cancer
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
(PML)- JC virus
Renal disease -BK virus
Merkel cell carcinoma -MC virus
 HSV-1 disease
oral herpes, gingivostomatitis keratoconjunctivitis
herpes labialis (cold sores) temporal lobe
encephalitis, Tonsillitis Labialis
Pharyngitis Esophagitis
Tracheobronchitis Gladiatorum
Genital
Whitlow

HSV-2disease
genital herpes ,neonatal herpes, Perianal, Whitlow
Encephalitis Meningitis
Oral Pharyngitis

other - Eczema herpeticum,

varicella (chickenpox) zoster (shingles)
 cytomegalic inclusion disease (newborns)
mononucleosis syndrome
heterophil-negative
mononucleosis syndrome
immunocompromised: retinitis, pneumonia,
esophagitis
infectious mononucleosis (“kissing disease”)
Burkitt’s lymphoma,
nasopharyngeal cancer
chronic infectious mononucleosis
chronic interstial pneumonitis in AIDS patient
hairy oral leuloplakia
Lymphoproliferative Diseases
 Rosela infantum or Exanthem subitum

erythema infectiosum [fifth disease], slapped cheeks,

aplastic crisis, sickle crisis, ,spontaneous abortions,
chronic hemolytic anemia,acute polyarthritis in
adults
 gastroenteritis,

induces cholera-type diarrhea- NSP4 protein

Colorado Tick fever
Flu (and croup in children) secondary bacterial
pneumonia

Reye syndrome
 children:
croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) pneumonia
adults: common cold

Measles, otitis media, pneumnia,

diarrhea,enchephalitis

SSPE (Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis)

 parotitis orchitis
pancreatitis aseptic meningitis -2nd stage of
congenital rubella syndrome
common cold to pneumonia
 rubella: fever followed by descending rash

congenital rubella: congenital malformations

also known as german measls or 3 day measles-

maculopapular rash

EEE,- Eastern Equine Encephalitis

WEE, -Western Equine Encephalitis
VEE- Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis

Chikungunya fever
 West Nile fever

West Nile encephalitis

[ neuroinvasive disease causing encephalitis (more
typical in elderly) or meningitis (more typical in
children)]
 Yellow Fever

Dengue Fever

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

St. Louis encephalitis ,Japanese encephalitis

Russian spring-summer encephalitis

dysphagia, encephalitis
 hemorrhagic fever

specific neuropsychiatric diseases such as

schizophrenia
 Transmisson

aerosols, direct contact, fecal-

oral
contact
direct contact, droplet spread
by formite

sexual contact
direct contact, sexual contact,
formites, birth canal
 inhalation or contact with
contaminated water, stool, urine
saliva
[1] transmitted by saliva, [2] by
sexual contact
 respiratory secretions or
ruptured varicella vesicles
close contact (blood, breast milk,
saliva, semen), organ
transplantation, or
transplacentally
saliva, respiratory secretions
 saliva or breast feeding

by aerosols, direct contact,

mother to child, blood
transfusion
Fecal–oral route
by wood ticks
Transmitted by aerosols
Transmitted by aerosols

Transmitted by aerosols
Transmitted by aerosols
Transmitted by aerosols
 Transmitted by aerosols

Specific arthropods characteristic

of each virus (zoonosis: arbovirus

carried in birds or horses →

transferred to humans via
mosquito bite
mosquito bite , transfused blood
products, donated organs, and
breast milk
 mosquito bite

St. Louis encephalitis-Culex

powassan - tick

zika mosquito bite ,sexual

contact

Japanese B encephalitis virus

uses pigs and birds as a two main
vertebrate hosts.

St. Louis encephalitis virus

vertebrate hosts primarily
includes birds.
transmitted in saliva
by direct contact (e.g., bites,
infected bodily fluids

unclear,
contaminated saliva or
nasal secretions.
 Symptoms

fever, sore throat, common cold

pharyngoconjunctivitis= flu-like symptoms, mailaise,

fever, myalgia

acute respiratory disease= bronchiolitis, laryngitisi,

pertusis like symptoms
 visible pustules, later high fever,
fatigue, severe headache, backache,
and malaise, vesicular rash in mouth

painless itchy warts like rash similar to

pimple with white pus
warts
 primary infection has no
symptoms, Speech, vision,
coordination, mentation
misfunctioning occur , paralysis,
death,

BKV causes hemorrhagic cystitis and nephritis

primary infection -Pain, itching, dysuria Malaise, fever, headache,
cold sores, fever blisters

Herpetic whitlow -infection of the finger

primary infection in tonsils & mucosa of respiratory tract, interstial
pneumonia occur in adults
---------------------------------------------
varicella [chickenpox]
fever, maculopapular rash,are main
lymphadenopathy,eythematous rash develop over entire body
severe case - encephalitis,penumonia,hemorrahgic chickenpox
--------------------------------------------------
zoster [shingles]
dermal vesiculopustular rash
chronic pain syndrome called postherpetic neuralgia
deafness, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, microencephaly in
newborns

flu-like symptoms, abnormal lymphocytes

Leukopenia, Esophagitis, colitis

thrombocytopenia, microcephaly,

intracerebral calcification,
 flu-like symptoms,
lymphocytosis, sore throat , maliase
Mild headache, fatigue, fever

Triad: lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, exudative pharyngitis

hepatitis, ampicillin-induced rash. Hyperplasia

Atypical lymphocytes (Downey cells, T cells)
Heterophile antibody (transient)
EBV–antigen-specific antibody

Neurologic complications meningoencephalitis and Guillain-Barré

syndrome
 spiking fever and mild rash
fatigue, cognitive dysfunction

febrile seizures in childhood

maculopapular rash

high fever during viremia followed later by Erythematous

maculopapular rash and haeadache

Individuals with chronic anemia: aplastic crisis

Adults: arthralgia and arthritis appear after 2 weeks

Fetus: anemia-related disease and death (hydrops fetalis)

sore throat, chills, malaise, myalgia, flulike symptoms intially

 diarrhea has no blood
vomiting, fever, and dehydration
 fever, myalgias, ocular pain, headache
meningitis and encephalitis. chills, headache, photophobia,
arthralgia, and lethargy

biphasic fever, conjunctivitis, and possibly lymphadenopathy,

hepatosplenomegaly, and a maculopapular or petechial rash
 fever, chills, severe myalgias, loss of appetite, weakness
and fatigue, sore throat, and usually a nonproductive cough.

Reye syndrome- encephalopathy in children and adults

cardiac syndromes
 coryza, pharyngitis, mild bronchitis,
wheezing, and fever, bronchiolitis and pneumonia

can cause otitis media

flu-like symptoms Koplik’s spots, followed by maculopapular rash

encephalitis complications:
myalgia, headache, low grade fever , mailaise, epididymoorchitis,
oophoritis, mastitis, pancreatitis, and thyroiditis

pancreatitis aseptic meningitis -

cataracts, cardiac abnormalities, and deafness
growth retardation, rash, hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, and
meningoencephalitis
Fever, cough, dyspnea, and cyanosis in children < 1 year

Febrile rhinitis and pharyngitis

Bronchiolitis, pneumonia, or both

benign childhood, swollen glands maculopapular or macular rash
[ start at back of ear -- face-- body]

Adult complications: arthritis, encephalitis.

Congenital infection: teratogenic, cataracts, deafness,

microcephaly, postinfectious encephalopathy Heart defects
Intrauterine growth retardation Failure to thrive Mortality within
the first year Mental retardation

Immune complexes most likely cause the rash and arthralgia

associated with rubella infection.

encephalitis , hemorrhage, inflammation, necrosis, headache,

meningitis, photophobia

chikangunya- high grade fever. headache, mild rash , severe

arthralgia , mild neutopenia and thrombocytopenia
 flu like symptoms initially, pharyngitis &
gastrointestinal problem may occur

West Nile fever

fever, fatigue, headache, myalgia, anorexia, eye pain, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, rash

West Nile encephalitis

→ symptoms range from mild confusion to tremor, extrapyramidal
symptoms, flaccid paralysis, or severe encephalopathy that may
progress to coma or death, particularly in elderly or
immunocompromised
 : Yellow Fever (hepatitis, jaundice)

: Dengue Fever: “breakbone fever” (flu-like severe

joint/muscle pain) moderate grade fever. headache, severe rash ,
mild arthralgia , severe neutopenia and thrombocytopenia

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (dengue fever hemorrhage,

shock)

St. Louis, Japanese Encephalitis -flu like symptoms

Russian spring-summer encephalitis

 hydrophobia and certain death

1. Incubation phase- Asymptomatic

2.Prodrome phase- Fever, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite,

headache, lethargy, pain at site of bite

3. Neurologic phase- Hydrophobia, pharyngeal spasms,

hyperactivity, anxiety, depression
CNS symptoms: loss of coordination, paralysis, confusion, delirium

4. Coma- Coma, hypotension, hypoventilation, secondary

infections, cardiac arrest
 flu-like symptoms such as headache and myalgia. Nausea,
vomiting, and diarrhea

Ebola virus
Day 7-9 - Headache, fatigue, fever, muscle soreness,
gastrointestinal symptom may occur

Day 10 -Sudden high fever, vomiting blood, passive behavior

Day 11-Bruising, brain damage. bleeding from nose, mouth, eyes,

anus

Day 12-Loss of consciousness, seizures, massive internal bleeding,

death

learning and memory, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia,

and autism.
 Diagnose

PCR

Genome amplification

Viral isolation

Antigen detection by EIA

 HI test,

tissue culture

detection of specific antibody

skin biopsy, inclusion bodies visible

clinical presentation
 coloscopy

Koilocytes [PaP smear] presence confirm virus

Cytology ,IA,

In situ DNA probe analysis

PCR

Real-time PCR

Southern blot hybridization

 kidney biopsy,

PCR,

IA,

In situ immunofluorescence,

immunoperoxidase,

DNA probe analysis, and

PCR analysis of cerebrospinal fluid, urine, or biopsy

urine cytology for BKV or JCV

 Cowdry type A acidophilic intranuclear inclusion
bodies confirm virus [1]

Direct Analysis-Tzanck smear -multi-nucleated giant

acantholytic keratinocyte detected. [1,2]

Virus Isolation- 5 days to grow

genome detection-PCR

Serology
 Cowdry type A acidophilic intranuclear inclusion
bodies confirm virus

Direct Analysis-Tzanck smear -multi-nucleated giant

acantholytic keratinocyte detected.

FAMA test, ELISA test

Virus Isolation- 5 days to grow

genome detection-PCR

Serology
 giant cells with “owl’s eye” intranuclear inclusion
bodies found in tissues/urine

detection in buffy coat culture

Serology

PCR

pp65 CMV antigenemai test is used for rapid analysis

monospot test: detects heterophil antibody

blood smear: atypical lymphocytes

serology: anti-EBV IgM

Monospot test and ELISA

 serology -IgM and IgG detected

Symptomatology,

confirmation by PCR genome

analysis of blood, specific immunoglobulin IgM

ELISA

cold aggutination test is more specific

 stool specimen

immunoassay for virus

PCR

ELISA
 serology

isolation of virus from blood detection of viral

antigens on erythrocytes

RT-PCR

IgM capture EIA

 symptomatically

rapid antigen test on nasopharyngeal swab can culture

nasopharyngeal sample and detect HA via RBC
agglutination test

RT-PCR
 symptoms

detection of virus: hemagglutination activity in

respiratory secretions

serology (anti-HA antibodies inhibit

hemagglutination), IgM specific
RT-PCR- rapid

genome amplification assay

Warthin-Finkeldey cells [giant cell]- inclusion bodies in

respiraory tract

isolate virus from nasopharyngeal secretions, blood,

and urine

serology
 symptomatically, RT-PCR, ELISA

HI test

Immunofloroscence

detection of virus in saliva, urine, CSF, serum serology

A fourfold rise in antibody titer to mumps antigen- for

acute mumps disease
 RT-PCR

EIA

immunofloroscence
 detection of anti-rubella antibodies:

IgM if recent infection IgG if immune

blocks CPE of ECHO virus in culture virus in

amniocentesis indicates congenital rubella

RT-PCR, ELISA ,

virus is usually obtained from urine

serology
at autopsy: isolation of virus in brain tissue

IgM or RT-PCR for chickengunya

IgM antibody in serum or CSF PCR of CSF
 before 7 days PCR

serology after 7 day

isolate virus from infected tissue (from CSF in

encephalitis) serology
 identify Negri bodies in neurons and

other infected cells PCR for viral RNA serology

RT-PCR, antigen detection in biopsy

“Foaming of the mouth” is a classic sign of rabies

 detection of virus
serology
direct immunofluorescence analysis and in fluids by
ELISA. RT-PCR amplification

Ebola virus - oral swab, semen IgM,IgG test, ELISA, RT-

PCR

detected by direct analysis for the viral genome

mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using

RT-PCR. Serologic analysis

 prevention

Careful handwashing and

chlorination of swimming pools can
reduce transmission of adenovirus.
 chemotherapy

Methisazone & rifampin- inhibit

morphogenesis

cidofovir- inhibit viral DNA

polymerase

use condoms
 use condoms ,Vaccines for
HPV types 16, 18; or 6, 11, 16,
18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58
cannot prevented
Cell-mediated immunity is
required for control
 Cell-mediated immunity is
required for control

immunization with varicella-zoster

immune globulin (VZIG) within 4
days of exposure is protective

HNIG can also be used

Cell-mediated immunity is
required for control
no modes of control
cell-mediated immunity boost

no modes of control
 Prevention: oral live vaccines

administered 2, 4, 6 months of age

Control: hand washing and good

hygien
(1) avoiding tick-infested areas, (2)
using protective clothing and tick
repellents, and (3) removing ticks
before they bite.
 Cell-mediated immune response
important for control

live attenuated virus is present in

form of nasal spray referred as flu
shots
 cell mediated immune
response is imp.

MMR is the only live viral vaccine

that can be given to HIV-positive
individuals.

Immune serum globulin can be

administered after exposure.
MMR , cell mediated immunity
hand washing and wearing gowns,
goggles, and masks.

Synagis (F antigen vaccine) to

prevent infection in high-risk
infants (e.g., premature, lung
disease, heart disease)
cell-mediated immunity plays an
important role in resolving the
infection.

Mosquito breeding sites and

mosquitoes should be eliminated.
Live attenuated yellow fever virus
and inactivated Japanese
encephalitis virus vaccines
 Mosquito breeding sites and
mosquitoes should be eliminated
prevention: monitor mosquito
count in an area
 prevention: immunize
domesticated (dogs, cats) and wild
(skunks, foxes, bats, wolves,
coyotes, raccoons) animals
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis
virus—
Zaire Ebola virus (rVSV-ZEBOV),
also known
as Ebola Zaire vaccine
 Trearment

supportive treatment &

cidofovir can be used
 vaccina virus

self resolves, laser treatment,

cryoytherapy
 cytotoxic or surgical treatment-
podophyllin. Podophylotoxin, 5-
florouracil
Gardasil protects against
HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18.
Cervarix protects against HPV 16 and 18
cidofovir for warts
cidofovir can be used ,
no specific treatment
 for HSV-1 & HSV-2
Acyclovir

Penciclovir

Valacyclovir

Famciclovir

Trifluridine

Vidarabine , idoxuridine and trifluridine

can be used
 Acyclovir

Penciclovir

Valacyclovir

Famciclovir

Trifluridine

Live vaccine (Oka strain) for children

(varicella) and adults (zoster)
ganciclovir [(NOT acyclovir, because no
viral thymidine kinase is made]

foscarnet

valganciclovir, cidofovir, acyclovir

no vacccine
 acyclovir severe cases

ampicillin is given to treat tonsillitis

 no treatment

no treatment

PRCA supportive treatment & polygam

[iVIG]

blood transfusion

normal Human Ig - HIV patient

 rehydration

rotavirus vaccine (live oral attenuated)

no treatment
 supportive: acetaminophen, hydration,
rest

prophylaxis of Influenza A
amantadine or rimantadine for treatment

influenza A and B
zanamivir and oseltamivir are
neuraminidase inhibitors used for
treatment of
 supportive (cool mist; oxygen in severe
cases)
corticosteroids

ribavirin on case of
immunocompromomised pateint with low
respiratory distress

vaccine: live-attenuated measles virus in

measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine
severe cases in infants: high doses of
vitamin A
 supportive: analgesics, compression of
parotid vaccine: live-attenuated rubulla
virus in measles–mumps–rubella (MMR)
vaccine

There is no specific treatment for

congenital rubella
 ribavirin in infants

monoclonal antibody palivizumvab

administered IM in more serious infacts
case
 self-limiting (no antiviral treatment
available) vaccine: live-attenuated rubella
virus in measles–mumps–rubella (MMR)
vaccine

symptomatic
vaccine: formalin-inactivated or attenuated
virus
 supportive
prevention: mosquito control
vaccine: Yellow Fever Virus live-attenuated
vaccine Japanese Encephalitis formalin-
killed vaccine
 wash wound immediately

HRIG (Human Rabies Immune Globulin)

antibodies for passive immunity Human
Diploid Cell Vaccine: inactivated -live-
attenuated virus (often administered
following bite)
 none developed future: serum from
survivors

Antibody-containing serum, artificially

produced antibody (ZMAPP), and
interferon and

ribavirin

Sensitive to ribavirin treatment.