FLUID

PROPERTIES
LEC-2
FLUID PROPERTIES 2

• Density
• Coefficient of compressibility
• Viscosity
• Vapor pressure
• Surface tension
DENSITY 3

• Density =
𝑀
=𝜌
𝑘𝑔 • 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑉 𝑚3 𝜌
• 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 =
𝜌𝑤
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝛾
= = = 𝑆. 𝐺. (−)
𝑉 𝛾𝑤
𝑀𝑔
=
𝑉
𝑁
= 𝜌𝑔 = 𝛾
𝑚3
DENSITY OF COMMON SUBSTANCES 4

𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝐴𝑖𝑟 ≈ 1.15 3
𝑚
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑤 = 1,000 3
𝑚
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝐻𝑔 = 13,600 3
𝑚
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝐼𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 7,800 3
𝑚
𝑁
𝛾𝑤 = 9800 3
𝑚
𝑆𝐺𝑤 = 1.0
EXPERIMENT 5
COMPRESSIBILITY 6

SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS

BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY 7

P
Compressibility α 1/P

300 bar Resistance to compression α P

KαP
200 bar K ≡ Resistance to compression

ΔP
100 bar ∆𝑃
𝐾 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = ∆𝑉
ΔV/V1 𝑉1
Patm
V1

V/V1
1
MEASUREMENT OF K 8
K FOR IDEAL GAS 10

• Prove that for an ideal gas (𝑝 𝑉 = 𝑚 𝑅 𝑇) at constant temperature, the

𝑑𝑝
bulk modulus of elasticity (𝐾 = − ) is equal to the pressure 𝑝
𝑑𝑉/𝑉

𝑝𝑉 =𝑚𝑅𝑇
==== Differentiate ====
𝑝 𝑑𝑉 + 𝑉 𝑑𝑝 = 0
𝑉 𝑑𝑝
𝑝=−
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑝
− =𝑝=𝐾
𝑑𝑉
𝑉
 11

At atmospheric pressure:
𝐾𝐴𝑖𝑟 = 1 bar
𝐾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 20,000 bar

𝐾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 20,000 𝐾𝐴𝑖𝑟

Liquids are Gases are

INcompressible compressible
fluids fluids
EXAMPLE 12

What is the percentage change in fluid volume if its pressure is to be

raised from 1 bar to 100 bars, if:
a) The fluid is air and to be compressed isothermally?
b) The fluid is oil (K = 15,000 bar)?
GAS RAPID EXPANSION 13
PROJECT: PRESSURE VESSEL 14

• Definition and applications

• Stresses
• Design criteria (standards and codes)
• Materials
• Construction
PROJECT: 15

STRUCTURE OF A TECHNICAL REPORT

• Title page o
• Abstract oA summary of the whole report including important
features, results and conclusions
• Contents o
• Introduction oDefinition, background, importance, objective (purpose)
• Body o
• Conclusions (summary) oReminds with the objective and summarizes findings
• References o
PROJECT: 16

TIPS FOR MS WORD

• How to
– Make a simple title page
– Set structure
– Suitable font
– Paragraph structure
– Insert figures and write figure and table titles
– Insert page numbers
– Edit header and footer
– Make a table of contents and edit headers
PROJECT: 17

TIPS FOR PRESENTATION

• All team members must present • Evaluation based on
• Must perform before the 1. Time management
demonstrator next week 2. Depth
• 10 minutes only are allowed, more 3. Understanding
time = less marks 4. Integrity
• Must introduce yourself before 5. Novelty
proceeding
6. Relevance
• 28 size font
• 7 x 7 rule
SUMMARY 18

• Density
• Coefficient of compressibility