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ïa‰ãaš
m
co
bjhFâ - I & II
nkšÃiy - Kjyh« M©L
s.
áw¥g«r§fŸ :
ok
òâjhf âU¤âaik¡f¥g£l ghlüš gâ¥ò 2019-‹go jahÇ¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
mid¤J¥ ghl¥gFâfËY« ÄFâahd msÉš TLjš Édh¡fŸ k‰W« gƉá
fz¡FfŸ ÉilfSl‹ ju¥g£LŸsd.
o
bfhŸF¿ (Objective) tifÆyhd 1 kâ¥bg© Édh¡fŸ Ñœf©l jiy¥òfËš
ju¥g£LŸsd
ab
1. nfho£l ïl¤ij Ãu¥òf
2. bghU¤Jf
3. bghUªjhjt‰iw nj®ªbjL¤J vGJ
ur
Kjš gUt ïil¤ nj®î (2018-19) [First Mid-2018], fhyh©L¤ nj®î [QY-2018],
miuah©L¤ nj®î [HY-2018],muR khâÇ Édh¤jhŸ [Govt. MQP-2018] Édh ÉilfŸ
M§fh§nf R£ofh£l¥g£LŸsd.
w
Ruh g¥Ënfõ‹°
br‹id
m
vGâ tH§»at®
co
âUkâ. by£RÄ uhk»UZz‹, M.Sc., B.Ed., DCT
s.
jiyik mYtyf«:
1620, `n#’ ãsh¡, 16-MtJ ãujhd rhiy, m©zh ef®,
ok
br‹id-600 040. 91-44-26161088, 26161099
e-mail : enquiry@surabooks.com
website : www.surabooks.com
o
nkY« Étu§fS¡F / bjhl®ò¡F
ò¤jf¤âš cŸs rªnjf§fS¡F : enquiry@surabooks.com
ab
ò¤jf§fŸ th§f : orders@surabooks.com
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M‹iy‹ tiyjs« : www.surabooks.com
ghl¡ F¿¥òfË‹ bjhF¡f¥g£l gFâfis vkJ http://tnkalvi.in
ur
✤ Sura’s Tamil
✤ Sura’s English
✤ Sura’s Mathematics (EM/TM )
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(ii)
orders@surabooks.com PH: 9600175757 / 8124201000 / 8124301000
This is only for Sample Materials
for Full Book order online and available at all Leading Bookstores
gâ¥gháÇa® ciu
m
11«tF¥ã‰fhd RuhÉ‹ ïa‰ãaš bjhFâ-I & II ï‹ tÊfh£oia btËÆLtâš
co
bgUÄjK« k»œ¢áí« mil»nwh«. ïa‰ãaš bjhFâ-I & II ï‹ ghl§fS¡fhd Édh
ÉilfŸ /gƉáfŸ Äfî« vËikahf, Rygkhf òǪJbfhŸS« Éj¤âš ju¥g£LŸsd.
s.
cUth¡f¥g£LŸsJ. ghlüiy e‹F kâ¥ghŒî brŒJ khzt®fŸ všyh¥ ghl§fisí«
btFthf c£»u»¤J m¿ªJbfh©L nj®it Rygkhf vGâ mâf kâ¥bg©fis¥ bg‰W
bt‰¿ahs®fshF« Éj¤âš, ekJ bt‰¿¡fhd ïªj tÊfh£o jahÇ¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
ok
MáÇa®fS¡F ghl« el¤JtâY«, khzt®fS¡F¡ f‰W¡bfhŸtâY« ïªj tÊfh£o
Jizahf ïU¡F«.
o
muR bghJ¤ nj®î¡fhd òâa kâ¥Õ£L KiwÆš 100 kâ¥bg©fŸ totik¥ãš,
70 kâ¥bg©fS¡fhd vG¤J¤ nj®É‹ Édh¤jhŸ mo¥gilÆš ekJ tÊfh£o
ab
cUth¡f¥g£LŸsjhš, nj®îfis Äf¢ rÇahd Éj¤âš vâ®bfhŸsyh«.
ïiwaUis nt©L»nwh«.
eynk Éisf!
w
thœ¤J¡fŸ !!!
(iii)
orders@surabooks.com PH: 9600175757 / 8124201000 / 8124301000
This is only for Sample Materials
for Full Book order online and available at all Leading Bookstores
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STUDENTS
w
SURA PUBLICATIONS
w
(iv)
bghUsl¡f«
m
co
myF ghl¤ jiy¥òfŸ g¡f«
v©
s.
bjhFâ - I
1. ïaš cyf¤â‹ j‹ikí« mså£oaY« 1 - 42
ok
2. ïa¡fÉaš 43 - 84
3. ïa¡f ÉâfŸ 85 - 132
4. ntiy, M‰wš k‰W« âw‹ o 133 - 164
5. JfŸfshyhd mik¥ò k‰W« â©k¥bghU£fË‹ ïa¡f« 165 - 198
ab
bjhFâ - II
6. <®¥ãaš 199 - 232
7. gU¥bghUË‹ g©òfŸ 233 - 270
ur
(v)
m
co
s.
o ok
ab
ur
.s
w
w
w
(vi)
m
ïa‰ãaš
co
s.
bjhFâ - I
o ok
ab
ur
.s
h
w
w
w
(1)
m
bghUsl¡f«
co
s.
myF ghl¤ jiy¥òfŸ g¡f«
ok
v©
2. ïa¡fÉaš
o 43 - 84
ab
3. ïa¡f ÉâfŸ 85 - 132
(2)
myF
01
ïaš cyf¤â‹
j‹ikí« mså£oaY«
m
co
fU¤J tiugl«
s.
mo¥gil msîfŸ k‰W«
ok
mj‹ myFfŸ
m¿Éaš X® m¿Kf« mså£oaš
ïa‰ãaš X® m¿Kf«
msÉL« KiwfŸ CGS
ur
SI
ïa‰ãaÈ‹ ïÅikí«
thŒ¥òfS«
w
msÉLjÈ‹ ãiHfŸ
bjhÊšE£g« k‰W«
w
tu«òfŸ
k‰w m¿Éaš ãÇîfSl‹ gÇkhz gF¥ghŒî
ïa‰ãaÈ‹ bjhl®ò
ga‹fs
[3]
m
= 3 × 108 × 365.25 × 24 × 60 × 60.
= 9.467 × 1015 m
(2) π nuoa‹ = 180°
co
180 180 × 7
(3) 1 nuoa‹ = = = 57.27
π 22
(4) nkY« 1° (ÉšÈDila nfhz«) = 60' (ÉšÈDila ÉdhofËš)
1' (ÉšÈDila ÉdhofËš) = 60'' (ɚȋ brf©LfËš)
s.
nuoa‹, o»Ç k‰W« ÄÅ£° ït‰¿‰»ilnaahd bjhl®ò
π
(5) 1° = nuo = 1.745 × 10–2 nuo
ok
180
1 1.745 × 10 −2
(6) ∴ 1' = = = 2.908 × 10 −4 nuo
60 60
= 2.91 × 10–4 nuo
o
1 1.745 × 10 −2 −6
(7) ∴ 1' = = = 4.847 ×10 nuo
ab
3600 3600
–6
= 4.85 × 10 rad
(8) 1 ∴ bg®Ä = 4 F = 10–15 m.
(9) Óáa« fofhu¤â‹ JšÈa« = 1013xU gFâ
ur
(4) SI myFKiw.
2. mo¥gil msîfË‹ SI myFfŸ
ïa‰ãaš msîfŸ myFfŸ F¿pL
w
1. Ús« Û£l® m
2. Ãiw »nyh»uh« kg
3. fhy« beho s
w
4. Ä‹ndh£l« M«ãa® A
5. bt¥gÃiy bfšÉ‹ K
6. xË¢ br¿î nf©lyh Cd
7. bghUË‹ msî nkhš mol
Jiz msîfŸ:
js¡ nfhz« nuoa‹ (radian) rad
â©k¡ nfhz« °onuoa‹ (Steradian) sr
m
KL¡f« âirntf« / fhy« ms–2
nfhz¤ âirntf« nfhz ïl¥bga®¢á rad s–1
fhy«
co
nfhz KL¡f« nfhz¤ âirntf« rad s–2
fhy«
ml®¤â Ãiw / fdmsî (gUk‹) kgm–3
s.
cªj« Ãiw × âirntf« kgm s–1
Ãiyk âU¥ò¤ âw‹ Ãiw × (bjhiyî)2 kgm2
Éir Ãiw × KL¡f« kgm s–2 (m) N (Ãô£l‹)
ok
mG¤j« Éir / gu¥ò Nm–2 (m) Pa (gh°fš)
M‰wš (ntiy) Éir × bjhiyî Nm (m) J (#]š)
fzjh¡F Éir Éir × fhy« NS
gu¥ò ïG Éir Éir Ús« Nm–1
Éir × bjhiyî Nm
ÉirÆ‹ âU¥ò¤âw‹
(âU¥òÉir)
o
Ä‹}£l« Ä‹ndh£l« × fhy« As
ab
Ä‹ndh£l ml®¤â Ä‹ndh£l« / gu¥ò Am–2
fhªj¤ö©lš Éir / Ä‹ndh£l« × Ús« NA–1 m–1
ïa‰ãaš g©gsîfË‹ gÇkhz§fŸ
ur
vªâuÉaš
ïa‰ãaš msî rk‹ghL gÇkhz thŒ¥ghL SI myF
w
kgm–3
gUk‹ L3
ntf« (m) âir ntf« bjhiyî / fhy« L
= [M0LT–1] ms–1
w
T
KL¡f« (a) âirntf« / fhy« LT −1
= LT–2 = [M0LT–2] ms–2
T
cªj« (p) Ãiw × âirntf« M × LT–1 = [MLT–1] kg ms–1
Éir (F) Ãiw × KL¡f« M × LT–2 = [MLT–2] N (m) kg ms–2
m
T
mG¤j« (P) (Pressure) Éir / gu¥ò ML1T −2
= ML−1T −2 Nm–2 (m) Pa
co
2
L
ÉirÆ‹ âU¥ò¤ âw‹, Éir × br§F¤J¤ MLT–2 × L = ML2T–2 Nm
âU¥ò Éir τ bjhiyî
òÉ <®¥ò kh¿È (G) Éir × (bjhiyî) MLT −2 L2
= M −1L3T −2 Nm2 Kg–2
s.
Ãiw (M) × × Ãiw (m) M×m
fz¤jh¡F Éir Éir × fhy« MLT–2 × T = MLT–1 NS
jifî Éir / gu¥ò −2
ok
MLT
= ML−1T −2 Nm–2
L2
âÇò gÇkhz kh‰w«
M0L0T0 gÇkhzk‰wJ. myF ïšiy
_y gÇkhz«
ۣᡠbfG jifî
o ML−1T −2
= ML−1T −2 Nm–1
ab
âÇò 1
gu¥ò ïG Éir (T) Éir MLT −2
Ús« = MT −2 = ML0 T −2 Nm–1
L
gu¥ò M‰wš
ur
ntiy ML2 T −2
gu¥ò = MT −2 = ML0 T −2 Nm–1
L2
gh»aš Fzf« (η) Éir × (bjhiyî) MLT −2 × L
= ML−1T −1 NSm–1
.s
gu¥ò × âirntf« 2
L × LT −1
Mu« T rad
k‰wJ.
nfhz¤âir ntf« (ω) nfhz« / neu« 1
= T −1M 0 L0 T −2
w
rad S–1
T
nfhzKL¡f« (α) nfhz¤ âirntf« T −1
= T −2 = M 0 L0 T −2 rad S–2
w
neu« T
nfhz cªj« (L) Ãiw × âirntf« × Mu« M × LT–1 × L = ML2 T–1 kgm2 S–1
mâ®bt© (n) 1 1
= T −1 = M 0 L0 T −1 Hz
fhy« T
fhy« (T) ghFghL fhy« T = M0L0T S
m
Éirkh¿È Nkg–1
Éir MLT −2
ïl¥bga®¢á = MT −2 = ML0 T −2
L
âÇnfhzÄâ É»j§fŸ L myF ïšiy
co
Ús« = 1 = M 0 L0 T 0 (gÇkhz« m‰wJ)
(sin θ, cos θ, tan θ) L
Ús«
x¥gl®¤â bghUË‹ ml®¤â ML−3 myF ïšiy
= 1 = M 0 L0 T −1
4 ºC ÚÇ‹ ml®¤â ML−3
s.
âirntf rhŒî (Vg)
1 âir ntf ntWghL
= M0L0T–1 S–1
T bjhiyî
ok
ۣᡠFzf« (E) Éir MLT −2
gu¥ò = M 0 L−1T −2 Nm–1
L2
Ãiyk¤ âU¥ò¤ âw‹ Ãiw × (bjhiyî)2 ML2 = ML2T0
kgm2
(I)
mG¤j¢ rhŒî
o
mG¤j« ML−1T −2
= ML−2 T −2 Nm–3
ab
bjhiyî L
5. bt¥g«
ïa‰ãaš msî rk‹ghL gÇkhz thŒ¥ghL SI myF
bt¥gÃiy (T) bfšÉ‹ M0L0T0K1 K
ur
thíkh¿È PV ML−1T −2 L3
= ML2 T −2 K −1mol −1 Nm mol–1 K–1
nT mol ⋅ K
m
bt‰¿l¤âš fhªj 4πr ⋅ F H/m
L ⋅ MLT −2
c£òF âw‹ µ0 = = MLT–2A–2
I1I 2 L A2 ⋅ L
fhªj¥ òy« F T (bl°yh)
MLT −2
co
B= = ML0T–2A–1
qv sin θ AT ⋅ LT −1 ⋅1
fhªj¥gha« φ = BA MT–2A–1L2 = ML2T–2A–1 byg® (wb)
fhªj âU¥òâw‹ Ä‹ndh£l« × gu¥ò A ⋅ L2 = M0L2T0A Am2
s.
7. Ä‹ndh£l msîfŸ
ïa‰ãaš msî k‰w msîl‹ bjhl®ò gÇkhz thŒghL SI myF
Ä‹Rik neu« × Ä‹ndh£l« T ⋅ A = M0L0TA TY« (C)
ok
bt‰¿l¤âš c£òFâw‹ qq AT ⋅ AT
ε 0 = 1 22 = M–1L–3T4A2 A2C2N–1m–2
Fr MLT −2 L2
Ä‹òy¢ br¿î F Éir MLT −2
E=
o
q
=
Ä‹Rik AT
= MLT–3A–1 NC–1 (m) vm–1
ab
Ä‹fl¤J âw‹ 1 1
G= = M–1L–2T3A2 nkh [Ω–1]
R ML T −3 A −2
2
Ä‹Rik V (nthš£)
TA
Ä‹jil Ä‹ mG¤j ntWghL ML2 T −3 A −1
Ä‹ndh£l« = M–1L–2T–3A–2 X« (Ω)
A
.s
Ä‹ mG¤j« ML T −3 A −1
2
Ä‹ndh£l« AT −1 H (bA‹¿)
neu«
áw¥ò Ä‹ fl¤Jâw‹ M–1L–3T3A2
w
1
σ= Ω–1m–1
ρ
áw¥ò Ä‹ jil RA ML2 T −3 A −2 L2
ρ= = ML3T–3A–2 X« Û
L L
Ä‹ ïu£il¤ âU¥òâw‹ q × 2l AT × L = M0LTA br Û.
m
°Og‹° kh¿È M‰wš ML2 T −2
= ML0T–3k–4 Wm–2K–4
gu¥ò × neu« × (bt¥g Ãiy)2 2
L ⋅T⋅k 4
co
Éa‹ kh¿È bjhiyî × bt¥gÃiy M0L1T0k1 mK
ÚŸÉÇî Fzf« 1 M0L0T0k–1
K
bt¥g Ãiy
NÇa kh¿È
s.
M‰wš ML2 T −2
= ML0 T −3 Wm–2
gu¥ò × fhy« L2 ⋅ T
bt¥g¤â‹ bgh¿ Kiw¢ ntiy W M 0 L2 T −2
ok
rktY = M 0 L0 T 0
bt¥g« H ML T 2 −2 myF ïšiy
gÇkhzk‰wJ
th©l®thš° kh¿È (a) Ãô£l‹ (gu¥ò)2 M1L5T–2 Nm–2
th©l®thš° kh¿È (b) gUk‹ M0L3T0 m3
8. x¤j gÇkhz§fŸ cila ïa‰ãaš msî
o
ab
gÇkhz§fŸ ïa‰ãaš msîfŸ
1. M0L0T–1 mâ®bt©, nfhz mâ®bt©, nfhz¤âir ntf«, âitntf rhŒî, k‰W« áijî kh¿È.
2. M1L2T–2 ntiy, mf M‰wš, Ãiy M‰wš, ïa¡f M‰wš, âU¥ò Éir, ÉirÆ‹ âU¥ò¤âw‹
3. M1L–1T–2 mG¤j«, jifî, a§Fzf«, gUk Fif Éiw¥ò Fzf«, M‰wš ml®¤â
4. M1L1T–1
ur
m
5. Ãô£l‹ <®¥ãaš ÉâfŸ, ïa¡f ÉâfŸ
6. ngh® mQkhâÇ
7. #‹°O‹ rh®ãaš bfhŸif (Theory of Relativity)
co
bjhÊš E£g§fŸ (m¿Éaš) ïa‰ãaš bfhŸiffŸ
1. JfŸ KL¡»fŸ Ä‹ fhªj« òy¤âš ïa§F« Ä‹Rik¤ JfŸfŸ.
(particle accelerators)
2. nyr® (LASER) ö©l¥g£l cÄG« fâÇa¡f¤jhš xË bgU¡f«
s.
3. Ékhd C®â bg®bdhÈ bfhŸif (ghŒk ïa¡fÉaš)
4. uh¡bf£ vÇïa¡f« Ãô£l‹ ïa¡fÉâ
5. ÚuhÉ v‹Í‹ bt¥g ïa¡fÉaš ÉâfŸ
ok
6. thbdhÈ k‰W« Ä‹fhªj miyfË‹ cUth¡f« gu¥òjš k‰W« ïw¡f«.
bjhiy¡fh£á
7. nrhdh® ÛbahÈ miyfŸ vâbuhË¥ò
8. xË ïiHfŸ KG mf vâbuhË¥ò
(optical fibre)
9. ڮċ M‰wš
o
òÉ ïa¡f M‰wiy Ä‹ M‰wyhf kh‰Wjš
10. Ãô¡Ëa® (mQ) f£L¥gL¤j¥g£l Ãô¡Ëa® bjhl® Éid
ab
ciy
11. vy¡£uh‹ vy¡£uh‹fË‹ miy¡ bfhŸif
E©nzh¡»
12. xËÄ‹fy« (photo xË Ä‹ Éisî (photo electric effect)
cell)
ur
mL¡F bgU¡fš
101 blfh(deca) da 10–1 blá (deci) d
102 bA¡nlh (hecto) h 10–2 br‹o (centi) c
w
m
4. tYthd Ãô¡Ëa® ÉirfŸ 1038
12. ïa‰ifÆš fhz¥gL« mo¥gil ÉirfŸ
bghU£fË‹ msî k‰W« bjhiyîfŸ Ús« (m)
co
m©l¤â‹ všiyÆ‹ m¿ªj bjhiyî 1026
óÄ¡F«, M‹£nuhnkhlh É©Û‹ âwS¡F« 1022
ïilna cŸs bjhiyî
ekJ É©Û‹âuË‹ msî 1021
1016
s.
óÄ¡F« mU»š cŸs É©ÛD¡F«
ïilnaahd bjhiyî (NÇaid¤ jÉu)
òq£nlhÉ‹ ruhrÇ R‰W¥ ghijÆ‹ Mu« 1012
óÄÆš ïUªJ NÇaÅ‹ bjhiyî 1011
ok
óÄÆš ïUªJ rªâuÅ‹ bjhiyî 108
óÄÆ‹ Mu« 107
flš k£l¤âÈUªJ vtbu°£ áfu¤â‹ cau« 104
fhšgªjh£l ikjhd¤â‹ Ús« 102
jhË‹ jok‹ 10–4
ïu¤j át¥gQ¡fË‹ É£l«
o 10–5
xËÆ‹ miy Ús« 10–7
ab
ituÌ‹ Ús« 10–8
iA£u#‹ mQÉ‹ É£l« 10–10
mQ¡fUÉ‹ msî 10–14
ònuh£lhÅ‹ É£l« (jok‹) 10–15
13. ÃiwÆ‹ beL¡f«
ur
ÃiwÆ‹ tÇir
bghUŸ
KiwfŸ (kg)
vy¡£uh‹ 10–30
.s
brš 10–10
öá¤JfŸ 10–9
kiH¤JË 10–6
bfhR 10–5
w
âuh£ir¥gH« 10–3
jtis 10–1
kÅj‹ 102
w
fh® 103
f¥gš 105
rªâu‹ 1023
óÄ 1025
NÇa‹ 1030
ghštʤâuŸ 1041
fhz¡Toa m©l« 1055
m
G 9. t v‹w fz¤âš xU JfË‹ âirntf«
rk‹ghL bgw¥gL»wJ. ïªj rk‹gh£o‹ myF v = at + bt2 vÅš b-ï‹ gÇkhz«
(a) kg2 (b) m3 (c) s–1 (d) m (a) [L] (b) [LT–1]
[Éil. (a) kg2]
co
(c) [LT–2] (d) [LT–3]
2. xU nfhs¤â‹ Mu¤ij msÉLjÈš ãiH [Éil. (d) [LT–3]]
2% vÅš, mj‹ fd msit¡ fz¡»LjÈ‹ 10. <®¥ãaš kh¿È G Æ‹ gÇkhz thŒ¥ghL
ãiHahdJ. [AIPMT 2004]
(a) 8% (b) 2% (c) 4% (d) 6%
s.
3 –2
(a) [ML T ] (b) [M L3T–2]
–1
[Éil. (d) 6%]
(c) [M–1L–3T–2] (d) [ML–3T2]
3. miyîW« CrÈ‹ Ús« k‰W« miyî neu« [Éil. (b) [M–1L3T–2]]
ok
bg‰WŸs ãiHfŸ Kiwna 1% k‰W« 3% vÅš
<®¥ò KL¡f« msÉLjÈš V‰gL« ãiH 11. CGS KiwÆš xU bghUË‹ ml®¤â 4 g cm–3
[AMPMT 2008] [HY-2018] MF«. Ús« 10 cm, Ãiw 100 g bfh©oU¡F« X®
(a) 4% (b) 5% (c) 6% (d) 7% myF KiwÆš m¥bghUË‹ ml®¤â
[Éil. (d) 7%] (a) 0.04 (b) 0.4 (c) 40 (d) 400
4.
o
bghUbsh‹¿‹ Ús« 3.51 m vd msÉl¥g£LŸsJ.
[Éil. (c) 40]
JšÈa¤j‹ik 0.01 m vÅš, mså£o‹ ÉG¡ 12. ÉirahdJ âirntf¤â‹ ïUko¡F ne®É»j¥
ab
fh£L¥ ãiH bghU¤jKilaJ vÅš É»j kh¿ÈÆ‹ gÇkhz
(a) 351% (b) 1% thŒ¥ghL [JEE–2000]
(c) 0.28% (d) 0.035% (a) [MLT0] (b) [MLT–1]
[Éil. (c) 0.28%] (c) [ML–2T] (d) [ML–1T0]
ur
(a) 9.8596 (b) 9.860 14. ãsh§ kh¿È (h) bt‰¿l¤â‹ xËÆ‹ âirntf«
(c) 9.86 (d) 9.9 (c) k‰W« Ãô£lÅ‹ <®¥ò kh¿È (G) M»a _‹W
[Éil. (c) 9.86] mo¥gil kh¿ÈfŸ bfh©L bgw¥gL«. ÑœfhQ«
w
15. X® msÉ‹ Ús« (l) Ä‹fh¥ò bghUË‹ ÉLâw‹ (v) bkh¤j ïlkhW njh‰w¡nfhz«,
(e) nghš£°nk‹ kh¿È (kB) jÅ¢RÊ bt¥gÃiy ∠AMB = θ1 + θ2 = θ.
(T) XuyF gUkD¡fhd Ä‹}£l JfŸfË‹
v©Â¡if (n) x›bthU JfË‹ Ä‹}£l« (q) AB AB
(vi) gl¤âÈUªJ θ = = [AM = MC]
M»at‰¿id bghU¤jJ vÅš Ñœf©lt‰WŸ AM MC
Ús¤â‰fhd vªj rk‹ghL gÇkhzKiwÆš rÇ? AB
m
[JEE (advanced) 2016] MC =
θ
(a) l =
nq 2 (b) l = ε kBT
(vii) AB k‰W« θ bjÇí« vÅš, òÉÆÈUªJ
ε kBT rªâuÅ‹ bjhiyî MC I¡ f©l¿ayh«.
co
2
nq
3. K¡»a v©QU¡fis fz¡»Ltj‹ Éâfis¤
q2 q2
(c) l = (d) l = jUf. [QY-2018]
2
ε nkBT Éil. (i) RÊa‰w mid¤J v©fS« K¡»a
ε n kBT
3
v©QU¡fŸ.
s.
εkBT
[Éil. (b)l = ] (ii) RÊa‰w ïU v©fS¡F ïilg£l RÊfŸ
nq2
II. FWÉdh¡fŸ: K¡»a v©QU¡fŸ MF«
ok
(iii) RÊa‰w v©fS¡F tyJ òw« Mdhš jrk
1. ïa‰ãaš msîfË‹ tiffis ÉtÇ: òŸË¡F ïlJ òwKk cŸs RÊfŸ K¡»a
Éil. (i) ïa‰ãaš msîfŸ ïU tif¥gL«. mit v©QU¡fŸ.
mo¥gil msîfŸ, tÊ msîfŸ. (iv) a)
jrkòŸË m‰w xU v©Âš ïWâahf
(ii) mo¥gil msîfŸ: ntW vªj ïa‰ãaš tU« RÊfŸ K¡»a v©QU¡fŸ MfhJ.
o
msîfshY« F¿¥ãl¥gl ïayhj msîfŸ. b) myFl‹ vGj¥gL« ïa‰ãaš
mit: (1) Ús«, (2) Ãiw, (3) fhy« msåLfŸ tU« všyh RÊfS« K¡»a
ab
(4) Ä‹ndh£l«, (5) bt¥gÃiy (6) xË¢ v©QU¡fŸ.
br¿î (7) bghUË‹ msî. (v) x‹iw Él¡ Fiwthd jrk v©Âš
jrk òŸË¡F tyJòwK« Mdhš KjÈš
(iii) tÊ msîfŸ: mo¥gil msîfshš
RÊa‰w v©Q¡F ïlJòwK« tU« RÊfŸ
F¿¥ãl¡Toa msîfŸ.
ur
bjhiyî
(iii) mL¡F¡F¿, âÇnfhzÄâ k‰W« kl¡if¢
(iii) θ1 & θ2 v‹gd Kiwna S1, S2 v‹w mUfhik rh®òfS¡F ïij¥ ga‹gL¤j KoahJ.
É©Û‹fis¥ bghU¤j rªâuÅ‹ ïlkhW (iv) _‹¿‰F« nk‰g£l ïa‰ãaš msîfŸ
njh‰w¡ nfhz§fŸ MF«. ml§»a rk‹ghLfS¡F ïJ ga‹glhJ.
(iv) thÅaš bjhiyneh¡»Æ‹ _y« θ1 k‰W« (v) ïâš xU rk‹gh£il gÇkhz Kiw¥go
θ2 M»ad f©l¿a¥gL»‹wd, k£Lnk rÇah vd nrhâ¡f Koí« Mdhš
c©ik¢ rk‹gh£il¡ f©l¿a KoahJ.
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14 RuhÉ‹ XI M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš ➠ bjhFâ 1
5. E£g« k‰W« JšÈa¤ j‹ik tiuaW: xU (ii) K¡nfhz Kiw: (Triangulation method)
vL¤J¡fh£Ll‹ És¡Ff. 1. AB = h v‹gJ ms¡f nt©oa ku¤â‹
Éil. (i) JšÈa¤j‹ik: ïa‰ãaš g©gsÉ‹ cau« mšyJ nfhòu¤â‹ cau«
_y kâ¥ã‰F beU§»a msåL. ïJ mšyJ nfhòu¤â‹ cau« v‹f.
ãiH âU¤j¥g£l msthF«. ãiHia 2. B ÆÈUªJ x bjhiyÉš cŸs C v‹w
Fiw¡F«nghJ msåL Äfî« JšÈakhf ïl¤âš c‰W neh¡Fgt® ïU¥gjhf¡
m
ïU¡F«. bfhŸnth«.
(ii) E£g«: 3. C ÆÈUªJ å¢ir ms¥gt® A íl‹
1. ïJ ïa‰ãaš g©gsit msÉLt V‰gL¤J« V‰w¡ nfhz« ∠ACB = θ.
co
j‰fhd tu«ãidí«, Ô®khd¤ijí«
F¿¡»wJ. 4. br§nfhz K¡nfhz« ABC ÆÈUªJ
2. mså£L¡ fUÉÆ‹ Äf Fiwªj AB h
v©Â¡ifia Ô®khÅ¡»wJ. tan θ = = (mšyJ) cau« h = x
BC x
3. Û v©Â¡if á¿jhdhš E£g« tan θ.
s.
A
bgÇjhf ïU¡F«.
(iii) v©Â‹ E£gkhdJ bgU«ghY«
mj‰F¥ ã‹ ± v‹W F¿¥ãl¥gL«.
ok
(c.«) _‹W ngiu¡bfh©L ït‰¿‰ h
»ilnaahd ntWgh£oid bjËî gL¤jyh«
xU FË®gjÅÆ‹ bt¥gÃiy, ã‹tUkhW
msÉl¥g£LŸsJ. mJ 10.4°c, 10.2°c, θ
10.3°c, 10.1°c, 10.2°c, 10.1°c, 10.1°c, 10.1°c.
Mdhš, mj‹ c©ikahd bt¥gÃiy
o C x
K¡nfhz Kiw
B
m
vL¤J¡bfh©l neu« t rÇ¡if el-
∴ d = v×t to¡iffŸ,
2 msåL-
gtNj
co
xÈ miy mD¥g¥g£L, vâbuhË¡f¥ ftdkhf
t c‰Wneh¡fš
g£L âU«g milí« fhy msî .
2 nk‰ bfhŸs
6. ï«Kiw _y« òÉ¥gu¥ãÈUªJ xU nt©L«
Ékhd« v›tsî cau¤âš gwªJ òw¡ fhu nrhjidÆ‹ nrhjid¡
s.
bfh©oU¡»wJ v‹gij f©l¿ayh«. fshš nghJ òw¢NHÈš nf‰w òw¢N-
2. ãiHfË‹ bt›ntW tiffis És¡Ff. V‰gL« V‰gLk khW Hš
ãiHfŸ gh£lhš mikªJŸs
Éil. ïa‰ãaš msî x‹iw msåL brŒí«nghJ
ok
msÉLjÈš ÃiyÆš
V‰gL« JšÈa¤j‹ik ãiH vd¥gL«. mit ãiHfŸ V‰gL« nrhjid
(i) Kiwahd ãiHfŸ (ii) xG§f‰w ãiHfŸ (c.«) bt¥gÃiy Ãfœ¤j¥gL«
(iii) bkh¤j¥ ãiHfŸ. khWghL <u¥gj« nghJ
(i) Kiwahd ãiHfŸ: (Systematic errors) (mšyJ) mså£o‹
bjhl®¢áahf Û©L« Û©L« xnu khâÇ mG¤j¤jhš KoîfËš
o
cUthF« ãiHfŸ. ïJ MŒÉ‹ Mu«g«
Kjš Koî tiu bjhl®ªJ ÃfG«
V‰gL« kh‰w« V‰gL«
ãiHfis¤
ãu¢ridfshš V‰gL»‹wd.
ab
jÉ®¡fyh«.
ãiHfË‹ ãiHfŸ njh‹W« ãiHia¤ Û¢á‰wsî X® msî ca®
tiffŸ Éj« jÉ®¡F« ãiHfŸ nfhyhš E£g«
tÊ ms¡f¡Toa bfh©l
xU fUÉahdJ Û¢á‰wisdhš fUÉfis
fUÉ¥ fUÉfis
ur
ga‹gL¤Jjš
1. Û©L« Û©L« xnu msÉid msåL
gÇnrhjid nrhjid brŒí« nrhjid
Æ‹ Fiw fUÉfis Ãfœ¤J« brŒí«nghJ x‹W¡ bfh‹W r‰W
ghLfŸ mik¡F« nghJ khWg£l kâ¥òfŸ »il¥gJ©L. ïit
w
m
i =1
T£LruhrÇ kâ¥ò v‹gJ áwªj,
rh¤âakhf ÃfH¡Toa c©ik kâ¥ò ïU msîfis¡ T£L« bghGJ
MF«. V‰gL« bgU«ãiHahdJ jŤjÅ
msîfË‹ jÅ¥ ãiHfË‹
co
(iii) bkh¤j ãiH: Ñœ F¿¥ã£l fhuz§fSŸ TLjY¡F¢ rk«.
VnjD« x‹¿dhš mšyJ x‹W¡F nk‰g£l
t‰whš bkh¤j¥ ãiHfŸ V‰gL»‹wd. (ii) ïU msîfË‹ ntWgh£odhš cUthF«
ãiHfŸ:
1. fUÉia Kiwahf¥ bghU¤jhkš
msåL vL¤jš. 1. ∆A k‰W« ∆B v‹gd Kiwna A,
s.
B v‹w msîfË‹ jÅ¥ãiHfŸ
2. ãiHÆ‹ _y¤âidí«, v‹ngh«.
K‹bd¢rÇ¡if elto¡iffisí« 2. msÉl¥g£l kâ¥ò A = A ± ∆A
ftd¤âš bfhŸshkš jtwhf msåL
ok
3. msÉl¥g£l kâ¥ò B = B ± ∆B
vL¤jš.
ntWghL Z = A – B
3. jtwhf c‰W neh¡»aij¥ gâÉLjš ntWghL Z ‹ ãiH ∆Z MF«.
4. fz¡Ñ£o‹nghJ jtwhd kâ¥ÕLfis¥ Z ± ∆Z = (A ± ∆A) – (B ± ∆B)
ga‹gL¤Jjš.nrhjidia¢ brŒgt® = (A – B) ± (∆A + ∆B)
o
ftdkhfî«, ÉÊ¥òlD« brašg£lhš = Z ± (∆A + ∆B)
ï¥ãiHfis¡ Fiw¡fyh«. bghJthf mšyJ ∆Z = ∆A + ∆B
ab
ãiH x‹iw ÉG¡fhL¥ ãiHahf¡
F¿¥ãLtJ c©L. x v‹w msit ïU msîfË‹ ntWgh£odhš
msÉLjÈš JšÈa¤j‹ik ∆∆x V‰gL« ãiHÆ‹ bgU« kâ¥ghdJ
jŤjÅ msîfË‹ jÅ¥ ãiHfË‹
∆x
vÅš xš ÉG¡fhL¥ ãiH × 100% TLjY¡F¢ rk«.
x 4.
ur
m
3. fz¡Ñ£oš cŸsl§F« jftšfË‹ ïU¥ã‹ mªj¢rk‹ghL gÇkhz Kiw¥go
K¡»a v©QUit Él KoÉ‹ K¡»a rÇ v‹whF«. ïjid gÇkhz§fË‹
v©QU mâfkhf ïU¡f¡TlhJ. xUgo¤jhd be¿ Kiw v‹W Twyh«.
4. fz¡Ñ£o‹ KoÉš ÃiyÆšyhj
co
(ii) xnu khâÇahd gÇkhz§fis cila
ïy¡f§fŸ x‹W¡F nk‰g£lit msîfis k£L« T£l Koí«.
ïU¥ã‹ mªj v©iz KGik¥ (iii) »il¡f¡ Toa msî«, mnj gÇkhzfis¥
gL¤j nt©L«. bg‰¿U¡F« v‹gj‹ mo¥gilÆš ï¤
ïªj KGik¥gL¤Jjš E£gkhdJ, j¤Jt« mikªJŸsJ.
m¿ÉaÈ‹ ga‹gh£L¤ JiwfËš
s.
X + Y = Z v‹w rk‹ghL rÇahf ïU¡f
ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. nt©LbkÅš X, Y k‰W« Z ït‰¿‹
v.fh. gÇkhz§fŸ rkkhf ïU¡f nt©L«.
(i) 2.786 v‹w v© _‹W K¡»a (iv) gÇkhz§fË‹ xUgo¤jhd be¿Kiw¥go
ok
v©QU¡fŸ cilajhf 2.89 vd xU rk‹gh£oš cŸs x›bthU cW¥ã‹
KGik¥ gL¤j¥gL»wJ. gÇkhz§fS« rkkhF«.
(ii) 2.783 v‹w v© _‹W K¡»a ga‹fŸ: bfhL¡f¥g£l rk‹ghL
v©QU¡fis cilajhf 1.78 gÇkhz§fŸ mo¥gilÆš rÇbad nrhâ¤J
vd KGik¥gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
o
(iii) 1.845 v‹w v©Âš 5 v‹w
m¿a ïaY«. ïJ gÇkhz§fË‹ xU
go¤jhd be¿ Kiwia¢ rh®ªjJ. ïj‹go
ïy¡f« K¡»a v©QU xU rk‹gh£o‹ ïU òw§fËY« cŸs
ab
ïšyhjJ. ïj‰FK‹ò cŸs všyh cW¥òfË‹ gÇkhz§fS« rkkhf
ïy¡f« ïu£il¥gil ïy¡fkhf ïU¡f nt©L«. vdnt, bfhL¡f¥g£l
ïU¥gjhš mªj K¡»a v©QU bjhl®ãš ïUòw§fËY« cŸs cW¥òfŸ
ïšyhjij Ú¡»É£L 1.84 vd rkkhd gÇkhz§fis¥ bg‰¿Uªjhš m¤
KGik¥gL¤j nt©L«. bjhl®ghdJ rÇ vd bkŒ¥ã¡fg£lJ.
ur
2
mjDl‹ 1 T£l¥g£L 1.72 vd
KGik¥gL¤j¥gl nt©L«. S ‹ gÇkhz« =L
(c) gÇkhzk‰w msîfŸ : ‘u’ ‹ gÇkhz« = LT–1
w
~ ut + 1 at2 ‹ gÇkhz«
gÇkhz§fŸ ïšiy.
ï›thwhd ïa‰ãaš msîfŸ 2
gÇkhz« m‰W Mdhš khWg£l
kâ¥òfis¡ bfh©LŸsjhš S= LT–1T
+ LT–2T–2
mit gÇkhzk‰w kh¿fŸ vd L=L+L
miH¡f¥gL»‹wd. ïUòw§fËY« xnu khâÇahd gÇkhz§fŸ
ïU¥gjhš bkŒ¥ã¡f¥gL»wJ.
m
1. miyî¡fhy« T, K¡»a v©QU Éâ¥go A = 30.6 m2 (bfhL¡f¥
2. Crš F©o‹ Ãiw m, g£l juÉ‹go K¡»a v©QU 3)
3. CrÈ‹ Ús« l k‰W« 3. mâ®tilí« f«ãÆ‹ mâ®bt© (υ) MdJ
co
4. Crš bjh§fÈl¥g£l ïl¤âš <®¥ã‹ (i) mË¡f¥g£l Éir (F)
KL¡f« g M»at‰iw rh®ªjJ.
(ii) Ús« (l)
mjhtJ T∝mxlygz mšyJ T = kmxlygz
k v‹gJ gÇkhz‰w jfî kh¿È (iii) XuyF Ús¤â‰fhd Ãiw (m) M»at‰iw¥
bghW¤jJ vd¡ bfh©lhš gÇkhz Kiw¥go
[T1] = [Mx] [Ly] [LT–2]z
s.
1 F
or [T1] = [Mx Ly+z T–z] mâ®bt© v ∝ vd Ã%ã.
l m
M, L, T ‹ mL¡Ffis x¥ãl (related to JIPMER 2001)
x = 0, y + 2 = 0, –2z = 1
ok
Ô®î. υ = kla Fb mc
1 1 k = gÇkhzk‰w É»j kh¿È
x = 0, y = ,z=–
2 2 a, b, c v‹gd l, F, m ïa‰¿‹ mL¡FfŸ.
1
∴ T = km0l 2 g − 2
1 ÉirÆ‹ gÇkhz thŒghL F = MLT–2
ÃiwÆ‹ gÇkhz thŒghL m = ML–1
l 2
1
l
o mâ®bt© v ¡fhd
T = k ; T = k gÇkhz« = klaFbmc
g
ab
g
M0L0T–1 = La [M1L1T–2]b [ML–1]c
nrhjid_y« k ‹ kâ¥ò 2π vd T–1 = La+b–c Mb+c T–2b
m¿a¥g£lhš ïUòw§fËY« cŸs L, M, k‰W« T ‹
l mL¡Ffis x¥ãl
∴ T = 2π
ur
g a + b + c = 0 (1)
b + c = 0 (2)
IV. gƉá fz¡FfŸ: –2b = –1 (3)
1
∴ b =
.s
m
D = 824.7 × 107 km
É©Û‹fŸ nfhŸfŸ ngh‹wt‰¿‹ bjhiyîfŸ
nfhzÉ£l« θ = 35.72" Äf¥ bgÇait. Mdhš òÉÆ‹ ÛJŸs
= 35.72 × 4.85 × 10–6 nuoa‹ bjhiythdJ á¿aJ. vdnt, ïit ».Û. k‰W«
1" = 4.85 × 10–6 nuoa‹ Û£lÇš ms¡f¥gL»‹wd.
co
#]ãlÇ‹ É£l« d = ? (c.«) M‹£uÛoah âuË‹ bjhiyî
21,000,000,000,000,000 km. (i.e) 21 × 1018 km.
d
θ = D ï›bt©Â¡ifahdJ vGJtj‰F«, g»®jY¡F«
fodkhd bgÇa v©. vdnt, xË M©L, gh®br¡
∴ d = D × θ
s.
ngh‹w thÅaš myFfŸ beLªbjhiyîfS¡F¥
= 824.7 × 107 × 35.72 × 4.85 × 10–6 ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wd.
= 142872.677 × 103 m
= 142872.677 × 103 × 10–3 km 2. 20 ãÇîfŸ bfh©l efU« msî nfhiy¡ bfh©l
ok
bt®Åa® msÉia Él 1 mm òÇ¡nfhY« 100
d = 1428 × 105 km
ãÇîfS« bfh©l âUF msÉ áwªjJ vd
5. xU jÅ CrÈ‹ Ús¤â‹ msÉl¥g£l kâ¥ò Ã%ã.
20 cm k‰W« 2 mm JšÈa¤ j‹ik bfh©lJ. Éil. âUF msÉÆ‹ Û¢áW v©Â¡if
nkY« 50 miyîfS¡fhd fhy msî 40 S òÇ¡nfhš msî
k‰W« gFâw‹ 1 S vÅš òÉ<®¥ò KL¡f« (g)
o
=
ãÇîfË‹ v©Â¡if
fz¡»LjÈš JšÈa¤â‹ rjåj¤ij¡
1
ab
fz¡»Lf. = = 0.01 mm or 0.001 cm.
Ô®î. l, k‰W« T š V‰gL« ãiHfŸ áWk v©Â¡if¥
100
bt®Åa® msÉÆ‹ Û¢áW v©Â¡if
ãiHfŸ. 19 1
= 1 MSD – 1 USD = 1 − = = 0.05 cm.
T = 2π l 20 20
ur
m
nfhŸ bjhiy bjhl®ò JiwfŸ Û¤JšÈa bfh©oU¡»wJ.
fhy msit¢ rh®ªJŸsd. (c.«) thfd¥ bghJthf ï«_‹W msîfS« mo¥gil
gaz¤â‰fhd GPS. ahdit kh¿ÈfË‹ kâ¥ò fhy¤ij¥ bghW¤J
co
Ús«: v‹Wnk khWtâšiy.
Fth©l« bfhŸif¥ go [vλ = c] ngh£lhid 5. gÇkhz KiwahdJ _‹W¡F c£g£l ïa‰ãaš
msîfŸ cŸs rk‹ghLfS¡F k£Lnk bghUªJ«
ga‹gL¤â tÇ Ãwkhiyia »s®ªbjGªj
V‹?
mQÉ‹ M‰wš k£l§fS¡»ilna cÄœtj‹
Éil. _‹W¡F nk‰g£l fhuÂfis¡ bfh©LŸs
s.
_y« áijtiljyhš mo k£l Ãiy¡F xU ïa‰ãaš msÉ‹ gÇkhz thŒgh£oid¤
jŸs¥gL«. ï«KiwÆš »Ç¥lh‹ 86 tÇia¡ jUÉ¡f ïayhJ. VbdÅš, M, L k‰W« T ‹
bfh©L cyfshÉaJ« Ûs¡ bfhz®jYkhd mL¡Ffis ïUòw¤â‰fhd gÇkhz¢ rk‹ghL,
ok
Û£l® msî nfhiy mik¡fyh«. _‹W rk‹ghLfshf¡ »il¡F«. mâÈUªJ
_‹W bjÇahj gÇkhz§fŸ k£Lnk fz¡»l
Koí«.
oTLjš Édh¡fŸ
ab
I. rÇahd Éilia nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf: 5. 'ir‹áah' v‹gj‹ bghUŸ
(a) mnj khâÇ (b) m¿ªJ bfhŸSjš
1 kâ¥bg© (c) f£L¥ghL (d) ifahSjš
1. bghUbsh‹¿‹ Ãiw 4.27 g k‰W« mj‹ gUk‹ [Éil. (b) m¿ªJ bfhŸSjš]
ur
1.3 cm3 vÅš, m¥bghUË‹ ml®¤âÆ‹ K¡»a 6. thÅaš msî ______ tif ïa‰ãaš
v©QU¡fË‹ v©Âif [Govt.MQP-2018] (a) Ûnrh°nfhã¡ (b) ik¡nuh°nfhã¡
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (c) nk¡nuh °nfhã¡ (d) vJîÄšiy
[Éil. (d) 4] [Éil. (c) nk¡nuh °nfhã¡]
.s
m
(c) 3.08 × 1016 AU (d) 6.684 × 10–12 AU
11. bghU¤Jf:
[Éil. (d) 6.684 × 10–12 AU]
1. ÚuhÉ v‹Í‹ a. b
g®bdhÈÆ‹ 19. xU Yhdh® khj«
bfhŸif
(a) 29 eh£fŸ (b) 27.3 eh£fŸ
co
2. Ãô¡Ëa® ciy b. bt¥g ïa¡fÉaš
bfhŸiffŸ (c) 365 eh£fŸ (d) 30 eh£fŸ
3. c
a® òwfhªj¥ c. f
£L¥gL¤j¥g£l [Éil. (b) 27.3 eh£fŸ]
òy§fŸ cUth¡f« Ãô¡Ëa® Éid 20. 1 xË M©o‹ kâ¥ò bluhÛ£lÇš
4. Mfha Ékhd« d. Û¡fl¤Jâw‹. (a) 9.46 × 106 Tm (b) 9.46 × 109 Tm
s.
1 2 3 4 (c) 9.46 × 102 Tm (d) 9.46 × 103 Tm
(a) b c a d [Éil. (d) 9.46 × 103 Tm]
21. KL¡f« 20 m/s2 v‹gJ km/h2 š
ok
(b) d a b c
(c) c d a b a) 2.59 × 105 km/h2 (b) 1.29 × 105 km/h2
(d) b c d a [Éil. (d) b c d a] (c) 2.0 × 103 km/h2 (d) 3.5 × 105 km/h2
[Éil. (a) 2.59 × 105 km/h2]
12. ã‹tU« mo¥gil Éirfis mj‹ bjhl®òila
22. mQ¡fË‹ Ãiwia msÉl¥ ga‹gL« rhjd«
tÈikíl‹ bghU¤Jf.
1. òÉ <®¥ò Éir
o a 1 (a) °bg¡£uh»uh¥ (b) bg®Ä
2. Ä‹ fhªj Éir b 10–39 (c) bly°nfh¥ (bjhiyneh¡»)
ab
(d) ik¡nuh°nfh¥ (E©nzh¡»)
3. tÈik Fiwªj Ãô¡Ëa® Éir c 10–2
[Éil. (a) °bg¡£uh»uh¥]
4. tÈikahd Ãô¡Ëa® Éir d 10–13
23. ã‹tUtdt‰¿š jtwhd T‰W
1 2 3 4 (a) 1 bg®Ä = 1015 m
ur
m
(a)
2 (b)
4 (c)
5 (d)
3
[Éil. (d) 3] F¿¥ò :
M M
28. xU JfË‹ ïl¥bga®¢á X-m¢áš fhy¤ij¥ x¥gl®¤â ρ = = 3 ∆M = 5% ∆C = 3%
V L
bghU¤J ïa§F»wJ vÅš x = at + bt2– ct3. b ‹
co
∆P ∆M ∆V ∆P ∆M ∆L
gÇkhz§fŸ = + ⇒ %= + 3⋅ %
P M V P M L
(a) L0T–3 (b) L0T–3 (c) LT–2 (d) LT–3
[Éil. (c) LT–2] ∆P
% = (5% + 3×3%) = (5 + 9) = 14%
F¿¥ò : x = at + bt2 – ct3 P
s.
L = aT + bT2 – cT3 ∆x
34. ã‹d¥ãiH
∴ b = LT–2 x
29. E k‰W« B Ä‹òy«, k‰W« fhªj¥òy« vÅš E, ∆a ∆a
ok
B ¡fhd É»j¤â‹ gÇkhz« (a) ± (b) ±n
a a
(a) nfhz« (b) KL¡f«
∆a ∆a
(c) âir ntf« (d) ïl¥bga®¢á (c) ± n log e (d) ± n log10
a a
[Éil. (c) âir ntf«]
o
F¿¥ò: ∆a
[Éil. (b) ± n ]
F = q(E + v × B) E ‹ gÇkhz« vB ¡F rk«. a
ab
35. xU xËah©o‹ kâ¥ò bluhÛ£lÇš
E
‹ gÇkhz« = v Æ‹ gÇkhz«. (a) 9.46× 106 Tm (b) 9.46 × 109 Tm
B (c) 9.46 × 102 Tm (d) 9.46 × 103 Tm
30. Éir |F|, âirntf« |v| k‰W« fhy« |T| v‹gd [Éil. (d) 9.46 × 103 Tm]
36. mQÉ‹ Ãiwia¡ fz¡»l cjî« rhjd«
ur
v [Éil. (d) 3]
∵ a = t 38. p = 3.14 vÅš p2 ‹ kâ¥ò
(a) 9.8596 (b) 9.860
w
m
(a) gÇkhzKŸs kh¿fŸ ïa‰ãaš
(b) gÇkhzk‰w kh¿fŸ 3) Fth©l« (c) JfŸfË‹ ïašòfis¥
vªâuÉaš g‰¿a És¡f«
co
(c) gÇkhzKŸs kh¿ÈfŸ
4) rh®ãaš (d) mQ k‰W« mQ
(d) gÇkhzk‰w kh¿ÈfŸ
c£JfŸ k£l§fËš
[Éil. (b) gÇkhzk‰w kh¿fŸ] eilbgW« Ãfœîfis¥
42. 8.250 I KGik¥gL¤J« nghJ g‰¿aJ
s.
(a) 8.3 (b) 8.2 (c) 8.25 (d) 8.26 1 2 3 4
[Éil. (b) 8.2] (a) c b d a
(b) c a d b
ok
43. E v‹gJ Ä‹òy¤ijí«, B v‹gJ fhªj¥òy
(c) b c d a
ö©liyí« F¿¡Fkhdhš E k‰W« B
É»j¤â‹ gÇkhz thŒghL
(d) d c b a [Éil. (c) b c d a]
(a) [Lt–2] (b) [MLT–2] 2. ïa‰ãaš msî myF
–1
(c) [LT ] (d) [MLT–1]
o
[Éil. (c) [LT–1]]
1) Éir kh¿È (a) NS
2) nghlš£°nk‹ kh¿È (b) Nm
(c) Jk–1
ab
44. ã‹tUtdt‰¿š vj‰F mâfkhd K¡»a 3) fz¤jh¡F Éir
v©QU¡fŸ cŸsJ? 4) âU¥òÉir (d) Nm–1
(a) 600800 (b) 5213.0 1 2 3 4
(c) 2.65 × 1024 (d) 0.0006032 (a) d c a b
ur
1 2 3 4
[Éil. (d) 1024]
(a) b d a c
47. xU vy¡£uhÅ‹ Ãiw 9.11 × 10–31 kg vÅš (b) d b a c
w
4. rhjd§fŸ bfhŸiffŸ 1 2 3 4
(a) c d b a
1) ÚuhÉ vªâu« (a)bg®bdhÈÆ‹ (b) a d c b
bfhŸif (c) a c d b
2) mQ ciy (b) bt¥g ïa¡fÉaš (d) b a c d [Éil. (a) c d b a]
bfhŸif
8.
m
ãiHfŸ fhuz«
3) òw ca® fhªj¥ (c) f£L¥gL¤j¥g£l
1) Kiwahd ãiHfŸ (a) ftd¡ Fiwî
òy¤â‹ cUth¡f« bjhl® Éid
2) xG§f‰w ãiHfŸ (b) ã‹d¥ãiH
4) Ékhd« (d) ca® fl¤Jâw‹
co
3) bkh¤j¥ ãiH (c) rkthŒ¥ò ãiHfŸ
1 2 3 4
4) x¥Õ£L¥ ãiH (d) bjhl®¢áahf
(a) b c a d Û©L« Û©L«
(b) d a b c xnu khâÇ
(c) c d a b
s.
cUthF« ãiHfŸ
(d) b c d a [Éil. (d) b c d a] 1 2 3 4
5. mo¥gil ÉirfË‹ tiffŸ tÈik (a) b c d a
(b) d c a b
ok
1) <®¥ò Éir (a) 1
(c) a c d b
2) Ä‹ fhªj Éir (b) 10–39
(d) b a d c [Éil. (b) d c a b]
3) tÈik Fiwªj (c) 10–2
Ãô¡Ëa® Éir o 9. v©fŸ K¡»a v©QU
–13 1) 40.00 (a) 6
4) tÈikahd (d) 10
Ãô¡Ëa® Éir 2) 0.030400 (b) 3
ab
1 2 3 4 3) 0.00345 (c) 5
(a) a d b c 4) 307000 (d) 4
(b) b c d a
(c) c d a b 1 2 3 4
(d) c a b d [Éil. (b) b c d a] (a) b d c a
(b) b c d a
ur
3. cgs, mks k‰W« SI myF KiwÆ‹ myFfŸ 12. fhªj¤ ö©lÈ‹ gÇkhz thŒghL
_______Kiw myFfŸ (a) ML2A–1 (b) MT2A
(a) bk£Ç¡ mšyJ jrk –2 –1
(c) MT A (d) MA–1
(b) K«kl§F (c) â£l m£ltiz [Éil. (c) MT–2A–1]
(d) mQÉaš
[Éil. (a) bk£Ç¡ mšyJ jrk] 13. gu¥ò M‰wY¡fhd rk‹ghL _______
m
(a) ntiy / Ús« (b) Éir / Ús«
4. _______ v‹gJ bjÉ£L ÚuhÉ, öa Ú® k‰W« (c) ntiy / fhy« (d) ntiy / gu¥ò
cUF« gÅ¡f£o M»a _‹W« rk ÃiyÆš cŸs
nghJ cŸs bt¥gÃiy MF«. [Éil. (d) ntiy / gu¥ò]
co
(a) óÇâkhjš (b) cUFòŸË 14. x¥Õ£L¥ãiH _______ vd miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
(c) ÚÇ‹ K¥òŸË (d) bt¥g V‰ò âw‹ (a) bkh¤j¥ ãiH (b) ÉG¡fh£L¥ãiH
[Éil. (c) ÚÇ‹ K¥òŸË] (c) jÅ¥ãiH
5. â©k¡ nfhz¤â‹ rk‹ghL _______ (d) ã‹d¥ãiH mšyJ rh®ò¥ãiH
s.
(a) nuoa‹ / gu¥ò (b) nk‰gu¥ò / (Mu«)2 [Éil. (d) ã‹d¥ãiH mšyJ rh®ò¥ ãiH]
(c) (Mu«)2 (d) nk‰gu¥ò / Mu« 15. 'ïa‰ãaš' v‹w bga® 350 B.C _______v‹gtuhš
[Éil. (b) nk‰gu¥ò / (Mu«)2] m¿Kf¥gL¤j¥g£lJ.
ok
6. Jkg–1k–1 v‹gJ _______ ‹ myF. (a) jhy° (b) lhyÄ
(a) bt¥gâw‹ (b) cŸkiw bt¥g« (c) mÇ°lhoš (d) nfhg®Ã¡f°
(c) j‹ bt¥gV‰òâw‹ [Éil. (c) mÇ°lhoš]
(d) M‰wš [Éil. (c) j‹bt¥g V‰ò¤âw‹]
IV. bghUªjht‰iw njªªbjL¤J vGJf:
7. 1 o»Ç = _______ nuoa‹
o
1. (a) x¥gl®¤â (b) âÇò
(a) 1.754 ×10–2 (b) 1.745 ×102
ab
(c) xËÉyfš v© (d) ãsh§¡ kh¿È
(c) 1.745 ×10–2
(d) 1.547 ×10–2
[Éil. (c) 1.745 × 10–2] [Éil. (d) ãsh§¡kh¿È]
F¿¥ò : (a), (b), (c) M»ad É»j mo¥gilÆyhd
8. _______ Äf¥bgÇa bghU£fisí« Ú©l msîfŸ.
bjhiyîfisí« cila bgÇa cyf¤ij¡
ur
m
7. (a) xËÆaš (b) xÈÆaš [Éil. (d) mâ®bt© - miyÚs«]
(c) th‹ ïa‰ãaš
3. (a) ml®¤â - x¥gl®¤â
(d) mQ¡fU ïa‰ãaš
(b) jifî - xËÉyfš v©
co
[Éil. (d) mQ¡fU ïa‰ãaš]
(c) π - e
F¿¥ò : (a), (b), (c) Æš lh¥s® Éisî rh¤âa«.
8. (a) Éir kh¿È (d) ãsh§¡ kh¿È - °Obg‹ kh¿È
(b) ãsh§¡ kh¿È [Éil. (a) ml®¤â - x¥gl®¤â]
(c) nghš£°nk‹ kh¿È 4. (a) bt¥g« - M‰wš
s.
(d) xËÉyfš v© (b) Ãiw - Ãiyk«
[Éil. (d) xËÉyfš v©] (c) Ä‹D£l« - Ä‹ndh£l«
F¿¥ò : (a), (b), (c) M»ad gÇkhzKŸs kh¿ÈfŸ.
ok
(d) fz¤jh¡F Éir - âU¥ò Éir
(d) jfî MF«.
[Éil. (c) Ä‹D£l« - Ä‹ndh£l«]
V. rÇahd nrhofis¤ nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf: VII. T‰WfS«, fhuz§fS« :
1. (a) 30.00 - 2009
o F¿¥òfŸ
(b) 0.00345 - 2.6 (a) T‰WfS«, fhuz§fS« rÇahdit k‰W«
(c) 0.040500 - 20100 m fhuz§fS¡fhd És¡f§fS« rÇ.
ab
(d) 153 - 3072 (b) T‰W k‰W« fhuz« c©ik Mdhš
[Éil. (a) 30.00 - 2009] fhuz¤â‰fhd És¡f« c©ikašy
2. (a) bjhiyneh¡» - E©nzh¡» (c) T‰W c©ik Mdhš fhuz« bkŒašy
(b) âUF msÉ - uhlh® Kiw (d) T‰W bkŒašy Mdhš fhuz« bkŒ
ur
gh®¤jš vd¥gL«.
[Éil. (d) RUŸ juhR - rhjhuz juhR]
fhuz« : X® bgÇa mik¥ãid mšyJ
3. (a) âU¥ò Éir - Nm bghUis mjDŸ ml§»a E©Âa
w
m
Mdhš T‰W¡fhd És¡f¥g£l
4. T‰W : 'Centimeter' š ga‹gL¤j¥gL« 'meter' fhuz« bkŒašy.]
v‹gJ cy»dhš V‰W¡ bfhŸs¥g£l VIII.rÇahd mšyJ rÇašyhj T‰Wfis
co
vG¤J Kiw. nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf:
fhuz« : 'Metre' v‹gJ cyfsÉš
1. (I) 'RADAR' Kiw Ú©l bjhiyîfis
cgnah»¡f¥gL« myF. 'Meter' v‹gJ msÉl¥ ga‹gL«.
mbkÇ¡fÇ¡f®fË‹ vG¤J Kiw (II) ïa‰ãaš msî x‹iw msåL brŒí« nghJ
(Spelling)
s.
V‰gL« JšÈak‰w j‹ik ãiH vd¥gL«
[Éil. (a) T‰W k‰W« És¡f« rÇ. vªj¡ T‰W rÇ?
T‰W¡fhd És¡f¥g£l
(a) I k£L« (b) II k£L«
fhuz§fS« rÇ.]
(c) ïu©L« rÇ (d) VJÄšiy
ok
5. T‰W : RH‰á ïa¡f¤jhš V‰gL« Ãiw Ãiyk¤ [Éil. (c) ïu©L« rÇ]
âU¥ò¤âw‹.
fhuz« : RH‰á Ãiw RH‰á Mu« g‰¿ És¡F»wJ. 2. (I) GCGS = 6.6 × 10–8 dyne cm2 g–2
[Éil. (a) T‰W k‰W« És¡f« rÇ. T‰W¡fhd g
(II) T = 2 p
o
És¡f¥g£l fhuz§fS« rÇ.] l
vªj¡ T‰W rÇ?
6. T‰W : Äf Ú©l bjhiyîfis mjhtJ
ab
(a) I k£L« (b) II k£L«
òÉÆÈUªJ nfhS¡F« mšyJ
(c) ïu©L« rÇ (d) VJÄšiy
É©ÛD¡F« ïilnaahd bjhiyit
[Éil. (a) I k£L« rÇ]
ïlkhW njh‰w KiwÆ‹ _y«
msÉlyh«. 3. (I) Ä‹}£l« rk‹ghL Ä‹ndh£l« / fhy«.
ur
bghU¤jšy.
kâ¥ã‰F« ïilnaahd msÉ‹
ntWghL rh®ò¥ãiH mšyJ vªj¡ T‰W rÇašy?
ã‹d¥ãiH vd¥gL«. (a) I k£L« (b) II k£L«
w
m
[Éil. (a) I k£L« rÇ] (xnu khâÇahd gÇkhz§fis bg‰WŸs
msîfisna T£l Koí«)
6. (I) òÉÆÈUªJ ÃyÉ‹ bjhiyî 1011 m.
ïUòwK« cŸs gÇkhz§fŸ rk« v‹gij
(II) xU bršÈ‹ Ãiw 10–10 kg
co
eh« fh©»nwh«. vdnt ïªj rk‹ghL
vªj¡ T‰W rÇašy? gÇkhz KiwÆš rÇahdJ.
(a) I k£L« (b) II k£L« (M) [L] = [LT−1] [T] + [LT−2] [T2]
(c) ïu©L« rÇ (d) VJÄšiy [L] = [LT−1 + 1] + [LT−2+2] = [LT0] + [LT0]
[Éil. (a) I k£L«]
s.
[L] = [L] + [L]
7. (I) âUF msÉÆ‹ Û¢áW msî 0.01 mm. ïlJòw« cŸs gÇkhz thŒ¥ghL«
(II) bt®Åa® msÉÆ‹ Û¢áW msî 0.1 mm tyJòw« cŸs gÇkhz thŒ¥ghL« rk«;
ok
vªj¡ T‰W rÇ?
vdnt, ï¢rk‹ghL gÇkhz Kiw¥go
rÇahd rk‹ghlhF«.
(a) I k£L« (b) II k£L«
3. K¡»a v©QU¡fS¡F KGik¥gL¤Jf.
(c) ïu©L« rÇ (d) VJÄšiy
[First Mid-18]
[Éil. (c) ïu©L« rÇ]
o
bjÇahj bjhiyî (x)
(m) 3.1 + 1.780 + 2.046 (M) 12.637 – 2.42
(ï) 1.21 × 36.72 (<) 36.72 ÷ 1.2
8. (I)
ïlkhW nfhz« q =
mo gFâ (b) Éil. (m) 6.96 (M) 10.22 (ï) 44.4 (<) 31
ab
(II) nfhË‹ bjhiyî d = 4. xG§f‰w ãiHfŸ v‹whš v‹d? mt‰iw
nuonah miyÆ‹ âirntf« v›thW Fiw¡fyh«? [First Mid-18]
= (ve) × vL¤J¡bfh©l fhy« (t) d = v ¥ t Éil. xG§f‰w ãiHfŸ (Random Errors):
2
ur
FWÉdh¡fŸ:
ruhrÇia¡ bfh©L Fiw¡f Koí«.
1. ã‹tU« v©fË‹ K¡»a v©QU¡fis¡ 5. SI myF KiwÆ‹ áw¥ãašòfŸ ahit? [QY-2018]
fh©f: (i) 0.007 (ii) 400. [Govt.MQP-2018] Éil. 1. xU ïa‰ãaš msɉF xnu xU myF
Éil. (i) x‹W (ii) x‹W k£Lnk ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. mjhtJ
ï«Kiw X® g§Ñ£L gF¤j¿î»irªj
2. gÇkhz§fË‹ mo¥gilÆš bfhL¡f¥g£l KiwahF«.
rk‹ghLfŸ rÇah vd nrhâ¡f
m
10 ï‹ kl§Ffshf neuoahf ju¥gL»‹wd. bfh©L mj‹ F¿pLfis bgaÇLf.
6. ‘mså£oaš’ v‹gJ ahJ? Éil. 101, 106, 1012, 10–1, 10–6, 10–12.
Éil. mså£oaš v‹gJ vªj xU ïa‰ãaš msití« 101- deca F¿pL da, 106-bkfh F¿pL M, 1012-
bluh F¿pL T, 10–1-blá F¿pL d. 10–6-ik¡nuh
co
mj‹ go¤ju msîl‹ x¥ãLtJ MF«. mid¤J
m¿Éaš MuhŒ¢áfS¡F«. nrhjidfS¡F« F¿pL µ, 10–12-ãnfh F¿pL P.
mo¥gil "mså£oayhF«". ïa‰ãaš v‹gJ 13. Û¢áW bjhiyîfis msÉl¥ ga‹gL« 4
msªj¿í« m¿ÉayhF«. myFfis¥ bgaÇLf.
7. Éil. (i) 1 ik¡uh‹ mšyJ ik¡nuhÛ£l®
s.
Ãiw k‰W« gu¥ò ït‰¿‰fhd eilKiw _‹W
myFfis¥ bgaÇLf: 1 µm = 10–6 m
(ii) 1 nenehÛ£l® 1 nm = 10 m
–9
Éil. Ãiw gu¥ò
(iii) 1 M«°£uh§ myF 1Å = 10–10 m
ok
1 gî©L 1 b gh®‹ 1 gh®‹
(iv) 1 bg®Ä 1 Fm = 10–15 m
= 0.4536 kg = 10–28 m2
2 FÉ©lhš V¡f® 1 V¡f® 14. Äf Ú©l bjhiyîfis msÉl¥ ga‹gL« ïu©L
–9
1 q = 100 kg = 4047 m2 myFfis¡ F¿¥ãLf.
3 mQÃiw myF bA¡nl® 1 Éil. (i) thÅaš myF (AU): òÉÆ‹ ika¤âÈUªJ
–27
1 amu = 1.66 × 10 kg
o
bA¡nl® = 104 m2 NÇaÅ‹ ika« tiu cŸs ruhrǤ
bjhiyî. 1 thÅaš myF
8. nrhyh® tUl«, ä¥ tUl« v‹gd ahit?
ab
AU = 1.496 × 1011 m.
Éil. (i)
nrhyh® tUl«: óÄahš j‹ m¢áš NÇaid
(ii) xË M©L: bt‰¿l¤âš xËahdJ X®
xU KG R‰W R‰¿ tu MF« fhy msî.
M©oš bršy¡Toa bjhiyî.
1 nrhyh® tUl« = 365.25 ruhrÇ nrhyh®
eh£fŸ 1 xËah©L = 9.467 × 1015 m.
ur
m¿ÉaÈ‹ ãÇî. vdnt Ús«, Ãiw, fhy« msåLfËš V‰gL« jh¡f« ahJ?
ngh‹w ïa‰ãaš msîfis msåL Éil. vªj xU mså£o‹ KoîfS« áy JšÈak‰w
brŒjš ï‹¿aikahjJ. j‹ikia cŸsl¡»ÆU¡F«. ïa‰ãaš msî
w
(ii) tiffŸ: 1) mo¥gil ïa‰ãaš msîfŸ x‹iw msåL brŒí«nghJ V‰gL« Ãiya‰w
j‹ik ‘ãiH' vd¥gL«. vdnt ïa‰ãaš
2) tÊ ïa‰ãaš msîfŸ. msÉ‹ c©ikahd kâ¥ã‰F« msªj¿a¥g£l
10. ïa‰ãaš msÉ‹ ‘myF’ v‹gij tiuaW:
w
m
v›tsî mU»š msåL brŒnjh« v‹gij¡
24. K¡»a v©QU¡fŸ F¿¥ò tiuf.
F¿¡F«.
Éil. msåL brŒí«nghJ jFªj fhuz¤âdhš njit
(ii) E£g«: ïu©L mšyJ mj‰F nk‰g£l
vd Ãid¤J v©Â¡if brŒj ïy¡f§fË‹
co
msîfŸ x‹W¡ bfh‹W v›tsî
v©Â¡if K¡»a v©QU MF«. X® v©Âš
beU¡fkhf cŸsJ v‹gij¡ F¿¡F«.
bghUSŸs ïlkâ¥òfŸ mªj v©Â‹ K¡»a
18. jÅ¥ãiH mšyJ rh®ãyh¥ãiH v‹whš v‹d? v©QU. msåLfËš bt›ntW myFfis¤
Éil. ïa‰ãaš g©gsÉ‹ mså£oš jÅ¥ãiH bjǪ bjL¥gjhš ïJ khwhJ.
s.
v‹gJ c©ik kâ¥ã‰F« fz¡»l¥g£l
kâ¥ã‰F« cŸs ntWgh£L msî. 25. ‘gÇkhz§fŸ' v‹gJ ahJ?
∆an = am – an Éil. ïa‰ãaš msÉ‹ gÇkhz¤ij¥ bgWtj‰fhf
mo¥gil msîfË‹ gÇkhz§fË‹
ok
19. msåL brŒjÈš ãiHfË‹ tiffŸ ahit?
Éil. (i) Kiwahd ãiHfŸ: 1. fUÉ¥ãiHfŸ ca®¤j¥g£l gofns mªj ïa‰ãaš msÉ‹
2. brŒKiwÆ‹ FiwghLfŸ 3. jÅ¥g£l gÇkhz§fŸ MF«.
ãiHfŸ 4. òw¡fhuÂfshš V‰gL« ïl¥bga®¢á [L]
âir ntf« = = = [M0LT–1]
ãiHfŸ 5. Û¢á‰wsî ãiHfŸ fhy« [T]
o
(ii) xG§f‰w ãiHfŸ mšyJ thŒ¥ò ãiHfŸ 26. ML–1 T–2 gÇkhz thŒghL bfh©l ïa‰ãaš
(iii) bkh¤j¥ ãiHfŸ g©gsiyfis¡ F¿¥ãLf.
ab
20. ruhrÇ jÅ¥ãiH v‹gJ ahJ? Éil. mG¤j«, jifî, a§Fzf«, gUk Fzf«,
Éil. ruhrÇjÅ¥ãiH v‹gJ mid¤J msîfË‹ Éiw¥ò Fzf«, M‰wš, ml®¤â.
jÅ¥ ãiHfË‹ v© kâ¥òfË‹ T£L¢ruhrÇ
MF«. 27. Fiwªj kh¿fis¡ bfh©l gÇkhz§fS¡F
1 n vL¤J¡fh£L jUf.
ur
∆am = ∑ | ∆ai |
n i =1
Éil. (1) gu¥ò - [L2] (2) gUk‹ - [L3] (3) RH‰á
Mu« - [L] (4) mâ®bt© - [T–1] (5) nfhz¤âir
am – c©ikahd kâ¥ò.
ntf« - [T–1] (6) nfhzKL¡f« - [T–2]
∆am – ruhrÇ jÅ¥ãiH vÅš msîfË‹ v© (7) âirntf« - [LT–1] (8) KL¡f« - [LT–2]
.s
kâ¥òfŸ (am + ∆am ) k‰W« (am – ∆am ) ïilÆš (9) Ä©Q£l« - [AT] (10) Éir kh¿È - [MT–2]
ïU¡F«.
21. x¥Õ£L¥ãiH v‹whš v‹d? (m) ã‹d¥ãiH 28. x¥gl®¤â, nfhz«, âÇò ït‰¿‰F V‹ gÇkhz«
w
29. ïa‰ãaÈš fhy msî k‰W« ÃiwfË‹ å¢R 35. ÚÇ‹ K¥òŸË v‹gJ ahJ?
g‰¿ TW. Éil. ÚÇ‹ K¥òŸË v‹gJ bjÉ£L ÚuhÉ, öaÚ®
Éil. vy¡£uh‹ k‰W« ònuh£lh‹fis cŸsl¡»a k‰W« cUF« gÅ¡f£o M»a _‹W«
Û¢áW msîfŸ Kjš thÅaš ÃfœîfŸ ngh‹w rkÃiyÆš cŸsnghJ cŸs bt¥gÃiy MF«.
Äf¥bgÇa msîfŸ tiu ïa‰ãaš vL¤Jiu¡»wJ. ÚÇ‹ K¥òŸË bt¥gÃiy 273.16 k.
m
(i) fhy msÉ‹ å¢R: thÅaš msîKjš
36. ã‹tU« tÊ msîfS¡fhd mt‰¿‹ rk‹ghL,
E©Âa msî tiu (1018 s Kjš 10–22 s)
myFfis¡ TW.
(ii) ÃiwfË‹ å¢R: Û¥bgU th‹
bghU£fËÈUªJ vy¡£uh‹ tiu. 1055 kg Éil. (1) Ãiyk¤âU¥g¤âw‹ (2) fz¤jh¡F Éir
co
(msÉl¡ Toa ãugŠr¤â‹ Ãiw) Kjš (3) mG¤j« (4) ~ãsh§¡ kh¿È
vy¡£uhÅ‹ Ãiw 9.11 × 10–31 kg tiu. (5) fhªj¤ö©lš (6) j‹ bt¥g«
30. bjhÊš E£g¤âš ïa‰ãaÈ‹ g§F ahJ? (7) Éirkh¿È (8) âU¥òÉir
Éil. ïa‰ãaÈ‹ nfh£ghLfis eilKiwÆš (mšyJ) ÉirÆ‹ âU¥ò¤âw‹.
s.
ga‹gL¤Jtnj bjhÊš E£gkhF«. gšntW ïa‰ãaš rk‹ghL myF
JisfË‹ gaDŸs bghU£fis f©Lão¡fî« msî
mt‰iw¤ jahÇ¡fî« k‰W« eilKiw Ãiw × (bjhiyî)2 kg m2
ok
1 Ãiyk¤
ãu¢ridfis¤ Ô®¡fî« m¿î âwid âU¥ò¤
ga‹gL¤JtJnk bjhÊš E£gÉayhF«. âw‹
31. thÅaYl‹ ïa‰ãaÈ‹ bjhl®ò ahJ? 2 fz¤jh¡F Éir × fhy« NS
Éil. nfhŸfË‹ïa¡f« k‰W« th‹ bghU£fŸ g‰¿ Éir
o
m¿a thÅaš bjhiy neh¡»fŸ ga‹gL»‹wd. 3 mG¤j« Éir Nm–2
thÅayhs®fŸ m©l¤â‹ bjhiyöu¤ij mšyJ
ab
c‰W neh¡f nuonah bjhiy neh¡»ia gu¥ò Pa
ga‹gL¤J»‹wd®. ïa‰ãaš j¤Jt§fis¥ gh°fš
ga‹gL¤jš m©l¤âid¥ g‰¿¡ f‰W¡ bfhŸs 4 ~ãsh§¡ JS
Ko»wJ. ngh£lhÅ‹ M‰wš
kh¿È
32. SI myFKiwÆš Ãiw¡fhd my»‹ tiuKiw mâ®bt©
ur
ahJ?
5 fhªj¤ Éir NA–1
Éil. ÃiwÆ‹ myF »nyh»uh«. F¿pL kg. ghÇR¡F ö©lš m–1 (m)
mU»š r®t° v‹w ïl¤âš cŸs g‹dh£L Ä‹ndh£l« × Ús« bl°yh
.s
34. xË¢ br¿É‰fhd SI myF ahJ? tiuaW? Éil. _y¡TWfŸ, mQ¡fŸ, ònuh£lh‹fŸ,
Hz mâ®bt© cila
Éil. nf©oyh. 5.40 × 1014 Ãô£uh‹fŸ, vy¡£uh‹fŸ, gh¡OÇah
xË_y« cÄG« x‰iw Ãw¡ fâ®å¢á‹ br¿î, ngh‹w bghU£fS« mt‰¿‹ ïilnaahd
1 bjhiyîfS« E© cyf¤ij cUth¡F»‹wd.
xU F¿¥ã£l âirÆš th£/°nuoa‹ vÅš
683
m¤âirÆš xË¢ br¿î xU nf©oyh MF«.
m
1 Û£l® msînfhiy¡ bfh©L ms¡f Koí«. (ii) eåd ïa‰ãaš: (1) Fth©l« vªâuÉaš
10–4m tiuÆyhd bjhiyit bt®Åa® msÉ (2) mQ ïa‰ãaš (3) mQ¡fU ïa‰ãaš
bfh©L«, 10–5m tiuÆyhd bjhiyia âUF (4) bghâî gU¥ bghUŸ ïa‰ãaš (5) ca®
msÉ bfh©L« ms¡f Koí«.
co
M‰wš ïa‰ãaš.
39. 50 mm tiuÆyhd bghU£fË‹ gÇkhz§fis ïa‰ifÆ‹ Éâfis btË¡ bfhz®tâš
msÉl¥ ga‹gL« fUÉ vJ? mj‹ j¤Jt« ahJ? JizòǪj mo¥gil m¿Éaš
Éil. (i) UF msÉahdJ 50 mm tiuÆyhd
â ïa‰ãayhF«. ïj‹ bkhÊ fÂjÉayhF«.
Kj‹ KjÈš ts®¢áailªj m¿Éaš
s.
bghU£fË‹ gÇkhz§fis Äf¤
JšÈakhf msÉl¥ ga‹gL« fUÉ ãÇî thÅaY«, fÂjÉaYnkahF«.
vªâuÉaš v‹gJ ïU ãÇîfis cilaJ.
(ii) j¤Jt«: âU»‹ t£l ïa¡f¤ij¥ ga‹gL¤â miy ÃiyÆaš, ïa¡fÉirÆš. nkY«
ok
bgÇjh¡f¥g£l ne®¡nfh£L ïa¡fkhF«. ïa¡fÉirÆaš ïa¡fÉaš, ÉirÆaš
ïj‹ Û¢á‰wsî 0.01 mm. v‹w c£ãÇîfis¡ bfh©lJ.
áWÉdh¡fŸ: 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ 5. ïa‰ãaš f©Lão¥òfË‹ tiffŸ ahit?
1. gÇkhz¥ gF¥ghŒî Kiwia¥ ga‹gL¤â E = mc2 És¡Ff.
v‹w rk‹ghL rÇahdjh vd nrhâ¡f.
o Éil. (i)
ïa‰ãaš f©Lão¥òfŸ ïU tif¥gL«.
[Govt.MQP-2018] (1) j‰brayhd f©Lão¥òfŸ (2) cŸSz®î
ab
Éil. E = mc 2
v‹w ïa¡f¢ rk‹gh£il vL¤J¡ _y« f¤jt‰iw MŒtf§fŸ _y« e‹F
bfhŸsî«. gF¥ghŒî brŒJ f©l¿jš.
ML2 T–2 = [M] . [LT–1]2 ; ML2 T–2 = [M][L2T–2] (ii) vL¤J¡fh£lhf fhªj¤ j‹ik j‰brayhf
czu¥g£lJ.
ïªj rk‹ghL gÇkhz KiwÆš rÇahdJ.
ur
= (100 ± 3) + (150 ± 2) = (100 + 150) ± (3 + 2) K‹d¿í« KiwahdJ bjhÊš E£g«
k‰W« kU¤Jt¤ JiwÆ‹ ts®¢áÆš
R = (250 ± 5) Ω
K¡»a g§F t»¡»wJ (c.«) #‹°OÅ‹
3. hc/G v‹w rk‹gh£o‰FÇa gÇkhz thŒ¥gh£il
w
6. vªâuÉaÈš ga‹gL« bghJthd myF Kiwfis 8. nuoa‹ o»Ç k‰W« ÄÅ£° ït‰¿‰»ilnaahd
És¡F. bjhl®ãid¤ jUf.
Éil. vªâuÉaÈš ga‹gL« bghJthd myF KiwfŸ Éil.
π
(i) f.p.s. myF Kiw X® ãÇ£oZ myF 1° = nuoa‹ = 1.745 × 10–7 nuoa‹
180
KiwahF«. ï«KiwÆš Ús«, Ãiw k‰W«
1 1.745 × 10 −2
m
fhy¤ij ms¡f Kiwna mo (Foot), gî©£ ∴ 1' =
= = 2.908 × 10–4 nuoa‹
60 60
(Pound), Édho (Second) M»a _‹W ≈ 2.91 × 10–4 nuoa‹
mo¥gil myFfŸ ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wd. 1 1.745 × 10 −2
ïJ bk£Ç¡ myFKiw mšy. ∴ 1'' =
=
co
3600 3600
(ii) c.g.s. myF Kiw ïJ X® fh°Ìa‹
= 4.847 × 10 nuoa‹ = 4.85 × 10–6 nuoa‹
–6
(Gaussian) KiwahF«. ï«KiwÆš Ús«,
Ãiw k‰W« fhy¤ij ms¡f Kiwna 9. AU, xË M©L k‰W« g®br¡ ït‰¿š bgÇa
br‹oÛ£l®, »uh« k‰W« Édho M»a _‹W msî vJ? tÇir¥gL¤J. NÇaÅÈUªJ òÉÆ‹
s.
mo¥gil myFfŸ ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wd. ruhrǤ bjhiyÉid (i) xË M©L (ii) g®br¡
ït‰¿š F¿¥ãL.
(ii) m.k.s. myF Kiw ï«KiwÆš Ús«, Ãiw
k‰W« fhy¤ij ms¡f Kiwna Û£l®, Éil. g®br¡
bgÇa myF MF«.
ok
»nyh»uh« k‰W« Édho M»a _‹W g®br¡ > xË M©L > mQmyF
mo¥gil myFfŸ ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wd. 3.08 × 1016m > 9.467 × 1015m > 1.496 × 1011m
7. òÉÆÈUªJ ÃyÉ‹ bjhiyit ïlkhW NÇaÅÈUªJ òÉÆ‹ ruhrǤ bjhiyî (d)
njh‰wKiw _y« fz¡ÑLf. (thÅaš myF)
Éil. òÉÆÈUªJ ÃyÉ‹ bjhiyit¡ fz¡»Ljš
o (i) d = 1 AU = 1.496 × 1011 m
(ïlkhW njh‰wKiw):
1.496 × 1011
ab
(i) gl¤âš C v‹gJ òÉÆ‹ ika«. A k‰W« = 15
= 1.58 × 10–15 xË M©L
B v‹gJ òÉ nk‰gu¥ãš ne® vâbuâuhd 9.46 × 10
11
gFâfŸ. thÅaš bjhiy neh¡»Æ‹ (ii) d = 1.496 × 1016 g®br¡ = 4.86 × 10–6 g®br¡
cjÉahš A k‰W« B ÆÈUªJ mU»š 3.08 × 10
cŸs É©ÛD¡F« rªâuD¡F« (M) 10. msÉ‹ mL¡»dhš V‰gL« ãiHÆid És¡Ff.
ur
n
∆A
njh‰w nfhz« Z ± ∆Z = (A ± ∆A)n = An 1±
∠AMB = θ1+ θ2 = θ A
∆A
AB = Z 1± n
w
θ= ; AM ≈ MC
AM A
AB AB n
θ= ⇒MC = ; AB k‰W« θ (ï§F x << 1, (1 + x) ≈ 1 + nx v‹w rk‹ghL
MC θ ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ)
w
θ
θ1 θ2
xU msÉ‹ n MtJ mL¡»‹ bgUk ã‹d¥
ãiHahdJ. mj‹ ã‹d¥ãiHia n Mš
A C B bgU¡FjY¡F rk«.
Ap Bq
ïlkhW njh‰wKiwÆ‹ _y« òÉÆÈUªJ bghJthd ÉâfŸ vÅš Z = š bgUk
rªâuÅ‹ bjhiyit¡ fz¡»Ljš ã‹d¥ ãiH Cr
m
âÇò, xËÉyfš v© k‰W« gy.
11. nrhjid Kiw ãiHfis¡ Fiw¥gj‰F¥ (iii) gÇkhzKŸs kh¿ÈfŸ
ga‹gL« Kiwfis vL¤J¡fh£Ll‹ És¡F. vªj ïa‰ãaš msîfŸ gÇkhz¤Jl‹
Ãiyahd kâ¥ig¥ bg‰WŸsnjh
co
Éil. nrhjid Kiw ãiHfis Fiw¤jš
mit gÇkhzKŸs kh¿ÈfŸ vd
ãiHÆ‹ vL¤J¡fh£L Fiw¡F«
miH¡f¥gL»wJ. v.fh:- <®¥ãaš kh¿È,
tiffŸ tÊKiw
ãsh§ kh¿È k‰W« gy.
xG§f‰w xU tisa¤â‹ mâf v©Â¡ifÆš
ãiHfŸ Ãiwia Ãiwia fh©f. (iv) gÇkhzk‰w kh¿ÈfŸ
s.
_‹W Kiw òŸËÆaš gF¥ghŒî xU kh¿È gÇkhzk‰W ïU¥ã‹ mit
xnu juhir¡ _y« xG§f‰w gÇkhzk‰w kh¿ÈfŸ vd¥gL»‹wd.
bfh©L ãiHfis fz¡ÑL v.fh:- π, e (MŒy® v©) v©fŸ k‰W« gy.
ok
msÉLtjhf¡ brŒa Koí«. nkY«
bfhŸnth«. mâf v©Â¡ifÆš 13. gÇkhz KiwÆš bfhL¡f¥g£l ïa‰ãaš
ïjdhš Û©L« Û©L« rk‹gh£il rÇah vd nrhâ¡f¥gLjiy
bgw¥g£l brŒJ gh®¥gj‹ vL¤J¡fh£Ll‹ És¡Ff:
á¿J khWg£l _y« bgw¥gL«
Éil. gÇkhz KiwÆš bfhL¡f¥g£l ïa‰ãaš
msîfŸ kâ¥òfË‹
o
ruhrÇia¡ bfh©L rk‹gh£il rÇah vd nrhâ¤jš.
Fiw¡f Koí«. v = u + at v‹w ïa¡f¢ rk‹gh£il vL¤J¡
ab
Kiwahd xU tUl¤â‰F Kiwahd
ãiHfŸ nkyhf¥ ãiHfis¡ bfhŸnth«.
ga‹gL¤j¥gL« f©l¿tJ Äfî« [LT–1] = [LT–1] + [LT–2] [T]
Ú£l¥g£l JÂ fod« mjid [LT–1] = [LT–1] + [LT–1]
msî ehlh òŸËÆš KiwÆš
ur
m
(ii) bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs msî bt¡l® msth? (ïu©L jrk v©Â‰F KGik¥gL¤j¥g£lJ)
mšyJ °nfy® msth? v‹gij ï«Kiw ∆T 0.11
m
_y« Ô®khÅ¡f KoahJ. (iv) x¥Õ£L¥ãiH: ST = ⇒ ST = = 0.0419;
Tm 2.62
ST = 0.04
co
(iii) âÇnfhzÄâ, mL¡F¡F¿ k‰W« kl¡if
rh®òfŸ cŸsl§»a rk‹ghLfË‹ bjhl®ò (v) ÉG¡fh£L¥ãiH = 0.04 × 100% = 4%
fis¡ f©l¿a ï«KiwÆš ïayhJ. (vi) jÅ CrÈ‹ miyî T = (2.62 ± 0.11)s
s.
cŸsl§»a rk‹ghLfS¡F ï«Kiwia¥
ga‹gL¤j ïayhJ. Éil. m¿Éaš m¿P®fŸ k‰W« bgh¿Æaš
tšYd®fshš cyf« KGtJ« ga‹gL¤j¥g£l
(v) ï«KiwiwÆš xU rk‹ghL gÇkhz myF Kiw bk£Ç¡ Kiw (Metric System) vd
ok
KiwÆš rÇahdjh, v‹nw bkŒ¥ã¡f miH¡f¥g£lJ. 1960 ¡F ãwF ïJ g‹dh£L
Koí« mj‹ c©ikahd rk‹gh£il¡ myF Kiw mšyJ SI myF Kiwahf (Systeme
International - French name) midtuhY«
f©l¿a KoahJ.
V‰W¡bfhŸs¥g£lJ. cyfshÉa m¿Éaš,
vL¤J¡fh£lhf, s = ut + 1/3 at2 v‹gJ o bjhÊšE£g«, bjhÊš Jiw k‰W« tÂf¥
gÇkhz Kiw¥go rÇ. Mdhš c©ikahd ga‹gh£o‰fhf, 1971 ïš eilbg‰w vilfŸ
rk‹ghL s = ut +1/2 at2 MF«. k‰W« msåLfŸ bghJkheh£oš SI myF
KiwÆ‹ Ãiyahd â£l¡ F¿pLfŸ, myFfŸ
ab
beLÉdh¡fŸ: 5 kâ¥bg©fŸ k‰W« RU¡f¡F¿pLfŸ cUth¡f¥g£L
midtuhY« V‰W¡bfhŸs¥g£ld.
1. xU nrhjidÆš mL¤jL¤J bjhl®¢áahf (i) ï«KiwÆš xU ïa‰ãaš msɉF xnu xU
msåL brŒí« bghGJ, jÅ CrÈ‹ miyî myF k£Lnk ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. mjhtJ
neu¤â‰fhd bgw¥g£l msåLfŸ 2.63s, 2.56s, 2.42s,
ur
m
`a' v‹w xU msÉ‹ msÉl¥g£l kâ¥òfŸ ãiHÆid ÉG¡fh£oš F¿¥ã£lhš, mJ
a1, a2, a3, .....an vÅš mt‰¿‹ T£L¢ ruhrÇ ÉG¡fh£L¥ ãiH vd¥gL«.
kâ¥ng mªj msÉ‹ c©ikahd kâ¥ò ÉG¡fh£L¥ ãiH RÊ¡F Äf mU»š
co
(am) vd miH¡f¥gL»wJ. ïUªjhš, mªj msåL c©ikahd
a1 + a2 + a3 + .............. + an msɉF Äf mU»š vL¡f¥g£l
am = msålhF«. ïJ rÇahdJ«, V‰W¡
n
mšyJ bfhŸs¡ToaJ« MF«. ï¥ãiHfŸ
s.
1 n JšÈak‰w fUÉÆdhš V‰gL»wjh mšyJ
am = ∑ ai jtwhd gÇnrhjid Kiwfshš V‰gL»wjh
n i =1
v‹gij¥ òǪJbfhŸtJ mtáakh»wJ.
msÉl¥g£l kâ¥òfË‹ jÅ¥ãiHfŸ
ok
4. ïU msîfis¥ bgU¡Ftjhš, tF¥gjhš V‰gL«
∆a1 = am − a1
ãiHfis ÉtÇ.
∆a2 = am − a2 Éil. ïU msîfis¥ bgU¡Ftjhš V‰gL« ãiHfŸ :
........................o (i) ∆A k‰W« ∆B v‹gd Kiwna A, B v‹w
msîfË‹ jÅ¥ ãiHfŸ v‹f
..........................
mt‰¿‹ bgU¡fšgy‹ Z = AB
∆an = am − an Z ï‹ ãiH ∆Z MF«.
ab
(ii) ruhrÇ jÅ¥ãiH (Mean Absoulte error) ruhrÇ Z ± ∆Z = (A ± ∆A) (B ± ∆B)
jÅ¥ ãiH v‹gJ mid¤J msîfË‹
= (AB) ± (A ∆ B) ± (B ∆ A) ± (∆A . ∆B)
jÅ¥ ãiHfË‹ v© kâ¥òfË‹ T£L¢
ruhrÇ MF«. ïlJ òw¤ij Z MY« tyJ òw¤ij AB
ur
n i =1 A B ∆A ∆B
am v‹gJ c©ikahd kâ¥ò, ∆am v‹gJ vdnt mt‰¿‹ bgU¡fš .
A B
ruhrÇ jÅ¥ ãiH vÅš, msîfË‹ v© òw¡f¡f¥gL»wJ. ï‹ bgUk ã‹d¥
w
∆A b) myFl‹ M) 30700m
A 1 ± vGj¥gL« ïa‰ãaš MdJ
A ± ∆A A
Z ± ∆Z = = msåLfËš IªJ K¡»a
B ± ∆B ∆B
B 1 ±
tU« všyh v©QU¡fŸ
B RÊfS« K¡»a bfh©lJ.
−1
v©QU¡fns
A ∆A ∆B
m
= 1 ± 1 ± v) x‹iw Él¡ 0.00345 MdJ
B A B Fiwthd _‹W K¡»a
mšyJ jrk v©Âš, v©QU¡fis
∆A ∆B jrkòŸË¡F tyJ bfh©lJ
co
= Z ± ∆Z = Z 1 ± 1∓ òwK« Mdhš Kjš
A B RÊa‰w v©Q¡F
[x<<1] Mf ïU¡F«nghJ (1 + x)n ≈ 1 + nx] ïlJòwK« tU«
ïUòwK« Z Mš tF¡f, RÊfŸ K¡»a
v©QU¡fŸ
∆Z ∆A ∆B MfhJ
1± = 1 ± 1∓
s.
Z A B vi) jrkòŸË¡F tyJ 40.00 K¡»a
∆A ∆B ∆A ∆B òw« cŸs RÊfS« v©QU eh‹F
= 1 ± ∓ ∓ . jrk v©Âš bfh©lJ.
A B A B
ok
∆A/A, ∆B/B Äf¡ Fiwî, vdnt mt‰¿‹ RÊa‰w v©Â‹ 0.030400 K¡»a
tyJ òwK« cŸs v©QU IªJ
bgU¡fšgy‹ òw¡f¡f j¡fJ. Z ï‹ RÊfŸ K¡»a bfh©lJ.
∆Z
∆A
∆B v©QU¡fŸ
bgUk ã‹d¥ãiH, = + MF«.
Z A B
ïU msîfis tF¥gjhš bgw¥gL« vii) K¡»a v©QU¡fŸ 1.53 cm,
bgUkã‹d¥ ãiHahdJ
o
jŤjÅ my»L« Kiwia 0.0153 m,
msîfË‹ ã‹d¥ãiHfË‹ TLjY¡F¢ bghU¤jJ mšy. 0.0000153 km
ab
M»ait _‹W
rk«. K¡»a v©QU
5. K¡»a v©QU¡fis fz¡»LjÈš Éâfis
bfh©lJ.
vL¤J¡fh£Ll‹ m£ltiz¥gL¤J. 6. KGik¥gL¤jÈ‹ Éâfis vL¤J¡fh£Ll‹
Éil. K¡»a v©QU¡fis fz¡»Ltj‹ ÉâfŸ m£ltiz¥gL¤J.
ur
K¡»a v©QU¡fŸ
MF« vÅš mJ Ú¡f¥g£L gL»wJ.
iv) a) jrk òŸË m‰w m) 30700 MdJ mj‰F K‹ò cŸs ii) 11.89 MdJ
xU v©Âš _‹W K¡»a ïy¡f¤Jl‹ 1 I 11.9 Mf
ïWâahf tU« v©QU¡fŸ mâfÇ¡f nt©L«. KGikah¡f¥
RÊfŸ K¡»a bfh©lJ.
v©QU¡fŸ gL»wJ
MfhJ.
m
(iii) ï§F, p⊥ v‹gJ r ¡F br§F¤jhd →
or vCM = kh¿È). ï§nf Ãiw ikakhdJ
( )
ne®nfh£L cªj¤â‹ TW, mij¥ngh‹w
r⊥ v‹gJ p ¡F br§F¤jhd Ãiybt¡lÇ‹ KL¡f¤âid¡ bfh©oU¡fhJ a→ = 0
CM
TW.
co
rk‹ghL
(iv) ne®¡nfh£L cªj« RÊahF« nghnjh →
s.
→ →
p ïizahd âirÆnyh, vâbuâuhd
→
a CM =
∑m a i i
=0
âirÆnyh mikªâU¡F« (θ = 0 or 180º)
nghnjh nfhz cªj« RÊ (L = 0) MF«.
∑m i
ok
(iv) ï§F x›bthU JfS« mfÉirÆ‹
beLÉdh¡fŸ: 5 kâ¥bg©fŸ fhuzkhf mt‰¿‹ âirntf« k‰W«
1. xU â©k¥ bghUŸ ïa§F«nghJ ÃiwikaK« KL¡f¤Jl‹ ïa§F»‹wd. òwÉirfŸ
bghUnshL nr®ªnj ïa§F»wJ v‹gij Ã%ã.o brašgL«nghJ (i.e Fext ≠ 0) Ãiwika¤â‹
Éil. (i) xU â©k¥ bghUŸ ïa§F« nghJ, KL¡f¤â‰fhd rk‹gh£il Ñœ¡f©lthW
mj‹ Ãiw ikaK« bghUnshL nr®ªnj bgwyh«.
ïa§F«. Ãiw ika¤â‹ âir ntf«
ab
→
(VCM) KL¡f«a (aCM)ngh‹w ïa¡fÉaš
(∑ mi ) a CM ; F ext = M a CM ; a CM = FMext
→ → → → →
msîfis¥ bgw, Ãiw ika¤â‹ Ãiyia F ext =
bjhl® tifpL. brŒtj‹ _y« bgwyh«.
vËikahf¡ fz¡»l, bghUŸ X - m¢áš 2. nfhz cªj« k‰W« nfhz¤âirntf«
k£L« ïa§Ftjhf¡ fUJnth«.
ur
∑mi
w
F
dv
d dx CM dv CM ∑mi dti
a CM = = =
dt dt dt ∑mi
r m
w
a CM =
∑miai
∑mi
w
→ →
→
(ii) òw ÉirfŸ ïšyhj Fext = 0 mik¥ã‹ (ii) L v‹gJ Ãiy bt¡l® r ¡F br§F¤jhd
→
jŤjÅahd JfŸfŸ mfÉirÆdhš
k£Lnk ïa¡fnkh mšyJ ïl¥bga®nth nfhz cªj« k‰W« p v‹gJ ne®¡nfh£L
milí«. ïJ Ãiwika¤â‹ Ãiyia cªj bt¡l® v‹f.
ghâ¡fhJ. mjhtJ òwÉir ïšyhj bghJ (iii) nfhz cªj« ne®¡nfh£L cªj¤â‹
Ãiw ika« XŒî ÃiyÆnyh mšyJ Óuhd âU¥ò¤âw‹ v‹gjhš,
ïa¡fÃiyÆnyh ïU¡F«.
L = r psin 90º [ sin 90º =1] (viii) bghUË‹ vilia msÉL« nfhš juhR
L = r mv = rm rw sin 90º [ p = mv] ï¤j¤Jt¤ij¡ bfh©L d1 = d2 k‰W«
2
L = mr ω F1 = F2 v‹w ÃgªjidÆ‹ Ñœ brašgL»wJ.
(iv) mid¤J JfŸfS¡F«, mr2 = ∑ mi ri 2 (ix) ïaªâu yhg« (MA):
(v) vdnt,
rk‹ghL (1) ÈUªJ,
(∑ m r ) ω
m
L= 2
i i
F1 d 2 ...(2)
L = Iw =
F2 d1
ï§F, I = ∑ mi ri 2 â©k¥bghUË‹ Ãiyk¤
co
(x) F1 v‹gJ gS k‰W« F2 v‹gJ Ka‰á
âU¥ò¤âw‹, vÅš, d1 < d2 vD«nghJ ek¡F mDTy«
(vi) bt¡l® tot¤âš, »il¡F«. ïJ F1 > F2 v‹gij¡ F¿¡»wJ.
→ → Mifahš, eh« bgÇa gSit Fiwªj
L = Iω Ka‰áahš ö¡f Koí«.
s.
3. âU¥ò¤ âw‹fË‹ j¤Jt¤ij ÉtÇ?
d2
Éil. (i) T‰W: xU bghUŸ rkÃiyÆš cŸsnghJ, (xi) rk‹ghL (2)š d v‹gJ vËa
mj‹ ïlŠRÊ âU¥ò¤ âw‹fË‹ 1
be«ònfhÈ‹ ïaªâu yhg« MF«. RHš
ok
TLjyhdJ, mj‹ tyŠRÊ âU¥ò¤ ïa¡f¥ ika¥òŸËia Mjhu¥òŸË
âw‹fË‹ TLjY¡F¢ rk«.
vdî« miH¡fyh«.
(ii) Ã%gz«: Ústh¡»š xU òŸËÆš RHÈa¡f d2
ika¤âš jh§f¥g£LŸs òw¡f¡f¤j¡f (xii) Mfnt, ïaªâu yhg« (MA) =
d1
o
Ãiwíila nyrhd j©L x‹iw¡ fUJf. (xiii) nk‰¡f©l j¤Jt¤â‹ go, gytifahd
(iii) F1 k‰W« F2 v‹gJ RHÈa¡f vËa ïaªâu§fŸ brašgL»‹wd.
ab
ika¥òŸËÆÈUªJ d1 k‰W« d2 4. xG§fhd mšyJ Óuhd tot« bfh©l â©k¥
bjhiyÉš brašgL« ïU ïiz ÉirfŸ bghUË‹ RH‰á Mu«, Ãiyk¤âU¥ò¤ âwDl‹
v‹f. N v‹gJ RHÈa¡f ika¥òŸËÆš v›thW bjhl®òilaJ vd ÉtÇ.
cŸs br§F¤J vâ® braš v‹f.
Éil. (i) xG§fhd cUt mik¥ò bfh©l
ur
Óu‰w Ãiw gutš bfh©l bghU£fS¡F«
(vi) bkh¤j âU¥òÉir RÊahjyhš, bghUªj¡Toa bghJthd rk‹ghL MF«.
d1F1 – d2F2 = 0 Ãiyk¤ âU¥ò¤âwÅ‹ bghJthd rk‹ghL
d1F1 = d2F2 ...(1) I = MK2
(vii) nk‰¡f©lrk‹ghL âU¥ò¤âwÅ‹ ï§F, M v‹gJ bghUË‹ bkh¤j Ãiw
j¤Jt¤ij¡ F¿¡»wJ. k‰W« K v‹gJ RH‰á Mu« v‹W
miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
(iv) xU bghUË‹ RH‰á Mu« v‹gJ RHY« nkny cŸs rk‹gh£oš RH‰á Mu« K
m¢áÈUªJ rkhd òŸË Ãiw JfË‹ v‹gJ, RHY« m¢ir¥ bghU¤J òŸË
br§F¤J¤ bjhiyî MF«. ïªj ÃiwfË‹ br§F¤J bjhiyÉ‹ ïUko
rkhd òŸË ÃiwahdJ bghUË‹ x¤j
Ãiwiaí«, Ãiyk¤ âU¥ò¤âwidí« _y¤â‹ ruhrÇÆ‹ t®¡f¤â‰F rkkhF«.
mtáa« bg‰¿U¡f nt©L«. vdnt, vªjbthU bghUË‹ Ãiyk¤
m
(v) RH‰á Mu¤â‹ myF, bjhiyit¥ âU¥ò¤âwidí« I = MK2. v‹w rk‹gh£o‹
ngh‹nw Û£l® (m) MF«. mj‹ gÇkhz« go Tw ïaY«.
L MF«. RH‰á ïa¡f¤âš ïU¡F« â©k¥ (vii) cjhuzkhf, M Ãiwí« k‰W« l ÚsK«
bghUshdJ m1, m2, m3, . . .mn v‹w òŸË
co
Ãiwfshš Mdjhf¡ fUJnth«. ïªj bfh©l xU Óuhd Ãiw ml®¤â bfh©l
ÃiwfŸ RH‰á m¢áÈUªJ Kiwna r1, r2, â©k¤j©o‹ Ãiyk¤âU¥ò¤âwid
r3 . . . rn bjhiyÉš cŸsd v‹f vL¤J¡ bfhŸf. Ãiwika¤â‰F
br§F¤jhf¢ bršY« m¢áÈUªJ
s.
1 2
Ãiyik¤ âU¥ò¤âw‹ I = Ml
12
RH‰á Mu¤â‹ thÆyhf, I = MK2
ok
m1
m2
r1 1 2
r2 v‹gjhš MK2 = Ml
2
r4 m4 1 2
K2 = l
m3 r3
o 2
C 1 1
K= l mšyJ K = l mšyJ
ab
2 2 3
.
K = (0.289) l.
RH‰á Mu«
n TLjš fz¡FfŸ:
∑ mi ri2 = m1r12 + m2r22 + m3r32 + ...... + mn rn2
ur
I=
i =1 1. Ãiy bt¡l® r = (7 i + 4 j − 2k ) m bfh©l
JfŸ x‹¿‹ ÛJ F = (4i − 3 j + 5k ) Éir
"n" v©Â¡if bfh©l mid¤J òŸË
brašgL»wJ. M⥠òŸËia¥ bghU¤J ÉirÆ‹
.s
2 2 2 2 [Govt.MQP-2018]
I = mr1 + mr2 + mr3 + ... + mrn
âU¥ò Éir, t = r × F
(
= m r12 + r22 + r32 + ... + rn2 ) i j
k
w
m
k‰bwhU Jfis ef®¤j nt©oa bjhiyî ahJ?
= Ml 2
[Govt.MQP-2018] 3
m × m(d – x) = 0 d Ml 2
I = .
co
md + mx = 0 m m 3
} cm
}
d x x 6. xU âl¡ nfhstot gªâ‹ Ãiw 1 kg k‰W« Mu«
m = =d 3 br.Û. ïJ ika¤â‹ tÊna bršY« m¢ir¥g‰¿
x
50 rad/s nfhz¤âir ntf¤Jl‹ RHš»wJ.
s.
3. xU âlkhd cUisÆ‹ Ãiw 20 kg, mj‹ RH‰á¡fhd ïa¡f M‰wiy¡ fz¡»Lf.
﨔.
m¢ir¥ g‰¿ 100 nuoa‹fŸ S nfhz ntf¤Jl‹
1 1 2
RHš»wJ. cUisÆ‹ Mu« 0.25 m cUisÆ‹ ERoT = Iω 2 = × mr 2 ω 2
2 2 5
ok
RH‰áíldhd ïa¡f M‰wiy¡fz¡»L.
1 2 2
Ô®î. 1 ERoT = mr ω
RH‰áíldhd KE = Iω 2 5
2 1
ERoT = × 1 × (3 × 10 ) (50)
−2 2 2
1 1 2 2 5
KE ROT = mr ω
2 2
o
1
= × 9 × 10−4 × 25 × 100
1 5
× 20 × (0.25) × 100 × 100
2
=
ab
4 = 9 × 5 × 10–4 × 102
= 5 × .0625 × 104.
KE ROT = 3125 J. ERoT = 45 × 10–2 = 0.45 J.
»ilahJ. V‹?
﨔.
Éil. Éir brašgL« nghJ mid¤J¥ bghU£fSnk
τ = Ia
jdJ tot¤ijnah mšyJ cUt mik¥ignah
I (ω 2 − ω1 )
w
500 × 2
ω2 – ω1 = = 5 × 2 = 10 rad/s òwÉirahš cUt kh‰w« ÃfHhjj‰F¡ fhuz«
100 ahJ?
5. Ãiw 'm' cila bkšÈa j©o‹ Ãiyk¤ Éil. òw ÉirfŸ brašgL« nghJ â©k¥ bghUË‹
w
m
fofhu KŸ RHY« âirÆnyna (tyŠRÊ) bghJthd tot§fshd cnyhf¤j©L
brašgL»wJ. tisa«, t£l¤j£L ngh‹w gU¥bghU£fË‹
Ãiyk¤âU¥ò¤âwid f©l¿ayh«.
co
6. xU âl cUisÆ‹ Ãiw 20 kg. 100 rod/s
nfhz ntf¤Jl‹ mj‹ m¢ir¥g‰¿ RHš»wJ.
cUisÆ‹ Mu« 0.25m. cUisÆ‹ RH‰á rh®ªj
(m) fofhuKŸ RHY« âir¡F vâ®âir ïa¡f M‰wš ahJ? mj‹ m¢ir¥ g‰¿a nfhz
s.
cªj¤â‹ msî ahJ?
﨔.
cUisÆ‹ m¢ir¥g‰¿a Ãiyk¤âU¥ò âw‹
ok
1
= MR2
(M) fofhuKŸ RHY« âir
M = Ãiw, R = Mu« 2
âU¥ò ÉirÆ‹ âir k‰W« RH‰áÆ‹ tiffŸ
1
= × 20 × (0.25)2 kg - m2
4. Ãiyk¤ âU¥ò¤ âwid¡ fh©gj‰F¤ o 2
njitahd nj‰w§fË‹ mtáa« ahJ? = 0.625 kg - m2.
Éil. xU bghUË‹ Ãiyk¤ âU¥òâwdhdJ RHY«
cUisÆ‹ RH‰á ïa¡f M‰wš
ab
m¢ir rh®ªâU¥gJ k£Lkšyhkš m¢áÈUªJ 1 2 1
RHY« âiraik¥ig¥ bghU¤J« bt›ntwhd = Iw = (0.625) (100)2J = 3125J.
m¢R¡fis¥ bghU¤J« khWgL«. vdnt 2 2
RHY« m¢R¡fis ïl¥bga®î brŒJ Ãiyk¤ cUisÆ‹ brhªj m¢ir¥ g‰¿a nfhz cªj«
âU¥ò¤âwid¡ fhz ïiza¢R¤ nj‰w«
= Iw2 = 0.625 ×100
ur
br§F¤J m¢R¤ nj‰w« mtáakh»wJ.
= 6.25 kg/m2.
5. xU bghUËš Óuhf guÉíŸs ÃiwÆ‹ Ãiyk¤
âU¥ò¤âwid v›thW f©l¿thŒ? 7. 100 kg vilíŸs t£ltisa¤â‹ Mu« 2m mJ
.s
Éil. (i) gU¥bghUË‹ ÃiwahdJ khwhjJ »il¤js¤ jiuÆš cUS»wJ vÅš mj‹
(»£l¤j£l xËÆ‹ âirntf¤âš Ãiwika¤â‹ ntf« 20 br.Û/S. mij ÃW¤j
ga¡F« bghU£fis¤ jÉ®¤J) brŒa¥gL« ntiyÆ‹ msî ahJ?
w
2 2
Ãiyik¤âU¥ò¤âwid¡ f©l¿a KjÈš,
1 2 1 2 v2
eh« gU¥bghUË‹ ÛE©Ãiw (dm) ia xU = mv + mR × 2 = mv2
òŸË Ãiwahfî«, m¢ir¥bghU¤J mj‹ 2 2 R
Ãiyia (r) v‹W« fUJnth«. m¥òŸË tisa¤ij ÃW¤j¢ brŒa¥gL« ntiy
ÃiwÆ‹ Ãiyk¤âU¥ò¤âw‹
dI = (dm) r2 = tisa¤â‹ bkh¤j ïa¡f M‰wš
= mv2 = 100 × (0.2)2 = 4 J.
8. â›ah xU âwikahd ir¡»Ÿ X£LgtŸ mtŸ (2) R cosθ → Äât©oíl‹, ir¡»Ÿ X£LgtÇ‹
jªijahš gÇrË¡f¥g£l Äât©oÆš gŸË¡F viliaí« rk‹ brŒí«.
bršthŸ v¥bghGJ« å£oÈUªJ jhkjkhf mv 2
nghtjhš Äât©oÆš ntfkhf bršthŸ. xU R sinθ = .....(1)
r
ehŸ rhiyÆš bršY«nghJ rW¡» ÑnH ÉGªJ
mog£lJ. mtrukhf ïUªjjhš tisthd R cosθ = mg.....(2)
m
ghijia fl¡f nt©oÆUªjjhš nk‰f©l mv 2
1 I 2 Mš tF¡f R sin θ
= v
Ãfœî ne®ªjJ. â›ah Äât©oÆÈUªJ rW¡»
ÉH¡ fhuz« ahJ? R cos θ mg
co
(i) rW¡FjY¡fhd Ãgªjid v‹d? v 2 2
v
(ii) ghJfh¥ghd rthÇ¡fhd nfhz¤â‰fhd tan θ = θ = tan–1
rg rg
rk‹gh£oid¤ jUÉ.
Éil. (i) t£l tot¥ ghijÆ‹ Mu« r òw¡f¡f¥g£L, 9. fnzZ mšyJ gŸËÆš áwªj »Ç¡bf£ åu®.
âirntf« 'V' Æš ir¡»Ëš gaz« brŒgt® ikjhd¤âš gƉá¡fhf cŸs nghJ bt›ntW
s.
v2 Éj§fËš k£ilia RH‰Wth‹. gƉWÉ¥gtÇ‹
br§F¤âÈUªJ θ nfhz« tan θ = bga® âU.Fzhs‹. mt® fnzõÅl«
rg
(rW¡fš mšyJ ÑnH ÉGjiy¤ jL¡f) k£ilÆ‹ ãoia¥ão¤J ntfkhf RH‰W« go
ok
rkÃiyÆš ïU¡f nt©L«. vdnt, â›ah T¿dh®. Mdhš fnzZ RH‰w KoaÉšiy.
t£l¥ghijÆš bršY«nghJ rW¡Fjiy ifiaÉǤJ. ã‹d® k£ilÆ‹ ika¥gFâia
jÉ®¡f F¿¥ã£l ntf¤âš bršy nt©L«. ão¤J RH‰WkhW T¿dh®. ïªÃiyÆš ntfkhf
RH‰w KoªjJ. fnzZ M¢rÇa¤Jl‹ v§§d«?
Mdhš mij mtŸ ã‹g‰w Éšiy
vd ÉdhÉdh‹?
o
ikaneh¡F Éir cuhŒî Éiria Él
mâfkhdhš rW¡fš V‰gL»wJ. M v‹gJ
(i) gƉWÉ¥gtÇ‹ gâš v‹d?
(ii) Mu¢ RH‰á v‹whš v‹d? cjhuz« jUf.
rhiy¡F«, laU¡F« ïilnaahd cuhŒî 'μ'
ab
(iii) Ãiyk¤ âU¥ò¤ âw‹ v›thW nfhz¤
Fzf« vÅš f£L¥gL¤J« cuhŒî F = μR. âirntf¤Jl‹ bjhl®òilaJ?
R = mg f = μ (mg)
Éil. (i) xU bghUË‹ Ãiw m MdJ mj‹
vdnt rW¡FjY¡F EÅia¥ão¤J RH‰W« nghJ mâfkhf
ïU¡F«. ïj‹ fhuzkhf k£ilia mâfkhd
ur
m
ïa‰ãaš
co
s.
bjhFâ - II
o B 0 ok B B
ab
10
R
D
20 D D
30
40
50 P
E
60
ur
70
80
90
100
T
.s
Rubber tube
Iron base
w
w
w
[ 199 ]
bghUsl¡f«
m
co
s.
myF ghl¤ jiy¥òfŸ g¡f«
v©
ok
6. <®¥ãaš 201 - 232
[ 200 ]
06 <®¥ãaš
m
fU¤J tiugl«
co
s.
o ok
ab
ur
.s
w
w
w
[201]
m
4π2r3
2. nfhŸ mšyJ Jiz¡nfhË‹ Ãiw M = GT2 →
→ → →
3. <®¥ãaš ÉirfË‹ nk‰bghUªJjš bfhŸifÆ‹go Fr = F1 + F2 + .... + Fn τ
co
myFfŸ : [F - Ãô£l‹, Ãiw - kg, r - Û£l®] →
→ → → → dL
4. τ
NÇaÅ‹ <®¥ò ÉirÆdhš óÄÆ‹ ÛJ V‰gL« âU¥ò Éir = × F = = dt = 0
r τ
(ïJ všyh nfhŸfS¡F« bghUªJ«)
5. òÉ¥gu¥ã‹ ÛJ <®¥ãaš KL¡f« g = Gm2
s.
R
gR2
6. óÄÆ‹ Ãiw M =
G 3g
7. óÄÆ‹ ruhrÇ ml®¤â (Mean density) = ρ= 4πGR
ok
bf¥sÇ‹ R‰W¡fhy§fË‹ ÉâÆÈUªJ M = 4π r2
2 3
8.
GT
9. xU bghUË‹ vil W = mg, (myFfŸ) <®¥ò KL¡f« g ⇒ ms-2, R‰W¡fhy« T ⇒ ÉdhofŸ, ρ = kgm-3
10. <®¥ò KL¡f« g‹ kâ¥ò Fiwî h v‹w cau¤âš
o
2gh
g - gh =
R
ab
g - gh α h
g - gh 2h
rjåj¡ Fiwî = × 100 = R × 100%
g
2mgh
11. xU bghUË‹ vil ïH¥ò h v‹w cau¤âš = mg - mgh =
R
12. É©btË Xl¤â‹ F¤Jau« h = 400 km (bghJthf h MdJ R cl‹ x¥ãl¡Toa ÃiyÆš)
ur
R2 2h
13 gh = g 2 1 −
( R + h) R
2
R 2h
.s
GMm
20. <®¥ò Ãiy M‰wš U(r) = <®¥ò j‹Åiy M‰wš × Ãiw = -
r
dv
21. E = -
dr 1 21GMm GMm
22. xU <®¥ò¥ òy¤âš xU bghUË‹ bkh¤j M‰wš = K.E + P.E = mv −2+ − r
2 r
myFfŸ [E = N kg-1 (or) ms-2, V = Jkg-1, U = Joule (#]š)]
m
2GM 8
23. ÉLgLntf« ve = = 2 gR = πGρR 2 , myF [v - ms-1]
R 3 e
co
24. Jiz¡nfhŸfË‹ R‰W t£l¤ âirntf«
GM gR 2 g
1. h v‹w cau¤âš R‰W¤ âirntf« vo = = =R
R+h R+h R+h
2. òÉ¥ gu¥ã‰F mU»š R‰W«nghJ vo = gR , VgR 2V 2Vo
e =o
s.
2π ( R + h) ( R + h)3 2π ( R + h) 2 3π( R + h)3
3. Jiz¡nfhË‹ RH‰á¡ fhy« T = = 2π = =
Vo Gm R g GR 3
1
4. Jiz¡nfhË‹ cau« h = T R g 3 -R
2 2
ok
4π 2
25. Jiz¡nfhË‹ bkh¤j M‰wš, ãiz¥ò M‰wš
1 GMm GM
1. Ãiy M‰wš U = − = òÉ <®¥ò mG¤j« Ãiw = – ×m
2
1 GM 1 GM2
o r 1 GM 1 GM
m =
r
2. ïa¡fmM‰wš == mVo = 2 r 2 r
K
2 r 2 r
ab
1 GM 1 GM2 GMm GMm
3. bkh¤j M‰wš m E = K + U == mVo - =-
2 r 2 r r
2 2r
U
4. E = = - K, ∴Δk = - ΔE ; Δu = - 2ΔE
2 GMm
ur
5. ãiz¥ò M‰wš =
2
myF [K, U, E = #]š]
26. nfhŸfË‹ ïa¡f« g‰¿a bf¥sÇ‹ ÉâfŸ
.s
∆A 4π 2
3. R‰W¡fhy§fË‹ Éâ T2 α r3, ∴ T2 = Kr3
T22 r23
∆ t GM = 3 ∆A 4π 2
òÉÆ‹ Jiz¡nfhˉF ∈
T12
r1 K = = 10-13s2 m-3
T22
r 3 ∆ t GM
w
∈
4. = 23 myF [T1, T2 =2ÉdhofŸ, 3 r1, r2 = m]
T12
r1 T2 r2
=
27. vilƋik : T12 r13
w
gƉá Édh¡fŸ
I. rÇahd Éilia nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf: 5. òÉ¡F« NÇaD¡F« ïilna cŸs bjhiyî
ïUkl§fhdhš, Xuh©L v‹gJ v¤jid eh£fŸ
1. nfhË‹ Ãiy bt¡lU« nfhz cªjK« (a) 64.5 (b) 1032
m
x‹W¡bfh‹W br§F¤jhf miktJ (c) 182.5 (d) 730
(a) m©ik Ãiy k‰W« nrŒik ÃiyÆY«
[Éil. (b) 1032]
(b) mid¤J òŸËfËY«
co
(c) m©ik ÃiyÆš k£L« 6. bf¥sÇ‹ ïu©lh« Éâ¥go NÇaidí«
(d) v¥òŸËÆY« mšy nfhisí« ïiz¡F« Mu bt¡l® rkfhy msÉš
rkgu¥òfis V‰gL¤J»‹wd. ï›ÉâahdJ
[Éil. (a) m©ik Ãiy k‰W« nrŒik .......... khwh Éâ¥go mikªJŸsJ.
ÃiyÆY«]
(a) ne®nfh£L cªj« (Linear momentum)
s.
2. âObud òÉ k‰W« NÇaÅ‹ ÃiwfŸ ïUkl§fhf (b) nfhz cªj« (Angular momentum)
kh¿dhš, mitfS¡»ilnaahd <®¥ãaš Éir (c) M‰wš
(a) khwhJ (d) ïa¡f M‰wš
ok
(b) 2 kl§F mâfÇ¡F«
[Éil. (b) nfhz cªj« (Angular momentum)]
(c) 4 kl§F mâfÇ¡F«
(d) 2 kl§F Fiwí« 7. òÉÆid¥ bghW¤J ÃyÉ‹ <®¥òÃiy M‰wš
[Éil. (c) 4 kl§F mâfÇ¡F«] (a) v¥bghGJ« ne®¡F¿ cilaJ
m
11. òÉÆdhš czu¥gL« NÇaÅ‹ <®¥ò òy¤â‹ FÉa¥ òŸËÆš bfh©L x›bthU nfhS«
v©kâ¥ò [HY-2018] NÇaid ÚŸt£l¥ ghijÆš R‰¿ tU»wJ.
(a) M©L KGtJ« khwhJ. (ii) gu¥ò Éâ : NÇaidí« xU nfhisí«
ïiz¡F« Mu bt¡luhdJ rkfhy
co
(b) #dtÇ khj¤âš Fiwthfî« #]iy
khj¤âš mâfkhfî« ïU¡F«. ïilbtËÆš rk gu¥ò¡fis V‰gL¤J«.
(c) #dtÇ khj¤âš mâfkhfî« #]iy khj¤âš (iii) R‰Wfhy§fË‹ Éâ : ÚŸt£l ghijÆš
Fiwthfî« ïU¡F«. NÇaid R‰W« nfhË‹ R‰W¡fhy¤â‹
(d) gfš neu¤âš mâfkhfî« ïuî neu¤âš ïUko, mªj ÚŸt£l¤â‹ miube£l¢á‹
s.
Fiwthfî« ïU¡F«. K«ko¡F ne®jfÉš ïU¡F«. mjid
Ñœf©lthW vGjyh«.
[Éil. (c) #dtÇ khj¤âš mâfkhfî« #]iy
khj¤âš Fiwthfî« ïU¡F«.] T2 ∝ a3
ok
T2 = kh¿È
12. br‹idÆÈUªJ âU¢á¡F xU kÅj®
a3
br‹whš, mt® vilahdJ 2. Ãô£lÅ‹ <®¥ãaš bghJ Éâia jUf.
(a) mâfÇ¡F« o ïU ÃiwfS¡F ïilnaahd <®¥ãaš
(b) Fiwí« ÉirahdJ mt‰¿‹ ÃiwfË‹ bgU¡fš
(c) khwhJ gyD¡F ne®¤jfÉY«, mt‰¿‰»ilnaahd
ab
(d) mâfǤJ ã‹ò Fiwí« bjhiyÉ‹ ïUko¡F vâ®jfÉnyh mikí«.
[Éil. (a) mâfÇ¡F«] GM1 M2
bt¡l® toÉš F→ = − r
r2
13. RUŸÉš juhR x‹Wl‹ 10 kg Ãiw ïiz¡f¥ 3. nfhË‹ nfhz cªj« khWkh? c‹ Éilia Ã%ã.
g£LŸsJ. RUŸÉš juhR Ä‹ca®¤â x‹¿‹ NÇaÅ‹ <®¥ò ÉirÆdhš óÄÆ‹ ÛJ V‰gL«
ur
→
kâ¥ãid¥ nghy eh‹F kl§fhf kh¿dhš, ÉLgL L NÇaid¥ bghW¤J xU khwh bt¡luhF«.
ntf« ïJ mid¤J¡ nfhŸfS¡F« bghUªJ«.
(a) khwhJ (b) 2 kl§fhF« ïªj nfhz cªj khwh¤ j‹ikjh‹ bf¥sÇ‹
w
15. òÉÆid¢ R‰W« Jiz¡nfhË‹ ïa¡f M‰wš xU bghUis¢ R‰¿íŸs btËÆš mjdhš
czu¥gL« òÉ<®¥ò ÉirahdJ mj‹ òÉ<®¥ò
(a) Ãiy M‰wY¡F¢ rk«
òy« vd tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ.
(b) Ãiy M‰wiyÉl¡ Fiwî
Ãiw M Mš r bjhiyÉš V‰gL« <®¥ò òy«
(c) Ãiy M‰wiy Él mâf«
ã‹tUkhW F¿¡f¥gL»wJ.
(d) RÊ [Éil. (b) Ãiy M‰wiyÉl¡Fiwî]
GM
E = − 2 1 r
r
m
òy§fË‹ nk‰bghUªJjš j¤Jt« vd¥gL«. − + U(r) = V(r) = -
→
r r' r r
Ebkh¤j« = E1 + E 2 + .....E n 2. ïj‹ myF #]š ïj‹ myF J/kg
co
Gm1 Gm2 Gm 3. <®¥ò Ãiy ÃiyahdJ
=− 2
r1 − 2 r 2 − ..... 2 n r n
r1 r2 rn M‰wyhdJ <®¥ò j‹Åiy
n
Gmi
Ãiyfisí« M‰wš ÄFªj
= −∑ 2
ri mt‰W¡F gFâÆÈUªJ
i =1 ri ïilnaahd Fiwªj <®¥ò
s.
bjhiyití« j‹Åiy M‰wš
P E2 rh®ªJ mikí« bfh©l gFâ¡F
Etot bršY«
ok
E1 E2
E1 4. h cau¤âš xU h cau¤âš <®¥ò
bghUË‹ <®¥ò j‹Åiy M‰wš
Etot
r1 r1 Ãiy M‰wš mgh v(h) = v(h)/m = gh
o MF«.
m m
11. òÉÆ‹ ÉLgL ntf« v‹whš v‹d?
ïU <®¥ò òy§fŸ nk‰bghUªJtjhš
V‰gL« bjhFga‹ <®¥ò òy« (i) nfhË‹ <®¥ãaš òy¤âÈUªJ ÉLg£L
ab
j¥ã¢ bršYkhW xU bghUŸ v¿a¥gl
nt©oa áWk ntf« ÉLgL ntf« vd¥gL«.
6. <®¥ò Ãiy M‰wš - tiuaW.
(ii) òÉÆ‹ ÉLgLntf« 11.2 km (or) 11.2 kms–1.
(i) ‘r’ bjhiyÉš mikªj ÃiwfŸ m1 k‰W« m2
cila mik¥ãš, m1 Ãiyahf cŸsnghJ, 12. bra‰if Jiz¡nfhË‹ M‰wš mšyJ vªj xU
ur
m
(iii) xU bghUis <®¥ãaš ÉirahdJ v›tsî
tÈikahf <®¡»wJ v‹gij fh£L«
msålhF«.
co
(iv) ïj‹ myF Ãô£l‹.
bjhiyit¥ bghU¤J <®¥ãaš r
15. x›bthU khjK« rªâu »ufzK« NÇa Éir khWgLjš
»ufzK« eilbgWtJ ïšiy. V‹?
(i) KG ÃyÉ‹ nghJ ÃyÉ‹ R‰W¥ghijí« (ii)
ïU JfŸfS¡F ïilna brašgL«
s.
òÉÆ‹ R‰W¥ghijí« xnu js¤âš <®¥ãaš Éir v¥bghGJ« braš -
mikªjhš rªâu»ufz« njh‹W« v⮢braš (action - reaction) ïizahfnt
mnj nghš mkhthir m‹W elªjhš mikí«. òÉ ÛJ NÇa‹ V‰gL¤J«
ok
NÇa»ufz« njh‹W«. <®¥ãaš Éir NÇaid neh¡» brašgL«.
mnjnghš NÇa‹ ÛJ òÉ V‰gL¤J«
(ii) ÃyhÉd R‰W¥ghijahdJ òÉÆ‹
<®¥ãaš Éir òÉia neh¡» brašgL«.
R‰W¥ghij js¤âÈUªJ 5º rhŒªJ
ïJ v⮢braš Éir (reaction force) MF«.
fhz¥gL»wJ. ïªj 5º rhŒî cŸsjhš,
ïU ÉirfS« bt›ntW bghUŸfË‹ ÛJ
M©o‹ F¿¥ã£l fhy¤âš k£Lnk NÇa‹,
o
òÉ k‰W« Ãyî M»ait xnu ne®nfh£oš brašgL»‹wd.
mik»‹wd. (iii) NÇaÅ‹ <®¥ò ÉirÆdhš óÄÆ‹
ab
(iii) ïªj neu¤âš k£Lnk ï«_‹¿‹ Ãiyia ÛJ V‰gL« âU¥ò ÉirahdJ ÑnH
bghU¤J rªâu»ufznkh (m) NÇa»ufznkh ju¥g£LŸsJ.
V‰gL«. GM s M E
→
τ = r × →
→ − → r = 0
F = r × r2
16. òÉahdJ j‹id¤jhnd R‰¿ tU»wJ v‹gij
ur
→ ∧ ∧ ∧
v›thW Ã%ã¥ghŒ? Vbd‹whš r = r r ,( r × r ) = 0
ïuî neu§fËš É©Û‹fŸ ef®tJ nghy → →
njh‹Wtij c‰W neh¡Ftj‹ _y« òÉ vdnt τ = dL = 0. ïâÈUªJ m¿tJ
dt →
j‹id¤jhnd RHš»wJ vd Ã%ã¡fyh«.
.s
m
M cila òŸË ÃiwahdJ m¡nfhs¤â‹
r
ika¥òŸËÆš cŸsjhf¡ fUJnth«. a= - vr
2
co
O
ïªj kâ¥ò cŸçl‰w nfhs¤â‰F« òŸË
Ãiw¡F« ïilnaahd <®¥ãaš Éir¡F
rk« MF«. cŸçl‰w nfhs¤â‹ bkh¤j
òŸË Ãiw t£lghijÆš
Ãiwí« mj‹ ika¥òŸËÆš ïU¥gJ
s.
R‰¿ tUjš
nghy njh‹W«.
(vi) Ãiw M cila cŸçl‰w nfhs« x‹iw (vii) Mdhš Ãô£l‹ _‹wh« Éâ¥go, òÉahdJ
fUJnth«. cŸçl‰w nfhs¤â‹ c£òw« NÇadhš <®¡f¥gL«nghJ NÇaD« òÉahš
ok
Ãiw m I it¥ngh«. Ãiw m czU« <®¡f¥gl nt©L«. vdnt NÇaÅ‹ Ãiw
<®¥ãaš Éir RÊ MF«. M rk‹gh£oš ïl«bgw, 4π2k = GM vd
ãuâÆ£lh®. vdnt
(vii) e‹F gG¤j kh§fÅ, ku¤âÈUªJ ÑnH
GMm
ÉGtj‰F«, Ãyh òÉia R‰Wtj‰F« F= − 2 ... (5)
fhuz« xnu <®¥ãaš Éirjh‹ v‹W
o (viii)
r
ïJnt <®¥ãaš ÉâahF«, <®¥ãaš
És¡»anj <®¥ãaš ÉâÆ‹ bt‰¿ahF«.
ÉirahdJ ft®¢á Éir v‹gij vâ®F¿
ab
2. Ãô£l‹ v›thW <®¥ãaš Éâia bf¥s® fh£L»wJ.
ÉâÆÈUªJ jUɤjh®?
3. <®¥ãaš Éâia Ãô£l‹ v›thW bkŒ¥ã¤jh®
(i)
Ãô£l‹ nfhŸfË‹ R‰Wghijia v‹gij És¡Ff.
t£lghijahf fUâdh®. (i) bf¥s® Éâfisí« fÈÈnahÉ‹
ur
(ii)
t£l ghijÆ‹ Mu« r k‰W« âirntf« v MŒîfis gF¥ghŒî brŒj Ãô£l‹
vÅš, ikaneh¡F KL¡f«, mt‰¿‹ mo¥gilÆš <®¥ãaš Éâia
v2 jUɤjh®.
a= - r ... (1)
.s
2πr
<®¥ãaš ÉâahF«.
T 4π 2 r 2 4π 2 r
a=- =– = − ... (3)
r T2 T2 fÂjÉaš toÉš <®¥ãaš ÉirÆid
(iv) nfhË‹ Ãiw m vÅš, Ãô£l‹ Éâ¥go Ñœf©lthW vGjyh«.
w
ÉirahdJ,
4π 2 r 4π 2 m r → GM1 M2
F= ma = m − 2 = −
... (4) F =− r
2
T T r2
(v) bf¥s® _‹wh« Éâ¥go
r3 r k ï§F M1 ÈUªJ M2 neh¡» bršY« myF
= k (kh¿È) (or) 2
= 2 ∧
T2 T r bt¡l® r MF«.
for Full Book order online and available at all Leading Bookstores
r
z
r F
M1 M2
F12 F21
m y
r m
m
10 m
ïUÃiwfŸ x‹iw
x
x‹W <®¤jš
z
gl¤âš ÉirfŸ brašgL« âir
co
(iii) G <®¥ãaš kh¿È; G ‹ kâ¥ò 6.626 F¿¡f¥g£LŸsd. nkY« → = −
→
F 12 F 21 v‹gJ,
[10-11Nm2kg2. r-v‹gJ ÃiwfŸ M1 k‰W« Ãô£lÅ‹ _‹wh« Éâia cWâ¥gL¤J»wJ.
M2 ïilna cŸs bjhiyî. Ãiw M1 MdJ 4. <®¥ò Ãiy M‰wY¡fhd nfhitia¤ jUÉ.
Ãiw M2 MšmczU« F12 F21<®¥ãaš Éiria →
F <®¥ò Ãiy M‰wY¡fhd nfhit:
s.
y
m
bt¡l® F¿¡»wJ. v⮡F¿ahdJ <®¥ãaš m2 m2
10 m
Éir v¥bghGJ« <®¡F« j‹ik cilaJ m1 r dr
ok
v¥nghJ« ïU Ãiwfisí« ïiz¡F«
(i)
m1 k‰W« m2 v‹git bjhl¡f¤âš r′
ne®¡nfh£o‹ tÊna brašgL«.
bjhiyÉš cŸsJ v‹f.
fh®Oáa‹ Ma m¢RfËš 'r' v‹w (ii) m2 it r′ ÃiyÆÈUªJ r Ãiy¡F ef®¤j
bjhiyÉ‹ ïUko (r2 = x2y2z2) vd
F¿¡f¥gL«.
o ntiy brŒa¥gl nt©L«.
(iii)
dr v‹w á¿a bjhiyî ef®¤j <®¥ãaš
~ ÉirÆ‹ v© kâ¥ò
ab
Éir¡F vâuhf brŒa¥gl nt©oa òw
Gm1m2 -11 ntiy
F
ext = F GF =
= = 6.67×10 ×1×2
r2 100 Gm1m2
= 13.34 ×10-13 N. dW = F ext .d r = r.d r
r2
(iv) ï›ÉirÆ‹ v© kâ¥ò Äf¡ Fiwthf Gm1m2
ur
→ ∧
(or) dW = 2
r.d r [ dr = dr r ]
cŸsJ v‹gJ ftÅ¡f¤j¡fJ. ïjdhš r
Gm1m2 ∧ ∧
jh‹ ïU kÅj®fS¡»ilnaahd <®¥ãaš F ext F G ==
(or)= dW dr [ r . r = 1]
2
Éiria eh« czu KotJ ïšiy. r
.s
(iv)
vdnt r′ ÃiyÆÈUªJ r Ãiy¡F ef®¤j
<®¥ãaš ÉirÆ‹ tÈikia îza«
brŒa¥gl rnt©oar bkh¤j ntiy,
brŒtâš G-‹ Äf¡ Fiwªj kâ¥ò K¡»a¥ r r Gm m
g§fh‰W»wJ.
∫ ∫
dW
dW =
= ∫ ∫
Gm
r
1 2
1m2 2 1
r
w
1 m2 −
W= r′ dr = G m
r′ 2
(v) Ãiw m1 Mš Ãiw m2 czU« <®¥ãaš r′ r′ r r r '
r
Éir (→ F 21) y m¢R v⮤âirÆš Gm1m 1r2
1
G−mm m2 2
1m
1 2 2r r −rr'′
∧ ∧ W = –− G
brašgL»wJ. mjhtJ r = - j Ãô£lÅ‹
w
r r′
_‹wh« Éâ¥go, Ãiw m1 MdJ Ãiw (or) W = Gm1m2 Gm1m2 ...(1)
m2 ÛJ rkkhd v⮤âirÆš brašgL« Gm− 1m2 G+m1m2
− r+ r′
(v) r > r´ vÅš,−Ãiwr r′
w
F 12 MdJ r 1
y m¢á‹ ne® âirÆš brašgL»wJ. f t ® t j rh š , r ′
∧ ∧ ÈUªJ r-¡F r
'
r =-j ef®¤j btË¥òw ntiy njit ïšiy.
→ ∧
F 21
= − 13.34 ×10-13 Nj ï§F mik¥ghdJ jdJ M‰wiy bryî
→ ∧
brŒJ ntiy brŒ»wJ. vdnt brŒa¥g£l
F 12
= 13.34 ×10-13 Nj ntiy v⮡F¿ bgW«.
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210 RuhÉ‹ XI M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš➠ bjhFâ II
(vi) r´ > r vÅš, Ãiw m2 it r′-ÈUªJ r-¡F (iv) ï§Fh << R v‹gjhš, igdhÄaš
ef®¤j <®¥ò Éir¡F vâuhf nj‰w¤ij ga‹gL¤â ÉÇî gL¤j,
btË¥òw¤âÈUªJ ntiy brŒa nt©L«. GMm h
M f n t m 1r
' m m 2 2 U = R 1− R ...(1)
brŒa¥g£l ntiy (v) Mdhš òÉ<®¥ò KL¡fkhdJ,
ne®F¿ kâ¥ig
m
GM
r
bgW«. GM
g = 2 (or) =gR
R R
(vii) r´ = ∞ vÅš, rk‹ghL (1) MdJ, (vi) ïjid rk‹ghL (1)š ãuâÆl,
G m1 m2 G m1 m2
co
W= +0= − h
r r U = – m g R 1−
R
(viii)
ïªj ntiyna <®¥ò Ãiy M‰wyhF« U=–mgR+mgh ...(2)
vdnt, (vii) rk‹ghL (2) š cŸs Kjš nfhit, cau«
G m1 m2
s.
U (r) = ...(2) h - I rh®ªjjšy, vdnt m¡nfhitia
r òw¡f¡fyh«. vdnt,
(ix) <®¥ò Ãiy M‰wyhdJ v¥nghJ« vâ®F¿
kâ¥ò bgW«. (viii) òÉ¥gu¥ãÈUªJ h - cau¤âš cŸs Ãiw
ok
m -š nrÄ¡f¥g£LŸs <®¥ò Ãiy M‰wš,
5. òÉ gu¥ò¡F mUnf ‘h'- cau¤âš cŸs òŸËfËš
xU bghUË‹ <®¥ò Ãiy M‰wš U=mgh vd
U = m g h ...(3)
Ã%ã. 6.
vilÆ‹ik v‹gij Ä‹ ca®¤â ïa¡f¤ij
(i) òÉÆ‹ Ãiw = M o ga‹gL¤â És¡Ff.
òÉÆ‹ Mu« = R
Ä‹ ca®¤âÆš ÉF« kÅj® ÛJ ïU ÉirfŸ
bghUË‹ Ãiw = m brašgL»‹wd.
ab
òÉ¥gu¥ãÈUªJ bghUË‹ cau« = h (i) Ñœneh¡» brašgL« <®¥ò Éir. eh«
òÉika¤âÈUªJ bghUË‹ cau« = r br§F¤J âirÆid ne® y m¢R âir
vd vL¤J¡bfh©lhš, mªj kÅj® ÛJ
h << R → ∧
m
brašgL« <®¥ãaš Éir FG = - mg j
ur
h
(ii) Ä‹ ca®¤âÆ‹ js¤âdhš kÅj® ÛJ
r brY¤j¥gL« nkšneh¡»a br§F¤J Éir
R → ∧
N =Nj
Ãfœî (i) Ä‹ ca®¤â XŒî ÃiyÆš cŸsnghJ:
.s
o
kÅjÇ‹ KL¡f« RÊ MF«. vdnt kÅj® ÛJ
brašgL« bkh¤j Éirí« RÊahF«. Ãô£lÅ‹
ïu©lh« Éâ¥go
w
òÉika¤âÈUªJ r bjhiyÉš
it¡f¥g£LŸs Ãiw → →
FG + N = 0
(ii) ï›tik¥ã‹ <®¥òÃiy M‰wš, ∧ ∧
- mg j + Nj = 0
w
m
ek¡F »il¥gJ FG + N = m a òÉÆ‹ Ãiw = Me
nk‰f©l rk‹gh£il br§F¤J âirÆ‹ myF òÉÆ‹ Mu« = Re
bt¡l®fis ga‹gL¤â vGJnth«.
bghUË‹ Ãiw = m
co
∧ ∧ ∧
-mg j + Nj = maj
(iii) bghUshdJ vi âirntf¤âš nkšneh¡»
bt¡l® TWfis x¥ãl N = m(g + a) v¿a¥gL»wJ v‹f.
vdnt kÅjÇ‹ njh‰w vil mtÇ‹ c©ik (iv) bghUË‹ Mu«g bkh¤j M‰wš
viliaÉl mâf«.
s.
Ei = Mu«g bkh¤j M‰wš + òÉ gu¥ãš
Ãfœî (iv) Ä‹ ca®¤â Ñœneh¡» <®¥ò Ãiy M‰wš
KL¡f¥gL«nghJ: Ä‹ca®¤âahdJ 1 2 GMM E
→ ∧
Ñœneh¡»a KL¡f¤Jl‹ (a = aj ) ïa§F»wJ Ei = Mni − ...(1)
2 RE
ok
vÅš Ãô£lÅ‹ ïu©lh« Éâia ga‹gL¤â (v) Äf mâfkhd cau¤âš (KoÉyh bjhiyî)
→ → → bkh¤j M‰wš
eh« bgWtJ FG + N = ma
Ef = 0 + 0 = 0
nk‰f©l rk‹gh£il br§F¤J âirÆ‹ myF
(vi) M‰wš khwh Éâ¥go,
bt¡l®fis ga‹gL¤â vGJnth«.
∧ ∧ ∧
o Ei = Ef
-mg j + Nj = maj
1 GM e m
ab
bt¡l® TWfis ïUòwK« x¥ãl eh« bgWtJ m ni2 − =0
2 Re
N = m(g - a) 1 GMM
GM e mE
Mni2 =
−
vdnt kÅjÇ‹ njh‰w vil 2 R Ee
(vii) <®¥ò òy¤âÈUªJ j¥ã¢bršy bghUŸ
ur
(x) vdnt ÉLgL ntfkhdJ, <®¥ã‹ KL¡f«
Ä‹ ca®¤â Ñœ neh¡»a KL¡f« (a = g) š k‰W« òÉÆ‹ Mu« M»at‰iw rh®ªjJ.
ÉG«nghJ, Ä‹ ca®¤âÆ‹ cŸns ïU¡F« Mdhš bghUË‹ Ãiwia rh®ªjjšy.
kÅj® vilÆ‹ik Ãiyia mšyJ jhdhfnt (xi) nkY« ÉLgL ntf« bghUŸ v¿a¥gL«
ÑnH ÉG« Ãiyia cz®th®. âiria rh®ªjjšy.
(xii) òÉÆ‹ g = 9.8 ms–2 k‰W« Re = 6400 km
v‹gjhš, ve = 11.2 kms–1
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212 RuhÉ‹ XI M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš➠ bjhFâ II
8. cau¤ij bghW¤J g v›thW khWgL«? Z
czU« KL¡f« mg
GM GM O
R E
g´ =
m
2
(R e + h) 2 h
R e 2 1 +
GM GM Re
(R e + h) 2g´ = 2
2 h
R e 1 +
co
Re FW¡nfh£il¥ bghW¤J
g khWgLjš
−2
GM h hGM
g´ =
Re 2 1 + R
1 − 2 R (v) òÉ RHyÉšiy vÅš bghUË‹ ÛJ
Re 2
e e brašgL« <®¥òÉir m g MF«.
s.
(vi) òÉ RHštjhš, bghUshdJ TLjyhf
m
h
ikaÉy¡F Éiriaí« bgW»wJ.
(vii) òÉahdJ w-v‹w nfhzâirntf¤âš Z
ok
R e
m¢ir¥ bghU¤J RHY»wJ v‹f.
(viii) vdnt m¢áÈUªJ R′ bjhiyÉš gu¥ãš
O
o cŸs bghUŸ m¢ir ikakhf bfh©L
t£l¥ghijÆš R‰¿tU«.
(ix) ï§F bghUŸ ÛJ brašgL« Éy¡F Éir
ab
òÉika¤âÈUªJ = mω2R′
h cau¤âš Ãiw (x) FW¡F¡nfh£o‹ kâ¥ò λ vÅš R´ = R cos λ
h << Re vÅš <UW¥ò nj‰w¤âid ga‹gL¤â MF«.
ã‹ò ca® mL¡Ffis¥ òw¡f¤J¥
(xi) vdnt <®¥ò Éir¡F vâuhf mikªj
ur
ã‹tUkhW vGjyh«.
−2 ikaÉy¡F ÉirÆ‹ TW,
GM h GM h Fcf = m ω2R´ cos λ = m ω2 (R cos2 λ) cos λ
2
1 + g´ = 2
1− 2
Re Re Re Re
Fcf = m ω R´ cos λ
.s
2 2
−2
GM h GM h (xii) vdnt Ãfu ÉirahdJ
2
1 + g´ = 2g 1 − 2
Re Re Re Re mg´ = mg – m ω2 R cos2 λ
w
vdnt d d
1− R e 1 −
m
d Re d R e
1 −
R e g´ = g R e R e2
(R-d)
ï§F« g´< g.
Re O
MH« mâfÇ¡F«nghJ g´ kâ¥ò Fiw»wJ. vdnt
m
òÉÆ‹ nk‰gu¥ãš <®¥ã‹ KL¡f« bgUkkhf
ïU¡»wJ. Mdhš gu¥ò¡F canu br‹whnyh
mšyJ òÉÆ‹ MH¤â‰F br‹whnyh <®¥ã‹
co
Ru§f¤â‹
d MH¤âš Ãiw
KL¡f« Fiwí«.
11. òÉia ty« tU« Jiz¡nfhË‹
Ru§f¤â‹ MH« d v‹f. d MH¤âš g´ kâ¥ig R‰W¡fhy¤â‰fhd nfhitia jUÉ.
fz¡»l Ñœ¡f©l fU¤Jfis ftd¤âš
s.
bfhŸnth«. Ãiw milí« KL¡f¤âš òÉÆ‹ Jiz¡nfhË‹ R‰W¡fhy«:
(Re- d) ¡F nkny cŸs òÉÆ‹ gFâahdJ (i) xU KG R‰W¡F MF« fhy« R‰W¡fhy«
ïªj KL¡f¤â‰F VJ« g§fË¥ò brŒtâšiy. (T) vd¥gL«.
ok
Kªija gFâÆš Ã%ã¡f¥g£l KoÉ‹go (ii) ï¡fhy¤âš Jiz¡nfhŸ fl¡F« bjhiyî
d MH¤âš <®¥ã‹ KL¡f« 2π(Re+h) MF«.
GM ′ M (iii) vdnt R‰¿a¡f ntf«, tiuaiw go,
g´ =
(R e − d ) 2
V 2π ( R e + h )
vo = ...(1)
(Re- d) cila òÉ gFâÆ‹ Ãiw M′ MF«.
o T
òÉÆ‹ ml®¤â ρ Óuhf mid¤J gFâÆY« Óuhf (iv) Mdhš, R‰¿a¡f ntf¤â‰fhd rk‹gh£o‹
ab
cŸsJ vd¡ fUândh« vÅš, go
2π ( RE + h ) GM E
GM ′ M vo = ...(2)
ρ 2= T ( RE + h)
( Re − d ) V
ï§F M-òÉÆ‹ Ãiw k‰W« V-òÉÆ‹ gUk‹ (v) 2 πrk‹ghL (1)3 k‰W«
MF«. nkY« ml®¤â Óuhf 4π 2(2) ÈUªJ,
cŸsjhš
( RE + h) 2
ur
M' M M 4
= 3 GM E GM e GM
2π (REe + h)
ρ = π (R e − d )
V ' V 4 πR 3 3
=
e
4π 2 (R e +4πh2) GM E T
3′
GMM′ ' MM MGM 4 M GM E g
2
RER
2== Mfnt 2π (RV
M´ = e −
V´d )3 ( e + h)
.s
2
(R e −Vd') V M' (πRMRe 3e− d )3M R e 41 − d
V 4 TR=E 2 π (Re + h)
G Me
M= 3 1 R e 3
V 3' V 4 2 3 3 π3(R e − d ) RE
M ' M Re M (R e−d4)πR e d R3 e (vi) ïUòwK« t®¡f¥gL¤Jf
= = R e3'π1(R
M −Me − d ) M g
w
M´
VM ' V 1M 4 ' d 3M
1 − π=R e 3 M
= R e 4 4dπ3(R e − d )3 (R e + h)
3 V' V 3 43R πe(dR31e−−3d ) T2 = 4 π2 (Re + h)2
R 3e (Re −Vd'R) 2e V 4Rπ3eRdR
e
1 π
− Re R e
G Me
M 1 1 − 3 R e
M´ d= 3Re(Re-R d)3132− dR e d3 eR e2
4π 2 (R e + h)3
w
m
e
gh®¡F«nghJ Ãiyahf ïU¥gJnghš
T = 2π
Re
...(5) njh‹W«.
g (ii) Jiz¡nfhË‹ R‰W¡fhykhdJ, mt‰¿‹
co
R‰WghijÆ‹ Mu¤ij rh®ªJ mikí«.
(x) òÉÆ‹ g = 9.8 m/s2 k‰W« Re= 6.4 × 106 m
(iii) bf¥s® _‹wh« Éâia ga‹gL¤â
v‹gjhš, T ≅ 85 ÃÄl§fŸ.
fz¡»l¥g£l rk‹ghL,
12. Jiz¡nfhË‹ M‰wY¡fhd nfhitia jUÉ. 4π 2 (R e + h)3
s.
òÉia R‰W« Jiz¡nfhË‹ M‰wš: T2 =
G Me
òÉ¥gu¥ãÈUªJ h cau¤âš òÉÆid ty« (iv) ïâš
tU« Jiz¡nfhË‹ bkh¤j M‰wš Ñœ¡f©l Re = 6.4 × 106 m → òÉÆ‹ Mu«
KiwÆš fz¡»l¥gL»wJ. Jiz¡nfhË‹ Me = 6.02 × 1024 kg → òÉÆ‹ Ãiw
ok
bkh¤j M‰wš mj‹ ïa¡f M‰wš k‰W« Ãiy G = 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2kg2 → bghJ<®¥ãaš
M‰wÈ‹ T£L¤bjhifahF«. kh¿È
Jiz¡nfhË‹ Ãiy M‰wš: T = 24 hour = 86400s →JiznfhË‹
R‰Wfhy«
GM s M E GM E
U=-
( RE + h)
o ...(1)
( RE + h)
(v) ï«kâ¥òfis ãuâÆl, òÉ¥gu¥ãÈUªJ
Jiz¡nfhË‹ cau« h = 36000 km vd
ï§F Ms - Jiz¡nfhË‹
GMÃiw, bgw¥gL»wJ.
ab
EMs GM s M E
ME - òÉÆ‹ Ãiw,( R + h) 2( R + h) (vi) ïªj cau¤âš ÃiyÃW¤j¥g£l bra‰if
E E JiznfhŸ òÉÆ‹ F¿¥ã£l òŸË¡F
RE - òÉÆ‹ Mu«.
Jiz¡nfhË‹ ïa¡f M‰wš: Ãiyahf ïU¥gJ nghš njh‹W«. ï¤jifa
Jiz¡nfhŸ òÉÃiy Jiz¡nfhŸ
1 GMm
ur
K.E = Ms−
v2 ...(2) vd¥gL»wJ.
2 r (vii) ïit bghJthf braâ bjhl®ò¡F
ï§F v v‹gJ Jiz¡nfhË‹ R‰¿a¡f ntf«
ga‹gL»wJ.
nkY« mj‹ kâ¥ò
GM M s E GM E (viii) ï‹rh£ (INSAT) tif JiznfhŸfŸ
.s
v= ...(3)
( RE + h) ( RE + h) mo¥gilÆš òÉÃiy bra‰if
JiznfhŸfns.
GM
ï«kâ¥ig EMs
rk‹ghL GM sGM
ïš M E sM E
ãuâÆl GM E
JUt Jiz¡nfhŸfŸ:
( RE + hïa¡f RE (+RhE)+ h)
w
Jiz¡nfhË‹ ) 2(M‰wš: ( RE + h)
(i) òÉÆ‹ gu¥ãÈUªJ 500-800 km cau¤âš
1 GM EGMmM s GM s M E òÉÆid tl¡F - bj‰F âirÆš Rw¿
K.E = GM −M
2 ( RsE +Ehr) 2GM
tU« JiznfhŸfŸ JUt JiznfhŸfŸ
( RE E+ h)
w
( RE + M‰wš
vdnt Jiz¡nfhË‹ bkh¤j h) ( RE + h) vd¥gL«.
(ii) JUt JiznfhŸfË‹ R‰W fhy« 100
GM s M E 1 GM GM M GM
GMm GMs M s ME E GM E
E = − E E s - ÃÄl§fŸ MF«. vdnt xU ehËš gy
( RE + h) 2 ( RE + hr) 2((RREE ++ hh))
w
(v) ï›thwhf mL¤jL¤j R‰WfË‹ _y« efÇš br§F¤J¤ âir¡F 7.2° nfhz«
JUt Jiz¡nfhshdJ òÉÆ‹ KG rhŒthf NÇa xË ÃHš ÉG»wJ vd
Ãy¥gu¥ò nkš flªJ bršy Koí«. f©lh®.
14. òÉika¡ bfhŸif¡F gâyhf NÇaika¡f¡
bfhŸif V‰W¡ bfhŸs¥gLtj‰F nfhŸfË‹
m
ã‹ndh¡»¢ brštJnghy¤ njh‹W« ïa¡f¡
fU¤J v›thW cjÉaJ?
(i) nfhŸfË‹ ã‹neh¡F ïa¡f¤ij És¡f
òÉika¡ nfh£gh£oš bgUt£l¤â‹ nkš
co
mikí« áW t£l¢RH‰á v‹w fU¤ij
jhyÄ K‹bkhʪjh®. Mdhš ïªj
És¡f« Äfî« fodkhf ïUªjJ. (iii) ïªj ÃHš V‰gl fhuz« òÉÆ‹ nk‰gu¥ò
(ii) ïªj á¡fiy Ô®¡f NÇa ika¡bfhŸif tisªJ fhz¥gLtnj vd vu£nlh°jÜ°
cz®ªjh®.
s.
nfh¥g®Å¡f° v‹gt® btËÆ£lh®.
ï¡bfhŸifÆ‹ go, NÇa FL«g¤â‹ (iv) ïªj nfhz« nuoa‹ my»š :
ikakhd NÇaid mid¤J nfhŸfS«
t£l¥ghijÆš R‰¿ tU»‹wd. 1 500
θ = 7.2° = nuoa‹
ok
(iii) òÉÆid rh®ªj nfhŸfË‹ rh®ò 8 θ
ïa¡f¤â‹ fhuzkhf nfhŸfŸ ã‹ndh¡» (v) nkY« irba‹ ika k‰W« mby¡rh©oÇah
brštJ nghš ïa¡f¤ij bgW»‹wd. efU¡F ïilnaahd
1 ÉšghijÆ‹ Ús« :
(iv) vL¤J¡fh£lhf, br›thŒ nfhisÉl S = 500 ikš
o 8
òÉahdJ Éiuthf NÇaid R‰¿ tU»wJ. S = Rθ
(v) òÉ¡F« br›thŒ nfhS¡F« ïilnaahd S 500
ïªj rh®ò ïa¡f¤â‹ Éisthf, ã¥utÇ (or) R= =
ab
θ 1
Kjš »H¡»ÈUªJ nk‰F neh¡» K‹neh¡»
bršY« br›thŒ nfhshdJ, #]iy Kjš
8
m¡nlhg® tiu ã‹ndh¡» brštJ nghš R = 4000 ikš
njh‹W»wJ. (vi) 1 ikš = 1.609 km. v‹gjhš, R = 6436 km
vd vu£nlh°jÜ° vd fz¡»£lh®.
ur
g
f
ÃHÈ‹
b
f
.s d
e
b
m
= ≈ 2.56 âirÆš xU ntf¤Jl‹ óÄia¢ R‰WkhW
R m 5.15 rhŒªJ mikí«.
(v) vdnt òÉÆ‹ fUÃHÈ‹ Mu«, 6. j‰nghJ òÉ j‹ RH‰á m¢áÈUªJ rhŒªJ
co
Rs = 2.56 Rm mikaÉšiy vÅš gUt¡fhy§fËš v‹d
khWghL V‰gL«?
(vi) ÃyÉ‹ c©ikahd Mu« Rm 1737 km
gUt§fns ïU¡fhJ. òÉahdJ NÇaid
vdnt òÉ fUÃHÈ‹ Mu« Rs = 2.56 23.5° nfhz rhŒîl‹ R‰¿ tUtjhnyna gUt
s.
Rm = 2.56 × 1737 ≅ 4446 km. fhy§fŸ njh‹W»‹wd.
(vii) òÉ Mu¤â‹ rÇahd kâ¥ò = 4610 km. 7. ``nfhilfhyK« FË®fhyK« òÉÆš V‰gLtJ
v›thW'' v‹w Édhî¡F khzt® xUt® òÉ
ok
IV. fU¤JU Édh¡fŸ ÚŸt£l¥ghijÆš R‰W«nghJ, òÉ NÇaD¡F
1. Ñœ¡f©l msitfËš vit kh¿È? mUnf tU«nghJ (m©ik Ãiy) nfhil fhyK«
(a) nfhË‹ ne®nfh£L cªj« NÇaid É£L Éy» mâf¤ bjhiyÉš
(b) nfhË‹ nfhz cªj« k‰W« nfhË‹
o cŸsnghJ (nrŒikÃiy) FË®fhyK«
bkh¤j Ãiy M‰wš njh‹W»wJ vd gâš mË¡»wh®. khztÇ‹
(c) nfhË‹ bkh¤j M‰wš gâš rÇah? ïšiy vÅš nfhilí« FË®fhyK«
ab
(d) nfhË‹ Ãiy M‰wš njh‹W« fhuz¤ij És¡Ff.
ïJ jtwhd fU¤jhF«. c©ikÆš òÉahdJ
[Éil. (b) nfhË‹ nfhz cªj«
NÇaid 23.5° nfhz rhŒîl‹ R‰¿
k‰W« nfhË‹ bkh¤j Ãiy M‰wš] tUtjhnyna gUt fhy§fŸ njh‹W»‹wd.
23.5° rhŒÉ‹ fhuzkhf òÉÆ‹ tlnfhz¥ gFâ
ur
m
bjhiyî« ïU kl§F M¡f¥g£lhš mt‰W¡F
Ô®î: òÉÆ‹ RH‰á¡ fhy« = T1
ïilna cŸs <®¥ò ÉirÆš V‰gL« kh‰w« ahJ?
òÉÆ‹ miu be£l¢á‹ Ús« = a1 GM1M 2
﨔: F1 =
milahs« bjÇah nfhË‹
co
r2
R‰W¡fhy« = T2 M1, M2 GM
= 2M M 22
,12M
G 21M 2M GM1M 2
milahs« bjÇah nfhË‹ bjhiyî r = 2r r 1 2 2 =
2
( 2r ) 4r 2
vÅš F2 = G 2 M1 2M 2 = GM1M 2
miube£l¢R Ús«, a2 =2a1 [ a2 = 2a1] ∴
Ús«
s.
= a2
( 2r ) 2 4r 2
bf¥sÇ‹ _‹wh« Éâ¥go T2 ∝ a3
∴ F2= F1s
T22 = 8a1 3 ∴ T12∝ a13
ÃiwfS«, mt‰¿‰»ilnaahd bjhiyî«
8T12 = T22 ïUkl§fhF« nghJ mt‰¿‰»ilna cŸs <®¥ò
ok
ÉirÆš kh‰w« ïšiy.
T12T12 a13 aT13 2 1 1a 3 1
∴ 2 =2 = 3 =13 == 1 = 4. Ãiw m k‰W« 4m cila ïU bghUŸfŸ r
T2 T2 8a18T a12 8 88a 3 8
2 1 bjhiyÉš mikªJŸsd. ïU bghUŸfisí«
2 T1T
∴ T2 2 =1 2 2TT1 ïiz¡F« nfh£oš xU òŸËÆš <®¥ò òy« RÊ
2.
1
F¿Šá Gm G.4m
2 8 '4m' š <®¥ò¥ òy« = 1 4
x 2 (r2 −=x) 2
Kšiy 3 18 x x) 2
(r −nfh£oš
ïU bghUŸfisí« ïiz¡F« xU
kUj« 4 32 1 4
=vÅš 1 2 r
.s
òŸËÆš <®¥ò¥òy« RÊ
beŒjš 5 50 Gm G . 4 m x 2 (r −= x) 2
GmGm
Gm2 GG 44m
.4..m
G m2 x r−x 3
ghiy 6 72
x ( r − x ) 1 Gm 2 G.4rm
=x 2 − (Gm 1 2−Gm G.4m
2 = 2
Gm x xxG2 .4(mr((rr−− −x)xx)) 2
2 2
Ô®î: (i) nfhŸ F¿Šá¡fhd R‰W¡fhy« T12 α a13 r − x ) =
x r − x 3
w
1 4 r r 2r
T1 = 2 ; a1 = 8 x 2 1(11r 2−==xGm ) 24 44 G2 .4m Gm 1 − 4
Gm G3. 4 m
x= (2r −x2x()r)22 − x) 2− =1
2 2 = 3
1 x xx 2 4(r((xrr−− 2=
a1 = 22. 2 = 2 T12
−x)x) x 2
r ( r −r x ) 2 r
ïnj ngh‹nw = 1 122 2 rr4 3
x 2 1(11r −
w
==x2)2 = r r 1 2 r 3
(ii) Kšiy T2 = 3, a2 = 18 =x= rxr−−xx (r33− x)
x
2 2
=
a2 = 32.2 ⇒ 2 T22 1 x x2 Gm r r−r−x x 3 3
Gm GG.4.4xmm r − x 3
= 1 −−Gm
= −xGm
x − r −Gm x 1r1113=−Gm
Gm −Gm 2 G =rG.4.m42m
(iii)
kUj« − r = =
= r Gm1 −Gm = G.4m
w
T3 = 4, a3 = 32
∴ r x r rr − 3x 32 2
r −
r
a3 = 42 . 2 ⇒ 2 T32
Gm1 r−rGm rG
<®¥ò¤ j‹Åiy
33 .4m 2r3 r
M‰wš = r 2r
− Gm = 3 − Gm 3 G . 4 m 3
rV(r) =r− 1 2r 33 3
(iv) beŒjš 3 r vÅš =
T4 = 5, a4 = 50 r
3 3 2 r
a4 = 52 . 2 ⇒ 2 T42
− 3 Gm 6Gm 3
V(r) = −
(v) ghiy T5 = 6, a5 = 72 r r
a5 = 62 . 2 ⇒ 2 T52
V(r) = −9Gm
r
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218 RuhÉ‹ XI M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš➠ bjhFâ II
5. NÇaÅÈUªJ ïU nfhŸfŸ cŸs bjhiyîfË‹ dL d ∧ ∧ ∧
d E Gm τ = dt = dt ( 5t2 i - 6t j +3k )
jfî 1 = 2 1vÅš ïU nfhŸfŸ czU« <®¥ò òy
d2 E2 r 2 ∧ ∧
tÈikfË‹ jfî ahJ? τ = 10t i - 6 j
Gm Gm ïU d 22 d 22 d1
NÇaÅÈUªJ
Ô®î. nfhŸfŸ = 2 cŸs 8. rk Ãiw M cila eh‹F ÃiwfŸ x›bth‹W«
2 2 2
d1 d 2 Gmd d1E Gdm2
m
bjhiyîfË‹ jfî 1 = 21 rk bjhiyÉš cŸsd. mt‰W¡»ilnaahd <®¥ò
2
ïU nfhŸfŸ d1
2
E
czU« d 2 <®¥ò E r
2 òy tÈikfË‹
Éir ft®¢áahš Mu« R cila t£l¥ghijÆš
2
d E G m
d1 E11 2 Gm m¤JfŸfŸ ïa§F»‹wd. x›bthU JfË‹
d1 E 1d 2 Gm E1 G m G m d 1 2
d d1
d Ed 2 Er 22 2 r = 2 ntf¤ij fz¡»Lf.
co
jfî =? 2 2 2
d2 E2 r 2 d12 d2 22 2G m d1 d 2
d E G m 2 Ãfu òÉ <®¥ò Éir = ika neh¡F Éir
﨔:
d1G 2 E1 2Gm 2 Gdm GGm m Gdm2 d 22
2 22
d 2 d1 d1
Gdm1E d G 1 m
1E
m
1
=E d22 r 2 d∴ 2 Ed 2 = 12 E ; E222 =
= 2 = 2 GMM
d2 2 E 2 d 2 2r E 2 2
r 1
1
dd1 = 2 d 2 d 2
G
d1 2 G2m d1 1 d 2 rAD m2
d 2 d2 = 2 R = rAB2 = rDC = rBC
d
d E1 1 Gm 2 d1 E1 21 dG2m d 22 G m d 2 2 E212d 2 (2 R)
d11 E d11 GE G Gm m G m GG m
m 2G d m 2 d 22 d d A ¡F« B ¡F Äilnaahd Éir
s.
d 2 E∴ mr2 G=m d×2 d 2 2 2 dd 1 2 d1E
1 2 2 1
= 21 E 2 2 GM 2
1 GM 2
d E r = 2 A
d 222 dd1E2r22d12 dEr22 dd1222GmG 2 2 d 2 2= 2 GMM
1 2
d2 E 2m
d 2 d1 G1m d
dd d2 1 d2 E d2 E × + GMM
F1 2= ( 2R2) 2 [ 2 rAB4R = 2 2 R] r2 R r 1
∴
Gm G dm2 1 d 22E221 G 2
d2d2m G
1 2 E d
2 1m1 Gd
2 2 2 2 1
m2 d2 d1 1 ( 2 R ) R
Gm2 dG1Gmm m 2
E G
1 d2dm
2 G d d
dd221E 2 d d
2 E2 1
= d2 =2 (B2 R )
d12 d2 d G 2dd121222 E
21m=2E = 221 = d22 d
2d22d22 rGm
M2 vD2 ¡»ilnaahd
GM GMM R 2l D
ok
2
d1 dd2 d12 22 E12dG m r
G d d
dm1E1 d 1 E 2 d 2 A 2 GM
k‰W« 1 GM Éir
× +R ( 2 2R ) 2 2GM × 1 + GM
F2 2
d2 2 E
1 2
2 R
2
d1 2 E2d22 GMM 2 4R
2 2
12G 2
m
2
2 Gm
1
d 2
d d ( 2 R ) RGMM
d1 d 2 E 22 d1 2 2 1 = 2 F22 =
2
d1 G dm1 E 2Gm d [ rAD = ( 22R] ) 2 2 C 4R
∴
d 2 E 2E 2= d 2 2 =d22 Gm = 2d 2 d
2
R) GMM
Mv 2 (2 GM
2
1 2 (2 R)
2
d 2 dd1 E 1 d 2 E Gmd 21d1 E2 1 d 2 2
r2ACGM 2 2 M v GM GMM
R
= rBD =2R
R1 ( GM 2
GM 2 2
2 1 (+ GM
2 2 1 1 2
× + 2 R )
d∴
1
E2 E = 4E1d1
2
2
o
E2
A ( k‰W« 2
2 4R
2R ) C¡»ilnaahd
2
Éir
R R
×
( 2RF)32 2 4R
2R )22
6. dÉahHÅ‹
d
E x‹whd Io MdJ 2 GMM
2 E1 Jiz¡nfhŸfËš 2 1
FM32v = GM2 GMM
ab
ÉahHid 1.769 eh£fS¡F xUKiw R‰¿ Mv 2 GM GMM
R ( 2 R )
R ( 2R ) 2
tU»wJ. m¤Jiz¡nfhË‹ R‰W¥ ghijÆ‹
Mu¤â‹ 2 tÊnaahd 2 ÉirfŸ
R R ( 2R ) 2
Mu« 4,21,700 km vÅš ÉahH‹ nfhË‹ Ãiw
2GM 1 GM
× +
fh©f. R ) F22¡fhd
F( 1 2k‰W« 2
4R 2TWfŸ
ur
2
Ô®î: ÉahHÅ‹ Jiz¡nfhŸfËš x‹W FM1 vcos GMF2GMM
45°, cos 45°
Io (rªâu‹)‹ R‰W¡fhy« = 1.769 eh£fŸ R R 2
F ( 2R )
F1 =2F2=GMM
= 1.769 × 24 × 60 ×60 sec. (2 R)2 GMM
Ãfu Éir = 2F cos 45°2 +F3
.s
(2 R)2
Jiz¡nfhË‹ R‰W¥ ghijÆ‹ Mu«, 2GM 2 1 GM 2
GMM× + 2 2
2 R ) 2 22 4R22GM × 1 + GM
GMM =
r = 4,21,700 km (or) = 4.217 × 108 m
2
(
2 (2= Rikaneh¡F
) ( 2RÉir ) 2 2 4R
2
4π 2 r 3 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 × (4.217 × 108 )3(2 R ) Ãfu Éir
w
2
M
GMM v GM GMM
M =
GT 2 6.67 × 10 −11 × (1.769 × 24 × 60 × 602 ) 2 1 2 GMR 22GM 2 1 GM M 2v
2
2
GM GMM
2GM 2 R × ( +
GMM 2 R )
× + ( 2 R )
(2 2R )[2 22 2
+1] = 4 R 2
2R R ( 2R ) 2
4π 2 r 3 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 × (4.217 × 108 )3 ( 2R ) 2 2 4R 2 2( 2 R )
2GM GM GMM
M×v12 + GM
w
2 = GMM
GT 6.67 × 10 −11 × (1.769 × 24 × 60 × 60) 2 Mv 2 GM ( 2∴ GMM v = 2 GM 2 2
2 2 1 +1 GM 2 [ ]
R ) 2
4 R × 2 +
2R R (2 2R ) (2 R2) 2
27 2
M = 1.898 × 10 kg
R R ( 2 R ) ( 2R ) 2 4R -11 kâ¥ò¡F gâyhf
9. Mv <®¥ãaš
2
GM kh¿È GMM11G = 6.67×10
w
∧ 2GM 2
GM 2
→ ∧ ∧ G = 6.67×10 M v 2
2 GMvd jtwhf1 vGj¥g£lJ
GMM v‹W
7. xU nfhË‹ nfhz cªj« L = 5t2 i - 6tj +3k vÅš R it¤J R (bfhŸnth«.2R ) × + 2
nfhË‹ ÛJ brašgL« âU¥ò Éir ahJ? âU¥ò R ( 2(R )2R ) 22 4R
R
ï¤jtwhd 2 kâ¥ò bfh©L
bgW« <®¥ã‹ KL¡f«2 g′ kâ¥ò ahJ? ï¥òâa
Éir, nfhz cªj¤â‹ âirÆš brašgLkh? Mv GM GMM
<®¥ã‹ KL¡f¤â‹ mo¥gilÆš cdJ vil ahJ?
→ ∧ ∧ ∧ R R ( 2R ) 2
Ô®î: xU nfhË‹ nfhz cªj« = L = 5t2 i - 6tj +3k Ô®î: òÉÆ‹ Ãiw, M = 6.0245 × 1024kg
nfhË‹ ÛJ brašgL« âU¥òÉir = τ =? òÉÆ‹ Mu« R = 6.4 × 106m
m
g′ = 12. NÇaid òÉ R‰W« ntf« 30kms-1 vÅš òÉÆ‹
R2 (6.4 × 106 ) 2 ïa¡f M‰wiy fz¡»Lf. Kªija fz¡»š
g′ = 9.8 × 1022m/s2 ; g = 9.8m/s2 òÉÆ‹ <®¥ò Ãiy M‰wiy fz¡»£lhŒ. mj‹go
∴ g′ = g × 1022 òÉÆ‹ bkh¤j M‰wš ahJ? bkh¤j M‰wš
co
vil W = mg ne®¡F¿ j‹ikíilajh? ïšiy vÅš fhuz«
W′ = mg′ = 1022 W TW.
W′ = 1022W Ô®î: NÇaid òÉ R‰W« GMM
2 ntf«
(2 R3 ) 2
10. gl¤âš fh£oíŸsgo ÃiwfŸ m1, m2, m3
s.
v = 30 kms-1 = 30 × 210 ms-1
mikªJŸsd. ï›tik¥ghš òŸË ‘O’ Éš V‰gL« 2GM 1 GM 2
<®¥ò òy¤ij fh©f. ÃiwfŸ m1= m2 vÅš òŸË òÉ ïa¡fGMM M‰wš K.E.2 = + × mv2 = 2?
2 ( 2R ) 2 4R
‘O’ Éš <®¥ò òy¤âš V‰gL« khWghL ahJ?
òÉÆ‹(2Ãiw R ) 2 = 5.9 2× 1024kg
ok
Mv GM GMM
22GMGMM
y 2 2
1 GM R
× 2 + 24R R ) 2×103 × 103
( ×230
m3 K.E. (22 R
= ) × 5.9 ×10
2 × 30
a
( 2R ) 2 4R
2GM 2 1 GM 2
o Mv 2 GM
×
= + ×GMM 24 × 900 × 106
m2 a a m1
x
o ( R2R ) 2 R 2 4R 2
5.9 ×10
( 2R )
2
Mv 2 GM
= 2655 GMM
×1030 or = 26.55 ×1032J
ab
R R −−GM
(GM2ReM
M)2 s
e s
P.E. =
Ô®î: ÃiwfŸ m1 k‰W« m2 M⥠òŸËÆÈUªJ RR
bjhiyî = a 10−−1111××55..99××10
67××10
66..67 102424 ××11..99××10
103030
P.E. =
101111
11..55××10
ur
→ GM ∧GM GM → GM ∧
E= 2 r ;2 E2 = 2 [(m1 - m2) i +m3 ∧j ]
r ra a P.E. = - 49.84 ×1032J
m1 = m2 vÅš ∴ bkh¤j M‰wš
.s
GM→ GM
E = 2 (m3∧j ) E = P.E. + K.E.
r2 a
= - 49.84 ×1032 + 26.55 ×1032
w
2 2g g( R( R E + h) 2 g ( RE + ∞)
E + h) = 2 g ( RE + ∞ )
5971 5971 5971 d 1 − d d
Ve = 1 − 1 −
V2 2 + 2 g R
6371 6371
gd = g6371
R R e R
e e
h =r V
2αg∞α(+R2E g+RhE) E 2 g ( RE + ∞)
=
g =200 200 6171
200
6171
1 − 1 −1 − 6171
= g
2 6371
6371 6371
6371
VE = Vα + 2 g R E 6371 6371
m
gd = 0.968g.
14. òÉ¥ gu¥ò¡F nkny 200km cau¤âY« k‰W« ÑnH ∴ gd < gh
200km MH¤âY« <®¥ã‹ KL¡f« g kâ¥ò ahJ?
15. c‹ kht£l jiyefu¤âš <®¥ã‹ KL¡f« kâ¥ò g
vªÃiyÆš g kâ¥ò Fiwthf ïU¡F«?
co
fh©f. (F¿¥ò - TFŸ njLjš _y« FW¡Fnfh£L
Ô®î: òÉ¥ gu¥ã‰F nkny cŸs = h = 200km kâ¥ò bgWf) g‹ kâ¥ò br‹idÆÈUªJ
gh = ? Re = 6371km f‹ÅahFkÇÆš v›thW khWgL»wJ?
2h 2 × 200 Ô®î: kht£l jiyefu« br‹id vÅš
2h 2 × 200 1 −
6371
s.
] 1− R gbr‹id = g-w2 Rcos2λ
R e 6371e
gh = g [1-
2h 2 × 200 5971 d = 9.8 - (3.4 ×10-2)
gh = g 1 −5971 = d g 1 −
6371 1 − 6371 R e
Re gbr‹id = 9.7677ms-2
6371 R e
ok
5971 d 200 6171
gk = f‹ÅahFkÇ
gh = 0.937g1 − (or)200
gh =0.94g
1−
6171
6371
6371 1 −R e 6371
6371 6371 = 9.8 - (3.4 ×10-2) ×(cos 0.1396)2
gk
òÉ gu¥ã‰F¡
200 ÑnH 6171MH«
d = 200km o gf‹ÅahFkÇ = 9.748ms-2
1 −
gd = ?6371
Re = 6371km
6371
Δg = 0.0331ms-2
ab
TLjš Édh¡fŸ
3. x¤j Ãiw 'm' bfh©l ïU JfŸfŸ R Mu«
ur
5. xU uh¡bf£ óÄÆÈUªJ Vt¥gL«nghJ mj‹ 11. ïu©L nfhŸfË‹ Mu§fË‹ É»j« k. <®¥ò
Ú£á ÃiyÆš óÄ¡F«, rªâuD¡F« ïilnaahd KL¡f§fS¡fhd É»j« s. ïj‹ ÉLgL
mj‹ bjhiyî r1 òÉÆ‹ Ãiw 8 kl§F ntf¤â‰fhd É»j«
rªâuÅ‹ ÃiwiaíilaJ. uh¡bf£ Ûjhd <®¥ò k s
Éir RÊ vÅš rªâuÅÈUªJ (a) k−s
k − s (b)k s
s k s k
m
r r r r r r r r
(a) (b)5 10 15 20 k s
5 10 15 20 (c) k − s (d) ks
r r r r r r r r r r s r kr [Éil. (c) k − s ]
(c) (d) [Éil. (a) ]
5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
co
6. xU bghUË‹ Ãiw 500g nkšneh¡» 12. òÉÆ‹ Mu« 1 rjåj« RU§Fkhdhš mj‹ Ûjhd
âirntf¤Jl‹ R‰W»wJ. 20s ¡F ãwF òÉp®¥ò KL¡f« (ÃiwÆš kh‰w« ïšiy)
òÉ¥gu¥ig âU«g mil»wJ. vÅš m¡nfhËš (a) Fiwí« (b) Tw ïayhJ
bghUË‹ Ûjhd vil (c) khwhjJ (d) mâfÇ¡F«
s.
(a) 2N (b) 4N [Éil. (d) mâfÇ¡F«]
(c) 5N (d) 1N[Éil. (d) 1N]
13. òÉÆ‹ ika¥ gFâÆÈUªJ JUt¥ gFâ¡F
ok
7. xU bghUË‹ m Ãiw òÉÆ‹ gu¥ãÈUªJ efU«nghJ <®¥ò KL¡f¤â‹ kâ¥ò
ÉG«nghJ mj‹ cau« Mu¤â‹ (R) ïUkl§F¡F¢ (a) KjÈš mâfǤJ ã‹ Fiwí«
rkkhF«. vÅš Ãiy M‰wÈ‹ kh‰w« (b) Fiwí« (c) xnu khâÇ
(d) mâfÇ¡F« [Éil. (d) mâfÇ¡F«]
(a) 2mgR (b) 2 mgR
3
1
(c) 3mgR (d) 3 mgR
o 14. rªâuÅš xU mQF©L bto¡f¢ brŒa¥gL»wJ.
mj‹ xÈahdJ òÉia mila vL¤J¡ bfhŸS«
2
[Éil. (b) 3 mgR] fhy«.
ab
(a) 24 k neu« (b) òÉia milahJ
8. 2kg ÃiwíŸs _‹W bghUŸfŸ (c) 60 sec (d) 10 ÃÄl«
Mâ¥òŸËÆÈUªJ 1m, 2m, 4m bjhiyÉš [Éil. (b) òÉia milahJ]
x m¢áš mikªJŸsd. ãÇ¡f¥g£l ï›tik¥ã‹
ur
_y¥ òŸËia¥ bghU¤J <®¥ò¤ j‹Åiy M‰wš 15. el¡F«nghJ xU egÇ‹ njhŸg£ilia M£LtJ
8 (a) ifÆš V‰gL« tÈÆdhš
(a) 2G (b) 3 G
(b) âirntf¤ij mâfÇ¡f
7 (c) âirntf¤ij rk‹ brŒa
(c) 43 G (d)2 G 22G
.s
G 2G
−
1 − − (d) 7 G]
[Éil.
(d) òÉÆ‹ <®¥ò ÉisÉid <Lf£l
2 4 2 [Éil. (d) òÉÆ‹ <®¥ò ÉisÉid <Lf£l]
F¿¥ò : 2G 2G 2G = −2G 1 + 1 + 1 16. òÉ¥ gu¥ã‹ vªj MH¤âš g ‹ kâ¥ò cau« 5km¡F
w
− 1 − 2 − 4 2 4 rk«?
(a) 10 km (b) 7.5 km
9. xU= bghUË‹ 1 1 âirntf« rh®ªJŸs Ãiw
−2G 1 + ÉLgL
+ (c) 2.5 km (d) 5 km
w
m
(c) 88 N (d) 80 N
7 gl mgl
(c) 3 gl7 gl
gl mgl (d)
3 gl gl
[Éil. (d) 80 N]
[Éil.
7 gl mgl(c) 3 gl ] gl 2 2
co
Fm Fm MM m mR
eR
F¿¥ò : R
H‰á ïa¡f M‰wÈ‹ V‰ò (gain) = =
F¿¥ò F: M R
e
s.
njit¥gL»wJ? 2 2
10M
m m
(a) bt¥g¡ fâ®årš (b) fl¤jš= M m = 6400
M m 6400 4 2 4 2
= Fm == = ; Fe == × 200 = 80 N.
(c) bt¥g¢ryd« (d) VJÄšiy 10M 3200m 3200
m 10M 10 5 10 5
ok
23. xU Vîfiz ÉLgLntf¤ij Él Fiwthd
[Éil. (c) bt¥g¢ryd«] âir ntf¤Jl‹ Vt¥gL»wJ. mj‹ Ãiy M‰wš,
ïa¡f M‰wÈ‹ T£L¤ bjhif.
20. NÇaÅÈUªJ òÉÆ‹ Äf¥bgÇa k‰W« Äf¢á¿a
(a) x‹W (b) v⮡F¿
bjhiyîfŸ r1, r2. NÇaÅÈUªJ tiua¥g£l
(c) RÊ (d) ne®¡F¿
be£l¢R¡F¡ F¤jhf cŸsnghJ NÇaÅÈUªJ
mj‹ bjhiyî
o [Éil. (b) v⮡F¿]
2r1r2 r1 + r2 2r1r1+r2r2 rr11 ++ rr22 r1 + r2 r1 + r224. bf¥sÇ‹ 2 « Éâ¥go nfhË‹ Mubt¡l® rkfhy
ab
(a) (b)
r1 + r2 4 r1 +3r2 r1 4− r2 3 r1 − r2 msÉš rk msî gu¥òfis flªJ brš»wJ.
2r1r2 r1 + r2 12r1r1+r2r12 rr111+ + rr21 r1 + r2 r1 + r2
2 1 (d)1 1 1
(a) ne®¡nfh£L cªj«
(c) + =
+
r112r+23r2Rr1r1+r+rr2−r42 r rr1r1++r+2r32 r1= r+r
4 22r1rR r+r+r− (b) nfhzkhwhÉâ cªj«
r1 + r2 11 22 R R 1 r112 2 2r2
r +r 44 33 rr1−−r2r2 (a) 2r1r2 ] r1 + r2 (c) r1 + rM‰wš r1 + khwhÉâ
r2
1 1 1 r11 1+12r2+2 1r1 =
ur
RR r1rr12r2 rr11r+ r
1−−r22r2
4 3 2 rr11−+rr22 r + r brŒa¥g£l ntiy [cau« R òÉÆ‹
ca®¤j
= R Mu¤J¡F
= 1 2 rk«]
1 1 1 1 R rr r1 − r2
21. ïu£il e£r¤âu mik¥ãš + = ïU + É©Û‹fŸ1 2
w
1
A k‰W« BÆ‹ R‰W¡fhy§fŸ R R r1 rT 2 k‰W« T , (a) mgR (b) 2mgR
A B 2
r +r r + r2 1
Mu§fŸ RA k‰W« RB2, ÃiwfŸ
= 1 2 MAR, M
= B1vÅš (c) mgR (d) mgR
4[Éil. (c) mgR]
w
(c) TA = TB
v¿a¥glnt©oa xU JfŸ òÉÆÇUªJ
2 3
T R ÉLgL»wJ. òÉÆÈUªJ ÉLgL ntf« Ve vÅš,
(d) A = A [Éil. (c) TA = TB] Jiz¡ nfhis¥ bghU¤J mj‹ ntf«
TB RB (a) Ve Él Fiwî (b) Ve Él mâf«
F¿¥ò : r kkhd nfhz âirntf«
(c) Ve Él rk«
2π 2π (d) v¿a¥gL« âiria¥ bghU¤jJ
W= = ∴TA = TB
TA TB [Éil. (d) v¿a¥gL« âiria¥ bghU¤jJ]
m
[Éil. (b) nfhz cªj«] 2. _________ mâfÇ¡F« nghJ òÉ<®¥ò ÉirÆdhš
V‰gL« KL¡f« Fiwí«
II. bghU¤Jf: (a) cau« (b) »ilk£l«
(c) MH« (d) flš k£l«
co
1. M.I rk‹ghL
[Éil. (a) cau«]
1) bf¥s® I Éâ (a) gu¥ò Éâ
3. Jiz¡nfhË‹ M‰wš
2) bf¥s® II « Éâ (b) òÉika¡ bfhŸif
(a) ne® kiw (b) vâ® kiw
3) bf¥s® III « Éâ (c) R‰W¥ (c) gFâ vâ® kiw (d) gFâ ne® kiw
s.
ghijfS¡fhd Éâ [Éil. (b) vâ® kiw]
4) lhyÄ (d) R‰W¡
4. <®¥ò Ãiy M‰wš xU _________ msî
fhy§fË‹ Éâ
(a) °nfyh® (b) bt¡l®
ok
1 2 3 4
(c) c©ik (d) gÇkhzk‰wJ
(a) c a d b [Éil. (a) °nfyh®]
(b) d a b c
5. Ãiw ‘m’ ÈUªJ r bjhiyÉš cŸs òŸËÆš
(c) b c d a
c b a [Éil. (a) c a d b] <®¥ò¥òy¢ br¿î E v‹gJ XuyF ÃiwÆdhš
2.
(d) d
1) <®¥ãaš kh¿È (a)
o
czu¥gL« <®¥ò Éir vÅš E =
E Gm Gm
(b) + 2
ab
(a)
2) <®¥ò¥ òy« (b) V (r) r r
Gm
3) <®¥ò j‹Åiy M‰wš (c) U (r) (c) - Gm r (d) -
r 2 r Gm
4) <®¥ò Ãiy M‰wš (d) G [Éil. (c) r]
r2
ur
m
2. (a) Jiz¡nfhŸ (b) nfhŸfŸ fhuz És¡f« bkŒašy.
(c) rªâu‹ (d) jilÆ‹¿ ÉGjš
(c) T‰W bkŒ Mdhš fhuz« bkŒašy.
[Éil. (d) jilÆ‹W ÉGjš]
F¿¥ò : (a), (b), (c) M»ad thÅaš r«gªjkhd (d) T‰W bkŒašy Mdhš fhuz« bkŒ
co
bghUŸfŸ 1. T‰W : ‘m’ ÃiwíŸs VnjD« xU bghUË‹
3. (a) cau¤âš V‰gL« kh‰w« ÛJ òÉ mj‹ òy¤âDŸ brY¤J«
(b) MH¤âš V‰gL« kh‰w« òÉ <®¥ò Éir <®¥ò¥òy« vd¥gL«.
(c) mfy¤âš V‰gL« kh‰w«
(d) FW¡nfh£L Éisî ïj‹ rk‹ghL E = −G2m r E = F .
s.
r
[Éil. (c) mfy¤âš V‰gL« kh‰w«] m
F¿¥ò : (a), (b), (d) M»ad É©btË m¿Éaš fhuz« :
òÉ <®¥ò¥òy¤â‹ tÈik,
r«gªj¥g£lit. òÉÆÈUªJ Éy»¢ bršy bršy
ok
V. rÇahd mšyJ jtwhd nrhofis¤ Fiwí« m~jhtJ [r mâfÇ¡F«
nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf: nghJ , E Fiwí«.]
1. (a) Ãô£l‹ - v⮤jfî ïUkoÉâ [Éil. (a) T‰W k‰W« fhuz« rÇ nkY«
T‰W¡fhd fhuz És¡fK« rÇ]
(b) mÇ°lh£uf° - thÅaÈ‹ g§fË¥ò
o
(c) jhyÄ - òÉ ika¡ bfhŸif 2. T‰W : <®¥ò j‹Åiy M‰wš xU °nfyh®
(d) bf¥s® - NÇa ika¡ bfhŸif msî mj‹ myF J/ kg.
ab
d
vJ jtwhd nrho? fhuz« : r k‹ghL g’ = g 1− , òÉÆ‹
[Éil. (d) bf¥s® - NÇa ika¡ bfhŸif] Re
MH¤â‰F¢ bršY« nghJ òÉ<®¥ò
2. (a) ÉLgL ntf« - 2g R e Éir Fiwí«. ie d mâfÇ¡F«nghJ
ur
4R m
1. (I) òÉ<®¥ò Éir ftu¡ToaJ.
vJ jtwhd nrho?
GMEMm (II) òÉ <®¥ò Ãiy M‰wš °nfyh® msî
[Éil. (d) ÃyÉ‹ M‰wš ] vªj¡ T‰W rÇ?
w
m
vâ®kiw MF«.
4. NÇa ika¡ bfhŸifia¡ f©l¿ªjt® ah®? mJ
vªj¡ T‰W rÇašy ? ahJ?
(a) I k£L« (b) II k£L«
(i) ánfhyh° nfh¥g®Å¡f°
co
(c) ïu©L« rÇ (d) VJÄšiy
(ii) NÇa FL«g¤â‹ ikakhf NÇa‹ cŸsJ.
[Éil. (b) II k£L«]
NÇaid ikakhf bfh©L òÉ c£gl
4. (I) bf¥sÇ‹ Éâ Ãô£lÅ‹ <®¥ò ÉâÆÈUªJ mid¤J nfhŸfS« t£l¥ ghijÆš
jUÉ¡f¥g£ljšy. R‰¿ tU»‹wd. mid¤J thÅaš
s.
(II) nfhŸfË‹ ïa¡f« nfhšg® áf[hš bghUŸfË‹ ïa¡f§fisí« ï¡bfhŸif
És¡f¥g£lJ. bt‰¿fufkhf És¡»aJ.
vªj¡ T‰W rÇ? 5. fÈÈnahÉ‹ f©Lão¥ò ahJ?
ok
(a) I k£L« (b) II k£L« òfœbg‰w ï¤jhÈa ïa‰ãaš m¿P® fÈÈnah
(c) ïu©L« rÇ (d) VJÄšiy òÉ¡F mU»š nkÈUªJ Ñœ ÉG« bghUŸfŸ
[Éil. (d) VJÄšiy] mid¤J« òÉÆid neh¡» rk åj¤âš
KL¡fkil»‹wd vd f©l¿ªjh®.
5. (I) nfh¥g®Ãf° khâÇ ã‹ndh¡F ïa¡f¤ij
És¡F»wJ.
o 6. bf¥sÇ‹ ÉâfS¡F mo¥gil ahJ?
(II) nfh¥g® Ãf°¡F K‹dnu lhyÄ ã‹ndh¡F ilnfh ãuhnA É©Û‹fŸ k‰W« nfhŸfŸ
ab
ïa¡f¤oj És¡»íŸsh®.. M»at‰¿‹ Ãiy k‰W« ïa¡f« F¿¤J
f©l¿ªj gâîfË‹ thÅaš juîfŸ bf¥sÇ‹
vªj¡ T‰W rÇašy? ÉâfS¡F mo¥gil.
(a) I k£L« (b) II k£L«
(c) ïu©L« rÇ (d) VJÄšiy 7. <®¥ãaš ÉirÆ‹ j‹ik ahJ?
<®¥ãaš Éir v¥bghGJ« <®¡F« j‹ik
ur
1. Ãô£l‹ <®¥ãaš bfhŸifÆ‹ K¡»a¤Jt« 8. <®¥ãaš kh¿È v‹gJ ahJ? mj‹ kâ¥ò ahJ?
ahJ? ïj‹ _y« m¿tJ ahJ?
Ãô£l‹ cUth¡»a <®¥ãaš bfhŸifahdJ (i) <®¥ãaš kh¿È GÆ‹ kâ¥ò, <®¥ãaš
w
Ptolemy) th‹ bghUŸfshd NÇa‹, Ãyh, (ii) G- <®¥ãaš kh¿È. ïj‹ kâ¥ò
br›thŒ, ÉahH‹ ngh‹wt‰¿‹ ïa¡f¤ij 6.626×10−11Nm2kg−2
És¡Ftj‰fhf xU bfhŸifia cUth¡»dh®.
ï«khâÇna òÉika¡ bfhŸif vd 9. vu£nlh°jÜ°, Ï¥gh®¡f° thdÉaÈš
miH¡f¥g£lJ. ït®fË‹ g§F ahJ? vij¡ bfh©L
fz¡»£ld®?
(i) vu£nlh°jÜ° - òÉÆ‹ Mu¤ij¡
f©l¿ªjh®.
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226 RuhÉ‹ XI M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš➠ bjhFâ II
(ii) Ï¥gh®¡f° - òÉ¡F«, Ãyî¡F« ïilna 16. Ä‹ca®¤âÆš ÉF« kÅj® ÛJ brašgL« ïU
cŸs bjhiyit¡ f©l¿ªjh®. ÉirfŸ ahit?
(iii)
toÉaš k‰W« K¡nfhzÉaš (i)
Ñœneh¡» brašgL« <®¥ò Éir. eh«
ga‹gL¤j¥g£lJ. br§F¤J âirÆid ne® y m¢R âir
10. mo¥gilÆš Éir v‹whš v‹d? mJ v¤jid
vd vL¤J¡bfh©lhš, mªj kÅj® ÛJ
→ ∧
m
tif¥gL«? brašgL« <®¥ãaš Éir F = - mgj
G
mo¥gilÆš ïU bghUŸfS¡F ïilaahd (ii) Ä‹ ca®¤âÆ‹ js¤âdhš kÅj® ÛJ
ïilÉidna Éir MF«. ïªj cwÉ‹ brY¤j¥gL« nkšneh¡»a br§F¤J Éir
j‹ikia¥ bghW¤J ÉirahdJ bjhLÉir, →
co
∧
s.
»H¡F âirÆš ga¤J ã‹ò ã‹ndh¡»
(ii) g‹ kâ¥ò òÉÆ‹ Ãiwiaí«, Mu¤ijí«
rh®ªJŸsJ. nk‰F âirÆš ïa§» Û©L« »H¡F âirÆš
gaÂ¥gij fhzyh«. ïj‰F ``nfhŸfË‹
ok
(iii) òÉia neh¡» ÉG« mid¤J¥ ã‹ndh¡F ïa¡f«'' (Retro grade motion) v‹W
bghUŸfS« rkkhf KL¡fkil»wJ.
bga®.
(iv) ók¤âanuif¥ gFâÆš g = 9.8 ms-2.
12. òÉÆ‹ tËk©ly¤âš ie£u#D«, M¡á#D«
o áWÉdh¡fŸ 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ
mâf msÉš cŸsd. V‹?
ie£u#‹, M¡Ì#‹ ngh‹w fdkhd 1. nfhŸfË‹ ïa¡f¤â‰fhd bf¥s® ÉâÆid
_y¡TWfŸ j¥ã¢ bršy nghJkhd ntf«
ab
ÉtÇ.
cilait mšy. Mdhš iA£u#‹, ëÈa« R‰W¥ ghijfS¡fhd Éâ :
ngh‹w nyrhd _y¡TWfŸ òÉ¥gu¥ig NÇaid xU FÉa¥ òŸËÆš bfh©L x›bthU
É£L j¥ã bršYtj‰F nghJkhd ntf« nfhS« NÇaid ÚŸt£l¥ ghijÆš R‰¿
bfh©LŸsd. tU»wJ. NÇaD¡F Äf mU»š nfhŸ cŸs
ur
13. bf¥sÇ‹ ÉâfŸ bra‰if¤ Jiz¡ Ãiy (P) m©ikÃiy (Perihelion) vd¥gL«.
nfhŸfS¡F¥ bghUªJkh? V‹? NÇaD¡F bgUk¤ bjhiyÉš nfhŸ cŸs
NÇaid¡ nfhŸfŸ R‰WtJ nghy Ãiy (A) nrŒik Ãiy (aphelion) v‹f. nfhŸfŸ
Jiz¡nfhŸfŸ òÉia¢ R‰¿ tU»‹wd. vdnt ÚŸt£l¥ghijÆš ïa§F»‹wd v‹gij
.s
brašgL« <®¥ò Éir, k‰bwh‹W jiuÆdhš (ii) nfhŸ x‹W NÇaid R‰¿ tU«nghJ
e«ÛJ brY¤j¥gL« nkšneh¡»a br§F¤J Δt v‹w á¿a neu msÉš Mubt¡l®
Éir. ï›Éirna e«ik XŒî ÃiyÆš V‰gL¤âa gu¥ò ΔA. ÚŸt£l¤â‹ ika¤âš
NÇa‹ ïšiy.
w
it¤âU¡»wJ.
(iii) vdnt nfhŸ NÇaD¡F mUnf bršY«nghJ
15. vilÆ‹ v©kâ¥ò v‹whš v‹d? Äf mâf ntf¤âY«, NÇaÅlÄUªJ
vilÆ‹ v© kâ¥ò, XŒî ÃiyÆš it¤âU¡f Ú©l bjhiyÉš bršY«nghJ Fiwªj
brY¤j nt©oa nkšneh¡»a ÉirÆ‹ v© âirntf¤âY« bršY«. ïj‹ _y«
kâ¥ò¡F¡ rk«. vilÆ‹ v©kâ¥ò w = N = mg rkfhy msÉš rkmsî gu¥òfis flªJ
vilí«, bghUË‹ ÛJ brašgL« <®¥ò Éirí« brš»wJ. nfhŸfË‹ ntf« khWgLtij
x‹wšy. juîfŸ _y« bf¥s® f©l¿ªjh®.
m
ïU¡F«. mjid Ñœf©lthW vGjyh«.
eåd ïa‰ãaš nfh£ghLfËš (Modern theories
T2 ∝ a3
T2 = kh¿È of physics) <®¥ò j‹Åiy M‰wš (Potential)
a3 K¡»a g§»id t»¤J tU»wJ.
co
(ii) ï§F I v‹gJ R‰W¡fhy«, a v‹gJ miu
be£l¢á‹ Ús« MF«. 6. Jiz¡nfhË‹ R‰¿a¡f¤âid¤ jUÉ.
(iii) ï¢rk‹gh£oÈUªJ, eh« m¿ªJ
bfhŸtJ NÇaÅÈUªJ cŸs bjhiyî Ãiw M cila Jiz¡nfhŸ òÉia¢ R‰¿
mâfÇ¡F«nghJ, R‰WfhyK« mâfÇ¡F«; tUtj‰F¤ njitahd ikaneh¡F Éiria
s.
Mdhš mâfÇ¥ò åj« khWgL« vd
m¿ayh«. òÉÆ‹ <®¥ò Éir jU»wJ.
2
4. Mv 2 Mv GMMGMM
bjhLÉir, bjhlhÉirÆid ÉtÇ. = = E2 E
ok
2
(i) bjhLÉir : ïU bghUŸfŸ x‹Wl‹ x‹W (R E + (hR) E +(Rh)e + h(R
) e + h)
bjh£L¡ bfh©oU¡F« nghJ V‰gL« Éir GM GM E GM E GM E
2
bjhL Éir MF«. Éiria V‰gL¤J« Mvv2 == E GMM E
fhuÂí« bghUS« x‹W¡bfh‹W (R + (hR) + h()R + (hR) E + h)
(R E + h)E (REe + h) 2 E
bjhLtj‹ _y« V‰gL« bjhL Éirahš
o
bghUË‹ ïa¡fkhdJ V‰gL»wJ.
GM E
v =
GM E
(ii) bjhlhÉir : NÇaid òÉ R‰¿ tUtij ( R E + h) ( R E + h)
ab
fUJnth«. NÇaD« òÉí« x‹iw
x‹W bjhlÉšiy v‹whY« mit
x‹iwbah‹W ïilÉid òÇ»‹wd. cau« h mâfÇ¡F«nghJ, Jiz¡nfhË‹
mj‹ fhuzkhf òÉahdJ NÇaÅ‹ <®¥ò R‰¿a¡f ntf« Fiwí«.
Éiria cz®»wJ. ï›tif <®¥òÉir
ur
Vkiy
RE òÉÆ‹ Mu« MF«.
Ãô£l‹ ïu©lh« Éâ¥go, F = mg,
w
mg = -
R E2 R E2
g E=m- GM E
GM ...(2)
Vjiu R E2 R E2
m
RE RE
Ãiw 'm2' ÛJ Ãiw 'm1' V‰gL¤J« <®¥ãaš
Éir.
F 21 Gm1 Gm Gm1m2 ∧
F 21 2= Gm- 1 2 Gm r Gm1...(1)
m2
m2 r2
co
(i) (ii) r 2 r 2 2
(i) òÉÆ‹ gu¥ãš m r r r
(ii) òÉgu¥ãÈUªJ F¿¥ã£l cau¤âš
ï§F ∧r v‹gJ2 Ãiw m1 k‰W« m2 it
Ãiw czU« Éir ïiz¡F« nfhL tÊna brašgL« myF
bt¡l® MF«.
(ii) Ãiw m1 ÈUªJ r bjhiyÉš cŸs
s.
òÉÆ‹ ika¤âÈUªJ r bjhiyÉš cŸs
→
Ãiw M czU« Éir òŸËÆš <®¥ò òy¢br¿î ( E1 ) v‹gJ ``XuyF
GM E M R E 2 ÃiwÆdhš czu¥gL« <®¥ò Éir'' vd
F=-
ok
r2 r2 tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ.
<®¥ò òy« br¿thdJ
š cŸs GME Æ‹ kâ¥ig nkny cŸs F 21 Gm1 Gm Gm1m2
rk‹gh£oš ãuâÆl, v‹w2É»j¤jhš F¿¡f¥gL»wJ.
m2 r r2 r2
GM 2 (iii) ï§F Ãiw m2 ÛJ brašgL« Éir F 21 Gm1 G
F =E-MgMR E
r2 r2
o MF«.
m2 r2
ïj‹ _y« ek¡F¤ bjÇtJ v‹dbt‹whš, → F 21 Gm1 Gm Gm1m2
vdnt E1 = it 2š ãuâÆl
ab
g ï‹ kâ¥ò bjǪjhny Éiria vËâš m2 r r2 r2
fz¡»lyh«. ïj‰F 'G' ï‹ kâ¥ò njit ïšiy. → F 21 Gm1 ∧ Gm Gm1m2
E1 = - 2 r 2 ...(2)
8. É©btË¡ fy¤âš vilÆ‹ik njh‹WtJ m2 r r r2
V‹? (iv) <®¥òy¢ br¿î (ïÅnkš <®¥ò òy« v‹W
ur
→ →
Fm = mE
(iii) Mfnt É©btË fy¤âš cŸs åu®fŸ
vilÆ‹ik ÃiyÆš cŸsd®. É©btË
(v) ïªj rk‹gh£il Ãô£lÅ‹ ïu©lh« Éâ
åu®fŸ k£Lkšy. É©fy¤âš cŸs
rk‹gh£nlhL x¥ãL«nghJ, ek¡F »il¥gJ
mid¤J bghUŸfS« vilÆ‹ik
→ →
ÃiyÆš cŸsd. ïjid jhdhf ÑnHÉG« ma = mE
Ãiyíl‹ x¥ãlyh«.
→ →
a =E
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RuhÉ‹ XI M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš ➠ myF 6 ➠ <®¥ãaš 229
m
Mu¤ijí« rh®ªJŸsJ. òÉÆid neh¡»
ÉG« mid¤J bghUŸfS« rkkhf
M
KL¡fkil»‹wJ'' òÉÆ‹ ók¤âa nuif
m ÃiwíŸs bghUshš <®¥ò òy« gFâÆš <®¥ã‹ KL¡f« g = 9.8ms-2 vd
co
msÉl¥gLjš
f©l¿a¥g£LŸsJ.
(vi) mjhtJxU òŸËÆš ïU¡F« <®¥ò
òykhdJ m¥òŸËÆš cŸs xU JfŸ
gƉá fz¡FfŸ
s.
czU« KL¡f¤â‰F rk« MF«. Mdhš 1. xU òÉÃiy¤ Jiz¡ nfhŸ 5R v‹w cau¤âš
v©kâ¥ò« âirí« x‹whf mikªjhY« òÉÆ‹ gu¥ã‰F nkny R‰¿tU»wJ. R v‹gJ
→ →
a k‰W« E M»a ïu©L« bt›ntW òÉÆ‹ Mu«. òÉÆ‹ gu¥ãÈUªJ 2R v‹w
ok
→ cau¤âš cŸs k‰bwhU Jiz¡nfhË‹ R‰W¡
ïa‰ãaš msîfŸ MF«. <®¥ò¥òy« E
v‹gJ _y ÃiwÆ‹ (source mass) fhuz¥ fhy¤ij¡ fh©.
→ →
g©ò. KL¡f« a v‹gJ <®¥ò òy« E -š Ô®î: bf¥sÇ‹ _‹wh« Éâ¥go = T2 ∝ a3
it¡f¥g£LŸs nrhjid Ãiw czU« dF T22
a2d3 F (3T
R )23
= 3 = = 02 3 = a23 (3R
Éisî¥ g©ghF«.
o
T12 ∝ a13 , T22 ∝ a23 ; F bgUk«
2 2 3 3 3 3
dm TvÅš
1
2
a1dm (6T R )2
1
=
a13 (6R
2. òÉÆ‹ <®¥ò KL¡f¤âid ÉtÇ. dFdF T2T2 a2a2 (3(R3)R ) T2 1 12 6
=
2 2 = 3 3 =
= T 1 12 6
a1 a1 (6(R6)R3 )3 ; T = 2 2 2 22 == 2
ab
(i) bghUŸfŸ òÉÆ‹ ÛJ ÉG«nghJ, dm
dm T T
1 1
=
mit òÉÆid neh¡» KL¡fkiltij 1 T1 2 2 2 2 2
T2T2 1 1 1212 6 6
fh©»nwh«. Ãô£l‹ ïu©lh« Éâ¥go T== = ==
òwÉir brašg£lhš k£Lnk xU bghUŸ T1T1 2 222 2 2 22 2 2 2
KL¡fkilí« vd m¿nth«. ï§F 2. òÉÆ‹ ika¤âÈUªJ 6.6 × 1010m bjhiyÉš
ur
m
g′ = g cos α kr 2
l l l l 6. òɤ Jiz¡nfhË‹ R‰W¡fhy« 5h. òÉ¡F«
T = 2π = 2π Jiz¡nfhS¡Fkhd ãÇî¤ bjhiyî
g ' g cos
' αcos α
co
K‹ãUªj kâ¥ig Él 2 eh‹F 3kl§F vÅš
4. xU nkirÆ‹ ÛJ x›bth‹¿‹ Ãiw 100kg TÉâ¥go
R
bf¥sÇ‹ R‰W¡fhy 2
= 2 Jiz¡ nfhŸ
k‰W« 0.8m Mu« bfh©l ïU fzkhd nfhs§fŸ Tòâa
2
T
3
R
KL¡f¤â‹ R
R‰W¡fhy« ahJ?
1 Û£lÇš it¡f¥g£LŸsd. ïU nfhs§fË‹ T 3= R 2
2 2 1 1
2 3
ika§fisí« ïiz¡F« ika¥ òŸËÆš T2 R1 2 1T2 4R1
﨔 : T = TR 2 ; 4R 3 =
<®¥ò¥òy« k‰W« <®¥ò Ãiy M‰wiy¡ fh©. R1
s.
51
﨔 : 1 2
1 =
2 5 3 R1
64 × 25
100kg 100kg T
2 4R
=
T 5 = 64
1
R1×25
O 2 = 40h
ok
A B
E1 E2
64 × 25
(i)
0.5 m 0.5 m
A, B v‹gd ïU bfhL¡f¥g£l nfhs§fŸ
áªjid Édh
k‰W« O v‹gJ ika¥òŸË 1. òÉ<®¥ò KL¡f¤jhš ã‹tUtdt‰Wl‹ V‰gL«
E1 k‰W« E2 <®¥ò¥òy§fŸ
o kh‰w¤âid tiugl« tiu. (i) òÉ¥ gu¥ã‹
cau¤â‹ ÛJ (ii) òÉ¥ gu¥ã‹ ÑHhd MH¤â‹
G × 100 G × 100
2G × 100 ÛJ.
ab
G × 100 G × 100 2G × 100
E1 = ; E2 = 2
(0.5) 2
(0.5) (0.5) 0.5 (0.5) 0.﨔:
5 (i) cau¤Jl‹ bjhl®òila g‹ khWgL«
−11
E1, −E200 2 × 6.67 × 10
ïit − 200
−11
rkkhfî« × 6 .67 × 10
vâ®âirÆY« kâ¥òfŸ
ïU¥gjhš ika¥òŸË O Éš 0Ãfu .5 <®¥ò òy«
RÊ MF«. 0.5 1 1 1 1
ur
gα 2 (or)22g α
(ii) A, B Ædhš ika¥òŸË 'O'-ïš V‰gL« <®¥ò (R + h()R + hr) r2
j‹Åiy M‰wš g ¡F« U¡F« ïilnaahd tiugl«
G × 100G ×GG ××100
100 100G ×2G ××100
100
G 100
2G 2×G 100
× 100 xU gu tisa«
.s
V(r) =
2
- 2
-
(0.5) (0.5((0)0..55)) (0.5()0.5 ) 0.5 0.5
2
g
G × 100 G × 100 2G × 100 −200 × 67−×
6−.200 ×10
200 −11
6.×676.×67 −11
10× 10 −11 A
= - =
w
É©ÛD¡F« 2
3 2π
−ne®É»j¤âš ïU¡Fkhdhš T k‰W« r¡F
vdnt, g¡F« d¡F« ïilnaahd tiugl«
2 T bjhl®ò ahJ?
ïilnaahd
ne®¡nfhL AC.
Ô®î : 4nfhË‹
π 2 mr Ûjhd
4π 2 m <®¥ò
5 Éir = ika Éy¡F Éir
= . r2 2
−3
k −3 2π
krr
K 2
= mrw = mr
2
2 T
4π 2 mr 4π 2 m 52
−3
= . r
k
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RuhÉ‹ XI M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš ➠ myF 6 ➠ <®¥ãaš 231
m
nfhË‹ Ûjhd <®¥ò Éir (nth mL¡»š) T2 6400
2
=
3600
;T = 1 .7h
GMm 2π (24) 2
F=
co
rn T csî bra‰if¡ nfhËš Re > R
ï›ÉirahdJ ika Éy¡F 2 2 Éir2 ( nmrw +1)
2I
vdnt Ts > T (or) Ts = 2h
v × 4π × v 4π r
nfhS¡F mË¡»wJ.
Gm GM 5. xU JfŸ òÉÆ‹ gu¥ãÈUªJ nkš neh¡»
GMm GM 2π2 m 2π v¿a¥gL»wJ. (Mu« R) mj‹ ïa¡f M‰wš
GM GMm m n2π22=ππmrw (n =+mr 1)
r
s.
r GMT r nm 2 π
T ÉLgLtj‰F¤ njitahd áWk kâ¥ãš
rn r
n
T GM n 2
T
2 2r
v 2× 42 π2 × v2v (× 2 2T
2 ( n + 1) ghâ¡F rkkhf ïU¡F«. òÉÆ‹ gu¥ã‰F nkny
2n +4 +1) r× v
1( n)π 4π 2 r ( n +1)
v × 42π
v × 4π × v 4π r× v 4 π r 2 ( n +1)
v›îau¤â‰F vG«ò«?
T2 = GM Gm m= v ×
2 π4G π 2GM
m× v 4πGM
2
r
G m GM
ok
Gm GM
Ô®î : JfŸ ÉLgLtj‰fhd K.E = P.E
2rπn (n +2
T π1G) m (n + 1) GM
2π 2 π ( n
(rn + 1)r+ 1 ) r 1 GM m 1GMGMm mGMGM m m GMm
rGM 22GMπ ( n +2 1) mve2 =
GM GM 2
Tv × 42π = × v GM4π rr 2
2 2 ( n + 1)
2 2R 2R + 2hR RR + h R
1 GM 1 m 1 m
GM GMm
GM m GM
GM mGMmm mG
GM
Gm o GM Mdhš mË¡f¥g£l K.E = × mve22 = 2R
2 22R R R + hR + hRR+ hR
2π (n + 1) JfŸ h cau¤â‰F vG«òkhdhš
∴T∝ r 11 GM GM
1 mm m
GM GMm
GM m GM
GM mGMm m m
GM
GM 2 × mve2 =
ab
22 222RR 2R RR++hRh + h RR R
3. xU jÅ CrÈ‹ miyî¡fhy« T1 MdJ GMmm GM GMm m GMGMm m
òÉÆ‹ gu¥ãš cŸsnghJ MF«. òÉ¥gu¥ã‰F 11 GM
R = R++ hh R
22 22R R R
nkny ca®¤j¥gL«nghJ T2 , R v‹gJ òÉÆ‹ Mu«
T2 g g g h=R
ur
‹ kâ¥ò =ahJ? =
T1 1 + n R 2 4 6. òÉiaÉl ïUkl§F Ãiwí«, É£lK« cila xU
Ô®î : R 1 + nfhis¡ fUJf. ï¡nfhËš CrÈ‹ miyî
R R
òÉÆ‹ gu¥ã‹ÛJ cau¤âš òÉ<®¥ò KL¡f§fŸ neu« v‹dthf ïU¡F«? òÉÆ‹ ÛJ xU Édho
.s
T2 g gR 1 +g R 1 + R
= = R TGM = 2π l = 2sg (2M ) [Édho g l
CrY¡fhdJ]
T1 1 + n R 4 2
R 2 GM g l (2R ) 2 = 2 g
R 2π1 +l R g = g l g g 2 GM
g 2l
lGM l
jÅ CrÈ‹miyî¡ fhy« 2π = 2MR) Rgïu£o¥ghdhš 2
w
Mg (k‰W«
g g' gT = 2π g g' g = R gR 2 g
l g g 4g (2R g) (2M2) g g2 l
2
2πT2 g = g 4
GM g′l = = g (22M ) gg(2M ) l g l
g= gn' = g = 2 2 = 2 ( 2 R ) 2
2 g= =
T1 1 + R 4 R g
w
(2R ) 2 (22R ) g 2
2 2
g
14+ 2
R
R g ( 2M ) g l 2 2
= 2
l g g (2 R ) 2 T 2= 2π g = 2 T = 2 2 s.
2π = 2
g g' g
4 2
m
rk‹ghL kÅj‹ Ûjhd Ãfu Ñœneh¡»a Éir
(i) bf¥gsÇ‹ _‹wh« Éâia¡ T¿ F = Ma. tiugl¤âÈUªJ.
rk‹gh£oid¤ jUf.
(ii) m©ik Ãiy (Perigee (or) Perihelion),
F = Mg –R
co
nrŒik Ãiy (Apogee (or) aphelion) v‹gJ Ma = Mg –R ; R = Mg–Ma
ahJ?
R = M (g – a)
#fÔZ jªij $j® bfhL¡f¥g£l Ãfœî bf¥sÇ‹
_‹wh« nfhŸfË‹ ïa¡fÉâ bjhl®òilaJ. R
s.
xU bghUË‹ RH‰áÆ‹ fhy msî, mj‹ âir
ntf¤ijí« k‰W« Mu¤ijí« rh®ªjjšy. vdnt, a
t£l¥ghijÆ‹ Mu« mšyJ bghUË‹ âirntf«
ok
v›thW ïU¥ãD« fhy msî khwhJ. 劉d«
fšÈ‹ RH‰áÆ‹ fhy msÉid bt›ntW
âirntf§fS¡F«, Mu¤â‰F« fhzyh«.
Mg
(i) bf¥sÇ‹ _‹wh« Éâ : ÚŸt£l¥ghijÆš
rk‹gh£oš kÅjÅ‹ njh‰w vil R, c©ikahd
o
NÇaid R‰W« nfhË‹ R‰W¡ fhy¤â‹
ïUko, mªj ÚŸ t£l¤â‹ miu be£l¢á‹ vilia Él Fiwî. kÅjÅ‹ Ûjhd Ñœneh¡»a
K«ko¡F ne®¤jfÉš ïU¡F«. KL¡f« òÉ <®¥ò¡F rk« vÅš m~jhtJ a = g
ab
2
vÅš
T2 µ a3, T = kh¿È
R = M (g – g) = 0
a3
(ii) NÇaD¡F Äf mU»š nfhŸ cŸs Ãiy (P) ∴ R RÊahthjhš vilÆ‹ik njh‹W»wJ.
m©ik Ãiy (Perihelion - Perigee) vd¥gL«.
ur
w
07 gU¥bghUË‹ g©òfŸ
m
co
s.
o ok
ab
ur
.s
w
w
w
[233]
m
myF: Nm–2 (m) gh°fš (pa) gÇkhz« ML–1T–2, xU bl‹r®
Fn
2. ڣᤠjifî mšyJ br§F¤J jifî sn =
∆A
co
(tiffŸ: ïGÉir¤ jifî, mK¡f¤ jifî)
Ft
3. bjhLtiu jfî mšyJ rW¡F¥ bga®¢á¤jifî st =
∆A
F
4. gUk¤ jifî: sv = A = mG¤j«
s.
gÇkhz kh‰w«
5. âÇò: (strain) e =
c©ikahd gÇkhz«
= ∆l
f«ãÆš mâfÇ¡F« Ús«
ڣᤠâÇò: el =
ok
f«ãÆš c©ikahd Ús« l
tiffŸ: ïG Éir¤ âÇò, mK¡f¤ âÇò
6. rW¡F¥ bga®¢á¤ âÇò: es = tan q
x
es = = q = rW¡F¥ bga®¢á¡ nfhz«
h
∆V
o
7. gUk¤ âÇò: eV =
ab
V
8. Û£á všiy: s ∝ e
jifthdJ âÇò¡F ne®É»j¤âš cŸsJ - A]¡ Éâ
9. ۣᡠFzf§fŸ:
σt
ur
= y ×
A L
F = mg
br§F¤J¤ jifî (m) mG¤j« − σ n − ∆P
= ∆V
w
∆V
gUk¤ âÇò: eV =
V
myF: mG¤j¤â‹ myF. Nm–2 (m) gh°fš
w
1 ε ∆V
10. mK¡f¤ j‹ik: C = = − V = − V
K σn ∆P
gUk¡ Fzf¤â‹ jiyÑÊ.
F¿¥ò: thí¡fŸ - gUk¡ Fzf« Fiwî
\ mK¡f¤j‹ik Äf mâf«.
11. Éiw¥ò¡ Fzf« mšyJ rW¡F¥ bga®¢á Fzf«:
m
1
XuyF gUkÅš f«ãÆš nrÄ¡f¥g£l Û£á Ãiy M‰wš V = × Y × âÇò ;
2
1
co
= × jifî × âÇò
2
g¡fth£L¤ âÇò
12. ghŒ[‹ É»j« µ = Ústh£L¤ âÇò
L d
µ = − ×
l D
s.
vâ® F¿ahdJ Ústh£oš Ú£á, g¡fth£oš FW¡f« cŸsij¡ F¿¡»wJ.
rk gÇkhz§fis¡ bfh©l É»j«. vdnt myF ïšiy. gÇkhzk‰wJ. (gÇkhzk‰w v©)
ok
13 ghŒk§fŸ:
F
mG¤j« P =
A
°nfyh® msî, gÇkhz« ML–1T–2
myF : gh°fš (m) Nm–2 ; 1 atm = 1.013×105 Pa or Nm–2 [fh‰wG¤j«]
o
14. ghŒk¤â‹ ml®¤â r = m
v
ab
gÇkhz« = ML–3 myF = kgm–3
ne®¡F¿ °nfyh® msî
1atm š r = kh¿È
15. x¥gl®¤â : R.D (or) S = bghUË‹ ml®¤â
ur
13.6 × 103 kg m −3
x¥gl®¤â =
1.0 × 103 kg m −3
XŒÉš cŸs ghŒk¤j«g¤âdhš mG¤j« P = rgh;
w
16.
mG¤j¤ij îza« brŒa ghŒk¤j«g caunk K¡»a«.
F2– F1 = mg = FG (òÉp®¥ò Éir)
w
m = rV = rA (h2 – h1)
FG = rA (h2 – h1)g
h MH¤âš bkh¤j mG¤jkhdJ P = PA + rgh [Pa - fh‰wG¤j«; kâ¥ò - 1.013 ×105 Pa]
w
F1 A2
17. gh°fš Éâ (ÚÇaš ö¡») F2 = P × A2 = × A2 = × F1
A1 A1
A2
fhu = ÚÇaš ö¡»Æ‹ ïaªâu ïyhg«.
A1
18. Äj¡F« j‹ik
M®¡»Äo° bfhŸif
cªJ Éir (m) Äj¥ò Éir = ïl« bga®ªj âut¤â‹ vil
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236 RuhÉ‹ XI M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš➠ bjhFâ II
19. ghFÃiy u¥ò ïGÉir¡F«, khW Ãiy bt¥gÃiy¡Fkhd
g
ïy£áa âut« i) mK¡f ïayhJ bjhl®ò
ii) gUk¡ Fzf« KoÉÈ 27. gu¥ò M‰wš =
iii) r W¡F¥ bga®¢á ÉirfŸ nk‰gu¥ig mâfÇ¡f¢ brŒa¥gL« ntiy
ïU¡fhJ. nk‰gu¥ã‹ mâfÇ¥ò
m
W
\ gh»aš v© RÊ. =
∆A
20. gh»aš v© = h
dV myF : Jm–2 (m) Nm–1
F=–hA
co
dx 28. gu¥ò ïG Éir T =
F
gÇkhz« : ML–1T–1 l
vâ®F¿ F¿¥gJ : Éir cuhŒî¤ j‹ik bfh©lJ, gÇkhz« : MT–2 ; myF : Nm–1
rh®ò ïa¡f¤ij v⮡»wJ. T −T
29. Tsa = Tla cos q + Tsl ⇒ cos q = sa sl
Tla
s.
cUis to¡FHhÆ‹ tÊna bršY« ghŒk«. 2T
21. budhšL v© = tÇ¢Ó® X£l« (m) RH‰á X£l« 30. FÄÊÆDŸ ÄifaG¤j« : DP = P2 – P1 =
R
ρVD nrh¥ò¡ FÄÊÆDŸ ÄifaG¤j« : DP = P2 – P1
ok
RC = =K 4T
η = = rgh
R
gÇkhzk‰w v© 31. gu¥ò ïGÉirahš E©òiH V‰w«
22. nfhs¤â‹ ÛJ brašgL« òÉp®¥ò Éir rρgh 2T cosθ
T= ;h=
2 cosθ rρg
4
Fa = mg = pr3rg (Ñœneh¡»a Éir)
3
o h∝
1
4 3 r
ab
U = pr sg (nkšneh¡»a Éir)
3 32. bjhl® kh¿È¢ rk‹ghL :
Vt = K‰W¤ âir ntf¤âš gh»aš Éir
a1V1 Dtr = a2V2Dtr
F = 6phr Vt
2 a1V1 = a2V2 ⇒ aV = kh¿È
23. Vt = 2 × r (ρ − σ) g ⇒ Vt ∝ r2
ur
1 2
9 η 33. i) XuyF Ãiw¡fhd ïa¡f M‰wš = V
2
24. °nlh¡° Éâ: 1
ii) XuyF gUkD¡fhd ïa¡f M‰wš = rV2
F ∝ hx ry vz ⇒ F = K hx ry vz 2
.s
gUk‹
tÊna bršY« Ú®k X£l«
P 1
πr 4ρ π 34. bg®bdsÈÆ‹ rk‹ghL : + V2 + gh = kh¿È
ρ 2
V=
8 ηl
K= 8
w
ghFÃiya‰w Ú®k§fŸ
26. th©l®thš° T‰W:
3
35. by‹RÇkhÅ: xU ÉdhoÆš mK¡f ïayhj
2
Tt = T0 1 − t
Ú®k« ghí« åj«
t âut¤â‹ gUk‹
c
2(∆P)a 2 = Aa 2(∆P)
V = AV1 = A
ρ(A 2 − a 2 ) ρ(A 2 − a 2 )
gƉá Édh¡fŸ
I. rÇahd Éilia nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf: 6. xnu gUkid¡ bfh©l ïU f«ãfŸ xnu bghUshš
MdJ. Kjš k‰W« ïu©lh« f«ãfË‹ FW¡F
1. x k‰W« y v‹w ïU f«ãfis¡ fUJf. x f«ãÆ‹ bt£L¥òu¥òfŸ Kiwna A k‰W« 2A MF«. F
m
MukhdJ y f«ãÆ‹ Mu¤ij¥ nghy 3 kl§F v‹w Éir brašg£L Kjš f«ãÆ‹ Ús« Δl
cŸsJ. mit rkkhd gSthš Ú£l¥g£lhš y ï‹ mâfÇ¡f¥g£lhš ïu©lhtJ f«ãia mnj msî
Ûjhd jifî Ú£l njit¥gL« Éir ahJ? (NEET khâÇ 2018)
co
(a) x-ï‹ jifî¡F rk« (a) 2 (b) 4
(b) x-ï‹ jifit¥ nghš 3 kl§F (c) 8 (d) 16 [Éil. (b) 4]
(c) x-ï‹ jifit¥nghš 9 kl§F 7. bt¥gÃiy caU«nghJ âut« k‰W« thíÉ‹
(d) x-ï‹ jifÉš ghâ ghFÃiy Kiwna
s.
[Éil. (c) x-ï‹ jifit¥nghš 9 kl§F] (a) mâfÇ¡F« k‰W« mâÇ¡F«
(b) mâfÇ¡F« k‰W« Fiwí«
2. xU f«ãahdJ mj‹ bjhl¡f Ús¤ij¥ nghy ïU
(c) Fiwí« k‰W« mâfÇ¡F«
ok
kl§F Ú£l¥g£lhš f«ãÆš V‰g£l âÇò
(d) Fiwí« k‰W« Fiwí«
(a) 1 (b) 2
[Éil. (c) Fiwí« k‰W« mâfÇ¡F«]
(c) 3 (d) 4 [Éil. (a) 1]
8. xU KG â©k¥ bghUËš a§Fzf«,
3. xnu bghUshš Md
_‹W f«ãfË‹ gS 1
o 2
(a) 0
(b) 1
Ú£o tiugl« gl¤âš 3
(c) 0.5 (d) KoÉÈ
ab
fh£l¥g£LŸsJ. [Éil. (d) KoÉÈ]
Ñœ¡f©lt‰WŸ
jokdhd f«ã vJ? 9. Ñœ¡f©lt‰WŸ vJ °nfy® mšy?
(a) f«ã 1 O
(a) ghFÃiy (b) gu¥ò ïGÉir
(b) f«ã 2 (c) mG¤j« (d) jifî
ur
[Éil. (d) 0.5] 11. khwh gUk‹ V bfh©l jhÄu« l ÚsKŸs f«ãahf
Ú£l¥gL»wJ. ïªj f«ã F v‹w khwh Éir¡F
5. 2cm MuKŸs xU á¿a nfhs« gh»aš j‹ik c£gL¤j¥g£lhš cUthd Ú£á Δl. Y MdJ
w
m
msthF«. bghUË‹ msÉš á¿a kh‰w«
1 1 1 1 V‰gLtij âÇî ifahŸ»wJ.
=−3 V T + c£ftu¥g£lJ
(b) M‰wš r R r R gÇkhz kh‰w«
âÇò ε = c©ikahd gÇkhz« = Δl
co
l
1 1 1 1 ïJ gÇkhzk‰w k‰W« myF m‰w msî MF«.
(c) M‰wš = 3 V T − btË¥g£lJ
+
r R r R
(d) M‰wš btË¥glî« ïšiy c£futu¥glî« 2. ۣᥠg©ã‹ A]¡ Éâia¡ TWf. [HY-2018]
ïšiy A]¡ Éâ : á¿a msÉyhd cU¡FiyɉF,
1 1 1 1
s.
[Éil. (c) M‰wš = 3 V T r − R btË¥g£lJ
+ ]
r R
jifî k‰W« âÇò x‹W¡bfh‹W ne®É»j¤âš
ïU¡F«.
13. Ñœ¡f©l eh‹F f«ãfS« xnu bghUshš
Mdit. xnu ïGÉir brY¤j¥g£lhš ït‰WŸ 3. ghŒbrhŒ É»j¤ij tiuaW.
ok
vJ mâf Ú£áia¥ bgW«? ghŒbrhŒ É»j« : x¥òik¡ FW¡f¤â‰F«
(a) Ús« = 200 cm É£l« = 0.5 mm (g¡fth£L¤âÇò) x¥òik ÉÇth¡f¤â‰F«
(b) Ús« = 200 cm É£l« = 1 mm (Ústh£L¤âÇò) ïilna cŸs É»j« ghŒbrhŒ
(c) Ús« = 200 cm É£l« = 2 mm É»j« vd tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ. mj‹ F¿pL μ
(d) Ús« = 200 cm É£l« = 3 mm
o MF«.
[Éil. (a) Ús« = 200 cm É£l« = 0.5 mm] ghŒbrhŒ É»j« μ = g¡fth£L¤ âÇò
ab
Ústh£L¤ âÇò
14. xU gu¥ig xU âut¤jhš <ukh¡F« msî 4. _y¡TWfËilna ÉirfË‹ _y« Û£á¥g©ig
Kj‹ikahf rh®ªJŸsJ ÉtÇ.
(a) ghFÃiy (b) gu¥ò ïGÉir (i) xU â©k¥ bghUËš mQ¡fS¡»ilna
(c) ml®¤â
ur
áW Édh¡fŸ
w
m
(i) xU RUŸÉš juhir Ú©l fhy« 10. M®¡»Äo° j¤Jt¤ij¡ TWf.
bjhl®¢áahf ga‹gL¤âdhš, mâš cŸs
RUŸÉš f«ãahdJ Û£á nrh®î milªJ, (i) bghUbsh‹W xU ghŒk¤âš gFâahfnth
mšyJ KGtJkhfnth _œ»ÆUªjhš
co
j‹ Û£á¥g©ig ïH¡f¤ Jt§F«.
(ii) vdnt mJ j‹ bjhl¡f gÇkhz¤ij mJ ïl« bgau¢ brŒj ghŒk¤â‹ vil¡F
(Ús¤ij) miltâš Rz¡f« V‰gL«. rkkhd nkšneh¡»a cªJ Éiria
ïjdhš mJ jtwhd msåLfis fh£L«. mJ cz®»wJ k‰W« cªJ ÉirahdJ
ïl« bga®ªj âut <®¥ò ika« tÊahf
s.
7. ۣᥠg©ã‹ ÛJ bt¥gÃiyÆ‹ Éisî ahJ?
brašgL»wJ.
bgU«ghyhd ÃfœîfËŸ ۣᥠg©òila
bghUËš bt¥gÃiy ca®¤j¥gL« nghJ (ii) cªJ Éir mšyJ Äâ¥ò Éir =
ok
mj‹ Û£á Éir Fiw»wJ. Mdhš `ï‹th®' ïl«bga®ªj âut¤â‹ vil.
cnyhf¤âš vªj kh‰w« ïuhJ.
11. nkšneh¡»a cªJ Éir mšyJ Äj¡F« j‹ik
8. Ú£l¥g£l f«ãÆ‹ Û£á Ãiy M‰wY¡fhd v‹whš v‹d?
nfhitia vGJf. xU ghŒk¤âš _œ»íŸs xU bghUË‹
F v‹w ÉirÆdhš f«ãahdJ dl msî
o vilia v⮡F« ghŒk¤âdhš cUth¡f¥gL«
Ú£áailí«nghJ, brŒa¥gL« ntiy nkšneh¡»a Éir Äj¥òÉir vd¥gL«
ab
dW = F dl ïªÃfœî Äj¡F« j‹ik vd¥gL«.
0 Kjš 1 tiu f«ã Ú£áaila brŒa¥g£l ntiy
l F L YAl 12. Äj¤jš Éâia¡ TWf.
W= ∫
0 F dlA × l ⇒ F = L...(1) ``bghUË‹ _œ»a gFâ ïl«bgau¢ brŒj
ur
l
YAl' l YAl
a§ Fz¤âÈUªJ '2 2
YAl 1 âut¤â‹ vil, bghUË‹ vil¡F rkkhdhš
F L YAl 2 mªj¥ bghUŸ m¤âut¤âš Äj¡F«'' v‹gJ
l
L
∫0 Y = A ×L l ⇒ F2 = 0 L L ...(2)
2
Äj¤jš ÉâahF«.
.s
l
YAl' l' (2)
rk‹ghL (1) I rk‹ghL 2
ïšYAl 2 YAl 1
ãuâÆl 13. xU Ú®k¤â‹ gh»aš v© - tiuaW.
F L L lYA l F L L2 YA l
l
2 L 2
∫0 A × l ⇒WF==∫0 L 0A dl× l ⇒ F = L Ãô£lÅ‹ Kjš ÉâÆ‹ _y« m¿a¥gL«
bjhifÆlÈš l v‹gJ bt‰W kh¿ (dummy ghFÃiy ÉirahdJ (i) âut¤â‹ gu¥ò
w
'2 l '2 l
YAl ' l
F llL YA
L eh« YAl
l 2
' YA
YALll YAl l 1 YA lYA l 2
YA l 1
llFv‹gjhš LF l F YA lLLv‹gij
l
variable) FF×=lF YA YA (všiyfËš
l2 l dv
2lA∫0∫0×0 l∫0⇒
mšy) ∫0 Lvd
∫00A kh‰w
× ⇒ × F
A l AAL Al l L
⇒
=
L FL×= ×L
2 ⇒
⇒
L 2F⇒F
=
=F2= L
l 0 LL L
L 2 A k‰W« (ii) âirntf¢ rÇî dx M»at‰¿‰F
ne®É»j¤âš cŸsJ.
L YAl l ' 2 ll 2 ' 2 2l l
w
⇒F= YAl
YAll ' YAl Fl'''2 L llYAl
YAl YAl
' 2YA' ' l YAYA l'2llYA
'lYA 2ll' 2 lYA
l
YAYA
YA 1l2ll2 l 2YA
lYA 11YAlYA
l l11 1
l L ∫0 LL A2 dl' × ⇒ F =
l=2LL2 2L2L L=LL
2 22 2= dv
W =L
0 2L 00 L L2 0 02 0 LL2 L 22LL L 22 2 F ∝ A k‰W« F ∝ dx
l 2YAl
L ⇒YA F =l YAl 1YAl' l' 2 YAl 2 YAl 1
l
l = Fl
w
l L2 L
L 2
0 L
2 0 L 2
L 2 ⇒ F = - η A
dv
2 l
YAl YAl 1
2 dx
2 0 L2 L W = 2 Fl = Û£á Ãiy M‰wš. ï§F É»j kh¿È η âut¤â‹ gh»aš v©
vd¥gL«.
m
Ãiyah‰wš M»at‰¿‹ T£L¤bjhif
tÊna bršY« 0
âirntf¤ij A l(V ) L kh¿ÈahF«. fÂjKiw¥go
l
c
x›bthU Él YAl
mâfkhdhš
' l YAl YAlp 1
' 2 2
âut¤JfS« ïa¡fkhdJ
L 2 L2
L ρ + 2 v2 + gh = kh¿È
co
0
mj‰F K‹d® RH‰á X£lkhF«.
br‹w JfŸfË‹ ïªne®Éš ïJnt bg®bsÈÆ‹ rk‹ghlhF«.
ghijÆnyna x›bthU JfËY« 20. xU Ú®k« bg‰WŸs M‰wšfŸ ahit? mt‰¿‹
mnj âirntfkhdJ rk‹ghLfis vGJf.
âirntf¤âš v©kâ¥ãY«,
s.
Óuhf ghí« Ú®k¤â‰F _tifahd M‰wšfŸ
ïa§»dhš mªj âirÆY« c©L. mit 1. ïa¡f M‰wš, 2. Ãiy M‰wš,
âut X£lkhdJ khWtjhš jÅ¥g£l 3. mG¤j M‰wš
tÇ¢Ó® X£l« JfŸfŸ tÇ¢Ó®
ok
vd¥gL«. X£l¤âš ïa§fhJ. t. M‰wÈ‹ XuyF Ãiw XuyF gUk‹
2. vL¤J¡fh£L : vL¤J¡fh£L : v© tiffŸ
xU M‰¿š xU gl»‹ 1. ïa¡f M‰wš 2 1 1KE 2
l F L YAl KE = mv mv
gUk‹ m p
mikâahf¢ mšyJ f¥gÈ‹ ∫0 × ⇒F= 2 2
A l L m 1 2 1 2m
m
bršY« ÚÇ‹
o
ã‹òwKŸs ÚÇ‹ l l F L
YAl' l' 2 ∫ YAl 2 × YA
YAl
⇒l F = 1 2 =
Vmv V mv
2 2 m
v
X£l«. X£l«. 0
2 A l = L v V
L 2 0 L L 1 22 1 2 m V
2P
ab
'2 l mv mv
16. budhšL v© v‹whš v‹d? mj‹ K¡»a¤Jt« YAl
l ' F l L 2YAl YAl YA 2 l = 1 m v2 p
ahJ? ∫0 L A ×2 l 0⇒ Fm =
L2 ρL L V 2P V m
l
(i) M°ngh®‹ budhšL (1842 – 1912) v‹gt® YAl' l' 2 YAl 2 YAl 1ρ 2 v
ghŒk x£l¤â‹ j‹ikia mJ tÇ¢Ó® = ρv
L 2 0 P L 2
L 2
ur
=
(ii) Rc v‹gJ budhšL v© vd¥gL«. ïJ xU 1 2 1 2 V
mv mv
gÇkhzk‰w v© MF«. 2 2 m p
= gh
17. K‰W¤ âirntf« - tiuaW. m 1 V 2 1V 2 m
mv mv
w
2 2 =p
18. °nlh¡ Éir¡fhd rk‹gh£il vGJf. mâš m P
m V V
= = ρ
cŸs F¿pLfis És¡Ff. v
w
23. Ú®k« x‹¿‹ gu¥ò ïGÉiria tiuaW. mj‹ 28. Ú®k¤â‹ gu¥ò ïGÉiria¥ ghâ¡F« fhuÂfŸ
SI myF k‰W« gÇkhz¤ij¡ TWf. ahit?
(i) âut¤â‹ XuyF gu¥ã‰fhd M‰wš gu¥ò (i) khR¥bghUŸfŸ fyªâU¥gJ mšyJ
ïGÉir vd tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ. fy¥gl« nr®ªâU¡F« msit¥ bghW¤J
gu¥ò ïGÉiria¥ ghâ¡»wJ.
F (ii) fiu bghUŸfŸ fyªâU¥gJ« gu¥ò
m
T= l
ïGÉirÆ‹ kâ¥ig¥ ghâ¡»wJ.
(ii) T ï‹ SI myF k‰W« gÇkhz« Kiwna (ii) Ä‹}£lkhdJ gu¥ò ïGÉiria ghâ¡F«.
Nm-1 k‰W« MT-2 MF«. (iv) bt¥gÃiyahdJ Ú®k¤â‹ gu¥ò
co
24. gu¥ò ïGÉirahdJ gu¥ò M‰wY¡F v›thW ïGÉiria kh‰Wtâš K¡»a
bjhl®òilaJ? g§fh‰W»wJ.
gu¥ò ïGÉir¡F vâuhf âut¤â‹ XuyF gu¥ã‹ 29. xU nrh¥ò¡ FÄÊÆDŸ fh‰W Cj¥g£lhš
nk‰gu¥ig mâfÇ¡f¢ brŒa¥gL« ntiy mjDŸns cŸs mG¤j« v‹dthF«?
s.
âut¤â‹ gu¥ò M‰wš vd miH¡f¥gL»wJ. xU nrh¥ò¡ FÄÊÆDŸ fh‰W Cj¥g£lhš
gu¥ò M‰wš mj‰F fh‰Wl‹ bjhL« gu¥òfŸ ïu©L cŸsd.
nk‰gu¥ig mâfÇ¡f¢ brŒa¥gL« ntiy W
vdnt gu¥ò ïGÉirahš V‰gL« Éir 2 ×2πRT
ok
= nk‰gu¥ã‹ mâfÇ¥ò
= ΔA MF«. mjDŸ ÄifaG¤j¤jhš FÄÊÆ‹ gu¥ò
mâfÇ¡F«. ïjdhš Mu« mâfÇ¡F«.
ïJ Jm-2 mšyJ Nm-1 v‹w myfhš
F¿¡f¥gL»wJ. 30. E©òiH EiHî mšyJ E©òiH¢ brašghL
v‹whš v‹d?
25. â©k« k‰W« âut nrho x‹¿‹ nr®nfhz«
tiuaW.
o xU ne®¡F¤jhd FHhÆš Ú®k« nknyWtJ
mšyJ ÑÊw§FtJ E©òiH EiHî mšyJ
(i) bjhLnfh£o‰F« âl¥ bghUË‹ gu¥ã‰F« E©òiH¢ brašghL vd¥gL«. E©òiH¡
ab
ïil¥g£l nfhzkhdJ nr®nfhz« FHhÆ‹ É£l¤ij¥ bghW¤J ïJ mikí«.
θ vd¥gL«. ïjid »nu¡f vG¤âš ``Ô£lh''
v‹g®. 31. ÚÇ‹ gu¥ãš it¡f¥gL« v©bzŒ JËahdJ
guî»wJ. Mdhš v©bzÆš it¡f¥gL«
(ii) ï«kâ¥ghdJ x›bthU âl k‰W« âut Ú®¤JË nfhs toÉš RU¡»wJ. V‹?
ur
( L)
2( ∆p )
V = aA C
ρ(A 2 − a 2 )
m
B
III. beL Édh¡fŸ 0 (F) X
1. A]¡ Éâia¡ TWf. xU nrhjid cjÉíl‹
F I¥ bghW¤J ΔL ï‹ khWghL
co
mjid rÇgh®¡fî«.
(vii) tiugl¤âÈUªJ rhŒî m MdJ,
A]¡ Éâ á¿a msÉyhd
tiuaiw :
AB ∆L ∆L . AL
cU¡FiyɉF, jifî k‰W« âÇò m= = (or)
BC F F AL
x‹W¡bfh‹W ne® É»j¤âš cŸsJ.
F L ∆L
s.
=
Am L
A]¡ Éâ - rÇgh®¤jš : (or)
A
(i) bkšÈa RUŸÉš x‹¿‹ xU Kid F ∆L
(or) =k
jh§»Æš Ãiyahf bjh§fÉl¥g£LŸsJ. A L
ok
F ∆L
(or) ∝
A L
(viii) mjhtJ, jifî ∝ âÇî
(ix) vdnt Û£á všiyÆš, jifthdJ âÇò¡F
0
5
o ne®jfÉš ïU¡F«. ïJnt A]¡ ÉâahF«.
10
m
2. ۣᡠFzf¤â‹ tiffis És¡Ff.
ab
15
20 vil
25 Û£á¡Fzf« :
30
(iii) RUŸÉšÈ‹ Ú£áia msÉl xU bt®Åa® (iii) Û£á Fzf§fŸ _‹W tif¥gL« mitfŸ,
msî nfhš mik¥ò cŸsJ. 1) a§ Fzf« (Y)
2) gUk¡ Fzf« (K)
w
m
l l
(i) gUk¤ jifî¡F« (mG¤j«), W = ∫ dW = ∫ F dl ...(1)
gUk¤âÇò¡F« ïilnaahd É»j« 0 0
(v) a§ Fzf¤â‹ tiuaiwgo,
gUk¡ Fzf« vd tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ.
co
(ii) gUk¤ jifî, F
A = F L
F W= ...(2)
σn = n =Δp l A l
∆A L
(iii) gUk âÇò, YAl
s.
(or) F = ...(3)
∆V L
εn = (vi) rk‹ghL (3)-I rk‹ghL (1)-š ãuâÆl,
V
(iv) tiuaiwgo gUk¡FzfkhdJ
ok
i i
σc ∆P Y Al YA
W= ∫
L ∫0
= dl = l dl
K = ε c ∆V 0
L
V
YA l 2
l
YA l 2 Y A 2
Éiw¥ò¡ Fzf« (ηR) :
(iii)
W= = l − 0 =
L 2 0 2L 2L
o
(i) rW¡F bga®¢á jifî¡F«, rW¡F 1 YA l 1
l = Fl
bga®¢á âÇò¡F« ïilnaahd W=
2 L 2
ab
É»j« Éiw¥ò Fzf« vd
tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ. (vii) ï›thW brŒa¥g£l ntiyahdJ
f«ãÆDŸ Û£á Ãiy M‰wyhf (U)
F
σs = t nrÄ¡f¥gL»wJ. vdnt,
∆A 1
Ft
(ii) rW¡F bga®¢á âÇò Ft
ur
U= Fl
x ∆A ∆A σs 2
εs = =xθ = (viii) f«ãÆ‹ XuyF gUkÅš cŸs M‰wyhdJ
h θ εs
h
(iii) tiuaiwgo Éiw¥ò FzfkhdJ, M‰wš ml®¤â (u) vd¥gL«. mjhtJ,
1
.s
Fl
Ft Ft U 2
=
σ s ∆A ∆A u=
AL AL
ηR = = =
εs x θ
w
h 1 F l
u=
2 A L
3. f«ã x‹¿š XuyF gUkÅš nrÄ¡f¥g£l Û£á 1
M‰wY¡fhd nfhitia¤ jUÉ. M‰wš ml®¤â (u) = (jifî × âÇò)
w
2
(i) f«ãia Ú£áaila¢ brŒa ÛŸ Éir¡F 4. Ú®k¥ gu¥ã‰F¡ ÑnH h MH¤âš cŸs bkh¤j
vâuhf ntiy brŒa¥gl nt©L«. ï›thw mG¤j¤â‰fhd rk‹gh£il¤ jUÉ.
brŒa¥g£l ntiyna f«ãÆDŸ Û£á
w
m
F2
5. ghŒk§fËš gh°fš Éâia¡ T¿ mjid Ã%ã.
h1 A P1
1
gh°fš ÉâÆ‹ T‰whdJ xU âut¤âš cŸs xU
co
h2
2
FG=mg òŸËÆš mG¤j« kh¿dhš mªj khWghL kâ¥ò
A P1 F1
Fiwahkš âut« KGtj‰F« gu¥g¥gL»wJ
(v) vdnt,
s.
F1 = P1 A F1
A2
F2 = P2 A
Pa 1 A A1 B
ok
(vi) Ú®khâÇÆ‹ Ãiw m - vÅš Ñœneh¡»
F2
brašgL« mj‹ vil Fg= mg
h
(vii) vdnt rkÃiyÆš, o ÚÇaš ö¡»
PF2 = F1 + Fg
Ã%gz« :
P 2 A = P 1 A + mg...(1) (i) gh°fš ÉâÆ‹ xU brašKiw ga‹ghL,
ab
(viii) ÚÇ‹ ml®¤â ρ - vÅš Fiwthd Éiria¡ bfh©L mâf
gSit¤ ö¡f ga‹gL« ÚÇaš ö¡»
m = ρV = ρ A (h2– h1)
(Hydraulic lift) MF«. ïJ xU Éir¥
(ix) ïjid rk‹ghL (1)-š ãuâÆl, bgU¡». ïJ A k‰W« B v‹w x‹Wl‹
x‹W »ilk£l¡ FHhahš ïiz¡f¥g£L
ur
P 2 A = P 1 A + ρ A (h2– h1) g
âut¤jhš Ãu¥g¥g£l ïU cUisfis¡
(or) P 2 = P 1 + ρ (h2– h1) g ...(2) bfh©LŸsJ.
(x) Ú® khâÇÆ‹ nkšk£l« Ú®k¤â‹ (ii) mt‰¿DŸ A1 k‰W« A2 (A2 > A1)
.s
P = Pa + ρ h g ...(3)
P A1 A1
A1 v‹w kâ¥ã‰F
(iv) vdnt á¿a ã°l‹ A-ï‹ ÛJ cŸs bghUË‹ Ñœòw¤âš brašgL« nkš gu¥ò Éir
Éiria kh‰Wtj‹ _y« ã°l‹ B-ï‹ (Thrust) (nkšneh¡»a br§F¤J ÃiyÆš)
F1 F1 A 2
where, p=
ÛJŸs ÉirahdJ v‹w fhuÂÆ‹ F2 = P2a = a(x + h)ρg
A1 A1 A1 F2 > F1 ïU¥gjhš Ãfu gu¥ò Éir nkšneh¡»a
msî¡F ca®¤j¥g£LŸsJ. ïªj fhu âirÆš brašgL«. ïJ nkšneh¡F gu¥ò Éir
m
ÚÇaš ö¡»Æ‹ ïaªâu ïyhg« vd¥gL«. vd¥gL« U v‹W F¿¥ãl¥gL«.
6. M®¡»Äo° j¤Jt¤ij¡ T¿ mjid Ã%ã. ∴ U = F2 - F1 = a (x + h) ρg - axρg
bghUbsh‹W xU ghŒk¤âš gFâahfnth U = ahρg
co
mšyJ KGtJkhfnth _œ»ÆUªjhš mJ ïl« ah = V (bghUË‹ gUk‹)
bgau¢ brŒj ghŒk¤â‹ vil¡F rkkhd nkš
∴ U = Vρg
neh¡»a cªJ Éiria mJ cz®»wJ k‰W«
cªJ ÉirahdJ ïl« bga®ªj âut <®¥ò ika« bghUË‹ br§F¤J¥ g¡f§fËš brašgL«
ÉirfŸ x‹iwbah‹W <Lf£o¡bfhŸS«.
s.
tÊahf brašgL»wJ.
∴ bghUË‹ ÛJ ïUÉirfŸ k£L« brašgL«.
cªJ Éir (m) Äj¥ò Éir = ïl« bga®ªj
âut¤â‹ vil. (i) vil w1 = mg Ñœ neh¡» F¤jhf brašgL«.
ok
xU bghUË‹ vilÆš njh‰w ïH¥ò = w1- w2= Ú®k¤jhš nkšneh¡F¥ gu¥òÉir Vρg
(ii)
bghUshš ïl«bgau¢ brŒj Ú®k¤â‹ vil nkšneh¡» F¤jhf brašgL«.
u = vpg ∴ bghUË‹ njh‰w vil w2- Vρg = w1- Vρg
u = vpg w1- w2 = Vρg
o U bghUË‹ gUk‹ mjhtJ ïl« bga®¤j
Ú®k¤â‹ gUk‹.
ab
Vp v‹gJ Ãiw g v‹gJ ïl« bga®ªj Ú®k¤â‹
vil.
vdnt, xU Ú®k¤âš xU bghUŸ _œ»ÆU¡F«
nghJ mj‹ vil ïl«bga®ªj Ú®k¤â‹
ur
ÉGtjhf bfhŸnth«.
(ii) nfhs¤â‹ Mu« =r
F1 nfhs¤â‹ ml®¤â = ρ
w
m
c
V P P
v = vd¡
t l l
U F bfhŸf. mJ (m) âut¤â‹ gh»aš
v© dP (η), (M) FHhÆ‹ 1 4Mu« (r), k‰W« (ï)
P π πrc P
co
dx V l P 8 P 8ηl
mG¤j¢rÇî M»at‰iw¢ rh®ªjJ. ï§F
W
t l l
k v‹gJ xU gÇkhzk‰w 1 kh¿È.
4
vdnt
xU ghFÃiy âut¤âš ÉG« dP P π πr Pc
nfhs¤â‹ ÛJ brašgL« Éir dx V l P8a b 8Pηl
s.
v ∝ ηr
(vi) vdnt rkÃiyÆš, t l l
1 c
Fg = U + F VdP PP P π πr 4 P
v = kη r a b
ok
...(1)
(or) Fg – U = F tdx cl l 8l 8 ηl
V gUk‹ P P 1 4
ρ 4 πr3 g – σ 4 πr3 g = 6 π η r vt [v] = dP 3TP-1 ], π πr P
= [L
t lneu« l
dx l 8
3 3 8 ηl
4 πr3 (ρ – σ) g = 6 π η r v 1 4
t dP mG¤j«P π πr P-2 -2
3
vt =
o
3
4 πr (ρ − s ) g
dx =bjhiyî
l 8
= [ML T ], [η] = [ML-1T-1]
8 ηl
3 6π η r k‰W« [r] = [L]
ab
2 r 2 (ρ − s ) g
v = rk‹ghL ïš ãuâÆl
t
9 η
(vii) vdnt, vt ∝ r2 [L3T-1] = [ML-1T-1]a [L]b [ML-2T-2]c
(viii) ï§F ρ > σ v‹gjhš (ρ – σ) kâ¥ò ne®F¿ M0L3T-1 = M a+cL−a+b−2c T−a−2c
ur
MdJ. 1c
8. xU FHhÆ‹ tÊna tÇ¢Ó® x£l¤âš xU V dP P PP π πr 4 P
v=kη -1 4
ÉdhoÆš ghí« âut¤â‹ gUkD¡fhd ghŒbrhŒ t dxl r ll 8 8 ηl
rk‹gh£il¤ jUÉ.
w
c
ghŒbrhŒ E©FHhŒ tÊahf xU behoÆš ghí« V P P
dP P π πr P 1 4
_y« ï‹
nrhjid l kdxl kâ¥ò vd fhz¥g£lJ.
âut¤â‹ gUkD¡fhd rk‹gh£il¤ jUÉ¡f t l 8 8 ηl
Ñœ¡fhQ« Ãgªjidfis¡ fU¤âš bfhŸs vdnt, 1 4
dP P π πr P
w
nt©L«.
(i) FHhÆ‹ tÊna âut¤â‹ X£l« tÇ¢Ó®
l 8v = 8ηl
dx ...(2)
X£lkhf ïU¡f nt©L«. nk‰f©l rk‹ghL FW»a FHhŒ mšyJ
(ii) FHhŒ »ilk£lkhf òÉ<®¥òÉir Ú®k E©FHhŒ tÊna bršY« Ú®k X£l¤â‰nf
X£l¤ij¥ ghâ¡fhjthW ïU¡f nt©L«. bghUªJ«. ï¢rk‹ghL ghŒbrhŒ rk‹ghL
(iii) FHhÆ‹ Rtiu¤ bjhL« Ú®k VL XŒÉš vd¥gL«.
ïU¡f nt©L«.
m
ïGÉirÆ‹ fhuzkhfnt nfhs toit gu¥òfŸ cŸsd.
bgW»‹wd. (iii) vdnt gu¥ò ïGÉirahš ïu©L
(ii) JËfS«, FÄÊfS« Fɪj nk‰gu¥ig gu¥òfËY« Éir brašgL«.
co
bg‰WŸsjhš, mt‰¿DŸ mG¤j« btË (iv) miu nfhs tot nrh¥ò FÄÊÆš
mG¤j¤ij Él mâfkhF«. brašgL« ÉirfŸ,
P1
1. âut JËÆDŸ ÄifaG¤j«: (2 R)
s.
bfh©l xU âut JËia fUJnth«.
( R2 ) P
(ii) miunfhs tot
P2 âut JËÆš brašgL«
ÉirfŸ.
ok
(iii) gu¥ò ïGÉirahš ty¥òwkhf
brašgL« Éir FT = 2πRT. Ú®k¤JË
(iv) btË¥òw mG¤j« P1 -Mš ty¥òwkhf
brašgL« Éir F P = P 1 πR 2
o (v)
gu¥ò ïGÉirahš ty¥òwkhf
1 brašgL« Éir FT = 2(2πRT)
(v) c£òw mG¤j« P2 Mš ïl¥òwkhf
brašgL« Éir F P = P 2 πR 2 (iv) btË¥òw mG¤j« P1 -Mš ty¥òwkhf
ab
2 brašgL« Éir F P = P 1 πR 2
(2 R) 1
(v) c£òw mG¤j« P2 Mš ïl¥òwkhf
brašgL« Éir F P = P 2 πR 2
2
( R2 ) P
(vi) âut¤JË rkÃiyÆš cŸsjhš,
ur
F T + FP = F P
1 2
2(2πRT) +P1 πR2 = P2πR2
(or) P2πR2 – P1πR2 = 4πRT
.s
Ú®k¤JË
(vi) âut¤JË rkÃiyÆš cŸsjhš, (or) (P2 – P1 ) πR2 = 4πRT
F T + FP = F P 4πRT
w
1 2 (or) (P2 – P1 ) =
πR 2
2πRT +P1πR2 = P2πR2
4T
(or) (P2 – P1 ) =
(or) P2πR2 – P1πR2 = 2πRT R
w
R
2T 3. fh‰W FÄÊÆDŸ ÄifaG¤j«:
(or) (P2 – P1 ) =
R (i) R - Mu« bfh©l fh‰W¡ FÄÊ x‹W
(vii) ï§F (P2 – P1 ) = ΔP v‹gJ ÄifaG¤j« T - gu¥ò ïGÉir bfh©l Ú®k¤âš
MF«. vdnt, cŸsjhf fUnjnth«.
2T (ii) miunfhs tot fh‰W¡ FÄÊÆš
ΔP = brašgL« ÉirfŸ.
R
m
brašgL« Éir F P = P 2 πR 2 h cau¤â‰F nknyW»wJ.
2
(iii) gu¥ò ïGÉirÆ‹ fhuzkhf V‰gL«
(2 R)
Éir FT MdJ bjhL«òŸËÆš
co
bjhLnfh£o‹ tÊna Ñœneh¡»í«, mj‹
vâ®Éir nkšneh¡»í« brašgL»‹wd.
fh‰W¡ gu¥ò ïGÉir T MdJ ïUTWfshf¥
FÄÊ ( R2 ) P
P2
ãÇ¡f¥gL»wJ.
s.
1. »il¤js¡ TW T sinθ¸ k‰W«
2. br§F¤J¡TW T cosθ¸ ãiw¤js¤â‹
ok
(vi) âut¤JË rkÃiyÆš cŸsjhš, R‰wsî KGtJ« nkšneh¡»
FT + FP = FP
brašgL»wJ.
1 2
2 πRT +P1πR2 = P2πR2 bkh¤j nkšneh¡»a Éir
t l l t l l l t l
(vii) ï§F (P2 – P1 ) = ΔP v‹gJ ÄifaG¤j« j«g¤â‹ = cila Ú®k¤ j«g¤â‹
MF«. vdnt,
2T
l l
fdmsî v t
fd msî
ΔP = c c
P 4 rπPP V P P V
Pd π
1
1 1h cauK«
PπÚ®k¤
1
P dP dPπP j«g¤â‹ P
π rP 4
P πr
.s
R 4 r MuK«
10. E©òiH EiHî v‹whš v‹d? E©òiHna‰w P rπ π dcila
dx fdmsî
+
l8 dx
-
8η
l
KiwÆš Ú®k« x‹¿‹ gu¥ò ïGÉir¡fhd
nfhitia¤ jUÉ. lη 8 8 l lη8xdlmiu¡nfhs¤â‹
t ll fdmsî
8
r lMuKila
tld 8
xl 8η
w
C
T T
E©òiHna‰w KiwÆš gu¥ò ïGÉiria¡ h
fhzš :
(i) âutK«, fh‰W« rªâ¡FÄl¤âš cŸs
tisªj gu¥ã‹ ÛJ V‰gL« mG¤j
ntWghnl âutkhdJ E©òiH¡ FHhÆš
gu¥ò ïGÉirÆdhš E©òiHna‰w«
nknyWtj‰F¡ fhuzkhf mik»wJ.
2 1
V = πr2h + πr 2 × r − πr 3 ⇒ V a2
3 3 V1 V2
2 2 3 1 1
π r × r − = πr πr2h+ πr3
r h + r ρg
a1
3 1
A B
3 2 3 3 1 rρgh
h + πrr2 × rÚÇ‹
Óu‰w FW¡Fbt£L¥ gu¥òila xU FHhÆ‹
(v) nkšneh¡»aÉirahdJ − nk‰gu¥ã‰F
π r
1 tÊna bršY« ghŒk¤â‹ tÇ¢Ó® X£l«
nkny r FHhÆš
m
h + r ρ3V¿íŸs
g cos θ 3 2 cos θ
23Ú®k¤j«g¤â‹
1vilia¢
rk‹ 32TbrŒ»wJ.
cos θ 1rρvdnt, gh (ii) Δt v‹w fhy msÉš A v‹w gFâÆ‹
h + r 1
3 2 cos2θrρg 2 cos θr h + r ρg tÊna bršY« Ú®k¤â‹ Ãiw m1 vÅš
2
π r × r − π r 3 11r 3 rρgh
h + r
co
2 T cos2πrTθ 1cosθ = πr
3 33 ρg 2 cos θ
2
2 cos θ
m1 = (a1v1Δt) ρ
rρg r Δt v‹w fhy msÉš B v‹w gFâÆ‹
2T cos 1 θ 1
r h + r ρg tÊna bršY« Ú®k¤â‹ Ãiw m2 vÅš,
⇒ 1 = rρ3g r rρgh
h + r 2 = (a 2v 2Δt) ρ
T m
3 2 cos θ 2 cos θ
s.
mK¡f ïayhj Ú®k¤âš Ãiw khwhJ
(vi) E©òiH¡ 2T cos θ FiHahdJ
1 Äf E©Âajhf
2 2 r 3Mu« r1ρgbfh©oU¥ã‹ (Äf¡ Fiwthd m1= m2
r
πr × r − πMu«) r cau« h cl‹ x¥ãl r MdJ (a1v1Δt) ρ = (a2v2Δt) ρ
ok
3 3 3 1
òw¡f¡f¤j¡fJ.πrvdnt 2 2 32 3 1 a1v1= a2v2 ⇒ av = kh¿È
1 πrr− ×3 rπr− πr3
× 2
r h + r ρg 3 3
1 3 rρgh (iii) ïJnt bjhl®kh¿È¢ rk‹ghL vd¥gL«.
h + r T= 1 1 ïJ, ghí« ghŒk§fË‹ ÃiwahdJ
3 2 cos θ 2 cos θ r h +r hr +ρgr ρg
2T cos θ 1 h cau¤âW¡ nknyW«nghJ
o 1 1
h + hr + r
3 3 rρgh rρghkhwhkš ïU¥gij¡ fh£L»wJ. bghJthf av
3 3 2 cos θ2 cos θ 2 cos θ2 cos θ= kh¿È, ïj‹ bghUŸ FW¡F bt£L¥ gu¥ò
rρg r
ab
Fiwthf ïU¥ã‹ ghŒk¤â‹ âirntf«
2T cos2Tθ cos 1θ 1
h= ⇒h∝ mâfkhf ïU¡F«.
rρg rρgr r
12. mK¡f ïayhj, ghFÃiya‰w ghŒk« x‹W
(vii) E©òiH V‰wkhdJ (h) FHhÆ‹ tÇ¢Ó® X£l¤âš brštj‰fhd bg®bdsÈÆ‹
Mu¤â‰F (r) v⮤jfÉš cŸsJ v‹gij nj‰w¤ij¡ T¿ mjid Ã%ã.
ur
[HY-2018]
ïJ F¿¡»wJ. FHhÆ‹ Mu« Fiwa bg®bdsÈÆ‹ nj‰w« : bg®bssÈÆ‹
E©òiHna‰w« mâfkhF«. nj‰w¤â‹go tÇ¢Ó® X£l¤âš cŸs mK¡f
ïayhj, ghFÃiya‰w, XuyF ÃiwíŸs
.s
X£lkhf mikí«.
gUk‹ vÅš, Kid B tÊahf mnj fhy¤âš
(i) Óu‰w FW¡F bt£L¥gu¥ò a1 k‰W« a2 btËnaW« Ú®k¤â‹ gUkD« V MF«.
mjhtJ a1 > a2 bfh©l AB v‹w FHhia¡
fUJf. ghFÃiya‰w mK¡f ïayhj aA, vA k‰W« PA v‹git Aš Kiwna FHhÆ‹
Ú®k« Óuhf v1 k‰W« v2 v‹w âirntf¤âš FW¡Fbt£L¥gu¥ò, Ú®k âirntf« k‰W« Ú®k
Kiwna a1 k‰W« a2 gu¥òfŸ tÊna mG¤j« vd¡ bfhŸf.
ghŒªJ brš»wJ.
m
h2 A
P 22
v
A A
= A
11 vM‰wš P v m
vA2 A V m ρ
2 khwh ÉâÆÈUªJ
2 2 ρ ρg g g g V
AB v‹w FHhÆ‹ tÊna ghí« Ú®k« PP AVAV PP AVAV PP AAE= PPA
A =A EB
=
V Pm mm ρρ1 2 PB 1 2
mP
A ïš cŸs Ú®k« brašgL¤J« Éir PAV VPAV m
co
A
m A +
= mvA + mghA mvB
V m mP V P VVV
ρm PP P V
VP V V2P P V
PPVV P PAρPP 2P PAP
A A PAAAA PAAAA== AA
A A A
FA = PAaA
m 1
A A
P
A
1 = = =
m 1 mv V V 1PBV 2BVm
V 1P m m
mm m
v2 ρmρ ρρρ
2
m
PAVmvV=PA2P AVV v m
2 2
mv mv
t fhy msÉš Ú®k« flªj bjhiyî AP P+AV2 PA B B +Pmgh
m 2 m A 1ρ
m 1
m 22 B 2 ρ 2ρ P A A
2=gV Vg = V VVA
B
mv V V m mv m
m m
ρ ρ
s.
112 2 PP m A
v2Am 21m
B
1 2 1121mv P2 2 P P1BP 111 mv22 2
PAVm P Vv2 PA vρP m
d = vA t 2
mV PmvB 2B 1 B B 2 2 mv
Av
+
mv mv
A+
V mv mv mv mvB B
= P
vρρ2gg m AV
gm mm AV
P PAAρA= Pρ ρ B+22B2 B + ghB= kh¿È.
A A
vdnt brŒa¥g£l ntiy
V1 v 2 2m
A
2PA m gρ 2 m 2 22A2ghρ = 2 ρ
2
A
m 1mV 21 m PB 2 m 1PB2 2 2 1 2
mv mv 2P vmv v2 B ρ mvBï›thW« vGjyh«.
A
W = FAd = PAaAvA t 2 ρg Vg 1nkny 1 1 2P
1 1 P vP v
ok
2 2 PcŸs v
A
m v2m v 2
v 2 vAvAA ρg V g 2
2 2 2 ρ A
2 ρ
rk‹gh£il
m 1 2 PB2 2A1 Aρ
Mdhš aAvA t = aAd = V, A ïš EiHí« Ú®k¤â‹ 2v2g2ρ2 g gρ2g ρgg gg
gUkdhF«. vdnt brŒa¥g£l ntiyahdJ mvA1 2 1Pm mv
2 P B1 v 2 P 1 2
m 2 vAρ v2A + mvA+ hB= kh¿È mvB
Aïš mG¤j M‰wyhf ïU¡F«. 2 2ρ g m g ρ g2 g ρ 2
1 2 P v 2 nkny
vA 1 2 PcŸs v 2 rk‹ghlhdJ M‰wš khwh
W = FAd = PAV
2
o
ρg g ÉâÆ‹
2
vA ÉisthF«. Ú®k¤â‹ VLfŸ bt›ntW
ρg g
A ïš XuyF gUkD¡fhd mG¤j M‰wš âirntf§fËš brštjhš mt‰¿‰»ilna
ab
mG¤j M‰wš PAV PAV PA PA V‰gL«PAV PcuhŒî
P VV P PAAVÉirÆdhš
PA PA M‰wš ïH¥ò
A= gUk‹ = V = PmA m = ρ cUth»wJ. vdnt= bg®bdsÈ
A A
= bjhl®ghdJ,
V V m mm m
ρ ρ
A ïš XuyF Ãiw¡fhd mG¤j M‰wš = V RÊ ghFÃiyíŸs mšyJ ghFÃiya‰w
PAV k£LnkVP V VP bghUªJ«. P
mG¤j M‰wš PAPVAV P mAPV AV 1PAPA 2=PAPPAB 1 2 Ú®k§fS¡F m 1
A
P 1
A
= 2 1A FHhŒ
F¿¥ghf
= m 1 P
Ãiw V V mmm 2mmv mvB
ur
A= m A ρρ Ú®kkhdJ »il¤js¡
mB 2 mmv tÊna
Vmv ρ 2
= = 2
A mvA B mvB
B
ρ 2
m 2m 2 ρ V
btËna¿dhš 2ρ 2
PAV PAV PVAV 2PA
ï§F m v‹gJ bfhL¡f¥g£l 1 neu¤âš P =vA ïš 1 2 1Pm v2 2
PB 1 2
Vmm 1vmA21 2 m2 PBPBρ1 1 2 2 2 P1 v 2
EiHí« Ú®k¤â‹ Ãiw.vdnt 2 Amv mv
ïšρ g g
Ú®k¤â‹ mvB v
⇒ v A + mv A = kh¿È.mvB
mv h =
2
o A
2ρgm gρg2 g ρ 2
.s
2 2 AV ρ ρ 2 2 B
A
mG¤j M‰wš mm
PAV P1Am V12 2PA1Pmv 22v PB 1 2 13. bt‹RÇkhÅÆ‹ 1 2 P mik¥ò v2
PP 2 k‰W« brašgh£il
EPA = PAV = PAV × mv vA =2 m = vA
A mv B ÉtÇ. FHhÆ‹ v mfykhd EiHî¥ gFâÆš
2A mρgρg ρg g ρ 2
A
V m
2 2 ρgghí«g Ú®k¤â‹ gUkD¡fhd
w
xU ÉdhoÆš
A ïš Ú®k¤â‹ Ãiyah‰wš
1 2 VP v 2 nfhitia¤ jUÉ.
P V P V P P vA
A mA 12A 2 ρP gB g1 2 bt‹RÇkhÅ :
m = ρmvA
PEA A = mgh A mvB
V m m fhuzkhf
2 ρ 2
w
m 2P V P ρV P2 PA brašgL»wJ.
2X£l¤âdhš=bkh¤j M‰wš
A A A
vdnt1A ïš PÚ®k v m
vA2 V m ρ
E2A = EPρAg+ KE g A + PEAV (ii) ïJ A k‰W« A' v‹w ïU mf‹w FHhŒfis¡
bfh©LŸsJ. (FW¡F bt£L¥ gu¥ò A) mit
PAV EPAV PA= m PAm + 1 mv 2 +Pmg B 1 2
hAmvB B v‹w FWfyhd (FW¡F bt£L¥gu¥ò a)
= A
V m
A
m m
ρ 2 ρ 2 FHhŒ _y« ïiz¡f¥g£LŸsd. U tot
ïnjnghš V aB1, v2 Bk‰W« P v PB v‹git Kiwna
2 mG¤jkhÅahdJ ï›ÉU mf‹w k‰W«
v
m 1 2 PB 2 1A ρ2 g g
mv
orders@surabooks.com
A mvB PH: 9600175757 / 8124201000 / 8124301000
m 2 ρ 2
2
This is only for Sample Materials A v12 v22 1 A
2
v1
for Full Book order online and available at all Leading Bookstores
a 2 2 2 a
RuhÉ‹ XI M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš ➠ myF 7 ➠ gU¥bghUË‹ g©òfŸ (A 2 − a2 2 ) 2 2( ∆P)a 2 251 2
A 2v1 v2 12 A 2
a ρ(A − a v)1
FWfyhd FHhŒfS¡»ilna cŸsthW a 2 2 2 a
2
ïiz¡f¥g£LŸsJ. mG¤jkhÅÆš V = Av1 −2Pa)2a) 2 2( ∆P)a 2
= A (A22( ∆
cŸsâut¤â‹ ml®¤â 'ρm'. ρ(A a 2 − a )ρ(A 2 − a 2 )
A A'
2( ∆P )a 2
= aA
ρ(A 2 − a 2 )
m
B
A
a 2
co
h
ÚuhdJ 30mm cau¤â‰F nknyWkhW ÚÇDŸ
mÄœ¤j¥g£LŸsJ. òâa E©FHhÆ‹ Mu«
M PM 1 h1r1 ïUªjhš
Kªija kâ¥ãš 2 g§fhf d 2 d òâa
3 r r2 2 3 2
s.
bt‹RÇkhÅÆ‹ És¡f¥gl«
E©FHhÆš Ú® nknyW« dcau¤ij¡ fz¡»Lf.
(iii) A ïš cŸs mfykhd gFâÆYŸs 30 ×
ghŒk¤â‹ mG¤j« P1 v‹f. `ρ' ml® 2 1 h1r1 d 2 d 2
Ô®î: h ∞ ⇒ hr = xU kh¿È
3 r r2 2 3 2 2d
ok
¤âíl‹ `v1' âirntf¤âš ghŒk«
FHhÆDŸns ghŒtjhš FWfyhd gFâÆš
h1 r1d= h2 r2 3 2
= kh¿È
30 ×
mj‹ ntf« `v2' vd mâfÇ¡»wJ vd¡
2 h 2 1= h1r1 d 2 d
fUJf. bg®bdsÈÆ‹ nj‰w¥go ïªj ntf 2d 23 r r2 2 3 2
ca®î h1 = 30mm
mâfÇ¥ghdJ B ïš cŸs FW»a gFâÆš
o 3Ú®k£l
2
30 ×
d
2 1 h1r1 d 2 d
ghŒk¤â‹ mG¤jkhd P2 it¡ Fiw¡»wJ. 2 Mu«
E©òiH¡FHhÆ‹
r1 = mm
ab
vdnt A¡F«, B¡F« ïilna cŸs mG¤j 2d 3 r r 2 3 2
2 1 2 h1r1 d 2 d
ntWghlhdJ (ΔP = P1-P2) mG¤jkhÅÆš 2 1 dh1r1 d 2 d
E©òiHÆ‹ 3 2òâa
30 Mu« 3 r r =r 2 mm
3 2
cŸs âut¤â‹ cau ntWgh£lhš
3 r× 2 r2 2 2 23 2
d
msÉl¥gL»wJ. 2d d30 ×
30 × 2
ur
2
bg®bdsÈÆ‹ − a 2 ) 2( ∆ga‹gL¤j
(Ark‹gh£il¥ P)a 2
A v12 A v22 v 2 A
2
1a vA
2
2v ρv( A 1
2 2 2 2
− a2 A)
2 2. 15.2m ÚsK«, 4cm É£lK« bfh©l xU cUis
2 v1 A
= P + ρ =12P2 + ρv1 v1
1 2
P1 + ρ 1 xU KidÆš bghU¤j¥g£LŸsJ. 4×105N
a 2 a 22 2 22a( ∆2P a2)a2 2a 2 a
w
1
Éiw¥ò Fzf«
ΔP = P ∆P2)=a22(ρ∆P )a22( ∆P )2aa2 2v1 22 22 a
21(-P
a 2 2 2
2 a 2 2 ρ( A
a −a ) Ft Ft
2
ρ(Amf‹w ρ(A
− a 2 ) 22FHhÆ‹ − a KidÆš
) 2
âut 2
A v12 v22 1 Aρ((AA2 −−aa2 )) 2((∆AP)−2a2 2a ) 2( ∆2P)a 2
vdnt 2
ηR = A π r 2l
X£l¤â‹ ntf« v1 2( ∆P )aa =
w
a 2 2 2 a a 2 2 2 ρ(A − a ) θ θ
ρ(ρA(A 2
− −a 2a) ) 2 Ft
(AA2 − av22 ) v22 ( ∆1P)aA2 2( ∆ 2 2( ∆P )a θ=
2 1= 2 2 P)a 2 =
⇒ v
π r 2l ηR
2 v ρ ( A 2
− a 2
)
4 ×105
aa 2 ρ2(A 2− aaρ)(A2 − a 2 )
1
1
θ=
22 3.14 × 2 × 10 −2 × 2 ×10 −2 ×15.2 × 6 ×1010
(2A( ∆−
k‰W« 2
P)aa ) xU P)a
2( ∆ÉdhoÆš 2
A‹ tÊahf¥ ghŒªJ
2bršY«2 âut¤â‹ 2 gUk‹,
10 −1
ρ(Aa − a ) ρ(A − a )
2 2
θ = = 3.538 × 10–2 rad
3.14 ×1.5 × 6
2( ∆P )a 2
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This is only for Sample Materials
for Full Book order online and available at all Leading Bookstores
252 RuhÉ‹ XI M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš➠ bjhFâ II
3. 2.3 cm Mu« bfh©l nrh¥ò¡FÄÊ A MdJ m
m = ρâut« × Vg [ρ = ]
k‰bwhU 4 cm MuKŸs B v‹w nrh¥òfFÄÊÆDŸ V
cUth»wJ. á¿a nrh¥ò¡ FÄÊ¡F cŸnsí«, = 0.72 × Vg
bgÇa nrh¥òFÄÊ¡F btËnaí« cŸs mG¤j
ntWgh£il¡ bfh©LŸs jÅ xU nrh¥òFÄÊÆ‹ W = ρAg Vg= 10Vg
MukhdJ A k‰W« B M»a ïU nrh¥ò¡ FÄÊfË‹
m
Mu¤ijÉl Fiwthf ïU¡F« v‹gij Ã%ã? Wapp = 10 Vg- 0.72 Vg = 9.28Vg
Ô®î: nrh¥ò FÄÊÆDŸ ÄifaG¤j«, 37.12
Vp =
9.28
co
4T
ΔP =
R Mass x = 4 kg
R = 4 cm vÅš, ÄifaG¤j«, 5. xU _oa FHhíl‹ ïiz¡f¥g£LŸs mG¤jkhÅ
4T 5×105 Nm-2 v‹w mså£il¡ fh£L»wJ.
ΔPb = = 100 T
s.
4 ×10 −2 FHhÆ‹ âw¥ghid âwªjhš mG¤jkhÅÆš
R = 2 cm vÅš, ÄifaG¤j«, 4.5×105 Nm-2 v‹w msåL cŸsJ. FHhÆš ghí«
ÚÇ‹ ntf¤ij¡ fz¡»Lf.
4T
ΔPa = Ô®î. _oa ÃiyÆš ÚÇ‹ âirntf« v1 = 0
ok
= 200 T
2 ×10 −2
âwªj ÃiyÆš ÚÇ‹ âirntf« v1 = v
vdnt á¿a k‰W« bgÇa nrh¥ò FÄÊÆDŸ ÚÇ‹ ml®¤â ρ = 1000 kg m–3
bkh¤j ÄifaG¤j«, bg®bdsÈ nj‰w¤â‹go, »il¤js FHhÆš
ΔP = ΔPa + ΔPb= 200 + 100 = 300 T P1 1 P2 1 2
o + v1
ρ 2 =
2
+ v2
ρ 2
ïJ á¿a nrh¥ò FÄÊ‹ c£òw« k‰W« bgÇa
P1 P2 1 2 1 2
ab
nrh¥ò FÄÊ‹ btË¥òw« cŸs mG¤j§fË‹ − = v2 − v1
ntWgh£L¡F (ΔP) rkkhF«. ïªj ÄifaG¤j¤ij ρ ρ 2 2
bfh©LŸs jÅ nrh¥ò FÄÊÆ‹ MukhdJ P −P 1
rk‹ghL (1)-‹ go
1 2 = v22 − v12
ρ 2
( )
ur
4T 2
ΔP = 300 T =
R ( ρ
)
v22 − v12 = ( P1 − P2 )
4 4 kâ¥òfis¥ ãuâÆl,
∴R = = × 10–2 = 1.333 × 10–2 m
300 3 2
.s
m
ïjdhš v©bzŒ Óuhf btËnawhJ. Mdhš
Ékhd¤âš canu bršY«nghJ ngdhÉš
ïU Jis ïL«nghJ xU JisÆ‹ tÊna fh‰W
V‰gL« mG¤j khWgh£lhš, mJ rk‹ brŒa
cŸns EiHªJ mG¤j¤ij rk‹ brŒí«. K‰gL«nghJ ik ÑnH tÊa neÇL«. vdnt,
co
gaÂfŸ ngdh ikia fhÈ brŒíkhW
3. kG§»a f¤âia x¥ãl Tuhd f¤âahš
m¿îW¤jgL»wh®fŸ.
fhŒf¿fis vËjhf eW¡fyh«. V‹?
Tuhd f¤âÆ‹ gu¥ò kG§»a f¤âÆ‹ gu¥ig 5. bk‹ghd§fis¡ Fo¥gj‰F eh« c¿ŠR FHhia¥
Él Fiwthf ïU¡F«. Mdhš bkh¤j Éir (straw) ga‹gL¤J»nwh« V‹?
s.
rkkhF«. XuyF gu¥ã‹ Ûjhd gaDW Éir c¿ŠR FHhia ga‹gL¤J«nghJ mj‹ cŸns
TÇa KidÆš mâfkhf ïU¡F«. vdnt, mG¤j« tË mG¤j¤ij Él Fiwthf ïU¡F«.
kG§»a f¤âia x¥ãl Tuhd f¤âahš vËjhf ï«khWgh£lhš âut« nkny vG¥ò« vdnt
ok
bt£l Ko»wJ. vËjhf Fo¡f Ko»wJ.
o TLjš Édh¡fŸ
gÇkhz« [HY-2018]
òa¤â‹ vilÆ‹ fhuzkhf nkšneh¡F Éir
(a) 1 A (b) 10 Aº 62.84 × 10-5N Éirahš rk‹ brŒa¥gL»wJ.
(c) 100 A (d) 0.1 A ÚÇ‹ gu¥ò ïGÉir 70 × 10-3Nm vÅš E©òiH¡
.s
m
(d) òÉp®¥ò KL¡f«
(d) Fiwthd âirntf¤âš [Éil. (d) òÉp®¥ò KL¡f«]
[Éil. (a) Ãiyahd KL¡f¤Jl‹]
13. xU br›tf tot gh¤âu¤âš ÉË«ò tiu
co
7. <®¥ò Éir ïšiy vÅš ã‹tUtdt‰¿š
Ãu¥g¥g£l Úiu moÆYŸs xU âw¥ã‹ tÊna fhÈ
ghŒk¤â‰F vJ ïU¡fhJ?
brŒa 10min vL¤J¡ bfhŸ»wJ. vÅš miu¥
(a) ghŒk¥ g©ò (b) gu¥ò ïGÉir gh¤âu« Úuhš Ãu¥g¥g£lhš mjid fhÈah¡f
(c) mG¤j« v›tsî neukhF«?
(d) M®¡»ÄoÌ‹ nkšneh¡F mG¤jÉir
s.
(a) 9 min (b) 7 min
[Éil. (d) M®¡»ÄoÌ‹ nkšneh¡F mG¤j Éir] (c) 5 min (d) 3 min
8. Mu« V Ús« l bfh©l xU FHhÆš mj‹ [Éil. (b) 7 min]
ok
πθpr 4 14. xU bgÇa nrh¥ò FÄÊ‹ É£l« D 27 FÄÊfshf
KidfËš mG¤j ntWghL p v‹gJ V =
η v‹gJ gh»aš Fzf«, θ v‹gJ
ηl cil»wJ. mj‹ gu¥ò ïGÉir T vÅš gu¥ò
M‰wÈš kh‰w«
(a) 8 (b) 1 (a) 2πTD2 (b) 4πTD2
8
(c) 16
1
o 1
(d) 16 [Éil. (b) 8 ]
(c) πTD (d) 8πTD2
2
(a) á¿J neu¤â‰F ãwF Ãiyahd 16. ïGÉir âÇò ïj‰F rk«
âirntf¤ij milí«. (a) Éir/XuyF gu¥ò
(b) gªJ rhí« (b) Éir/xuyF gUk‹
w
âirntf¤ij milí«.]
17. xU öa bghUŸ ciwí« mšyJ â©kkhtJ
11. Ékhd« nkny cau¤ ö¡» gw¥gJ ïªÃfœÉid mj‹
w
m
(c) vilÆš kh‰w« ïšiy
[Éil. (b) P + a2 ] (d) KjÈš ïnyrhfî«, ã‹d® fdkhfî«
v
ïU¡F«
19. xU ghŒk« ïa¡f¤âš cŸsnghJ mj‹ ghFÃiy [Éil. (b) ïnyrhf ïU¡F«]
co
1 ghŒ° (poise) mJ XŒî ÃiyÆš cŸsnghJ
mj‹ ghFÃiy (ghŒ°) š F¿¥ãL. 26. ã‹tU« tiugl« xU ghŒk¤â‹ rW¡F¤ jifî
(a) 0 (b) 0.5 k‰W« âirntf rhŒî¡FÄilna tiua¥gL»wJ.
(c) 1 (d) 2 [Éil. (c) 1] ghŒk¤â‹ tif ahJ?
s. rW¡F¤ jifî
20. xU ghŒk« ïa¡f¤âš cŸsnghJ mj‹ mL¤jL¤j
mL¡FfS¡»ilnaahd rh®ò ïa¡f« ghFÉir.
(a) v⮡F« (b) ghâ¡fhJ
ok
(c) K‹ndh¡» ef®¤J« âirntf rÇî
(d) áy ÃiyfËš ghâ¡F« (a) Ãô£nlhÅaÅ‹ ghšk«
[Éil. (a) v⮡F«] (b) ïU cŸSiw ghŒk«
21. fÂrkhf bghUŸfŸ Ú£áailí«nghJ ciltj‰F
o (c) Ãô£nlhÅaÅ‹ ghŒkk‰wJ
K‹ Û£áa‰w FW¡f¤ij miltJ (d) ešÈašò ghŒk«
(a) cilí« bghUŸfŸ [Éil. (c) Ãô£nlhÅaÅ‹ ghŒkk‰wJ]
ab
(b) Û£áíŸs bghUŸfŸ
27. xU âut« f©zhoÆš x£lhJ vÅš mj‹ nr®
(c) cil¡f¡Toa bghUŸfŸ
nfhz«.
(d) ÚS« j‹ikíila bghU£fŸ
(a) RÊ (b) FW§nfhz«
[Éil. (d) ÚS« j‹ikíila bghU£fŸ]
(c) ÉÇnfhz« (d) br§nfhz«
ur
m
[Éil. (b) khwh âirntf«]
II. bghU¤Jf: 2. jifÉ‹ CGS myF
1. (a) N m2 (b) N / cm2
co
1) mQ¡fS¡F (a) gu¥ò ïGÉir
»ilnaahd Éir (c) il‹ / m
2 (d) il‹ / brÛ2
2) _y¡TWfS¡F (b) mQ¡fS¡F [Éil. (d) il‹ / brÛ2]
»ilnaahd Éir ïilnaahd Éir 3. gUk¡Fzf¤â‹ jiyÑÊ
3) âut mL¡FfS¡F (c) _y¡TWfS¡F (a) mK¡f¤j‹ik (b) K¿î¤jifî
s.
»ilnaahd ïilnaahd (c) Éiw¥ò Fzf« (d) a§Fzf«
cuhŒî Éir Éir [Éil. (a) mK¡f¤j‹ik]
4) â u t ¥ g u ¥ ã ‹ (d) gh»aš Éir 4. jifÉ‹ SI myF
ok
Ús¤â‹ tÊna (a) N m2 (b) N /m2
brašgL« Éir
(c) J / kg (d) J / k
1 2 3 4
[Éil. (b) N / m2]
(a) b c d a
(b) c d a b o 5. ghjur¤â‹ bfhâ Ãiy ________
(c) d a b c (a) 157°c (b) 167°c
(d) b d a c [Éil. (a) b c d a] (c) 735°c (d) 357°c
[Éil. (d) 357°c]
ab
2. 1) XÇd¡ ft®¢á Éir (a) br§f‰fŸ
2) XÇd¡ft®¢á Éir (b) f‰óu¥glF 6. °nlh¡° thŒgho‹ rk‹ghL ________
3) gu¥ò ïGÉir (c) ghjur« 6πα
(a) 8aηv (b)
4) E©òiH EiHî (d) bgÉfhš ηv
ur
6παη
1 2 3 4 (c) 6πaηv (d)
(a) d b a c v
(b) b a c d [Éil. (c) 6paηv]
.s
ÄifaG¤j«
R [Éil. (c) M‰wš khwhÉâ]
2) âut¤JËÆDŸ (b) 1 8. Ú®¤JËfŸ ïizªJ xU bgÇa Ú®¡nfhs« MF«
ÄifaG¤j« Fl
2
w
nghJ M‰wš
XŒî ghŒk¤j«g¤â‹ (c) (a) btËna‰w¥gL»wJ
3) 4T
Ûjhd mG¤j« (b) c¿Šr¥gL»wJ
R (c) ïu©L« el¡»wJ
w
m
IV. bghUªjhjt‰iw nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf: (b) A&¡° Éâ - Óuhd mšyJ mL¡F
Kiw X£l«
1. btŸs«
(a) (Laminar flow)
co
nk‰Tiu fh‰¿dhš ö¡» v¿jš
(b) (c) budhšL v© - jifî - âÇò bjhl®ò
ò‹r‹ (g®d®) vÇÉs¡F
(c) (d) K‰W¤ - khW« âirntf«
Ékhd« canu vG«òjš
(d) âirntf«
[Éil. (a) btŸs«] vJ rÇahd nrho?
s.
F¿¥ò : (b), (c), (d) M»ad bg®bdsÈ nj‰w« [Éil. (a) °nlh¡° Éâ - nkf§fŸ Äj¤jš]
ga‹ghLfŸ bjhl®òilait.
2. ngdhik c¿Šr¥gLjš
(a) 4. (a) Äj¥ò Éir - âut¤â‹ gUkÅš
ok
gU¤â Mil
(b) ïl«bga®î
És¡F¤ âÇÆš v©bzŒ ca®tJ
(c) (b) Ú®Kœ»¡ f¥gš - vâ®kiw Äjit
_œFtJ
c¿ŠR FHhŒ (Straw)
(d)
[Éil. (d) c¿ŠR FHhŒ (Straw)] (c) gh°fš Éâ - âl¥bghUS¡F
bghUªJ«
F¿¥ò : (d) E©òiH vL¤J¡fh£L ïšiy k‰w
_‹¿id¥nghy.
o (d) mG¤j« - gh
vJ rÇahd nrho?
ab
3. (a) mG¤j M‰wš (b) ïa¡f M‰wš [Éil. (b) Ú®_œ»¡f¥gš _œFjš -
(c) Ãiy M‰wš (d) ÛŸ Ãiy M‰wš vâ®kiw Äjit]
[Éil. (d) ÛŸ Ãiy M‰wš] VI. T‰WfS«, fhuz§fS« :
V. rÇahd mšyJ jtwhd nrhofis¤
ur
F¿¥òfŸ
nj®ªbjL¤J vGJ: (a) T‰W fhuz« rÇ k‰W« T‰W¡fhd
És¡f¡ fhuz« rÇ.
1. 2T (b) T‰W k‰W« fhuz« bkŒ Mdhš T‰W¡fhd
(a) mG¤j« -
R fhuz És¡f« bkŒašy.
.s
m
_œ»ÆU¡F« bghUË‹ gFâahš
ïl¥bga®¢á brŒa¥g£l âut¤â‹
1. gU¥bghUŸfËš âl, âut, thí Ãiy jÉu ntW
vilahdJ bghUË‹ vil¡F rkkhf
ÃiyfS¡F thŒ¥ò cŸsjh?
co
ïU¡Fkhdhš xU bghUŸ Äj¡F«.
ïj‹ fhuzkhfnt glFfŸ, f¥gšfŸ M«. mÔj NœÃiyfËš ãw Ãiyfis ãsh°kh,
flÈš Äj¡»‹wd. ngh° - #‹°O‹ thí¥ g©ò M»a ÃiyfËY«
[Éil. (a) T‰W fhuz« rÇ k‰W« T‰W¡fhd cŸsJ. Fth®¡ - FSth‹ ãsh°kh k‰W«
És¡f¡ fhuz« rÇ.] m©l¤âš bt¥g ãsh°khthfî« cŸsJ.
s.
VII. rÇahd mšyJ rÇÆšyhj T‰Wfis 2. Û£áa‰w g©ò v‹whš v‹d? vL¤J¡fh£L jUf.
nj®ªbjL: xU bghUshdJ cU¡FiyÉ¡F« Éir
ok
Ú¡f¥g£lîl‹ jdJ bjhl¡f tot« k‰W«
1. (I) ghŒr‹ É»j« v‹gJ rh®ò FW¡f¤â‰F«
rh®ò ÉÇɉF« ïilnaahd É»j¤ij¡ msit Ûs¥ bgwÉšiy vÅš m¥bghUŸ
F¿¡»wJ. Û£áa‰w bghUŸ MF«. ï¥g©ò Û£áa‰w g©ò
(II) âÇò¡F myF ïšiy o vd¥gL«.
vªj¡ T‰W rÇ? vL¤J¡fh£L : f©zho
(a) I k£L« (b) II k£L« 3. ïGÉir¤ jifî v‹gJ ahJ?
ab
(c) ïu©L« rÇ (d) VJÄšiy ïGÉir¤ jifî : ΔA ï‹ ïU g¡f§fËY«
[Éil. (c) ïu©L« rÇ] mfÉirfŸ x‹iwbah‹W ïG¡fyh«.
2. (I) Û£áa‰w j‹ik v‹gJ xU bghUshdJ mjhtJ mJ rkkhd vâbuâuhd Éirfshš
cU¡FÉ¡F« Éir Ú¡f¥g£lîl‹ jdJ ïG¡f¥gL»wJ. ïªj ڣᤠjifî ïGÉir¤
ur
(ii) ï§F F MdJ gu¥ã‰F br§F¤jhf cŸsJ. (ii) gÅ¡f£o ÚÇš Äj¡»wJ.
vdnt, XuyF gu¥ãš brašgL« Éir (iii) f¥gš v~»dhš cUth¡f¥gL»wJ. Mdhš
gUk¤jifî vd¥gL»wJ. mj‹ c£gFâÆš FÊî V‰gL¤j¥gLtjhš
σv = F ïJ mG¤j¤â‰F rkkhF«. Äj¡f¢ brŒa¥gL»wJ.
A
6. Û£á všiy v‹whš v‹d? 12. °nlh¡ ÉâÆ‹ braš Kiw¥ ga‹ghLfŸ ahit?
m
cU¡FiyÉ¡F« ÉirfŸ Ú¡f¥g£l ãwF kiH¤JËfŸ msÉš á¿ajhfî«, mj‹
bghUshdJ mj‹ bjhl¡f msî k‰W« K‰W¤âirntf§fŸ Fiwthfî« cŸsjhš
tot¤ij Ûs¥ bgw¡Toa jifÉ‹ bgUkkâ¥ò mit nkf toÉš fh‰¿š Äj¡»‹wd.
co
Û£á všiy vd¥gL«. mit msÉš bgÇjhF«nghJ mt‰¿‹
7. mK¡f¤j‹ik - És¡Ff. K‰W¤âirntf§fŸ mâfǤJ kiHahf ÑnH
(i) gUk¡ Fzf¤â‹ jiyÑÊ `mK¡f¤j‹ik' ÉG»‹wd.
vd¥gL«. mJ XuyF mG¤j ca®î¡F
ïªj Éâ Ñœ¡fh©gt‰iw És¡F»wJ:
s.
gUkÅš V‰gL« á¿a kh‰w« vd
tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ. (i) nkf§fË‹ Äj¤jš.
∆V
ok
1 εv (ii) á¿a kiH¤JËfis Él bgÇa
C= =− = V kiH¤JËfŸ e«ik mâfkhf jh¡F»‹wd.
K σ n ∆P
(ii) thí¡fŸ â©k§fis Él Fiwthd gUk¡ (iii) ghuhN£ cjÉíl‹ ÑÊw§F« xUt® khwh
Fzf¤ij¡ bfh©oU¥gjhš thí¡fË‹
o K‰W¤ âirntf¤ij bgW»‹wh®.
mK¡f¤j‹ik Äf mâf«.
8. ghŒk¤â‹ ml®¤â tiuaW. 13. E©òiH EiHÈ‹ brašKiw¥ ga‹ghLfŸ
ab
(i) xU ghŒk¤â‹ ml®¤â v‹gJ mj‹ XuyF ahit?
gUkD¡fhd Ãiw vd tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ. (i) E©òiHna‰w¤â‹ fhuzkhf k©
‘V’ gUkid¡ bfh©L m ÃiwíŸs És¡»YŸs v©bzahdJ âÇÆš nkny
ghŒk¤â‹ ml®¤â ρ = m/V. ïj‹ SI myF VW»wJ. ïnjnghš jhtu¤âš ïiyfS¡F«
k‰W« gÇkhz« Kiwna kg m-3 k‰W« »isfS¡F« ntÇÈUªJ cÆ®rhW (sap)
ur
[ML-3]MF«. nknyW»wJ.
(ii) ïJ ne®¡F¿ kâ¥òŸs °nfy® msthF«. (ii) c¿ŠR jhshdJ ikia c¿ŠR»wJ.
9. x¥gl®¤â tiuaW. (iii) f©fËÈUªJ f©Ù® bjhl®ªJ toa
.s
brašgL»‹wd.
ïa§F« ghŒk VLfS¡F ïilna njh‹W« mf
cuhŒî ghFÃiy MF«. vdnt ghFÃiyahdJ 14. gu¥ò ïGÉirÆ‹ ga‹ghLfŸ ahit?
xU ghŒk¤â‹ VLfS¡»ilna cŸs rh®ò (i) bfhR¡fŸ ÚÇ‹ nk‰gu¥ãš K£ilfis
w
m
ryit¤öis nr®¥gjhš ÚÇ‹ gu¥ò ïGÉir¤ jifî k‰W« mK¡f¤ jifî
ïGÉir Fiw¡f¥g£L mG¡F¤JfŸfŸ vd ïU tifahf¥ ãÇ¡fyh«.
vËâš Ú¡f¥gL»‹wd.
co
2. ڣᤠâÇò v‹gJ ahJ? mj‹ tiffSl‹
(iv) Ú® x£lhj JÂfŸ jahÇ¡F«nghJ Ú® És¡Ff.
x£lhj bghUshdJ (bkGF) JÂíl‹ Ú£á¤âÇò: l v‹w Ús« bfh©l xU f«ãahdJ
nr®¡f¥gL»wJ. ïJ nr®nfhz¤ij rkkhd, vâbuâ® âirfËš brašgL«
mâfÇ¡»wJ.
s.
Éirfshš ïG¡f¥gL«nghJ, mj‹ Ú£á¤âÇò
áWÉdh¡fŸ 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ f«ãÆš mâfÇ¡F« Ús« Δl
ε1 = f«ãÆ‹ c©ikahd Ús« =
l
ok
1. ڣᤠjifî k‰W« rW¡F¥ bga®¢á¤ jifÉid Ú£á¤âÇò ïU tif¥gL»wJ.
És¡F. (i) ïGÉirâÇò : ïašghd msÉÈUªJ
ڣᤠjifî k‰W« rW¡F¥ bga®¢á¤ jifî : Ús« mâfÇ¡f¥g£lhš mJ ïGÉir¤ âÇò
vd¥gL«.
(i) xU bghUis¡ fUJnth«. gy ÉirfŸ
o
mik¥ãš (bghUËš) brašg£lhš ÃiwÆ‹
(ii) mK¡f¤âÇò : ïašghd msÉÈUªJ Ús«
Fiw¡f¥g£lhš mJ mK¡f¤âÇò vd¥gL«.
ika« khwhkš ïU¡F«. vÅD« ïªj
ab
Éirfshš bghUŸ cU¡FiyªJ mjdhš 3. rW¡F¥ bga®¢á¤âÇò, gUk¤ âÇò ït‰iw
mfÉirfŸ njh‹W»‹wd. És¡Ff.
(i) rW¡F¥ bga®¢á¤âÇò: xU fd rJu¤âš
Ft
bghUshdJ ïl¥bga®¢á k‰W« RH‰á
F
rkÃiyÆš cŸsjh¡ fUJnth«.
ur
a x a' d x d'
F
A
(ii) bghUË‹ FW¡Fbt£L¥gu¥ò ΔA v‹f.
w
A' D D'
cU¡FiyÉ‹ fhuzkhf ΔA ï‹ ïU h h
g¡f§fËY« cŸs bghUË‹ gFâ → F k‰W« θ θ
-→
w
m
Ñœ¡f©lthW F¿¥ãlyh«. x
AA ' x ∆V
gUk¤BA = ε =
âÇò, hv V
co
»il¤js k£l§fËš Ú®k¤â‹ X£l«
4. ۣᥠg©ã‹ ga‹ghLfŸ ahit?
ۣᥠg©ã‹ ga‹ghLfŸ : xU Ãiyahd »ilk£l V£od ÛJ xU âut« Óuhf¥
ghŒtjhf¡ bfhŸf. xU Ãiyahd V£oš ïUªJ
(i) Û£á¥g©ò f£ol§fË‹ ö©fŸ k‰W« bjhiythf br‹whš VLfËd ntf§fŸ Óuhf
É£l§fË‹ f£Lkhd totik¥ig Koî mâfÇ¡»wJ. A k‰W« B vdw ïU ïizahd
s.
brŒ»wJ. VLfis¡ fUJf. Ãiyahd V£oÈUªJ x k‰W«
(ii) f£Lkhd¥ bgh¿Æaiy¥ bghU¤j tiu x +dx bjhiyÉš mUfhikÆš cŸs VLfË‹
xU totik¥ò jh§f¡Toa jifÉ‹ âirntf§fŸ Kiwna v k‰W« v +dv vd¡
ok
msthdJ Kj‹ikahd ghJfh¥ò¡ bfhŸf.
fhuÂahF«. xU ghykhdJ mj‹ÛJ 7. RH‰á X£l¤âid vL¤J¡fh£Ll‹ ÉtÇ.
bršY« ngh¡Ftu¤â‹ gS, fh‰¿‹ Éir (i) ïa§F« ghŒk¤â‹ ntf« khWÃiy¤
k‰W« ghy¤â‹ vil M»at‰iw jh§F« âirntf¤ij (vc) Él mâfkhdhš
tifÆš totik¡f¥gl nt©L«. ïa¡fkhdJ RH‰á X£lkh»wJ.
o
(iii) Û£á¥g©ò mšyJ É£l§fË‹ tisî (ii) xU gl»‹ mšyJ f¥gÈ‹ ã‹òwKŸs
v‹gJ f£ol§fŸ k‰W« ghy§fË‹ ÚÇ‹ X£l« k‰W« ïa§F« ngUªâ‹
ab
cWâ¤j‹ikÆš K¡»a g§fh‰W»wJ. ã‹òwKŸs fh‰W X£l« M»ait RH‰á
(iv) v~»‹ a§ Fzf« mYÄÅa« mšyJ X£l¤â‰F¢ áy vL¤J¡fh£LfŸ MF«.
jhÄu¤ijÉl mâfkhF« vd¤ bjËth»wJ. (iii) ïU tifahd ïa¡f¤â‹ ntWgh£oid
ïU«ò, v~F¡F mL¤jgoahf cŸsJ. xU mf‹w FHhÆš ghí« ÚÇDŸ mj‹
ur
bjh£ofŸ fh‰¿dhš
Ãu¥g¥g£lhš R‰W¥òw ÚiuÉl 8. budhšL v© Rc ‹ K¡»a¤Jt« ahJ? mj‹
Ú®_œ»¡f¥gÈ‹ bkh¤j ml®¤âahdJ _y« x‰Wik Éâ v‹gij És¡F.
FiwªJ mJ nk‰gu¥ã‰F tU« (ne® âut¤â‹ X£l¤ij òǪJ bfhŸs budhšL
w
m
tÊna br‹whš, xnu Rc kâ¥ãš RH‰á X£l« ïil¥gFâ) nr®nfhz« ÉÇnfhzkhF«.
bjhl§F»wJ. nk‰f©l fU¤âÈUªJ x‰Wik (¸θ¸kâ¥ò 180° I Él¡ Fiwî) k‰W« cosθ¸
Éâia¥ bgwyh«. mj‹ T‰whdJ, ïU toÉaš v⮡F¿ kâ¥òilaJ.
co
ßâahf xnu khâÇahd ghŒk X£l§fŸ ïUªjhš
mit ïu©L« xnu budhšL v©iz¡ (iii) Tsa> Tla + Tsl vÅš m§nf rkÃiy ïšyhkš
bfh©oU¡F« tiu mo¥gilÆš x‹W¡bfh‹W Ú®kkhdJ âl¥bghUË‹ nkš guî«.
rkkhdjhF«. vdnt âl - âut ïil¥gFâfS¡F ïilna cŸs
9. nr®nfhzkhdJ e« m‹whl thœÉš K¡»a¥
s.
ghFÃiyÆ‹ K¡»a¤Jt« ahJ? (mšyJ)
ghFÃiyÆ‹ ga‹ghLfŸ ahit? ga‹ghLfis¡ bfh©LŸsJ. vL¤J¡fh£lhf,
ghFÃiyÆ‹ K¡»a¤Jt¤ij Ñœ¡fhQ« nrh¥ò«, ryit¤öS« <ukh¡F« fhuÂfŸ.
cjhuz§fËš ïUªJ òǪJ bfhŸsyh«.
ok
mit xU Ú®k¡fiurÈš nr®¡f¥g£lhš mit
(i) fduf ïaªâu§fË‹ ghf§fËš nr®nfhz¤ij Fiw¡f KaY«. mjdhš
caÉahf¥ ga‹gL« v©bzŒ mâf JÂfËš e‹whf CLUÉ mG¡if mf‰W«.
gh»aš v©iz¡ bfh©oU¡f nt©L«. k‰bwhU tifÆš Ú® òfh t®z§fŸ f£ol¤â‹
bghU¤jkhd caÉia¤ nj®î brŒa btË¥òw« ór¥gL»‹wd. mit kiH bgŒ
o
mj‹ ghFÃiyiaí«, bt¥gÃiyia¥ í«nghJ ÚU¡F« t®z« ór¥g£l gu¥ã‰F«
bghW¤J v›thW khWghL»wJ v‹gijí« ïilna cŸs nr®nfhz¤ij mâfÇ¡F«.
ab
m¿ªâU¡f nt©L«.
(ii) áy fUÉfË‹ ïa¡f¤â‰F <u¥gj¤ij¡
bfhL¡f mâf ghFÃiy bfh©l âut« beLÉdh¡fŸ 5 kâ¥bg©fŸ
ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ k‰W« mJ ÚÇaš
jL¥ãfËš (hydraulic brakes) jL¥ã 1. jifî - âÇò Étu¥ gl¤âid tiuªJ ÉtÇ.
ur
m
mila¥gL»wJ. ïªj¥ gFâÆš jifthdJ MF«.
âÇò¡F ne®¤jfÉš ïšiy. Mdhš, Ú£á
Éir Ú¡f¥g£lhš f«ãahdJ mj‹ bjhl¡f
Ús¤â‰F¤ âU«ò«. ïªj¥ g©ò B òŸËÆš
co
Kotil»wJ. vdnt B òŸË Éisî¥òŸË
(Û£á všiy) vd¥gL«. jifî-âÇò
tiugl¤âš OAB MdJ bghUË‹ (ï§F
f«ã) Û£á¥g©ig¡ F¿¡»wJ.
v
(iii) gFâ BC : f«ãahdJ òŸË (B)¡F (Û£á
s.
všiy) nkš Ú£l¥gLkhdhš, jifî
mâfÇ¡»wJ k‰W« f«ãahdJ Ú£á Éir Óuhd X£l« - Ú®k¤â‹ vªj¥ òŸËÆY«
Ú¡f¥gL« nghJ jdJ Mu«g Ús¤ij
ok
âirntf« kh¿È
Û©L« bgwhJ.
(iv) gFâ CD : jifthdJ C¡F m¥ghš (iv) Ú®k X£l¤â‹ âir¡F br§F¤jhd vªj xU
mâfÇ¡f¥g£lhš, âÇò Äf Éiuthf FW¡Fbt£L gu¥ãY« xnu âirntf¤ij¡
mâfǤJ òŸË D I milí«. D ¡F m¥ghš bfh©l Óuhd tÇ¡ f‰iwia¡ fUâdhš
mªj f‰iw FHhŒ tot X£l« (tube of flow)
o
f«ãahdJ vªj gSî« nr®¡f¥glhknyna
Ú©L bfh©nl br‹W òŸË E ïš Ko»wJ. vd¥gL«. FHhŒ tot X£l¤âš cŸs vªj
xU Ú®k¤JfS« mj‹ ïa¡f« KGtj‰F«
ab
vªj bgUk¤jifɉF (ï§F D) m¥ghš f«ã
K¿til»wnjh mªj jifî K¿î¤jifî FHhÆDŸnsna v¥nghJ« ïU¡F« k‰W«
mšyJ Ú£á tÈik (tensile strength) k‰w FHhŒ âut¤Jl‹ fy¡fhJ v‹gij
vd¥gL«. mj‰FÇa òŸË (D) K¿î¥òŸË K¡»akhf ftÅ¡f nt©L«.
vd¥gL«. BCDE gFâf«ã¥ bghUË‹ (v) FHhŒ tot X£l¤â‹ m¢R v¥nghJ«
ur
Édho¡F 4 Û£l® ïU¥gjh¡ fUJf. vdnt F¿¥ã£l âirntf« tiu tÇ¢Óuhf cŸsJ.
ïªj¥ òŸËia¡ fl¡F« mid¤J¤ ïj‹ bghUŸ, khWÃiy¤ âirntf¤â‰F¡
JfŸfË‹ âirntf§fS« mnj kâ¥ig¥ Fiwthd ntf¤âš ghí«nghJ tÇ¢Ó®
bgW«. ïJngh‹nw, fiunahu¤âš ghí«
w
X£l¤ij¥ bgwyh«.
Ú®k¤JfË‹ âirntf« Édho¡F 0.5 Û£l®
vÅš mjid¥ ã‹ bjhlU« mid¤J 3. âut¤â‹ bt›ntW k£l§fËš cŸs
Ú®k¤JfŸfË‹ âirntf§fS« mnj _y¡TWfS¡»ilnaahd ÉirfŸ g‰¿ ÉtÇ.
w
m
bgW»wJ. mJ nk‰gu¥ò M‰wš neh¡F Éiria¥ bgW»wJ. VbdÅš
vd¥gL»wJ. mâfkhd âut _y¡TWfŸ Ñœg gFâÆš
(iii) nk‰f©l Ãfœî¡F fhuz« gu¥ò ïGÉir cŸsd. vdnt _y¡TW všiy¡FŸ cŸs
âut _y¡ TWfŸ mid¤J« C_y¡TWl‹
co
v‹w g©ghF«. yh¥y° k‰W« fh° v‹w
m¿P®fŸ gu¥ò ïGÉir k‰W« bt›ntW ïilÉid òǪJ Ñœ neh¡»a Éiria
NœÃiyfËš âut¤â‹ ïa¡f« g‰¿a cz®»wJ v‹gJ bjËth»wJ. c£gFâÆDŸ
nfh£ghLfis cUth¡»d®. Ú®k _y¡ ïU¡F« vªj _y¡Tiwí« âut¤â‹
TWfŸ âl¥bghUËš cŸsJ nghš ïWf¥ nk‰gu¥ò¡F¡ bfh©Ltu XÇd¡ ft®¢á
s.
Éir¡F vâuhf ntiy brŒa nt©oíŸsJ.
ãiz¡f¥g£oU¥gâšiy. vdnt mit
ï›ntiyahdJ _Y¡TWfËš
vËjhf efU»‹wd. Ãiyah‰wyhf nrÄ¡f¥gL»wJ. vdnt,
âut nk‰gu¥ãš cŸs _y¡TWfŸ
ok
C B
c£gFâÆDŸ cŸs _y¡TWfis Él mâf
Ãiyah‰wiy¥ bg‰WŸsd.
(viii) Mdhš xU mik¥ò rkÃiyÆš ïU¡f
nt©LkhÆ‹ mj‹ Ãiyah‰wš (gu¥ò
A
o M‰wš) áWkkhf ïU¡f nt©L«. vdnt
cWâ¢rkÃiyÆš ïU¡f âutkhdJ áWk
ab
âut¤â‹ bt›ntW k£l§fËš
cŸs _yTWfŸ v©Â¡ifÆyhd _y¡TWfis¥ bgw
KaY«. ntW tifÆš Twnt©LkhÆ‹
(iv) xU âut¤âš cŸs xnu tifahd Ú®k
_y¡ TWfS¡»ilna V‰gL« ÉirahdJ âutkhdJ áWk nk‰gu¥ãid¥ bgw
XÇd¡ft®¢á Éir (Cohesive force) KaY«. âut¤â‹ ïªj g©ghdJ gu¥ò
ur
ÉirfŸ òw¡f¡f¥gL»‹wd. V
XuyF Ãiw¡fhd m
ïa¡f M‰wš ρ =
2
1 2 P v V
(vi) xU âut¤âš A, B k‰W« C v‹w _‹W vA 1 2 1 mv 2
ntWg£l _y¡TWfis¡ fUJf. A vD« 2KE ρg2 mvgm 1 v2 2 1PB m 1 2
= = 2 mv A= mvB
w
m
1 PE 2 1 mgh mgh E p PV P P (ii) Ékhd ïw¡if ca®¤jš (Aerofoil lift):
KE 2 mv m = mv 2 =1 ghm = = =
= 2 m = V m m m ρ
m1
ïnjnghš mXuyF V
1 gUkD¡fhd 2 V Ãiyah‰wš V
co
2 2
KE PE2 mv mgh PV
PE
mv
2 mgh= 1Ep m PV P P fh‰¿dhš njh‹¿a mG¤
= = = gh == ρgh= khd j«
=
m m gUk‹
= =
m m VV V 2m V m m ρ ntf
(iii)
PEmG¤j mghM‰wš E p PVÛJ mG¤j¤ij¢
mgh: Ú®k¤â‹ P VP
=
brY¤Jtjhš = = =
m PV m VÉir m m m ρ
s.
mG¤j«
V = ⇒ Éir =V mG¤j« ×
gu¥ò
gu¥ò
PV ntfkhd fh‰¿dhš njh‹¿a mG¤j«
ok
F × d = (PA) × d = P(A × d)
V th}®â ïa§F«nghJ ïw¡ifÆ‹ ÑGŸs
1 2 1⇒ F 2× d = W = PV = mG¤j M‰wš fh‰iw Él ïw¡ifÆ‹ nkšgFâÆš
KE 2 mv mv 1 m M‰wš E = PV
2vdnt=mG¤j ntfkhf efU»wJ. bg®bdsÈÆ‹
= 1
p
m m V 2 V
XuyF Ãiw¡fhd mG¤j 2 1 2
M‰wš j¤Jt¥go ïw¡ifÆ‹ ÑœgFâÆš cŸs
KE 2 mv 2 mv 1 m mG¤jkhdJ, nkšgFâia Él mâfkhf
PE mgh mgh E p PV = P P
= = m = m=
o V
=
2V
ïU¥gjhš r¡â thŒªj ca®¤jš vd¥gL«
m m V m m m ρ nkšneh¡»a cªJÉir brašg£L mJ
ab
PE mgh mgh E p PV P P th}®âia nkšneh¡» cau¢ brŒ»wJ.
=V = = =
PV ïnjnghš mXuyFm gUkD¡fhd V m mG¤j m m ρ (iii) ò‹r‹ RluL¥ò: ò‹r‹ RluL¥ãš vÇthí
M‰wš V E©JisÆ‹
V tÊahf mâf
= PV = P
Ep
âirntf¤Jl‹
ur
gUk‹ V P1 btËtU»wJ.
5. bg®bdsÈ nj‰w¤â‹ ga‹ghLfŸ _‹¿id ïjdhš FHhÆš
ÉtÇ. cŸs mG¤j«
(i) Niw¡fh‰¿š TiufŸ ö¡» v¿a¥gLjš : Fiw»wJ. vdnt
.s
P2
b tP2Ë> ¡P1f h ‰ w h d J
ntfkhf mL¥ãDŸ
P1 fh‰W¤ âw¥ã‹ ò‹r‹ RluL¥ò
w
tÊna EiHªJ
vÇthíîl‹ fyªJ cŸsthW Úy Ãw¢
Rliu¤ jU»wJ.
w
P2 P2 > P 1
gƉá fz¡FfŸ
1. 0.5.
w
m
∆l 2 A l r 100 ∆V ρ 3 × 107 Nm −2
∆r% Ús¤âšrca®î 1 ∆A ∆l ∆r 4 = =
l ∴ =×2100 == × 100 = 4%
V β 2.2 × 109 Nm −2
∆l 2 A l r 100
r 1 ∆l
co
∆l 2 l l
2. bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs r
∆cnyhf¤â‹ a§ Fzf«
l
Éiw¥ò¡ Fzf¤ij¥ 1 ∆ l
r nghš 2-4 jlitfŸ vÅš 6. fh‰¿š xU âl¥ bghUŸ J©o‹ vil 120g
ïj‹ ghŒr‹ É»j«∆lahJ? 2 l ÚÇš 80g k‰W« âut¤âš 60g âl, âut¤â‹
Ô®î : Y = 2G (1 + σ) l x¥gl®¤âia¡ fh©.
fh‰¿š vil
s.
2 - 4G = 2G(1 + σ) Ô®î : âl¥ bghUË‹ x¥gl®¤â = fh‰¿š vil - Úßš vil
σ = 1.2 - 1 = 0.2 120 120 − 60 3
= =3 =
120 − 80 120 − 80 2
f«ãÆ‹ nkš KidÆ‹ Mu« 4mm mj‹
ok
3. fh‰¿š vil - âut¤âš vil
âut¤â‹ x¥gl®¤â = fh‰¿š vil - Úßš vil
Ús« 100cm ïJ bghU¤j¥g£LŸsJ. kWKid
rW¡F¡nfhz« 30° Æ‹ _y« âU¥g¥gL»wJ. 120 120 − 60 3
= =
Ô®î : bghU¤j¥glhj jilÆ‹¿ âU«ò« KidÆ‹120 − 80 120 − 80 2
7. xU bghUŸ 40% mj‹ gUk‹ ÚU¡F btËna ÚÇš
nfhz«
o
30 π 302πr π π 2×π0r.4 π × 0.4
Äj¡»wJ. ïnj bghUŸ v©bzÆš Äj¡F«nghJ
30° = × π rad = rad 60% gUk‹ v©bzŒ¡F btËna Äj¡»wJ.
180 6 1802π 6 26π 6
ab
v©bzÆ‹ x¥gl®¤â ahJ?
bfhL¡f¥glhj 0.4 π180
π ×gu¥ã‹ ×ïl¥bga®¢á
0.4∆L180 ∆L Ô®î : V v‹gJ bghUË‹ bkh¤j gUk‹
30 3030π π6230 2π2rππr6××π02100
π×r100 .π×4r×030
.L
4 π
0.4 π× π
0 . 4L2 πr π × 0. 4 bghUŸ ÚÇš Äj¡F«nghJ
ΔL 180 = 6 2× π = 6
180 180 6 180 26π 2π 6 6 2π 180 6 66 2π 6 VρbghUŸ g = 0.6 VρÚ® g
30 π
π 2 ππ π
π ×
× 0. 4
ur
π × 0. 4 180
.4π × 180
π × 0.π4× 0180 0∆.L
4 ∆∆30
L
180L= ∆L π × 02. 4rr 180 0
∆ .
L 4 ρbghUŸ
rW¡F¡nfhz« = 180 6 2 π rad
6
6 ×
6 × 100 100
6 × 100 π
π6 × 100π 180
L
L Lπ 6L× 100 π L 6 2 π 6 ρ Ú® =
0.6
ππ ×× 00..44 180 180 ∆∆LL
= × degree = 0.12° bghUŸ v©bzÆš Äj¡F«nghJ
66××100
100 ππ LL
.s
bghUŸ Vρ g = 0.4 Vρ
v©bzŒ g
4. xU f«ãÆ‹ Ús« L k‰W« FW¡F¥ gu¥ò A. ρbghUŸ
ï¡f«ã brŒa¥g£l cnyhf¤â‹ a§ Fzf« y v‹w ρv©bzŒ =
0.4
w
= ρ
0.4
= 6 = 1.5
gL« ntiy dw = Fdx bghUŸ 4
0 Kjš x tiu f«ã Ú£áaila brŒa¥g£l ntiy 0.6
8. bt‰¿l¤âš xU nrh¥ò¡ FÄÊ‹ Mu« 3cm.
w
x
F L yAx
w = ∫ Fdx ; y = A × x ; F = k‰bwhU nrh¥ò¡ FÄÊ‹ Mu« 4cm. ïU FÄÊfŸ
0 L x¤j bt¥gÃiyÆš ïiz»‹wd vÅš òâa
1 1 yAx FÄÊÆ‹ Mu« v‹d?
yAx 2
w= ∫ dx = yAx ; w = x
L 2 2 L Ô®î : bt‰¿l¤âš FÄÊÆ‹ c£òw mG¤j«
0
1 4s 4s 4
ρ= ×
w = 2 Fx r R 3
4s 4s
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RuhÉ‹ XI M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš ➠ myF 7 ➠ gU¥bghUË‹ g©òfŸ 267
m
1
4 s R4 s= r1 +r42s = 34 s+ 4 = 425s 4 s
2 2 2 2 2 2 r 2 (ρ − σ) g V 2 2 (ρr−2 σ(ρ) g− σ) g ' ' V 2 (ρ22 − σ) g 22
= 2gg VV 2VV= rr RR
9 η = r 2
9 9 η 2η r 9== 2 η
r1 Rr2= 5cm. r1 r2 r1 r2
99ηη RR2 VV ' ' RR2 2 rr
2
2 ' 2 2
2 g r V(ρ − V
σ) g r V R22g(ρ −
Vσ'
) gV r2 R
= (ρ -2 σ ) = 2 11 22
co
9. ÚÇš xU fh‰W¡ FÄÊÆ‹ Mu« r MdJ 2 == 2 = ...(1)
9 η R η V ' Rr 2 r99η Rη V ' R 3 r
Ú®¥gu¥ãš moÆš h v‹w MH¤âš cŸsJ. 22 2 r (ρ − σ 2
)1g2(ρ−NV N3 2 (ρ − σ) g2
' 2 1 r (ρ2− σ ) g 2 V )=g 22 112
p v‹gJ tËk©ly mG¤j« vÅš A,T 2 g V N 3V r R 44= 13 33 rrσ
2 1
2
ïij¥
29 =
nghynt 2η
9
1 2 r NN
bgÇa JË¡F
2 η N
9 rη 9NN233 NN33
η
rr 2
v‹gd ÚÇ‹ ml®¤â k‰W« gu¥ò ïGÉir, 9 η R V ' R 2
r
33
1
4 3 r 3 1 2 1
FÄÊp‹ cŸns mG¤j« ahJ? N N N 34 N 3 ' r 2N 32 3
' 2g
V 3 rV2 rVR =r R
N
s.
3 r1 2
2 g V
Ô®î : ÚÇš fh‰W FÄÊÆ‹ cŸns Äif mG¤j« 2 1 r2N(ρ3 − σ)2 2g= 9Vη = 2(ρR 2-
2
2σ(V ' R r ...(2)
ρ) − σ
) g 2
9 η
4 3 r 3 32 R V ' 1 =R
r
= r
2T
rk‹ N9 (1)η IN(2) Mš Nr 2 tF¡f 9 1 η 2
3 r 13 2 3
ok
2 ' N
fh‰W¡ FÄÊÆ‹ cŸns bkh¤j mG¤j« 2 r (ρ − σ)1g V 2 1 (2ρ− σ1)2g 2 2 1 2
2
2 g V V N r
R
=tËk©ly mG¤j« + âut¥ òa¤â‹ mG¤j«+ 4 2 2 =r22 (= 42 3 2 rr (ρ − σ
9 9 η ηR N 3 V ' r r Rρ 9N−σ
N 3)rg ηNV3 = N23)(gρN−3V
σ) g 2 (ρ − σ) g
2 =
gu¥ò ïGÉirahš Äif mG¤j« 3
2 r η 9 r 2 η9 r r
3 9
1 2 2 η 2 9r2 (ρ −ησ) g
2g V V '
3 r R
= P + hρg + 2T 2 NV´ =2 g=2VV ' V 2g2 r 2V ' RV 2 r 2 9 R 2 η
r
10. xU v~F gªâ‹ (ml®¤â ρ = 7.8gcm-3) K‰W¤âir
o 9 η 4 R 3 V r R 232 r 13 = 2 2 = 2 '
N
1 '
η R2 N
N V '9 η R R rV' R 2 g r V V
N JËfŸ 29vÅš
ntf« 10cms-1 .ïJ xU Ú®¤ bjh£oÆš ÉG»wJ. 3 13 r 2 r (ρ − σ2) g V = 2 2 (ρ − σ) g 2 =
ab
N JËÆ‹ 1
9 η R V ' R
ÚÇ‹ gh»aš Fzf« = 8.5 × 10 -4 pas. xU bgÇa 92
1 η
gUk‹ 1
2 = N 2JËfË‹
r N 39 η
gUk‹
1
4 3 r 3 3 1 N 3
1 2
»ËrÇÅš K‰W¤ âirntf« v‹dthf N N 1 3 N 1 2 2 2 1 2
4 2 g V '
r 4
V
2 2
r r
R
ïU¡F«? ( ρ = 1.2gcm , η=13.2 pas) -3 3 r πR3 = N ( πr
N N=
3
33)
N 3 N 3
N 3
N3
3 2 2r 3
V ' R2 rr2 (Vρ=− 4σ)πrg33] r
1
Ô®î : Vρ = 7.8/cm3; rw = 10cm/s [ 92η 2rR(nfhz¤â‹ ∴
rρ2−(ρσ−) g2σ) gVgUk‹ V 2 ( ρ −Nσ )g N
2 =2 9= η3 r
ur
9 η r
9 3) N3 η
1
-4
ηw = 8.5 × 10 pas ; ρg = 1.29/cm 3
R3 = N(r r 9 η
2 2
ηg = 13.2pas Vg = ? 3 4=2 g 213gVr ' Vr' V V r23 2 [rfd_y« 2 1R R 2vL¡f]
2r 2 (ρ − ρo ) g (ρ − ρo ) 2 (ρ − 2ρw ) r 2 (ρ − σ) g 9VηN R22 (ρ2V−' σ=N
R
=2 N
3
∴ 3 9 η R r V )'gR R 2 r r
.s
ηg g 9 η = R 2= V
2
' R3× VN=Nr3 r r ×N V 3
3N
gªJ ÚÇš
(ρ − ρ g ) Vg ρ − ρ g ηw ÉG«nghJ 9 η−4 R V ' R r r N N
= × V
3
7.8 − 1.2 8.5 × 10
2
(ρ − ρo ) g (ρ − ρo ) (ρ − ρw ) 1 2
η V ρ − ρ η
g Vw ∝w 2r (ρ − wρo ) g g (ρ− ρo ) (ρ− ρw )
2 × 3 1 2
N 1 N 2 2
3
aη η ηw 7.8 − 1 13.2
w
−4 4 3 2 r 1 3 3 1 2
7.8 − 1.2 »ËrÇÅš 8.5 × 10 a η ÉG«nghJ η ηw 4 13
− ρg ) Vg 2 ρ −gªJ ρg × η2w N 3 N N 3 rN 3 N N
r = ×V
2 2r 7(.ρ8 −
− ρ1
) g 2 r(ρ13 (−ρ. 2
−
ρ ρ) ) (gρ − (
ρρ −
) ρ ) ( ρ − ρ )
ηg 2rV (ρ − ρ o )g
o (ρ(−
ρw∝ ηρgρ −oρ)go )(oρ −Vρg w )w ρ −oρg ηw w 3 r
w ρ −V
a a η η η
w
aη η g ηηg η η
ηVww w ρ − ρw ηwg
8 − 1.2 8.5 × 10 −4
(ρ(×−ρρ− ρ) g ) V Vg (ρρ−−ρρρ−g ρ)g Vgη ρ − ρ g−4 ηw
7.8 − 1 g 13.2 g = 7.8 −g 1.2η w× w8.5 × 10
ηgηg VwVw ρη −ρ7gρ V
.−8wρ−w1η
wηg ρ − ρw ηg
g 13.2
7.87 .−81−.21.2=10 8×.58.×7510
.× − 1.2 8.5 × 10 −4
8 10− 4 −4
m
KdifËY« bjh§fÉl¥g£lhš f«ãÆ‹ Ú£á
bjhl§fÉl¥g£lhš ã‹tUtd c©lhF«?
v‹dthf ïU¡F«? Ä.Ûš TW.
(i) ïU f«ãfËY« x¤â jifîfŸ, (ii) ïU
W L WL l v~F f«ãfËY« x¤j âÇò Y= 20 ×10 10 Nm -2
×
co
Ô®î: a§ Fzf« y = A l Ay 2 ã¤jis Y = 10 ×1010Nm -2
Ô®î : A, B v‹gj‹ j©o‹ Ús« 2m
W L WL l vil w A ÆÈUªJ x bjhiyÉš cš bjh§fÉl¥
∴ Ú£á l × =
A l Ay 2 g£LŸsJ.
W L WL l
s.
f«ãÆ‹ ïU g¡f§fËY« Ú£á Mdhš × Ús« T1 T2 ïGÉir (v~F k‰W« ã¤is f«ãfŸ)
W L WL l A l A y 2 T T2 T1 A1 0.1
∴ ïU g¡f§fËY« Ú£á × = mm (i) v~F¡ f«ãÆš jifî = 1 = =
A l Ay 2 A1 A 2 T2 A 2 0.2
ok
W W L WL L WL l l T1 T2 T1 AT1 0T.1 1
× × ã¤jisÆ‹ jifî = = 1= 2 =
c©lh¡f¥g£l bkh¤j Ú£á
A
A l Ay 2 l =A y + 2 = 1 mm A 1 A T
2 2− x 24 AA21 0A.22 2T
∆A ∆r 4 ïU jifîfS« rk« vÅš
2. xU cnyhf¡=2 =f«ã vil bjh§fÉl¥g£lj‹ _y« x T13 Y T12 Y2 A1
A
Ú£l¥g£LŸsJ. r 100 α v‹gJ ڣᤠâÇò y v‹gJ TT T T TT A
A 0
T1 11 T2 22 T1 11 ==A1 11 ==0.12 −==x1 4 A1 A 2 2 T10 ..11 11 1
= A1Y1 0.1cm × 20 × 10
∆r
a§Fzf« vÅš XuyF gUkD¡fhd Û£á Ãiy
o
AA A A
=
1 11 AT
A
; =
TT A
2 122 T2T222 A 2T122 T
A 0A
=
.002..22x 2022.13 1Y1 A Y2 20.1A1Y11 1A
=
1 1 4=T2 A 2T Y=12 = 01.2=m × 10
Ar
∆M‰wš 1∆yα ∆ l
r 2 4 ∆
T
A
TT = 2
T T
∆
T
r=
= =10× 10
rkÃiyÆš A A T A 0 . 2 2
ab
=2 = 11 22 A A A T
2 Y 2 0.21cm 2× 20 × 10 2Nm
A2
0. 2
A∆l 2 r l 100
1 2
1
AA2 A2r 1100 1 1
22
T21− = −− xx
x T42 (2 44 A1-11x)AT21 22 TA1T
A A T11 T02TTT22 2
.12m T×2 10 × 1010 Nm −
l
XuyF
Ô®î : ∆ gUkÅ‹ Û£á Ãiy M‰wš ∆ r 2 2Y= 2==
r
T1 T2 T1x xxA132 3− 3 x0Y.1Y1Y141 Y1A YY A
2 22 A
AA YY TA
1Y111 114 A
AY22YY22 T
l
Ur = 1 × ∆jifî × âÇò A== = r =2 =221 =1∆l2 −10x21010⇒ x
12A21
−−22 4=- 2x
=
A22 T1
=
T2
A1 A 2 TA2 1AY111YYA 11 20x .001.∆ .011cm
cm 23 ×2××
l.cm 2Y20
20 20
1× l ×10
×10x10
Y2 Nm Nm
Nm
3A1YY1 1 AY2Y
−2
∆l 2 2 A1Y1 A 2Y
∆A 2 ∆rl ∆A 4 ∆r 4 4T 4T 4T 4 4T 2 22
ur
10
10 −−22
l =jifî
2 = jifî =2 = TA
A AY22YY22TA0.0Y02..lm 22m m0×.1×10
×cm
10
10××10
2 ××10
10Nm
10 Nm
Nm Nm
−2 10 −2
r1 x r2 1 2r =2 32 11.33mm 31 A120 Y1 × 10 0.1cm 2 × 20 × 1010 Nm −2
A r 100
A
y = âÇò = α ; jifî = y α
r 100 2 − x 4 A1 jifî AA2 2Y2 T1 0.2mT 2 −2
3T = 2× 10
A × 1010 Nm
2Y2 A 0.20 m.12 × 10 × 1010 Nm −2
∆r ∆r 3 3
T T 1
16x πT(ii)3 ry1Y1= r Y r A1 Y 2 A Y1 = 1 =
+ 2âÇò −2 =
1 ∆l r 1 ∆2 l
3 r1 2 r2 r1A 110 A 2 −2 T2 A 2 0.2 2
1 1 2 2
r
.s
U = × yα × α = yα
∆l 2 l ∆l 2 l A1Y1 0.∴ 1cm âÇò× =20jifî/ × 10 Nm y
T T
l
3. ã‹tU« l 1m xU f«ãÆ‹ Ú£á Δl ïj‹ A 2Y2 0.2m × 10T× 10 TNmT−2 1A 20.1 1
2 10
tiugl«
T11 2 −TâÇò 2x 4T1 AA 1 A T T
v~F¡ f«ãÆš =1 == 1 1 == 02 .1 == 11 = 2
w
A1 A 2 T2 A 2 0ã¤jis¡ A 1 T
-4
Ô®î : w = 20N Δl = 1 × 10 m Δl (10 )m –4 xx 33 Y Y1 Y Y2 A A1Y
1
Y1 A = A 2Y
2
Y2
T1 T2 1 2 1 1 2 2
F l F wl l w l 4
AT1Y Y1 0.1cm cm22 A × 20 20 ××010 10 10
10 Nm−2
−2
∴ Y .= A=. ∆l . = A . ∆l 3 2 − x 4 A1 A 2 T1 T A 2 1 T2 0.1T
= A Y = 0.2m=2 × 10=× 1010=Nm −2 × . 1 Nm1
w
A ∆l A ∆l 1 1 1 1
2
x 3 Y1 Y2 A1Y1 AA 2Y 2
1 22 22A 2 0.T 22m 2 A × 10 2 ×0 .210 Nm
10 2 −2
20 20 1 1 1
× −6 × −4 Y1 0.1cm 2 × 20 × T
A1W(N) 101 10x =Nm −2
=
10 −6 101 × 101−4× 10 T2 (2 - x) T1 T2
0 2 10 −2
= 2 × 1011 Nm-2
20 40 60 80 A 2Y2 0.2m × 10 × 10 Nm2 − x 4 A1 A 2 T1 T
1 = = 2
x 3 Y1 Y2 A1Y1 A 2Y2
x = 1m.
A1Y1 0.1cm 2 × 20 × 1010 Nm −2
A 2Y2 0.2m 2 × 10 × 1010 Nm −2
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RuhÉ‹ XI M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš ➠ myF 7 ➠ gU¥bghUË‹ g©òfŸ 269
m
RU§Ftij¤ jL¡f mj‹ ÑœKidÆš
mk®ªâUªjd®. òift©o uhn#Z mU»š tU«
xU Ãiw ïiz¡f¥gL»wJ. Ãiw, j©o‹ nghJ xU ïGitÆdhš ïG¡f¥gLtJ nghš
nrfÇ¡f¥g£l M‰wš fh©f. Y = 10×1011Nm-2 cz®ªjh‹. Mdhš mtdJ gh£o fh¥gh‰¿dhŸ
co
ÚÇ‹ ÉÇî Fzf« = 10-5 k-1 g = 10 ms-2 ïªÃfœÉdhš uhn#Z m⮢áailªJ
Ô®î : (i) A = 4 ×10-6 m2 , l = 0.5m js®î‰wh‹. uhn#Z X® ïGÉiria cz®ªjJ
V‹?
T = 100 - 0 = 100ºC = 100K (i) bjhl® kh¿È¢ rk‹ghL v‹whš v‹d?
s.
Y = 1011 Nm-2 , α = 10-5 k-1 (ii) bg®bdhȤ nj‰w¤â‹ rk‹gh£il¤ jUf.
uhn#Z ïªj ïGÉiria cz®ªjJ bg®bdhÈÆ‹
Ús¤âš kh‰w«
ok
nj‰w«. mG¤j«, âirntf¤â‰F vâ®É»j¤âš
Δl = l α ΔT = 0.5 × 105 × 100 = 5 × 10-4m ïU¡F« (i.e) fh‰¿‹ âirntf« mâfǤjjhš
jifî mj‹ mG¤j« Fiwí«. uhn#õ&¡F« ntfkhf
Y= bršY« òift©o¡F« ïilnaahd gFâÆš
Δl
l
Y ∆l 4 × 102 4 × 102
o 1
cŸs fh‰W mâf âirntf« bfh©oU¡F«.
jifî = =
= Y × α ΔT vdnt. m¥gFâÆš mG¤j« Fiwî. Mdhš
ab
l g 10 2 uhn#õ&‹ ã‹òw« mG¤j« mâfkhf ïU¡F«.
= 1011 × 10-5 × 100 = 108Nm-2
(i.e) fh‰¿‹ âirntf« Fiwî. ïj‹ fhuzkhf
Ú£á Éir mt‹ ã‹òw mG¤j¤jhš òif t©oia neh¡»
F = jifî × gu¥ò = 108 × 4 × 10-6 K‹ndh¡» jŸs¥gL»wh‹.
ur
Y ∆l 4 × 102 4 × 102 1
m 1 = m2
M= = = 40kg
l g 10 2 a1 v1 =
∆t.ρ = a2 v2 ∆t.ρ
w
P v2
= kh¿È
+ + gh
ρ 2
i.e mG¤j M‰wš + ïa¡f M‰wš + Ãiw
M‰wš = kh¿È
m
M®¡»ÄoÌl« mjid nrhjid brŒíkhW ntW cnyhf§fisí« fyªJ »ßl«
T¿dh®. mt® ãu¢ridia¤ Ô®¡F« tÊia¤
njo¡ bfh©oUªjh®. M®¡»Äo° mt® brŒa¥g£lij¡ f©l¿ªjh®. VbdÅš
co
FËayiw¤ bjh£oÆš F¿¥gj‰fhf K‰g£lnghJ m¡ÑÇl« öa¤j§f¤â‹ viliaÉl¡
bjh£oÆÈUªJ j©Ù® btËna thÇ ïiw¤jJ.
âObud tÊ njh‹¿aJ mt® bt‰Wl«òl‹ murÇl« Fiwthf ïUªjJ.
Xodh®. ínufh ! ínufh v‹W bršY« tÊÆš
f¤â¡ bfh©L Xodh®. ïâÈUªJ cz®tJ xU bghUshdJ xU ghŒk¤âš gFâahfnth
(ii)
s.
ahJ? mšyJ KGtJkhfnth _œ»ÆUªjhš mJ
(i) M®¡»Äo° v¥go ãu¢rid¡F¤ Ô®î
xU F¿¥ã£l msî ghŒk¤ij ïl« bgau¢
f©oU¥gh®?
ok
(ii) M®¡»Äo° bfhŸif ahJ? brŒ»wJ. ïl« bga®ªj ghŒk« bghUË‹
M®¡»ÄoÌ‹ clÈ‹ vil¡F¢ rkkhd Ú® FËaš ÛJ nkš neh¡»a Éiria¢ brY¤J»wJ. i.e
bjh£oÆÈUeJ btËna thÇ ïiw¡f¥g£lJ.
Vρg = mg.
ïªÃfœÉÈUªJ M®¡»Äo° bfhŸif cUthdJ.
o
ab
ur
.s
w
w
w
08
bt¥gK« bt¥g
ïa¡fÉaY«
m
co
fU¤J tiugl«
s.
bt¥g ïa¡fÉaš
ok
bt¥g« ntiy
o bt¥gÃiy
ab
bt¥g V‰ò¤âw‹ bt¥g¥g©òfŸ
mf M‰wš
.s
w
mG¤j« khwh Ãfœî bt¥g¥ gÇkh‰wÄšyh Ãfœî gUk‹ khwh Ãfœî bt¥g Ãiykhwh Ãfœî
w
[271]
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This is only for Sample Materials
for Full Book order online and available at all Leading Bookstores
400 RuhÉ‹ XI M« tF¥ò - ïa‰ãaš➠ bjhFâ II
gƉá fz¡FfŸ
1. xU xÈ _y¤â‹ mâ®bt© 600Hz ÚÇDŸns
it¡f¥g£LŸs ÚÇš xÈÆ‹ ntf« 1,500ms-1,
fh‰¿š 300ms-1 fh‰¿š ËW bfh©oU¡F«
m
xU eguhš gâa¥g£l xÈÆ‹ mâ®bt©.
(a) 180Hz (b) 200Hz
(c) 600Hz (d) 120Hz
co
[Éil. (d) 120Hz]
ïJ _‹W gFâfis bfh©lJ.
2. 300K š ie£u#‹ thíÉš xÈÆ‹ ntf¤â‰F« A]
(i) ïja¤â‹ ÛJ it¡F« gFâ
Èa« thíÉš xÈÆ‹ ntf¤â‰F« cŸs É»j«.
(ii) fhâš it¡F« gFâ 1
(a) 2 (b)
s.
(iii) u¥g® FHhŒ 7 7
(i) ïja¤â‹ ÛJ it¡F« gFâ: ïJ á¿a j£L (c) 3 (d) 6 [Éil. (c) 3 ]
5 5
toÉyhd x¤jâ®î¢ r›î. ïJ xÈia Äf 5
ok
E©Âakhf czU«. nkY« cz®ªj 3. xU cŸçl‰w FHhÆ‹ Ús« 0.8m xU KidÆš
xÈia bgU¡F«. _l¥g£LŸsJ. âwªj KidÆš 0.5m ÚsKŸs xU
Óuhd f«ã ïu©lh« tÇirÆš mâ®îW»wJ.
(ii) fhâš it¡F« gFâ: ïJ cnyhf¡
FHhÆ‹ mo¥gil mâ®bt©Ql‹ x¤jâ®»wJ.
FHhŒfshš MdJ. ïJ ïja¤âÈUªJ f«ãÆ‹ Éiw¥ò 50w xÈÆ‹ ntf« 320ms–1
o
cz®ªj xÈia nf£f¥ ga‹gL»wJ. f«ãÆ‹ Ãiw
(iii) u¥g® FHhŒ : ïJ ïja« ÛJ it¡F« (a) 59 (b) 109
ab
gFâiaí« fhâš it¡F« gFâiaí« (c) 209 (d) 409
ïiz¡»wJ. ïja« ÛJ it¡F« gFâÆ‹ [Éil. (b) 109]
r›î cz®ªj xÈia fhâš it¡F« 4. nghä° k»œî¤â‹ iruÅ‹ mâ®bt© 8 kHz
gFâ¡F vL¤J¢ brš»wJ. EiupuÈ‹ Óuhd âirntf« 36 km h–1 cl‹ caukhd
ur
r¤j« mšyJ ïja¤â‹ Jo¥ò mšyJ clš f£ll¤ij neh¡» ef®»wJ. mJ xÈ miyfis
cŸ cW¥òfŸ V‰gL¤J« xÈia cz®ªJ, vâbuhË¡»wJ. fh‰¿š xÈÆ‹ ntf« 320ms–1
mij fhâš it¡F« gFâ¡F u¥g® FHhÆš X£Leuhš nf£f¥g£l xÈÆ‹ mâ®bt©.
V‰gL« g‹kl§F vâbuhÈ¥ò _y« vL¤J¢ (a) 8.50 kHz (b) 8.25 kHz
.s
m
1 ïU¡F«nghJ V‰gL»wJ.
5 kl§F cŸsJ. njh‰w mâ®bt©Âš rjåj 3. xÈÆ‹ vâbuhÈ¥ò Éâfis¡ TW.
ca®î ahJ?
(i) xÈÆ‹ gLnfhz«, vâbuhÈ¥ò
co
﨔:
' γ + u0 nfhz¤â‰F¢ rk«.
v = v
γ
(ii) X® gu¥ghš xÈ miy vâbuhÈ¡f¥gL«
v V + V0 1 nghJ gL òŸËÆš gL miy, vâbuhÈ¥ò
u0 = ; f ′ = f ; V0 =
5 V − Vs 5 miy k‰W« F¤J¡nfhL M»ait xnu
v js¤âš mikí«.
γ+
s.
5
∴v′ = γ = 1.2v 4. ïir¡fitÆš miyfŸ v›thW
v
njh‰w mâ®bt©Âš rjåj ca®î cUth¡f¥gL»‹wd.
v '− γ 1.2 γ − v (i) xU ïu¥g® J©oš xU ïir¡fitia
ok
× 100 = × 100 = 20 %
v v mo¤jhš ïir¡fitÆ‹ òa§fŸ mj‹
ika¥òŸËia¥ bghU¤J mâ®îW«. òa«
7. A k‰W« B v‹w ïU ïir¡fitfŸ ïizªJ 4 xU ika¥òŸËia¥ bghU¤J mâ®îW«
É«kšfis¤ njh‰WÉ¡»‹wd. xU F¿¥ã£l v‹gj‹ m®¤j« btË¥òw« k‰W« c£òw«
ïG ÉirÆš cŸs 0.96m ÚsKŸs RukhÅ¡ bršYjš MF«.
o
f«ã ïir¡fit A íl‹ x¤jâ®î bgW»wJ. mnj (ii) òakhdJ btË¥òwkhf efU«nghJ
ïGÉirÆš cŸs 0.97m ÚsKŸs mnj RukhÅ¡ mj‹ mU»š cŸs fh‰W mL¡if mJ
ab
f«ã ïir¡fit Bíl‹ x¤jÔ®î bgW»wJ. jŸS»wJ, mjhtJ ï¥gFâÆš mâfkhd
ïir¡fitÆ‹ mâ®bt©fis¡ fz¡»Lf fh‰W _y¡TWfË‹ nj¡f« cŸsJ.
vdnt ml®¤â k‰W« mG¤jK« Tl Äf
Ô®î: mâfkhF« ï¥gFâfŸ ïW¡f¥g£l gFâfŸ
l1 = 0.96 m, l2 = 0.97 m, n1 = ? n2 = ? mšyJ ïW¡f§fŸ vd¥gL«.
ur
m
xÈÆ‹ ntf« 1486ms–1) beU¡f«, xÈ mšyJ xËÆ‹ br¿î vdyh«.
Ô®î: n = 100 KHz = 105 Hz. Va = 340 ms–1 8. uhn#Z cila jh¤jh xU ÉŠPhÅ mtÇl«
Vω = 1486 ms–1 λa = ? λω = ? uhn#Z ã‹tU« Édh¡fis ÉdhÉdh‹.
co
s.
CLUÉa xÈÆ‹ miyÚs« λω = jh¤jhÉ‹ És¡f« ahJ?
1486
n (i) nulh® k‰W« nrhdhÇ‹ ntiyahJ?
λω = = 1.486 × 102 m xG§f‰w tot¤ij 'lh¥s® ÉisÉ‹' _y«
105
És¡»dh®.
ok
7. (a) '°blj°nfh¥ã‹' ã‹dÂÆš cŸs ïa‰ãaš lh¥s® ÉisÉš xÈ mšyJ xËÆ‹ âirntf«
j¤Jt« ahJ? C = nλ n v‹gJ xÈ mšyJ xËÆ‹ mâ®bt©
(b) xËÆ‹ br¿î k‰W« xÈ miyfŸ ït‰iw xU λ - xÈ mšyJ xËÆ‹ miy Ús« nfhË‹
gu¥ã‰F bt›ntW òŸËfS¡F xˤJo¥òfis
(a)
FHªij¡F òÇíkhW v§‡d« vL¤Jiu¥ghŒ?
ïja¤Jo¥òkhÅÆš xÈÆ‹ g‹kl§fhd
o gu¥òth®fŸ. nfhËÈUªJ vâbuhˤJtU«
fhy¤ij¡ fz¡»£L (bt›ntW gFâ)
ab
vâbuhȥ㋠j¤Jt¤âš ïa§F»wJ. u¥g®
mâ®bt©Â‹ njh‰w kh‰w¤ij¡ fz¡»Lt®.
FHhia ïja« ÛJ it¡F« gFâiaí«. fhâš vL¤J¡fh£L kiyÆÈUªJ vâbuhÈ¡f¥g£L
it¡F« gFâiaí« ïiz¡»wJ. ïja« ÛJ tU« xȤJo¥ã‰F« gŸsjh¡F mšyJ
it¡F« gFâÆ‹ r›î cz®ªj xÈia fhâš Ú®ÃiyÆÈUªJ tU« xȤ Jo¥ã‰F«
it¡F« gFâ¡F vL¤J¢ brš»wJ. EiupuÈ‹ mâ®bt©Â‰F« ntWghL ïU¡F«.
ur
r¤j« mšyJ ïja¤â‹ Jo¥ò mšyJ clš (ii) nulh® : ïJ RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING
cW¥òfŸ V‰gL¤J« xÈia cz®ªJ mij v‹gj‹ RU¡f«. mâ®bt© Ä¡f nuonah
fhâš it¡F« gFâ¡F u¥g® FHhÆš V‰gL« miyfis Mfha Ékhd¤ij neh¡» mD¥ò«.
.s
g‹kl§F vâbuhË¥ò _y« vL¤J¢ brš»wJ. vâbuhˤJ tU« miyfis nulh® Ãiya¤âš
xË
(b) k‰W« xÈahdJ miy toÉš cŸs V‰ã f©l¿í«. mâ®bt©Âš csŸ
guÉ¢ brštd. ïitfË‹ br¿î v‹gJ ntWgh£il¡ bfh©L Ékhd¤â‹ ntf¤ij¡
fz¡»lyh«.
w
11M«
tF¥ò
muR khâÇ Édh¤jhŸ - 1
ïa‰ãaš
neu« : 2.30 k bkh¤j kâ¥bg©fŸ : 70
m
gFâ-I 7. ntfkhf¢ br‹W bfh©oU¡F« ngUªJ âObu‹W
id¤J Édh¡fS¡F« ÉilaË¡fî«.
m ÃW¤j¥gL«nghJ m¥ngUªâ‹ cŸns cŸs gaÂ
rÇahd Éilia nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf: [15 × 1 = 15] K‹ndh¡»¤ jŸs¥gLtâ‹ fhuz«
co
1. bghUbsh‹¿‹ Ãiw 4.27 g k‰W« mj‹ gUk‹ (a) XŒÉš Ãiyk« (b) âirÆš Ãiyk«
1.3 cm3 vÅš, m¥bghUË‹ ml®¤âÆ‹ K¡»a (c) Ãiyk¤âU¥ò¤âw‹
v©QU¡fË‹ v©Âif (d) ïa¡f¤âš Ãiyk«
(a) 1 (b) 2 8. bghUbsh‹¿‹ ïa¡f¤ij¥g‰¿ go¡F«nghJ,
(c) 3 (d) 4 bghUis bjhl®ªJ ïa§fit¥gijÉl, m¥bghUis
s.
2. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vªj ïa‰ãaš msîfŸ xnu gÇkhz XŒîÃiyÆÈUªJ ïa¡f Ãiy¡F kh‰WtJ fod«.
thŒ¥gh£il¥ bg‰WŸsd? VbdÅš XŒîÃiy cuhŒî¡Fzf« k‰W« ïa¡fÃiy
(a) âU¥òÉir k‰W« brŒa¥g£l ntiy cuhŒî¡Fzf« ã‹tU« Ãgªjidia Ãiwî
ok
(b) M‰wš k‰W« nfhz cªj« brŒ»‹wd
(c) Éir k‰W« âU¥ò Éir (a) ms > mk (b) ms < mk
(d) nfhz cªj« k‰W« ne®¡nfh£L cªj« 1
3. ïu©L ïa‰ãaš msîfis tF¡F«nghJ (mjhtJ (c) ms = mk (d) ms = mk
2
A
x=
B
) »il¡F« ã‹d¥ãiHÆ‹ bgUk kâ¥ò
o 9. m1 k‰W« m2 v‹w ïu©L ÃiwfŸ rkÉiria
∆x ∆A ∆B ∆x ∆A ∆B cz®»‹wd vÅš, mt‰¿‹ KL¡f§fË‹ É»j«.
(a) = ∓ − (b) = − +
ab
x A B x A B al m1 a
(a) = (b) l = 1
∆x ∆A ∆B ∆x A B a2 m2 a2
(c) = + (d) = +
x A B x ∆A ∆B al m2 al m1
(c) = (d) =
a2 m1 a2 m2
ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ bt¡l® A = i + j + k ï‹ âirÆš
ur
4.
brašgL« myF bt¡l® vJ? 10. m ÃiwíŸs xU bghUŸ jiuÆÈUªJ h cau¤â‰F
i + j + k khwh âirntf¤âš vL¤J¢ bršy¥g£lhš <®¥ò
(a) i + j + k (b) ÉirÆdhš brŒa¥g£l ntiy
2
.s
5.
KL¡f« v‹d? rh®ªâU¡fÉšiybaÅš, m¤JfË‹ ÛJ brašg£l
(a) 6 m s–2 i âirÆš (b) 5 m s–2 j âirÆš Éir
(c) 9 m s–2
w
[ 403 ]
m
cŸsJ vd¡ fUJf.
(c) cŸçl‰w nfhs« (d) t£ltisa«
14. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ âU¥ò ÉirÆ‹ âwid¡
co
F¿¡»wJ?
(a) P = τ . θ (b) P = τ × θ
(c) P = t q sinq
(d) P = 0 (v¥bghGJ« RÊ)
s.
l
15. M Ãiwí« ÚsK« bfh©l (mjhtJ 0.5 l ) Óuhd Ãiw
2
ml®¤â bfh©l j©o‹ Ãiwika« ã‹tUtdt‰¿š
ok
v¥òŸËÆš mikí«?
(a) l (b) 0.75 l
(c) 0.5 l (d) 0.25 l 24. Ãiy bt¡l® r = (7i + 4 j − 2k ) m bfh©l JfŸ
x‹¿‹ ÛJ F = (4i − 3 j + 5k ) Éir brašgL»wJ.
II. VnjD« MW Édh¡fS¡F ÉilaË¡fî«. mt‰WŸ
Édh v© 20¡F f£lha« ÉilaË¡fî«:
o M⥠òŸËia¥ bghU¤J ÉirÆ‹ âU¥ò Éiria¡
ab
[6 × 2 = 12] fh©f.
16. ã‹tU« v©fË‹ K¡»a v©QU¡fis¡ fh©f: (i) III. Ñœ¡f©lt‰¿š VnjD« MW Édh¡fS¡F
0.007 (ii) 400. ÉilaË. mt‰WŸ Édh v© 33-¡F f£lha«
17. gÇkhz¥ gF¥ghŒÉ‹ tu«òfŸ ïu©il¤ jUf. ÉilaË¡fî«: [6 × 3 = 18]
ur
18. JfŸ x‹¿‹ Ãiy bt¡l® 1 Û ÚsK« x m¢áÈUªJ 30º 25. gÇkhz¥ gF¥ghŒî Kiwia¥ ga‹gL¤â E = mc2 v‹w
rhŒÉY« mikªJŸsJ. Ãiy bt¡lÇ‹ x, y TWfis¡ rk‹ghL rÇahdjh vd nrhâ¡f.
fh©f.
26. ïU Ä‹jilfŸ R1 = (100 ± 3)Ω k‰W«
.s
ïGÉiria¡ fz¡»Lf. (És¡F k‰W« jh§»ia xU k‰W« v C = (5i + 3 j + 4k ) ms −1 MF«. vªj JfŸ
òŸË Ãiwahf¡ fUJf) mâfg£r ntf¤âY« Fiwªjg£r ntf¤âY« bršyhJ?
w
m
(ii) KG Û£áa‰w nkhjš
Éisah£L¤âlÈš 50 kg Ãiwíila kÅj® xUt®
(iii) jiuÆÈUªJ Û©blG« xU gªJ ËW bfh©oU¡»wh® vÅš,
33. m ÃiwíŸs ïU x¤j JfŸfis¡ bfh©l xU a) m«kÅj® czU« ikaÉy¡F Éiria¡
co
mik¥ig¡ fUJf. m Ãiw bfh©l xU JfshdJ, fh©f.
JfŸfË‹ ÃiwÆ‹ ika¤ij neh¡» x bjhiyî¡F b) òÉÆ‹ <®¥ò ÉirÆ‹ v©kâ¥ò«, kÅj®
jŸs¥g£lhš JfŸfË‹ ÃiwÆ‹ ika¤ij bjhl¡f czU« ikaÉy¡F ÉirÆ‹ v© kâ¥ò
ÃiyÆnyna it¡f k‰bwhU Jfis ef®¤j nt©oa x‹W¡bfh‹W rkkhf ïU¡fnt©LbkÅš
bjhiyî ahJ? òÉ R‰w nt©oa áWk nfhz ntf¤ij¡
s.
IV. mid¤J Édh¡fS¡F« ÉilaË¡fî«:[5 × 5 = 25] fz¡»Lf. (òÉÆ‹ Mu« 6400 km k‰W«
g = 10 m s–2 )
34. a) jÅ CrÈ‹ miyî¡ fhy¤â‰fhd rk‹gh£il
c) òÉ ïªj áWk nfhz ntf¤âš R‰¿dhš, xU
jUÉ. (jÅ CrÈ‹ miyî¡ fhy« (T) (i) Crš
ok
ehS¡F v¤jid k neu«?
F©o‹ Ãiw m (ii) CrÈ‹ Ús« l (iii) Crš
bjh§fÉl¥g£l ïl¤âš òÉ <®¥ã‹ KL¡f« g 37, a) xU gÇkhz Û£á nkhjY¡F¥ ã‹ò bghU£fË‹
âirntf§fis nkhjY¡F Kªija
M»at‰iw¢ rh®ªjJ. nkY« kh¿È k = 2π.
âirntf§fË‹ mo¥gilÆš fh©f.
(mšyJ) o (mšyJ)
b) xU nrhjidÆš mL¤jL¤J bjhl®¢áahf b) ntiy - M‰wš nj‰w¤ij T¿ Ã%ã.
msåL brŒí«bghGJ, jÅ CrÈ‹ miyî 38, a) m Ãiwí« l ÚsK« bfh©l j©L mj‹ xU
ab
neu¤â‰fhd bgw¥g£l msåLfŸ 2.63s, KidÆ‹ tÊahf¢ bršY« m¢ir¥ bghU¤J θ
2.56s, 2.42s, 2.71s k‰W« 2.80s vÅš nfhz¤ij V‰gL¤J»wJ. mªj m¢ir¥ bghW¤J
(i) miyîfhy¤â‹ ruhrÇ kâ¥ò. (ii) x›bthU j©o‹ Ãiyk¤âU¥ò¤ âwid¡ fh©f.
mså£o‰F« jÅ¥ãiH, (iii) ruhrÇ jÅ¥ãiH (mšyJ)
(iv) x¥Õ£L ãiH (v) ÉG¡fh£L ãiH M»at‰iw b) tisî¥ghijÆš Äât©o X£o tisjiy ÉtÇ.
ur
fz¡»Lf. Koîfis Kiwahd toÉš jUf.
35 a) E©fÂj KiwÆš Óuhd KL¡fkilªj bghUË‹
ïa¡f¢rk‹ghLfis jUf.
ÉilfŸ
I.
.s
(mšyJ)
b) Óuhd t£l ïa¡f« - ÉtÇ. 1. (d) 4
36. a) 100
g ÃiwíŸs bghUbsh‹W jiuia¥ bghU¤J 2. (a) âU¥òÉir k‰W« brŒa¥g£l ntiy
ν = 5( i + j ̂) m s–1 v‹w bjhl¡f âirntf¤Jl‹
w
∆x ∆A ∆B
3. (a) = ∓ −
åá v¿a¥gL»wJ vÅš, ã‹tUtdt‰iw¡ x A B
fz¡»Lf, i + j + k
4. (c)
w
m
(ii) x‹W m = 50 g = 0.05 kg
17. (i) ï«KiwÆš gÇkhzk‰w kh¿ÈfË‹ kâ¥òfis¡ g = 9.8 ms–2
fz¡»l ïayhJ (c.«) 1, 2, ... π, e, KjÈait. T = 0.05 × 9.8
(ii) bfhL¡f¥g£l msî °nfyh® mšyJ bt¡l® msth T = 0.49 N
co
vd ï«Kiw_y« Koî brŒa ïayhJ 21. (i) t£l ïa¡f¤ij ïUntW F¿¥gha§fis¥
(iii) mL¡F¡F¿ k‰W« âÇnfhzÄâ ngh‹w rh®òfŸ bghU¤J MŒî brŒayh«. mt‰WŸ x‹W
ml§»a rk‹ ghLfS¡F ï«Kiwia ga‹gL¤j Ãiyk¡F¿¥ghakhF«.
ïayhJ. (ii) ï¡F¿¥gha« XŒîÃiy mšyJ Óuhd ïa¡fÃiy
(iv) _‹¿‰F« nk‰g£l ïa‰ãaš msîfËš
s.
ït‰WŸ VnjD« xU ÃiyÆš ïU¡F«. ï§F
cŸsl§»a rk‹ghLfS¡F ï«Kiwia ga‹gL¤j ïa¡f¤âš cŸs bghU£fŸ Ãô£lÅ‹ ïa¡f
ïayhJ. ÉâfS¡F¡ f£L¥g£L ïa§F«. k‰bwhU F¿¥gha«
(v) rk‹gh£oid gÇkhz msÉš k£Lnk rÇah, KL¡fkil»‹w, Ãiykk‰w F¿¥ghakhd RH‰á¡
ok
ïšiyah vd bkŒ¥ã¡f Koí«. c©ikÆš F¿¥ghakhF«. (rotational frames).
rk‹ghL rÇah, ïšiyah vd¡ f©l¿a KoahJ. 22. (i) xU bghUŸ jdJ ïa¡f¤âdhš bfh©LŸs
1 2 M‰wš ïa¡f M‰wš vd¥gL«. xU bghUŸ jdJ
(c. «) S = ut + at gÇkhz KiwÆš rÇ v‹w
4 1 Ãiy¥gh£odhš bfh©LŸs M‰wš Ãiy M‰wš
nghâY« c©ikahd rk‹ghL S = ut + at2. MF«.
2
18. 﨔 :
o (ii) M‰wÈ‹ SI myfhdJ brŒa¥g£l ntiyÆ‹
mynf MF«. mjhtJ Nm mšyJ J.
Ãiy bt¡lÇ‹ Ús«(l) OA = 1 m
ab
Ús¤â‹ x TW = lx = ? 23. (i) f = –kx = –1 × 2 = –2
Ús¤â‹ y TW = ly = ? A (ii) f = –1 × 1 = –1
1m 24. 﨔
:
cos 30 = lx = lx = l l= ly
l 1
x 30º r = ( 7i + 4 j − 2 k )
ur
O lx F = (4i − 3 j + 5k )
3
∴ lx = 3
2 [cos 30° = ]
ly 2 âU¥ò Éir, t = r × F
sin 30° = = l y
1 i j k
.s
1
∴ly = sin 30° = = 0.5 t = 7 4 −2
2
Éil : 4 −3 5
3
w
19. 﨔 :
25. E = mc2 v‹w ïa¡f¢ rk‹gh£il vL¤J¡bfhŸsî«.
t = 2 ÉdhoÆš JfË‹ ntf« ML2 T–2 = [M] . [LT–1]2
v = 3t = 6 ms–1
w
ML2 T–2 = [M][L2T–2]
t = 2 ÉdhoÆš JfË‹ ika neh¡F KL¡f« ïªj rk‹ghL gÇkhz KiwÆš rÇahdJ.
v 2 ( 6) 2 26. R1 = (100 ± 3) Ω; R2 = (150 ± 2) Ω
ac = = = 3.6 m s–2
r 10 dv bjhFga‹ Ä‹jil R = ?
bjhLnfh£L KL¡f« at = = 3 m s–2 R = R1 + R2
dt
Mu bt¡lU¡F«, bjhFga‹ bt¡lU¡F« cŸs nfhz« = (100 ± 3) + (150 ± 2)
= (100 + 150) ± (3 + 2)
R = (250 ± 5) Ω
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m
(iii) vdnt »il¤js¤Jl‹ 45º nfhz¤âš
2 2 2
C JfË‹ ntf« = vC = (5) + (3) + ( 4) v¿bghUËid v¿ªjhš, mJ bgUk »il¤js
−1 beL¡f¤ij milí« v‹gij m¿ayh«.
= 25 + 9 + 16 = 50 ms
u2
co
C JfŸ k‰w JfŸfisÉl ntfkhf¢ bršY«.
R max =
= 50 > 38 > 14 g
28. bgUk cau« (hmax) : 29. yhÄÆ‹ nj‰w« : (Lamis theorem)
(i) v¿bghUŸ j‹Dila gaz¤âš milí« mâfg£r (i) yhÄ nj‰w¤â‹go, rkÃiyÆš ïU¡F« _‹W
br§F¤J cau«, bgUk cau« (hmax) vd¥gL«. js k‰W« xU ika ÉirfŸ bfh©l mik¥ãš,
s.
mjid¡ Ñœ¡f©lthW fz¡»lyh«. x›bthU ÉirÆ‹ v© kâ¥ò«, k‰w ïu©L
v2y = u 2y + 2a y s ÉirfS¡»il¥g£l nfhz¤â‹ ir‹ kâ¥ã‰F
(ii) ï§F, uy = u sinθ, ay = –g, s = hmax, nkY« bgUk ne®¤jfÉš ïU¡F«. ï«_‹W ÉirfS¡fhd
ok
cau¤âš vy = 0. jfîkh¿È rkkhF«.
vdnt → → →
(ii) F1 , F2 k‰W« F3 v‹w _‹W xU js k‰W«
(0)2 = u2 sin2θ – 2ghmax
xU ika ÉirfŸ 0 v‹w òŸËÆš brašg£L
(mšyJ) h = u 2 sin 2θ m¥òŸËia, rkÃiyÆš it¡»‹wd v‹f.
max
sy = uyt + ayt2 →
2 ÁF Á α sin β
ur
2 γ →
(ii) ï§F, sy = y = 0 (y-m¢R âirÆš bjhFga‹ → F2
1 → → →
0 = u sinθ Tf– gT 2f ÁF Á ÁF Á ÁF Á 3
.s
1 2
sin θ 2 vdnt, = =
Tf = 2u Sinα Sin β Sin γ F3
g (iv) ÉirfŸ brašg£L, XŒî¢ rkÃiyÆš cŸs
»il¤js beL¡f« (R): bghUŸfis gF¥ghŒî brŒtâš, yhÄÆ‹ nj‰w«
w
m
→ →
Fa = mg k‰W« d r = dr.
t£l tot¥ghijÆš bršY« fh® h
(ii)
òÉÆid¢ R‰¿ tU« bra‰if¡nfhË‹
ïa¡f¤âš, òÉ, bra‰if¡ nfhË‹ ÛJ brY¤J«
U = mg ∫ dr
co
0
U = mg [ r ]0
òÉp®¥ò Éirna ikaneh¡F Éirahf¢ h
brašgL»wJ.
(iii) fh® x‹W t£ltot¥ghijÆš bršY«nghJ,
U = mgh .
ikaneh¡F ÉirahdJ fhÇ‹ laU¡F«, 32. (i) e = 1
s.
rhiy¡F« ïilna V‰gL« cuhŒî ÉirÆdhš (ii) e = 0
V‰gL»wJ.
(iii) e ≠ 1
(vi) fh®tisî¥
ghijÆš bršY« nghJ«,
ok
ikaneh¡F Éiria¥ bgW»wJ. fhÇ‹ (i) m × m(d – x) = 0
33.
laU¡F«, rhiy¡F« ïilna V‰gL« cuhŒî d
ÉirÆdhš ï«ikaneh¡F Éir V‰gL»wJ. md + mx = 0
m m
cm
}
}
x x
d
o m =
x
=d
ab
IV.
34. (a) 﨔 :
T ∝ ma gc
T = k. ma gc
ur
a = 0, b + c = 0, –2c=1
h
rk‹ghLfis¤ Ô®¡f
a = 0, b = 1/2, k‰W« c = 1/2
w
→ 1
l 2
brašgL¤j¥gL« Éir Fg MdJ <®¥ò Éir¡F T= k = k lg
rkkhfî« vâuhfî« mikajhš g
→ → ∧ nrhjid _y« bgw¥g£l k Æ‹ kâ¥ò = 2π,
Fa = – Fg = mg j
T = 2π l g
(iii) <®¥ò mG¤j M‰wš (U) MdJ,
(mšyJ)
(b) 﨔 :
ïa¡f ÃgªjidÆ‹go (mjhtJ neu«
t1 = 2.63s, t2 = 2.56s, t3 = 2.42s, t4 = 2.71s, t5 = 2.80s 0 ÉÈUªJ t tiu khW«nghJ, âirntf«
(i) ruhrÇ u ÉÈUªJ v ¡F khW«) ïu©L g¡fK« bjhif¥
t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 + t5 gL¤Jf.
Tm =
5 v t v
m
v
∫ dv = ∫ a dt = a ∫ dt ⇒ [v]u = a [t ]0
t
2.63 + 2.56 + 2.42 + 2.71 + 2.80 ...(1)
= u 0 u
5
13.12 v – u = at (mšyJ) v = u + at
Tm = = 2.624s
co
5 ïl¥bga®¢á - neu« bjhl®ò
Tm = 2.62s (ïU jrk v©Â‰F¤ âU¤jkhf (ii) bghUË‹ âirntf« v‹gJ, neu¤ij¥ bghU¤J
KGik¥gL¤j¥g£lJ) bghUË‹ ïl¥bga®¢áÆ‹ Kjš tif¡bfGthF«.
ds
(ii) jÅ¥ãiH = ΔT = Tm – t v = dt (mšyJ) ds = vdt
s.
D T1 = 2.62 – 2.63 = 0.01s ï§F v = u + at,
D T2 = 2.62 – 2.56 = + 0.06s vdnt, ds = (u + at) dt
neu« t = 0 ÉdhoÆš bghUŸ bjhl¡f¥òŸËÆš
ok
D T3 = 2.62 – 2.42 = + 0.20s
cŸsJ vdî«, ‘t’ fhy ïilbtËÆš bghUË‹
D T4 = 2.62 – 2.71 = – 0.09s ïl¥bga®¢á ‘s’ vdî« fUJf. nkY« bghUË‹
D T5 = 2.62 – 2.80 = – 0.18s KL¡f« neu¤ij¢ rh®ªjjšy vd¡ fUJf.
s t t
∑ ∆Tt 1
(iii) ruhrÇ jÅ¥ãiH =
n
o ∫ ds = ∫ u dt + ∫ at dt (or) s = ut + at 2
0 0 0
2
...(2)
0.01 + 0.06 + 0.20 + 0.09 + 0.18 âirntf« - ïl¥bga®¢á bjhl®ò
D Tm =
ab
5 (iii) bghUË‹ KL¡fbk‹gJ neu¤ij¥ bghU¤J
0.54 âirntf¤â‹ Kjš tif¡bfGthF«.
D Tm = = 0.108s = 0.11s
5 dv dv ds dv
(ïu©L jrk v©Â‰F KGik¥gL¤j¥g£lJ) a= = = v
dt ds dt ds
ur
ST = 0.04 1
ds = 2a d(v2)
(v) ÉG¡fh£L¥ãiH = 0.04 × 100% = 4%
nkny cŸs rk‹gh£il bjhif¥gL¤j, mjhtJ
(vi) jÅ CrÈ‹ miyî T = (2.62 ± 0.11)s âirntf« u ÉÈUªJ v ¡F khW«nghJ JfŸ
w
u
2a
KL¡f« xU kh¿È; mJ neu¤ij¢ rhuhjJ v‹W bghUŸ. 0
1 2
neu« t = 0 ÉdhoÆš bghUË‹ âirntf« u v‹f. neu« ∴s = (v – u2)
ÉdhoÆš bghUË‹ âirntf« v v‹f. 2a
w
v2 = u2 + 2as
∴ ...(3)
(i) vªj xU neu¤âY« bghUË‹ KL¡f« v‹gJ
neu¤ij¥ bghU¤J, âirntf¤â‹ Kjš Mu«g âirntf« k‰W« ïW⤠âirntf« ït‰iw¥
tif¡bfGthF«, bghU¤J« JfË‹ ïl¥bga®¢áia tUÉ¡fyh«.
rk‹ghL (1) ÉÈUªJ
dv ïjid¢ rk‹ghL (2) ïš ãuâÆL«nghJ,
a = (mšyJ) dv = a.dt
dt 1
s = ut + (v – u)t
2
m
ïa¡f¢ rk‹ghLfŸ
v = u + at Ãiybt¡l® k‰W« âirntf bt¡lÇ‹
1 toÉaš bjhl®ò
s = ut + at2
2
co
Ãiy bt¡l® k‰W« âirntf bt¡l® ïu©L«
v2 = u2 + 2as Δt v‹w á¿a fhy ïil btËÆš θ nfhz«
(u + v ) t
s = ïl¥bga®¢á miltij fh£L»wJ. Óuhd t£l
2 → → → →
ïa¡f¢ rk‹ghLfŸ mid¤J«, ne®¡nfh£oš ïa¡f¤âš r = r1 = r2 k‰W« v = v1 = v2 JfË‹
s.
ïa§F« Óuhd KL¡f« bg‰w bghU£fS¡F → →
k£Lnk bghUªJ« ïit t£l ïa¡f« k‰W« Ãiybt¡l® r1 ÈUªJ r2 ¡F kh‰wkiltij
→ → →
miyÉa¡f¤âš cŸs bghU£fS¡F bghUªjhJ.
∆ v = v2 – v1 .vdî« F¿¥ãlyh«. ïl¥bga®¢á
ok
(mšyJ) bt¡lÇ‹ v© kâ¥ò k‰W« âirntf bt¡lÇ‹
(b) ikaneh¡F KL¡f« : v©kâ¥ò ïu©L« ã‹tU« bjhl®ãid Ãiwnt‰w
Óuhd t£l ïa¡f¤âš âirntf bt¡lÇ‹ v© kâ¥ò nt©L«.
(ntf«) khwhkš mj‹ âir bjhl®ªJ kh‰wkilªJ ∆r ∆v
=− =θ
r v
bfh©nl tU«.
v
o ï§F v⮡F¿, Δv t£l ika¤ij neh¡» (Mu« tÊna
ab
v
r cŸneh¡») brašgLtij¡ fh£L»wJ.
r v
o ∆r
r r Δv = – v
r
r
v ∆v v ∆v v2
v
a=
= =−
ur
khwhkš cŸsij¡ fh£L»wJ. ïU¥ãD« âirntf« vdnt ika neh¡F KL¡f¤ij ã‹tUkhW vGjyh«.
t£l¤â‹ x›bthU òŸËÆY« bjhL nfh£L¤âirÆš a = – ω2r
brašgL»wJ. nkY«, KL¡f« t£l¤â‹ Mu¤â‹
tÊna ika¤ij neh¡» brašgL»wJ. ï«KL¡f¤ij 36. (a)
w
a a v2
v1
a a
w
a a
a
Fg = mg
∆v = a
∆t
ikneh¡F KL¡f«
Ãiy bt¡l® k‰W« âirntf bt¡lÇ‹ vËa toÉaš (b) cªJÉir I = DP = m(vf – vi)
bjhl®ãÈUªJ, ika neh¡F KL¡f¢ rk‹gh£il
xU bghUË‹ Ãiw = 100g = 100 × 10–3 kg
tUÉ¡fyh«.
Mu«g ntf« V = 5 (i +j) i
m
ν2
q = tan –1 nkhjY¡F K‹ nkhjY¡F ã‹
rg
bkh¤j ne®¡nfh£L = bkh¤j ne®¡nfh£L
(mšyJ) cªj« (p1) cªj« (p2)
co
36. (b)
a. m = 50kg ; q = 10.8; m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
R - óÄÆ‹ Mu« = 6400 × 103m m1(u1 – v1) = m2 (v2 – u2) ...(1)
ika Éy¡F Éir Fc = mw Rcosq. 2
(v) Û£á nkhjÈš,
s.
2π
óÄÆ‹ nfhz âirntf« (w) = nkhjY¡F K‹ nkhjY¡F ã‹
2π T
bkh¤j ïa¡f = bkh¤j ïa¡f
w=
T M‰wš (KE1) M‰wš (KE2)
ok
T - óÄÆ‹ fhy« (24 k neu«)
2π 2π 1 1 1 1
= = =7.268 5 10–5 rad sec–1 2
m1u1 +
2
m2 u2 =
2
m1v1 +
2
m2 v2
24 × 60 × 60 86400 2 2 2 2
∴ Fc= 50 × (7.268× 10–5)2 × 6400 × 103 × cos 10.8 m1 (u12 − v12 ) = m2 (v22 − u22 )
Fc = 1.66 N
o m1 (u1 + v1) (u1 – v1) = m2 (v2 + u2) (v2 – u2) ...(2)
ab
b. òÉp®¥ò Éir = Fg = mg (vi) rk‹ghL (2)I (1) Mš tF¡f,
= 50 × 10 = 500N
áWk nfhz ntf« w = ? m1 (u1 + v1 )(u1 − v1 ) m2 (v2 + u2 )(v2 − u2 )
=
If Fg = Fc m1 (u1 − v1 ) m2 (v2 − u2 )
500 = mw2 Rcosq
ur
u1 + v1 = v2 + u2
500 u1 – u2 = v2 – v1
w2 =
50 × 6400 × 103 × cos10.8 u1 – u2 = – (v1 – v2)...(3)
37. (a)
m1 (u1 – v1) = m2(u1 + v1 – u2 – u2)
(i) xU cuhŒt‰w »il¤js¤âš, ne®¡F¿ x-m¢á‹
m1 (u1 – v1) = m2 (u1 + v1 – 2u2)
âirÆš, ne®nfh£L¥ ghijÆš ïa§F« m1
k‰W« m2 Ãiw¡bfh©l ïU ۣᥠbghUŸfis m1u1 – m1v1 = m2u1 + m2v1 – 2m2u2
gl¤âYŸsthW fUJf. m1u1 – m2u1 + 2m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v1
(ii) u1 & v1 k‰W« u2 & v2 v‹gd Kiwna m1 k‰W«
(m1 – m2) u1 + 2m2u2 = (m1 + m2) v1
m2 ÃiwfË‹ Mu«g, ïWâ âirntf§fŸ MF«.
m
2m1 m − m1 v1 = 1 − 2 u1 + 2 × m u2
v2 = u1 + 2 u ...(7) m1
m1 + m2 2
m1 + m2 1
v1 = (1 – 0) u1 + 0
ne®î 1 : ïU bghUŸfË‹ Ãiwí« rk‹ vÅš. v1 = u1
co
i.e. m1 = m2
(i) rk‹ghL (6), (7)ÈUªJ (iii) rk‹ghL (7) ÈUªJ,
v1 = u2 k‰W« v2 = u1 m
(ii) ïJ nkhjY¡F¥ ã‹ bghUŸfË‹ âir ntf§fŸ v2 = 2u1 + 2 − 1 u2
m1
gÇkh¿¡ bfhŸtij¡ fh£L»wJ.
s.
ne®î 2 : ïU bghUŸfË‹ Ãiw rkkhfî«,
v2 = 2u1 + (0 – 1) (0)
ïu©lh« Ãiw XŒî ÃiyÆY« mikªjhš. v2 = 2u1
i.e. m1 = m2 & u2 = 0. (iv)
ïJ nkhjY¡F¥ ã‹, Kjš bghUŸ mj‹
ok
(i) rk‹ghL (6), (7)ÈUªJ
v1 = 0 k‰W« v2 = u1 Mu«g âirntf¤âY«, ïu©lh« bghUŸ Kjš
(ii) ïJ nkhjY¡F¥ ã‹ Kjš bghUŸ XŒî bghUË‹ Mu«g âirntf¤â‹ ïUkl§»Y«
ÃiyÆY«, ïu©lh« bghUŸ Kjš bghUË‹ miktij¡ fh£L»wJ..
Mu«g âirntf¤âY« miktij¡ fh£L»wJ.o
ne®î 3 : ïu©lh« bghUis Él Kjš bghUŸ (mšyJ)
ïnyrhdJ k‰W« ïu©lh« Ãiw XŒÉš. 37. (b)
ab
i.e. m1 << m2 & u2 = 0. m1 ntiyí« M‰wY« rkkhdit: ïJ ïa¡f
(i) ïªÃfœÉš, m1 + m2 ≈ m2 k‰W« m ≈ 0 M‰wY¡F bghUªJ«. ïjid Ã%ã¡f m ÃiwíŸs xU
2
v1 = 0 k‰W« v2 = u1 bghUŸ cuhŒt‰w »il¤js¥ gu¥ãš XŒÉš ïU¥gjhf¡
(ii) rk‹ghL (6) ÈUªJ, fUJnth«.
ur
v1 = –u1
khwhj Éir¡fhd rk‹ghL
(iii) rk‹ghL (7) ÈUªJ,
F = ma ...(2)
m m1
w
v2 = 0 a =
2s
(iv) ïJ nkhjY¡F¥ ã‹, Kjš bghUŸ mj‹ a ï‹ kâ¥ig rk‹ghL 2 ãuâÆl
w
1 1 l
w = mv2 – mu2 ...(4) 2
2 2 m
∫x
2
I= sin 2 θ. . dx = \r = x. sin θ
ïa¡f M‰wY¡fhd nfhit: l l l
− l
1 2 2
m 2
m 2 2
nk‰f©l rk‹gh£oš mv v‹gJ v .sin 2 θ ∫ xdx = .sin 2 θ x
2 l l 2 − l
m
l
âirntf¤âš ïa§F« (m) ÃiwíŸs bghUË‹ −
2
2
co
1 l 24 12
KE = mv2 ...(5)
2 1 2
Ãiyk¤ âU¥òâw‹ = ml .sin 2 θ.
bghUË‹ ïa¡f M‰wš v¥bghGJ« ne®F¿ 12
kâ¥òilajhF«. rk‹ghL (5) k‰W« (4) ïš ïUªJ (mšyJ)
s.
1 1
∆KE = mv2 – mu2 ...(7) 38. (b)
2 2
vdnt, W = ∆KE. (i) gl¤âš cŸsthW, ika« Oit¥ bghU¤J r Mu«
ok
rk‹ghL (7) ïš tyJ g¡f¤âš cŸs nfhit bghUË‹ cŸs rÇrkkhd t£l¢ rhiyia v âirntf¤âš
ïa¡f M‰wš khWghL (∆KE) MF«.
fl¡F« ir¡»Ÿ x£Lgtiu¡ fUJf.
bghUË‹ ÛJ ÉirÆdhš brŒa¥g£l ntiy bghUË‹
ïa¡f M‰wiy kh‰W»wJ v‹gij ïJnt ntiy -
ïa¡f M‰wš nj‰w« vd¥gL«.
o
38. (a)
ab
θ F¤jhf m¢ir¥ bghU¤J V‰gL¤J« nfhz«
O′
l
r 2
ur
θº Æš j©o‹ Ãiyk¤âU¥òâw‹
I = ∫ r dm
2 (v) RHš F¿¥gha¤âš, gl¤âš cŸsthW
mv 2 MdJ ika« OɉF
r ikaÉy¡F Éir
sin θ = r
x btËneh¡»í«, <®¥ò ika« tÊahfî«
brašgL»wJ.
m
mv 2
mg mg AC sin θ = AC cos θ
r
v2
co
N
θ tan θ =
rg
A f B
v2
θ = tan
–1
(vi) mik¥ò RH‰á rkÃiyÆš cŸsjhš, bkh¤j rg
s.
âU¥ò Éir RÊahF«. Mfnt
→
(viii) ï¢rk‹ghL v âirntf¤âš r MuKŸs rÇrkkhd
tnet = 0 t£l¢ rhiyia¡ fl¡F« ir¡»Ÿ X£Lgt®,
mv 2
ok
– mg AB + BC = 0 br§F¤Jl‹ ¸θ nfhz« rhŒtj‹ _y«, ÑnH
r
ï§F tyŠRÊ âU¥ò¤ âw‹ (mg AB) ÉGtij jÉ®¡fyh« v‹gij fh£L»wJ.
I v⮡F¿ahfî«, ïlŠRÊ o âU¥ò¤âw‹
ab
ur
.s
w
w
w
11M«
tF¥ò
muR khâÇ Édh¤jhŸ - 2
ïa‰ãaš
neu« : 2.30 k bkh¤j kâ¥bg©fŸ : 70
m
gFâ-I 12. bghUªjhj nrhoia nj®ªbjL :
mid¤J Édh¡fS¡F« ÉilaË¡fî«. 3KT
a) Vrms -
[15 × 1 = 15] m
co
rÇahd Éilia nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf :
bghU¤Jf : (1 Kjš 4) 8KT
b) V -
1. J¥gh¡»ÆÈUªJ Rl¥g£l F©L - b g ® b d h È Æ ‹ m
nj‰w« 4KT
c) Vmp -
2. »Ç¡bf£ åu® gªij ão¥gJ - x¤jâ®î m
s.
1
3. xÈÆdhš f©zho - c ª j ¤ â ‰ F d) P - Nmv 2
vL¤J¡fh£L 3
13. T‰W : Ú®k§fŸ k‰W« thí¡fËš FW¡fitfŸ
ok
4. by‹RÇkhÅ - v¿bghUŸ V‰gLtâšiy.
Ãu¥òf : fhuz« : VbdÅš ïy‰¿w¡F Û£á g©ò ïšiy.
5. ÚÇ‹ K¥òŸË v‹gJ ...................... . (a) T‰W« fhuzK« rÇ
6. xU bghUË‹ ne®¡nfh£L cªj« 0.1% (b) T‰W fhuz« ïu©L« rÇašy
(c) T‰W rÇ Mdhš fhuz« rÇašy
mâfÇ¡»wbjÅš
mâfÇ¡F«.
ïa¡f M‰wš
o ............... (d) T‰W rÇašy Mdhš fhuz« rÇ
14. jtwhd T‰iw nj®ªbjL.
7. ca® bt¥gÃiyÆš xU ïU mQ _y¡T¿‹ (a) Clf¤âYŸs JfŸfŸ mj‹ eLÃiyfËš
ab
M‰wš ..................... . x¤â å¢Rl‹ mâ®îW»‹wd.
8. ÓÇa° e£r¤âu¤â‹ mUnf kÅj®fŸ cUth» (b) miy K‹nd¿¢ bršY«nghJ JfŸfŸ
ïU¥gh®fŸ vÅš mt®fS¡F ................... fâ®fis Ãuªjukhf mikâahd ÃiyÆš ïU¥gâšiy
gh®¡F« âw‹ ïUªâU¡F«. (c) bt›ntW JfŸfŸ eLÃiyfË‹ tÊna
ur
mG¤j« mâfÇ¡F«.
10. (b) 5000 k ca®bt¥gÃiyÆY« Tl ïU mQ
(a)
jªâ¡ fUÉfŸ (mšyJ) xiria _y¡TWfË‹ Rjªâu ïa¡f¡TWfŸ khwhJ.
cUth¡F« r£l« (c) mid¤J _y¡TWfË‹ ruhrÇ ntf« Äfî«
w