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COUNTRY DESCRIPTION:
Bangladesh came into existence in
1971 when Bengali East Pakistan
seceded from its union with West
Pakistan. About a third of this
extremely poor country floods
annually during the monsoon rainy
season, hampering economic
development.
Bangladesh is a democratic
republic with a parliamentary form
of government. Bangladesh
remains a developing country with
poor infrastructure. Tourist
facilities outside major cities and
tourist areas are minimal.

What is Crime?
A crime is any act that violates the law. The
definition of the prohibited act (or the failure to
act in a manner that has been mandated) is set
forth in writing by local, state and federal
governments (in the form of a published
statute). However, vestiges of common law
crimes exist (common law crimes are defined
by the customs of the unwritten law of England
and the American colonies prior to the
American revolution). Some states, such as
California, have a statute stating that common
law crimes do not exist; all crimes must be in
writing set forth by statute.

Not all violations of law forbidding or commanding an act are crimes. To be a crime
there must be a defined punishment. If the law does not set forth the particulars of the
punishment for the described act or omission, then it is not a crime (unless the state has
enacted a "savings clause" which sets forth punishment for violation of law in the
absence of a specific defined punishment for the particular act or omission).
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Types of Crime:
Covering the full range of criminal behavior from street crime to suite crime, Crime
Types and Criminals provides an in-depth examination of the different types of crime and
criminals, including violent crime, occasional and conventional property crime,
professional crime, occupational and corporate crime, organized crime, political crime,
and public order crime. Author Frank Hagan includes a unique one-chapter treatment of
criminological theory as well as full chapters on topics often ignored in other texts such
as computer crime and the future of crime.

Organized and professional crime: a comparative approach

Abstract
After a short preliminary statement of a terminological character, the authors review the
basic features of professional and organized crime, also in relation to historically well
defined aspects of it, of the "crime-syndicate" type. The tracts differentiating in this
sector the European criminality from the North-American one are identified, and the most
significant examples of criminal organization active in recent times especially in Great
Britain are illustrated. The survey is carried out taking into account the quantitative and
qualitative evolution of the phenomenon and probing further into the value and function
that the various categories of crime operators assume in the most modern forms of
organized crime. A special attention is devoted to the activities of particular importance
that precede and follow the perpetration of crimes. The problem of the professional and
organized crime is also viewed in the light of the difference existing in the various
European countries, and of the easy access to international connections which afford to
this type of crime quite a comprehensive scope of action and which involve a greater
difficulty of the activities carried out by the authorities of the various countries. The
authors finally emphasize the gravity of the new forms of crime that are being committed
especially in the business field, and urge all those concerned in criminological problems
to devote their attention to the phenomenon, delving further into the connection it has
with the deviance theory.

Professional Crimes definition:

Professional criminal activity is illegal
activity of the person possessing
corresponding experiences, skills, methods
and instruments, person considering this
activity as basic occupation, and main or
additional source of money income [1].
According to A. Gurov, criminal
professionalism is criminal occupation, source
of means for the criminal; it demands
necessary knowledge and skills for achieving
the ultimate goal; it causes certain contacts
with antisocial environment; it defines stable
kind of criminal occupation (fulfillment of
mainly similar occupations) [2].
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Criminal professionalism gives an opportunity to prepare, commit crime and cover up

traces and, as a rule, to avoid the criminal liability, to have constant income [3].

Criminals quickly adapt to new kinds, forms and methods of entrepreneurship. They use
conditions of the developing market and new technologies on criminal purposes. The
number of crimes committed in sphere of high technologies (carding, computer and
cellular crimes), with use of special knowledge in sphere of financial and economic
activities, during professional activity.

As an example we may take large money thefts using counterfeit bank documents, fake
securities, illegal use of electronic means designed for accessing bank accounts, office
equipment (computers, fax-modems, copying devices).

The analysis of criminal actions committed lately with use of computer technologies, and
also numerous interrogations of bank employees allow to allocate the most typical ways
of computer crimes against banks and other financial institutions.

First, computer crimes committed by unauthorized access to bank databases by means of

telecommunication networks are becoming more and more widespread.

Second, there was practically no computer crime lately which would have been
committed by a criminal alone. Moreover there are some cases when organized criminal
groups hired hackers. They had a separate protected premise equipped with the latest
computer facilities so that they could carry out grand money thefts by illegal penetration
into computer networks of large banks.

Third, the majority of computer crimes in bank sphere are committed with direct
complicity of commercial banks employees. Results of the researches conducted with
bank personnel practice, show that share of such crimes approaches to 70%.

Fourth, the increasing number of computer crimes is committed with use of opportunities
of the global computer network Internet.

According to NCB Interpol in Ukraine the amount of computer crimes from 1995 to 2002
has increased from 3 to 50. Only in Kiev, during 2001, 45 crimes where computer
facilities were an object of crime commitment or were used for committing other kinds of
crimes were revealed. Besides computer technologies are widely used in "shady"
convertible centers. This allows their clients to evade taxes.

Let’s take some examples which characterize activity of computer criminals. So, the
accountant of Simferopol Department of Commercial Bank "Ukraine" has entered
computer network of the bank and issued a payment order according to which she has
transferred sum of 45,000 UAH to account of “Orbi" company (Sevastopol). Her
accomplices have transferred the specified sum for converting in local "Novico-bank" in
which the criminal with the help of counterfeit documents has received 10861 USD, and
has replaced fake operation with real in memory of computer. Also in 1999 the system of
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protection of The State Export-Import Bank of Ukraine (Ukreximbank) has blocked

attempts of the unauthorized penetration into its network. Back Office attacks were
carried out via the Internet. During secret search, Security Service officers have
established that such attempts came from network of ISP "Infocom". Then the hacker was
identified. He explained that he had wanted to get access to the Internet, and his partner
had given him an IÐ-address for free use of the Internet. It was found out, that he was
"framed" by the professional criminal [4].
Professional Crime in Bangladesh:
Crime Reporters Association of Bangladesh founded in July 26, 1986, is the only
professional body of all working crime Reporters based in Dhaka, Bangladesh. This
Association passed its 29th year. This Association is representing all newspapers,
electronic media and news agencies in Bangladesh, especially in the area of Crime
Reporting. At lest 179 Reporters from different newspapers, TV, Radio and News agency
are linked with this Association.

CRAB is an independent and non-affiliated professional body, which is dedicated to

increase the professional expertise and skills of newsmen. CRAB also actively monitors
the freedom of reporters. CRAB always raises its voice against any kind of crime and
corruption. This association also works for Human rights especially to support the real
victims.

One of the major aims of the Bangladesh Crime Reporters Association is to provide a
platform to work together under one umbrella for the improvement of standard of
journalism in our country and try to adhere to fair professional practices. Our intention is
also to inculcate the need to maintain high ethical standards and strive to report
accurately for enhancing the credibility of a free press among members.

As a part of its efforts, the aim of this Association is to develop the professional
expertise. CRAB occasionally organizes training programmes, workshops and Round
Table to meet its aim.

CRAB has also launched the first professional newsletter, “CRAB BARTA”, to highlight
the activities of the journalism in Bangladesh. CRAB gives several awards every year for
the excellent performance in crime and Investigative reporting.This organisation also
organizes cultural events for the recreation of its members.

CRAB maintains an office in the city, which provides space for conference and meet the
press. It has also developed a website which has included all members details. At present
CRAB is Run By 13 executive members who are elected by its all members once in a
year.
Youth Crime Watch of Bangladesh(YCWB)program is a sister program of Youth Crime
Watch of America (YCWA) with the partnership of Bangla Youth Empowerment
Initiatives (BYEI). This program is designed and fully supported by YCWA, run by
BYEI in Bangladesh, and run for Bangladeshi youth community. This program
demonstrates that young people can make the difference in keeping their schools and
community safe from crime, drugs and violence.
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Youth crime watch of Bangladesh Program helps schools and communities in

Bangladesh start and sustain their crime watch programs. Service includes:

•Background information about youth crime watch and BYEI;

•Youth Crime Watch (YCW) awareness presentations;
•YCW implementation training for new sites;
•Technical assistance getting new sites started;
•Technical assistance once sites are up and running.

We also help young people face various life challenges and provide support, assistance in
different stage of their lives.
We aim to work on the roots of the youth crime issues. We will be taking the following
initiatives to run this program successfully in Bangladesh:
1. Research and survey on Bangladeshi youth community and searching for the reasons
of increasing youth crimes;
2. Activity project and events for youth skills development;
3. Run regular counsellings, workshops for Bangladeshi youths on their rights and
planning of lives from the youth centers;
4. Run Awareness campaign and providing constant Support, guidelines and resources
for Bangladeshi youths;
5. Encouraging and lobby Bangladesh government on more information of youth crimes
on the textbooks;
6. Developing a strong and interactive Bangladeshi youth forum
(www.bdyouthforum.org) from where youths will be able to share their views, ideas and
share suggestions and also can get involve to work for the youths;
7. Introduce effective Mentoring scheme.
his is a youth led program in Bangladesh where youths will be leading the program
around Bangladesh.

Youth from different school, college will form Youth Led Crime Prevention committee
and organize different events to inspire other youths to campaign against youth crime.

Under this program Youth will also be able to run workshops on youth crime.

Drugs and criminal organizations

Drugs
Drug abuse and the problems associated with it continue to grow in most parts of the
world. The global abuse of drugs and the drug trafficking situation is becoming more
complex, in part due to political and economic changes around the world which have led
to increasingly open borders between many countries.
These include:
the emergence of a more affluent class of drug abuser with higher disposable income to
spend on so-called ‘recreational’ drugs;
a rise in demand and availability for almost all types of controlled substances;
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cultural changes brought about by globalisation and rapid communications.

The drug trade involves growers, producers, couriers, suppliers, dealers and users and
affects people in almost all of INTERPOL’s 186 member countries.
Drug trafficking is frequently linked to other serious crimes such as people smuggling,
organized prostitution and travel-document counterfeiting. It is often cited as a means to
finance the more violent and destructive activities of criminal and terrorist organizations,
because of the major cash benefits derived from relatively minimal time and investment.
INTERPOL’s primary drug-control role is to identify new drug trafficking trends and
criminal organizations operating at the international level and to assist all national and
international law enforcement bodies concerned with countering the illicit production,
trafficking and abuse of cannabis, cocaine, heroin and synthetic drugs by:
collecting and analysing data obtained from member countries for strategic and tactical
intelligence reports and disseminating these reports to the concerned countries;
responding to and supporting international drug investigations;
helping to co-ordinate drug investigations involving at least two member countries;
organizing operational working meetings between two or more member countries where
INTERPOL has identified common links in cases being investigated in these countries;
organizing regional or global conferences on specific drug topics, the aims of which are
to assess the extent of the particular drug problem, exchange information on the latest
investigative techniques and strengthen co-operation within law enforcement
communities.
Interpol maintains close liaison with national law enforcement agencies and with Non-
Governmental Organizations (NGO) that have a counterdrug mandate. Information
gathered and assessed by these NGOs is valuable in creating a more comprehensive
assessment of drug trafficking and abuse issues.
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime not only has information on drug
trafficking and abuse studies, but reports on other criminal matters that have a global
impact.
The World Customs Organization has information regarding the harmonization of
customs controls and practices, and provides information on smuggling. Back issues of
their magazine can be accessed through the website in PDF format.
Criminal organizations
Definitions of what constitutes organized crime vary widely from country to country.
Organized groups are typically involved in many different types of criminal activity
spanning several countries. These activities may include trafficking in humans, weapons
and drugs, armed robbery, counterfeiting and money laundering.
INTERPOL currently has projects targeting organized crime in two areas of high activity:
Eurasia (Project Millennium) and Asia (Project AOC – Asian Organized Crime).

Genocide, War Crimes, and Crimes Against Humanity

The Investigation and Prosecution of Genocide, War Crimes, and Crimes Against
Humanity
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The General Secretariat is expanding its role in providing international co-ordination and
support for law enforcement agencies in member countries and international
organizations responsible for the investigation and prosecution of genocide, war crimes,
and crimes against humanity.
Interpol has been supporting member countries and the ad hoc International Criminal
Tribunals in the location and apprehension of criminals wanted for genocide, war crimes,
and crimes against humanity since 1994, primarily through the publication of Red
Notices and the provision of other investigative assistance. However, many countries
have recently expanded their activities in this field, and have established specialized units
dedicated to the investigation and prosecution of these offences regardless of where they
have occurred.
From 23 to 25 March 2004, General Secretariat hosted the First International Expert
Meeting on War Crimes, Genocide, and Crimes Against Humanity in Lyon, France.
Ninety three delegates and observers from 39 countries and international organizations
attended this meeting. Over the course of three days, the delegates viewed presentations
and participated in discussions aimed at identifying the needs of the member countries
and international organizations with a view towards improving coordination and
information sharing. At the conclusion of the meeting, a list of recommendations was
adopted.
From 21 to 22 July 2004, in furtherance of Recommendation no 9 adopted at the expert
meeting, the General Secretariat hosted the First Working Group Meeting on Genocide,
War Crimes, and Crimes Against Humanity, in Lyon. Fourteen delegates from twelve
countries and two international organizations participated in the discussions and made
recommendations concerning ways to address the needs identified at the expert meeting.
The recommendations included the increased use of Interpol databases, the preparation of
a best practice manual, and identification of points of contact in member countries.
On 7 October 2004, the General Assembly adopted Resolution number AG-2004-PRES-
17 which recommended that, within the limits of national and international law, ICPO-
Interpol member countries should cooperate with each other and with international
organizations, international criminal tribunals, and non-governmental organizations as
appropriate in a joint effort to prevent genocide, war crimes, and crimes against
humanity, and to investigate and prosecute those suspected of committing these crimes;
asked the General Secretariat to assist member countries in the investigation and
prosecution of these crimes; and asked the Secretary General to bring the present
resolution to the attention of the appropriate United Nations authorities and other
international organizations.
The General Assembly Delegates also authorized an accord to be signed with the Office
of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court to improve co-operation between
the two organizations in assisting the fight against transnational crime and upholding
justice. The agreement will also allow the International Criminal Court access to
Interpol's communications network and databases.
From 23 to 24 February 2005 the General Secretariat hosted the Second Working Group
Meeting on Genocide, War Crimes, and Crimes Against Humanity, in Lyon. Eighteen
delegates from thirteen countries and three international organizations participated. The
working group continued its work from the first meeting in July 2004 concerning
improvement of information sharing and coordination of activities among member
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countries with regard to the investigation and prosecution of genocide, war crimes, and
crimes against humanity.
From 14 to 16 June 2005 ICPO-Interpol hosted the Second International Expert Meeting
on Genocide, War Crimes, and Crimes Against Humanity. The purpose of this 2nd expert
meeting was to share information concerning the activities of units and organizations
specialised in these types of investigations, to discuss ways in which the needs of these
units and organizations can be fulfilled, and to enhance the cooperation among the many
law enforcement, judicial, academic, and non-governmental organizations involved in
this complex field.
The three-day conference included presentations on various countries’ war crimes
programs and policies, the prosecution of Nazi war criminals, child soldiers, forensic
science applications, human rights and international co-operation. There were also panel
discussions on witness protection and international law and the role of non-governmental
organizations in the investigation of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity.

Yearly Crime Statistics

(Number of registered cases from 2003 to 2007)
SL Name of Offence 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1 Dacoity 949 885 796 795 1047
2 Robbery 1,170 1,207 898 843 1,298
3 Murder 3,471 3,902 3,592 4,166 3,863
4 Speedy Trial Act 2,179 2,053 1,814 1,638 1,980
5 Rioting 890 754 570 570 263
6 Cruelty to Women 20,242 12,815 11,426 11,068 14,250
7 Child Abuse 475 503 555 662 967
8 Kidnapping 896 896 765 722 774
9 Police Assault 271 280 240 337 278
10 Burglary 3,883 3,356 3,270 2,991 4,439
11 Theft 8,234 8,605 8,101 8,332 12,015
12 Arms Act 2,293 2,370 1,836 1,552 1,746
13 Explosive Act 499 477 595 308 232
14 Narcotics 9,494 9,505 14,195 15,479 15,622
15 Smuggling 4,499 4,181 4,334 4,734 5,202
16 Others 66,194 67,531 73,180 76,381 22,802
Total 1,25,639 1,19,320 1,26,167 1,30,578 1,57,200

Definitions of Organized Crime:

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This is a collection of definitions of

organized crime and comments on the
problem of how to define organized crime
from various types of sources. Not included
are definitions of the term "organized crime
group" that some implicitly treat as
synonymous with the term "organized
crime" (see e.g. the UN Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime).

If you have come across a definition of organized crime that is not yet listed
below, please let me know. (Thanks to those who have already done so!)
If you are using this collection for writing a paper, a book etc., please let your readers
know! (suggested citation: Klaus von Lampe, Definitions of Organized Crime,
www.organized-crime.de/OCDEF1.htm)

Organized Crimes in Bangladesh:

Urban crime can be organized or opportunistic, conducted by individuals or groups, and
commonly encompasses fraud, theft (larceny, pick-pocketing, and snatch-and-grab),
robbery (armed and unarmed), carjacking, rape, assault, and burglary (home and auto).
Incidents of crime and levels of violence are higher in low-income residential and
congested commercial areas, but are on the rise in wealthier areas as well.
The Embassy has recently noted an increase in crime directed against foreigners in the
Diplomatic Enclave in Dhaka. Many of the reported attacks occurred while the victims
were riding in rickshaws; other incidents involved the targeting of small groups of
foreigners on foot.
To reduce your risk while riding in a rickshaw, keep your bags or valuables under your
legs or behind you back, away from passing vehicle traffic and ensure the your bag’s
carrying straps are not visible. For security reasons, the Embassy recommends that U.S.
citizens avoid riding in taxis, buses, and engine-powered rickshaws (CNGs).
U.S. citizens should avoid walking alone after dark, carrying large sums of money, or
wearing expensive jewelry. Valuables should be stored in hotel safety deposit boxes and
should not be left unattended in hotel rooms. Police are generally responsive to reports of
crimes against US. citizens. Crimes, however, often go unsolved.
If you fall victim to a crime, the Embassy recommends that you not fight with your
attacker. Flee to a safe area and report the situation to the local authorities. We remind
all U.S. citizens to exercise vigilance when traveling in Dhaka. Please be alert and aware
at all times and vary routes and schedules. We encourage all U.S. Citizens to carry their
mobile phones with them at all times.
In many countries around the world, counterfeit and pirated goods are widely available.
Transactions involving such products may be illegal under local law. In addition,
bringing them back to the United States may result in forfeitures and/or fines.
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Concept and Theory of Organized Crime

On this page I (Klaus von Lampe)

provide access to some of my papers on
conceptual and theoretical issues
relating to organized crime and the
study of organized crime.

The Concept of Organized Crime in Historical Perspective

A paper presented at the international conference "International Organized Crime: Myth,
Power, Profit," sponsored by the University of Lausanne, Switzerland, in October 1999,
explores the conceptual history of organized crime in the United States and Germany. A
journal version of this paper was published in Forum on Crime and Society, 1(2), 2001,
99-116.

The Concept and Theory of Organized Crime

A short English summary of my book on the concept and theory of organized crime in the
U.S.

Organized Crime Research in Perspective

This chapter from the book Upperworld and Underworld in Cross-Border Crime outlines
a research agenda for the study of organized crime.

Understanding Organized Crime in Germany

An analysis of the perception and reality of organized crime in Bangladesh. An earlier
draft of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Criminal
Justice Sciences (ACJS) in Boston, March 1995. This paper is the first attempt of mine to
conceptualize organized crime.