Course Overview

• Motivation
• Standardization issues
• UMTS architecture basics
• UMTS radio link
– Physical layer
– Signaling
• UE, UTRAN, PS Domain, CS Domain
• Basic functionalities: • IMS
– Accessing the network • Charging
– Transferring data
– Detaching from the network • UMTS Evolution:
– Information storage from R99 to Rel7
• Mobility • Beyond UMTS
• QoS
• Security
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 UMTS Evolution
• UMTS Releases Overview
• From GSM via GPRS to UMTS R99
• Rel4 Features
• Rel5 Features
• Rel6 Features

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 UMTS Evolution - Literature
TS 23.234 „3GPP System to WLAN Interworking“
TS 23.246 „Multimedia Broadcast / Multicast Service (MBMS)

Supplementary Reading:
„Interworking Architecture between 3GPP and WLAN Systems“
K. Ahmavaara et al.,
IEEE Communication Magazine Nov. 2003

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 UMTS Releases Overview
• (almost) each year, a new Release of the UMTS
standard is published
– UTMS is evolving
– first UMTS Release is "R99“, finalized in 2000 (not 1999)
– subsequently numbered Rel4, Rel5,...
– Rel7 is currently starting

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 UMTS Evolution
• UMTS Releases Overview
• GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4
• Rel5 Features
• Rel6 Features

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 GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4 I
• GSM
– CS domain
– GSM RAN
• initially < 10kb/s, evolved to today (EDGE) 384 kb/s

• GPRS
– adds PS Domain, in parallel to CS Domain
– Initially higher transmission rates than GSM (max 115 kb/s)
• can also be used with EDGE
– Shared radio channel (DSCH)
=> more efficient usage of radio resources,
because bandwidth demands of e.g. web traffic are highly fluctuating
(user needs time to read page) and bursty
– allows a direct connection to e.g. the Internet
– charging per data volume possible
• in GSM always charging per time unit

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GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4 II
• UMTS R99
– GSM RAN replaced by UTRAN
• W-CDMA
• Higher bandwidth
– Up to 2Mb/s
• Macrodiversity, soft(er) handover
• Functionality differently distributed compared to GSM RAN
– Support for QoS classes

• UMTS Rel4
– Separation of Transport and Control in CS domain
– CS Domain may also be IP-based

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 UMTS Evolution
• UMTS Releases Overview
• GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4
• Rel5 Features
• Rel6 Features

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 Rel5 Features
• IMS
• Layer 2 between RNC and GGSN not necessarily ATM-
based
• Flexible RANs
– May attach GSM RAN and GERAN to PS domain
(see next slide)
• GERAN = GSM EDGE Radio Access Network
– The proper term to refer to a system including GERAN and GSM
RAN is „3GPP network“ rather than „UMTS network“
• UMTS network implies UTRAN
• Iu Flex
– Breaking hierarchical mapping of RNCs to SGSNs (MSCs)
• HDSPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)
– New Shared Channel on downlink
– Up to 16 Mb/s

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 Rel5 Features – Flexible RANs
Application
HLR HSS Server (AS)
control to SGSN,
MSC-S., Cx to CSCF (SIP), SGSN,
transport GMSC-S. MSC-S., GMSC-S.

Mw Mm
CSCF SIP CSCF SIP
Mg Internet
SIP to UE via Mr SIP Intranet
connectivity service
GSM Gb/ MRF
Radio A Go COPS
Gb/ Gn
SGSN GGSN IP CS-GW
Iu ps IP Gi
Gb/A/ PS domain IMS
GERAN Iu cs/
Iu ps
A/ Nc PSTN
MSC-S. GMSC-S. SGW
Iu cs /ISDN
UTRAN
Iu ps/ Mc Mc
Iu cs IP or
A/ CS-MGW ATM Nb MGW CS domain
Iu cs

GSM / UMTS Core Network

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 Rel5 Features – Iu Flex I
• Up to Rel5, RNC to SGSN relation hierarchical
– Each RNC is assigned to exactly one SGSN
– Each SGSN serves one or more RNCs

RNC
SGSN
RNC
GGSN
RNC
SGSN
RNC

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 Rel5 Features – Iu Flex II
• Iu Flex allows many-to-many relation of
RNCs and SGSNs (and MSCs)
– RNCs and SGSNs grouped as belonging to “Pool Areas”
– A Pool Area is served by one or more SGSNs in parallel.
– All the cells controlled by a RNC belong to the same one [or more]
Pool Area[s].
– UE may roam in Pool Area without need to change the serving SGSN.

SGSNs SGSN Pool Area 1

serving RNC
Pool Area 1 SGSN
RNC
Overlap of
GGSN
Pool Areas 1 and 2
RNC
SGSN SGSN
serving
RNC Pool Area 2
Pool Area 2
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 Rel5 Features: HDSPA I
• HDSPA Features
– New shared downlink channel:
HS-DSCH (High-Speed Downlink Channel)
• Associated with it up- and downlink feedback / control channels
• Can be allocated to a single PDP context or to multiple PDP
contexts of several suscribers
– Can accommodate peek-rates up to 16 Mb/s
– Sustained rates of 1 – 5 Mb/s
(depending on cell size)

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 Rel5 Features: HDSPA II
• Technical Realisation
– 16QAM modulation used in addition to QPSK
• Codes 4 bits per phase/amplitude shift
– Node B based scheduling
• Reduces delay
– E.g. retransmissions handled more quickly
– Node B based adaptation code rate and modulation
• Depending on currently necessary throughput adapt
code rate and modulation scheme
– Without HDSPA code rate fixed per session
⇒ optimize throughput
− Hybrid ARQ
− Upon detection of frame errors, receiver requests retransmission (normal ARQ)
− Information encoded redundantly in each transmission. Retransmission doesn’t
resend complete information, but only some more redundancy, complementing
the redundant data that has already been sent (Hybrid ARQ)
− Turbo Codes
− Powerful error correcting / encoding scheme suited for low signal-noise ratios

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 Rel5 Features: HDSPA III

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 UMTS Evolution
• UMTS Releases Overview
• GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4
• Rel5 Features
• Rel6 Features

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 Rel6 Features – Overview I
•Network Sharing
–Allow cost efficient sharing of network resources
•Scenario 1: Multiple core networks sharing common radio access
network (already in R99)
•Scenario 2: Geographically split networks sharing
•Scenario 3: Common Network Sharing
•Scenario 4: Common spectrum network sharing
•Scenario 5: Multiple radio access networks sharing common core
network
•IMS Services
•MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service)
•WLAN interworking
– use WLAN as access network for IMS instead of PS Domain
•MIMO
–Multiple antennas in UE and Node B / spacial multiplexing
•and many more…

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 Rel6 Features – IMS Services I
• Push Service
– See student presentation

• IMS Group Management

– Setting up and maintaining user groups
– Supporting service for other services
• Multiparty conferencing
• Push-to-talk
• Etc.

• IMS Presence Service

– See student presentation

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 Rel6 Features – IMS Services II
•IMS Messaging
–SIP-based messaging
–Instant messaging, „Chat room“, and deferred messaging (equivalent to MMS)
–Interworks with Presence Service to determine whether addressee available

•Multiparty-multimedia conferencing service in IMS

– utilizing MRF
•
•Push-to-talk
– see student presentation
•
•Location-based services in IMS
–UE indicates it wishes to use local service. S-CSCF routes request back to visited
network
–Mechanism for UE to retrieve / receive information about locally available services

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 Rel6 Features – MBMS I
• MBMS - Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service
• Enables resource and cost efficient data transfer to many
users in parallel
• Applications
– Multicast of e.g. sport events
– Broadcast of emergency information
– Download of software (games)
– Multiparty conferencing
– Push-to-talk
• “streaming type reception”:
present data as it is received
• “download type reception”:
store data and replay later

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 Rel6 Features – MBMS II
• How does it work
– Application server submits multicast / broadcast data via Gi interface
• May be BMCS (Broadcast Multicast Service Center), or e.g. MRF
• Multicast effective especially on air interface
– Control channel via Gmb interface
• Authorisation, sending encryption keys,…
• Network resource configuration
– In multicast mode, data is transmitted only to cells with UEs that
joined the service
MBMS User Service Application
MBMS
Server
Appli-
cation e.g.BMSC
MBMS bearer service control
UE
S G Gmb (AAA protocol)
R
MBMS G G
Bearer
A
N S S
Service Gi (IP multicast)
N N

MBMS data distribution tree

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 Rel6 Features: WLAN interworking I
• Use WLAN as access network
• WLAN operated either by 3GPP operator or by 3rd party
• 6 scenarios are defined:
– Scenario 1: Common billing and customer care
• Receive only one bill
– Scenario 2: Common access control (authentication and authorisation) using a
(U)SIM based solution and charging
– Scenario 3: Access to all 3GPP packet-switched services
(e.g., IMS, Push etc.) and services like SMS or MMS
– Scenario 4: Service continuity between different accesses like WLAN and
UTRAN (i.e. service must not be set-up again, if access technology is
changed)
– Scenario 5:
Seamless mobility between WLAN and 3GPP access networks
– Scenario 6: Seamless handover even for CS services
• In Rel6, only scenarios 1-3 are supported
•WS 04/05,
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Networks, XIV. UMTS Evolution 22
Rel6 Features: WLAN interworking II
• Architecture for supporting authentication, authorization
and charging (scenarios 1 and 2)
– AAA Server is an IETF-standardized entity doing
“authentication, authorization, accounting”
– AAA Server receives data from HSS / HLR
– WLAN UEs
• multihomed with WLAN and 3GPP access capability
• Contain USIM
– USIM in WLAN UE allows using 3GPP subscription

3GPP Home Network

Intranet / Internet
HSS / HLR

USIM
WLAN Ww Wa 3GPP AAA
WLAN Access Network Charging
UE Server

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Rel6 Features: WLAN interworking III
• Architecture for supporting access to 3GPP packet-
switched services (Scenario 3)

3GPP Visited Network

Intranet / Internet
3GPP AAA
Charging
Proxy
Wa
Wg
WLAN Ww
WLAN Access Network Wn
UE WAG

Wd
Wp
Scenario 3

Wm
Wu 3GPP AAA
Packet Data Server Charging
Gateway
Wi

HSS / HLR

3GPP Home Network

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Rel6 Features: WLAN interworking IV
• UE is authenticated by Proxy AAA Server in visited
network relaying data to AAA Server in home
network
• PDG (Packet Data Gateway)
– A tunnel is established between UE and PDG
– PDG provides access to 3GPP services (e.g. IMS)
– PDG acts as Policy Enforcement Point for Service
Bases Local Policy (similar to GGSN)
• WAG (WLAN Access Gateway)
– Gateway to WLAN, i.e. all packets to/from WLAN routed
via WAG
– Enforces routing of packets to PDG

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 Summary
• UMTS R99 (compared to GPRS)
– GSM RAN replaced by UTRAN
– Support for QoS classes
• UMTS Rel4
– No major changes to packet-based part
• UMTS Rel5
– IMS
– HDSPA
– Iu Flex
• UMTS Rel6
– WLAN Interworking
– Numerous services are being defined
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