Scenario of Amritsir massacre

Q1.What does the source tell about British attitude towards Indians after 1919
Reforms? (5)

The Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms or more briefly known as Mont-

Ford Reforms were reforms introduced by the colonial government in
British India to introduce self-governing institutions gradually in India.
The reforms take their name from Edwin Montagu, the Secretary of
State for India during the latter parts of the First World War and Lord
Chelmsford, Viceroy of India between 1916 and 1921. The reforms
were outlined in the Montagu-Chelmsford Report prepared in 1918 and
formed the basis of the Government of India Act 1919. These are
related to constitutional reforms. Indian nationalists considered that
the reforms did not go far enough while British conservatives were
critical of them. The important features of this act were as follows:

1. The Imperial Legislative Council was now to consist of two houses-

the Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of State.
2. The provinces were to follow the Dual Government System or
Dyarchy.
-Q2.Why did SSAK start Aligarh Movement? (7)

ANS. He started Aligarh movement because after the war of independence

the social and economic conditions of the muslims were miserable. He felt
that the muslims could not afford any type of enmity with the British as
they were the rulers. He wrote a pamphlet on the causes of Indian revolt
(1860) and in-which he explained the main causes due to which the revolt
started. The reasons he mentioned were: Indians were not given
representation in the government, conversion of the muslims to other
nations and mismanagement in the army. He also mentioned that in the
war Hindus and the other nations were also involved so the muslims should
only not be punished for the war. The muslims hated the british reaction
towards them only and used some degrading words for the british, the
word "nadarth" also used which was Hated by the british and taken as an
abuse. He gave explanation of the word nadarth that it camde from arabic
word "nasir" meaning benefactor or helper. The muslims had a fear the
british would replace islam with christianity. muslims are closer to the
christians than any other community so, he made it a point and wrote
Tabyin-ul-kalaam to explain Bible and pointed out the similarities between
the islam and christianity. he tried his best to convince the british that all
the muslims were not against the British govt in the war(some helped them)
and he gave various examples as well. He wrote Loyal muhammedans of
india in which he gave details of trhe loyal services of the muslims, which
they did for british rulers. all these services helped to clear
misunderstandings between the british and therefore muslims achieved a
better understanding with the british.

However, his educational services are also beneficial and aimed to

qualitatively educate more and more muslims. He took practical steps to
educate the muslims. in 1859 he opened a school at Muradabaad. In 1863
he opened another school and founded a scientist society at Ghazipur. the
scientific society translated the modern science works from English, persian
and arabic into urdu, it also issued "Aligarh institute gazette" in 1866 in
english and urdu. its main purpose was to realize the british that muslims
also wanted to acquire the modern education. during ssak's visit to britain
in 1869 he was greatly impressed by the british educational system in
england. in 1857 he established mao school at aligarh which was upgraded
to a status of a college in 1876 as a part of Uni of calcutta and which was
supported by the govt and inaugrated by viceroy Lord litton. the college
offered westrean eastren and islamic education. it was upgraded to the
level of university in 1921 aftyer his death. many prominent muslims got
educatuion from there like liaqat ali and m ayub khan.

ssak's political services are also important. he was a great thinker and
politician. he had a complete vision of the political condition in India.
Hindus wanted democracy like in england but he opposed this because in
democracy majority rules and the muslims were in minority.

Q3 Read the source carefully below (3) The Khilafat Movement

failed largely because its members were more concerned with the fate of khalifa
than were the western powers and the people of Turkey.In the end the new
government of Kemal Ataturksimply abolished the Khilafat regardless of what
anyone outside Turkey thought.This is why one of the historian has described the
Khilafat as a wrong ideology.Nowhere is this seen better than in the Hijrat to
Afghanistan where the Muslims were shocked by the lack of support from the
Afghan government.
According to the source what were the reasons for the failure of khilafat
movement?
Ans. 1. The abolition of Khilafat by Kamal Ataturk was a serious blow on Khilafat
movement in the sub-continent and he exiled Sultan Abdul Majeed, a helpless
Caliph and abolished Khilafat as an institution, due to this all agitational activities
came to an end in the Sub-continent.

2. The Hijrat Movement made the Muslims disillusioned with the Khilafat
Movement due to the declaration of India as Darul-Harab. A large number of
Muslims migrated from Sindh and N.W.F.P to Afghanistan. The Afghan authorities
did not allow them to cross the border. After this tragic event those who had
advocated the Hijrat movement come to realize their mistake which resulted in
failure of movement.

3. When Khilafat movement became mature and was reaching its climax. A tragic
incident took place in the village of Chora Churi in which the police opened fire on
the procession of local resident. The agitated mob in counteraction set the police
station on fires which in result twenty one police constables were burnt alive. Due
to this incident the Ali brother and other Muslim leader were arrested and Mr.
Gandhi put off the movement. As a consequence the movement lost its intensity.