CANCER 4.

Cut in the line

 Starts c damaged DNA “building block of 4. Implantable port (portacaths)
life”(controls cell functions, division and death) 5. Infusion pumps
 When DNA is damaged, cells can divide rapidly/ *tunneled through chest
outlive normal cells ii. Intramuscular
TUMOR iii. Subcutaneous
 Mass/ collection of cells iv. Oral
 Benign / Malignant *c/s meals
A. MALIGNANT *frequency, lengt & dosage
a. Cancerous v. Intrathecal
b. Very different from normal cells *spine
c. Can metastasize *leukemia/ lymphoma
CAUSES OF CANCER *fetal position
1. Idiopathic vi. Intracavity (pelvic/bladder)
2. Carcinogens vii. Chemotherapy
3. Length & amount of exposure *skin caner
4. Genetics
TREATING CANCER DEFINITION OF TERMS
 May vary upon 4 main factors: i. Induction chemotherapy
1. Type of cancer *soul form of treatment
2. Stage of caner ii. Adjuvant chemotherapy
3. Pt’s overall condition *systemic/regional therapy after loco-regional
4. Goal of treatment tumor elimination
 Goals of tx also vary: *tx of presumed systemic disease
1. Cure iii. Primary chemotherapy (neoadjuvant)
2. Prolong life *used in multimodality strategy for localized disease
3. Unwanted sx/ effects of cancer Advantages:
 Downstage the tumor
MULTI-MODALITY TREATMENT  Determine initial response of the tumor
 1/ more tx to achieve goals. Use @ same time/
sequence in order to prevent local recurrence TOXICITIES OF COMMON CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS
A. Chemotherapy 1. CNS: Leucoencephalitis
B. Surgery  Delirium
C. Radiation therapy  Facial paralysis
D. Biological therapy  Speech disturbance
E. Hormone therapy  Disorientation
Peripheral Neuropathies
CHEMOTHERAPY  Staggering
Administration:  spasms
i. Intravenous 2. GIT:
1. Cannulan (c drip bag)  Severe stomatitis
2. Central line(lasts up to months)  Digestive tract ulcer
1. Give antibiotics & IVF  N/V
2. Port of blood samples  Enteritis
3. Give liquid food  Hepatic dysfunction/ abnormal hepatic
1. Blockage laboratory findings
2. Cut in the line 3. EENT:
3. PICC line  Anosmia
*through arm  Ototoxicity
1. Infection 4. CARDIOPULMONARY:
2. Clots  Interstitial pneumonia
3. Air in the line
  Heart rhythm disturbances o 6 mercaptopurine
5. REANL & URINARY TRACT:  Folic acid analogue
 Glomerular/ tubular nephropathies o methotrexate
 Proteinuria 3. PLANT ALKALOIDS
 Micro/ macrohemoglobinuria *inhibits mitosis
 BUN  Vinca alcaloids (vinblastine, Vincristine)
 cystitis  Etoposide
6. HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM: 4. ABTIBIOTICS
 Impaired bone marrow *non cell specific, interfere c the synthesis &
 Thrombocytopenia function of the DNA
 Neutropenia  Bleomycin
 Leukopenia  Dactinomycin
7. GENITOREPRODUCTIVE:  Doxorubicin
 Spermatogenesis and ovulation disturbances  Mitomycin
 gynecomastia 5. MISCELLANEOUS
8. OTHERS:  Leucovorin
 Hyperuricemia  Levamisole
 Plasma electrolyte disturbances  Mitotane
 Alopecia  Tamoxifen

PREVENTING & TREATING SIDE EFFECTS COMPONENTS OF EFFECTIVE NURSING CARE FOR PATIENTS
 Take some med RECEIVING CANCER TREATMENT
 Growth factors 1. Provide emotional support
 Tranfusions 2. Managing toxicities
3. Teach pt and SO to identify & manage side effects
CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS 4. Assist c administration of tx
1. ALKYLATING AGENTS
*form covalent bonds c electron rich grps in nucleic PRINCIPLES OF ONCOLOGY NURSING
acic resulting to: 1. PRIMARY PREVENTION
 Depurination - providing info & education
 Double/ single stranded breaks *models
 Inter/ intra strands cross-links *assess individual c risk factors
 Disrupting DNA replication & transcription *counseling
*react c pre-formed nucleic acid & tends to be active *change in behavior
in phase of cell cycle 2. SECONDARY
 Busulfan - steps to diagnose cancer
 N2 mustard *comprehensive screening clinics
 Cisplatin *breast cancer screening program
 Ifofamide *pigmented lesion clinic
 BCNU - knowledge on risk factors
 Chlorambucil 3. CANCER TREATMENT
- educate pt & SO
 Dacarbazine
- providing emotional support
 Melphalan
- minimize treatment- related morbidity
2. ANTIMETABOLITES
- coordinating care throughout the course of tx
*interfere c nucleic acid synthesis, exhibits max
- assisting the administration of tx regimen
activity during th S phase
4. REHABILITATION
 Pyrimidine analogues
o 5-flourouracil
o Floxuride
PRECAUTION
 Cytarabine
 Aggravation of infection & bleeding
 Purine analogue
  Potential effects on gonads
 Dehydration
 Dissolve the substance completely
 Use of proper solvent
 Store drug as indicated
 Avoid skin contact
 Avoid pregnant & lactating staff in handling drug

THINGS TO DO & KNOW PRIOR TO GIVING DRUG

 Hx of allergy
 Hydration status
 Wbc cound & thrombocyte count
 Kidney function test
 Route of administration
 Patency of iv line

SAFEHANDLING CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS

 Hazardous drugs- agent that presents a danger to
healthcare personnel due to inherent toxicity
 Carcinogenic, genotoxic, teratogenic, evidence of
toxicity @ low doses