Class 11 Computer-Science-Tm-Sample-Materials

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bjhFâ - I & II
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 òâjhf âU¤âaik¡f¥g£l ghlüš 2019‹go jahÇ¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
mid¤J¥ ghl¥gFâfËY« ÄFâahd msÉš TLjš Édh¡fŸ ÉilfSl‹ ju¥g£LŸsd.
muR khâÇ Édh¤jhŸ ÉilfSl‹ ju¥g£LŸsJ.
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 RuhÉ‹ khâÇ Édh¤jhŸ-1 k‰W« 2 ÉilfSl‹ ju¥g£LŸsJ.

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© btËp£lhs®fŸ 11« tF¥ã‰fhd RuhÉ‹ fÂÅ m¿Éaš -bjhFâ- I & II
tÊfh£oia btËÆLtâš bgUÄjK« k»œ¢áí« mil»nwh«.
ISBN : 978-93-5330-070-8
fÂÅ m¿Éaš bjhFâ- I & II ghl§fS¡fhd Édh ÉilfŸ Äfî«
F¿p£L v© : SG 273
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vËikahf, Rygkhf òÇªJbfhŸS« Éj¤âš ju¥g£LŸsd.
RuhÉ‹ fÂÅ m¿Éaš bjhFâ- I & II tÊfh£o khzt®fË‹
všyh¤ njitfisí« fU¤âš bfh©L cUth¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
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vGâ tH§»at® ghlüiy e‹F kâ¥ghŒî brŒJ khzt®fŸ všyh¥ ghl§fisí«
âU. r©KfRªju« btFthf c£»u»¤J m¿ªJbfh©L nj®it Rygkhf vGâ
(Post Graduate Teacher, Chennai) mâf kâ¥bg©fis¥ bg‰W bt‰¿ahs®fshF« Éj¤âš, ekJ
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MáÇa®fS¡F ghl« el¤JtâY«, khzt®fS¡F¡
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(ii)

bghUsl¡f«
ïaš ghl¤ jiy¥òfŸ g¡f v©
v©
bjhFâ I
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myF I - fÂÅ m¿Kf«
1. fÂÅ m¿Kf« 1-20
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2. v© KiwfŸ 21-44
3. fÂÅ mik¥ò 45-62
4. ïa¡f mik¥ã‹ nfh£gh£L fU¤J¡fŸ 63-74
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fÂÅÆ‹ mo¥gilfŸ
5. gFâ I - É©nlh° - š ntiy brŒjš 75-96
gFâ II - Èd¡° (cò©L)
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myF II - be¿Kiwrh® á¡fš Ô®î
6. Étu¡F¿¥ò k‰W« mUtkh¡f«o 97-106
7. ãÇ¤jš k‰W« xU§»iz¤jš 107-118
8. RH‰áí«, j‰RH‰áí« 119-126
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bjhFâ II
myF III - C++ X® m¿Kf«
9. C++ X® m¿Kf« 127-164
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10. ghŒî¡ f£L¥ghL 165-190

11. C++‹ bra‰TWfŸ 191-212
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12. mÂfŸ k‰W« f£LU¡fŸ 213-236

myF IV - C++ bghUŸ neh¡F Ãuyh¡f bkhÊ
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13. m¿Kf« - bghUŸneh¡F Ãuyh¡f E£g§fŸ 237-244

14. ïd¡FG¡fŸ k‰W« bghUŸfŸ 245-280
15. gšYUth¡f« 281-294
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16. kuòÇk« (INHERITANCE) 295-316

myF V - fÂ¥bgh¿ e‹bd¿ k‰W« ïiza¥ ghJfh¥ò
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17. fÂ¥bgh¿ e‹bd¿ k‰W« ïiza¥ ghJfh¥ò 317-328

18. fÂ¥bgh¿Æš jÄœ 329-332
muR khâÇ Édh¤jhŸ - RuhÉ‹ khâÇ Édh¤jhŸ-1k‰W« 2 ÉilfSl‹
333-364
kh®¢ 2019 muR bghJ¤ nj®î Édh¤jhŸ ÉilfSl‹
(iii)

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(iv)

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fÂÅ m¿Éaš
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bjhFâ - I
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bghUsl¡f«
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ïaš g¡f v©
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v© ghl¤ jiy¥òfŸ
bjhFâ I
myF I - fÂÅ m¿Kf«
1. fÂÅ m¿Kf«
o 3-20
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2. v© KiwfŸ 21-44
3. fÂÅ mik¥ò 45-62
4. ïa¡f mik¥ã‹ nfh£gh£L fU¤J¡fŸ 63-74
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fÂÅÆ‹ mo¥gilfŸ
5. gFâ I - É©nlh° - š ntiy brŒjš 75-96
gFâ II - Èd¡° (cò©L)
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myF II - be¿Kiwrh® á¡fš Ô®î

6. Étu¡F¿¥ò k‰W« mUtkh¡f« 97-106
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7. ãÇ¤jš k‰W« xU§»iz¤jš 107-118

8. RH‰áí«, j‰RH‰áí« 119-126
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myF I fÂÅ m¿Kf«
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ïaš
fÂÅ m¿Kf«
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bghUsl¡f«
1.1. fÂ¥bgh¿ X® m¿Kf« 1.5.2. ika¢ brayf«
1.2. fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ jiyKiwfŸ
o 1.5.3. btËp£lf«
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1.3. MwhtJ jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ 1.5.4. Ãidtf«
1.4. juî k‰W« jftš 1.5.5. cŸç£L k‰W« btËp£L
1.5. fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ gFâfŸ rhjd§fŸ
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1.5.1. cŸç£lf« 1.6. fÂ¥bgh¿ia¤ bjhl§Fjš

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[3]

4 RuhÉ‹ ➠ 11 M« tF¥ò ➠ fÂÅ m¿Éaš - bjhFâ-I ➠ myF I ➠ ghl« 1
kâ¥ghŒî
gFâ - m 8. Post-‹ ÉÇth¡f«.
rÇahd Éilia nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf m. Post on self Test
M. Power on Software Test
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ï. Power on Self Test
1. Kjš jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿fËš ga‹gL¤j¥g£l
<. Power on Self Text
gFâ¥ bghUŸ
m. bt‰¿l¡FHš [Éil. ï. Power on Self Test]
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M. âÇjilaf« 9. ÑœtUtdt‰WŸ vJ xU Kj‹ik ÃidtfkhF«?
ï. xU§»izªj R‰WfŸ m. ROM M. RAM
<. E©braÈfŸ [Éil: m. bt‰¿l¡FHš] ï. Flash drive <. Hard disk
2. j‰fhÈf Ãidtf« vJ? [Éil. M. RAM]
s.
m. ROM M. PROM 10. vªj¡ fÂ¥bgh¿ jiyKiwÆš xU§»izªj
R‰WfŸ ga‹gL¤j¥g£lJ?
ï. RAM <. EPROM
m. Kjyh« M. ïu©lh«
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[Éil: ï. RAM] ï. _‹wh« <. eh‹fh«
3. btËp£L rhjd¤ij milahs« fh©f.
[Éil. ï. _‹wh«]
m. Éir¥gyif M. Ãidtf«
gFâ - M
FW Édh¡fŸ
ï. âiuaf« <. R£o

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[Éil: ï. âiuaf«] 1. fÂ¥bgh¿ v‹whš v‹d?
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4. cŸç£L rhjd¤ij milahs« fh©f. fÂ¥bgh¿ v‹gJ, bfhL¡f¥g£l f£lisfis
m. m¢R¥bgh¿ M.
R£o cŸçlhf¥ bg‰W, mântfkhf¢ brašg£L,
ï. tiuÉ <. glåœ¤â ÉU«ãa btËp£il tH§F« xU Ä‹dQ
[Éil: M. R£o] rhjd« MF«.
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5. f£ol tiugl¤ â£l«, ãs¡° m£il ngh‹wt‰iw 2. juî k‰W« jftš ntWgL¤Jf.
m¢ál¥ ga‹gL« btËp£L rhjd« vJ?
juî jftš
m. bt¥g m¢R¥bgh¿
M. tiuÉ gšntW tiffËY« jftš v‹gJ
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ï. òŸË m¢R¥bgh¿ âu£l¥gL« mo¥gil Koîfis vL¡f¡

<. ikÕ¢R m¢R¥bgh¿ [Éil: M. tiuÉ] brŒâ¤ JQ¡F juî Toa c©ikfË‹
vd¥gL«. bjhF¥ghF«.
6. V.o.v« ïaªâu§fËš, Ñœ¡f©lt‰WŸ vJ
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ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ?
(v.fh) fÉjh, 16 (v.fh) fÉjhÉ‹
taJ 16
m. bjhLâiu M. âiuaf«
ï. xÈ bgU¡» <. m¢R¥ bgh¿ 3. ika¢ brayf¤â‹ (CPU) gFâfŸ ahit?
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[Éil: m. bjhLâiu]
ika¢brayf¤âš _‹W gFâfŸ cŸsd.
7. xU fÂ¥bgh¿ Û©L« bjhl§F« nghJ vªj mit f£L¥gh£lf« (CU- Control Unit), fÂj
tifahd bjhl§Fjiy¥ ga‹gL¤J»wJ. Vuz¢ brayf« (ALU - Arithmetic and Logic
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Unit) k‰W« Ãidtf« (MU-Memory Unity)

m. cl‹ bjhl¡f« MF«.
M. j© bjhl¡f«
4. fÂj Vuz brayf¤â‹(ALU) brašghL ahJ?
ï. bjhL bjhl¡f«

ika¢brayf¤â‹ xU gFâahf cŸs fÂj
<. bkŒ bjhl¡f«
Vuz¢ brayf«, gy fÂ¥ÕL brašfis¤
[Éil: m. cl‹ bjhl¡f«] juÉ‹ ÛJ Ãfœ¤J»wJ. T£lš, fÊ¤jš,
bgU¡fš, tF¤jš k‰W« RU¡f brašfŸ

RuhÉ‹ ➠ 11 M« tF¥ò ➠ fÂÅ m¿Éaš ➠ fÂÅ m¿Kf« 5
ngh‹w fÂj¢ brašghLfis fÂj Vuz¢ gFâ - ï

brayf« brŒ»wJ. ika¢ brayf¤âš cŸs
cŸ Ãidtf¤âš ïj‹ Éil nrÄ¡f¥gL»wJ. áW Édh¡fŸ
fÂj Vuz¢ brayf¤â‹ jU¡f¢ braš
âwnd fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ KobtL¡F« âwid 1. fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ j‹ikfŸ ahit?
fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ j‹ikfŸ :
nk«gL¤J»‹wd.
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(i) n tiyia ntfkhf brŒí« âw‹
5. f£L¥gh£lf¤â‹ brašfis vGJf. (ii) fÂ¥ÕLfis JšÈakhf brŒí« âw‹

ika¢ brayf« - Ãidtf« k‰W« cŸçL / (iii) gšÃuš brayh¡f«
btËpL rhjd§fS¡F ïilna gÇkhw¥gL« (iv)
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xnu gÂia rÈ¥ã‹¿ âU«g âU«g

juit¡ f£L¥gh£lf« f£L¥gL¤J»wJ. nkY« brŒí« âw‹.
xU fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ KG¢ brašghLfisí« (v) ãiHa‰w brašghL.
ïJ f£L¥gL¤J¡»wJ. (vi) mâf e«gfj‹ik cilaJ.
(vii) ifal¡f rhjd«
6. Ãidtf¤â‹ brašghL ahJ?
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(viii) ïiz brayh¡fk
uî, jftš k‰W« Ãušfis j‰fhÈfkhf
j (ix) bra‰if E©z¿î
mšyJ Ãuªjukhf¢ nrÄ¤J it¡f Ãidtf« (x) Ãòz® mik¥ò
cjî»wJ. ïJnt Ãidtf¤â‹ brašghL (ix) ïiz k‰W« g»®î fÂ¥ÕL
ok
MF«. 2. fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ ga‹ghLfis vGJf.
7. cŸçL k‰W« btËpL ntWgL¤Jf. fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ ga‹ghLfŸ :
cŸçL btËpL (i) Éahghu«
(ii) És«gu«
cŸçL v‹gJ
mid¤J tifahd
btËpL
o
gad®fŸ
v‹gJ
òÇªJ
(iii) fh¥ÕL
(iv) fšÉ
juîfisí« bfhŸs¡Toa
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fÂ¥bgh¿¡FŸ tifÆš jftiy¤ (v) t§»
cŸËl¥ ga‹gL»wJ. bjÇÉ¡F«. (vi) bjhiy¤bjhl®ò
(vii) bgh¿Æaš
8. Kj‹ik Ãidtf« k‰W« ïu©lh« Ãiy (nuhgh£o¡°, ehndh bjhÊšE£g«, cÆÇ¥
Ãidtf« ntWghL ahJ? bgh¿Æaš
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3. cŸç£L rhjd§fŸ v‹whš v‹d? ïu©L

Kj‹ik Ãidtf« ïu©lh« Ãiy vL¤J¡fh£LfŸ jUf.
Ãidtf«
(i) Ÿç£lf« mid¤J tifahd juîfisí«
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mÊí« tif mÊah tif fÂ¥bgh¿¡FŸ cŸËl¥ ga‹gL»wJ.
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ÃidîfshF«. ÃidtfkhF«. cŸËl¥g£l juîfŸ brayh¡f¤â‰fhf

Ä‹rhu« ïšyhj Ä‹rhu« ïšyhj Ãidtf¤âš nrÄ¡f¥gL»‹wd.
nghJ ïâš nj¡f¥g£l nghJ ïâš (ii) (v.fh) Éir¥gyif, R£o.
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jftšfŸ mÊªJÉL«. nj¡f¥g£l 4. VnjD« _‹W btËp£L rhjd§fis És¡Ff.

jftšfŸ mÊahJ. (i) tiuÉ :tiuÉ v‹gJ xU btËp£L¢
brayf« ïâš cŸs brayf« ïâš rhjd« MF«. ïJ jhŸfËš tiufiy
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jftšfis neuoahf cŸs jftšfis btËp£il m¢ál ga‹gL»wJ. ïJ

brašgL¤J«. neuoahf gl§fis tiua x‰iw Ãw« mšyJ
brašgL¤jhJ. gy t©z« bfh©l ngdh¡fis¥
v.fh. RAM, ROM ga‹gL¤J»wJ.
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v.fh. t‹t£L,
(ii) xÈbgU¡»fŸ :
FWt£L, ¥S-
nu t£L, ~ãshZ xÈbgU¡»fŸ Fuš xÈia (audio)
btËÆL»wJ. ng¢R ïiz¥gh¡f«
Ãidtf«. bk‹bghUis xÈbgU¡»íl‹ ga‹gL¤â¡
fÂ¥bgh¿ Fuš btËp£il tH§f Koí«.
Ékhd Ãiya§fŸ, gŸËfŸ, t§»fŸ,
ïuÆš Ãiya§fŸ ngh‹w gy ïl§fËš
ïJ Äfî« bghJthdjhf cŸsJ.

(iii) gšÿlf¥ glåœ¤â : (ii) xnu t©zKila âiuaf« fU¥ò k‰W«

gšÿlf¥ glåœ¤â, fÂ¥bgh¿ btŸis Ãw¤âš fh£L»wJ. t©z¤
âiuaf« gy Ãw§fËš fh£L»wJ.
âiuaf btËp£il¥ bgÇa âiuÆš áM®o(f¤njh£ nu oô¥) - CRT (Cathode Ray
âiuÆl¥ ga‹gL»‹wJ. ïitfŸ tube), všáo (È¡É£ »Ç°lš o°ãns) LCD
tF¥giwfËš mšyJ T£l mu§FfËš (Liquid Crystal Display) k‰W« vš<o(iy£
m
És¡f¡ fh£áfis¡ fh£á¥gL¤j¥ VÄ£o§ ilnah£fŸ- LED (Light Emitting
ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wd. Diodes) ngh‹w gšntW tifahd
5. xËÆaš R£o k‰W« nyr® R£o ntWgL¤Jf. âiuaf§fŸ »il¡»‹wd. âiuaf«
jftiy ÉÍV (xË cU tiugl tÇir)-
co
t. xËÆaš R£o nyr® R£o VGA (Video Graphics Array) _y« âiuÆš
v© fh£L»wJ. Éir¥gyif âiuaf¤Jl‹
1. R£oÆ‹ ïa¡f« k‰W« R£oÆ‹ ïa¡f« bjhl®ò bfhŸs xËcU tiugl m£il
KL¡f« msÉl¥gL«. k‰W« KL¡f« (Video Graphics Card) cjî»wJ.
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msÉl¥gL« (iii) ïJ fÂ¥bgh¿ k‰W« âiuaf¤â‹ ïilna
2. R£o ef®tij¤ nyr® R£o ïilKfkhf brašgL»wJ. m©ikÆš
Ô®khÅ¡f¥ gªJ¡F¥ mf¢át¥ò cŸs kj®ngh®£fËš cŸËizªj tiugl
fâ®fis¥ m£il tH¡fkhf cŸsJ.
ok
gâyhf xË¥ga‹
gL¤j¥gL»wJ. ga‹gL¤J»wJ. gFâ - <
3. xËÆaš R£oÆš _‹W nyr® R£o ÄFªj beL Édh¡fŸ
bgh¤jh‹fŸ cŸsJ. cz®âw‹
xËÆaš R£o¡ bfh©lJ k‰W« 1. xU fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ mo¥gil ghf§fis¤
Fiwthd cz®âw‹
bfh©lJ.
o
vªj¡ fodkhd
nk‰gu¥ãY« bjËthd És¡f¥ gl¤Jl‹ És¡F. [m.kh.É 18]
brašgL«.
fÂ¥bgh¿ v‹gJ t‹bghUŸ k‰W«
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bk‹bghUË‹ fyitahF«. fÂ¥bgh¿Æš
6. j£lš tif m¢R¥bgh¿ia¥ g‰¿ áWF¿¥ò tiuf.
cŸs gUbghUŸfshd kj®ngh®£ (motherboard),
j£lš tif m¢R¥ bgh¿Æš xU áW f«ã, ik Ãidtf« (memory), âiuaf« (monitor) k‰W«
ehlh (ribbon) ÛJ j£o xU òŸËia V‰gL¤J« Éir¥gyif ngh‹wit t‹bghUŸ MF«.
mšyJ xU KG vG¤ij j£o mªj vG¤ij bk‹bghUŸ v‹gJ fÂ¥bgh¿¡F tH§f¥gL«
ur
V‰gL¤J«. ïªj m¢R¥bgh¿fŸ ïaªâu f£lis mšyJ f£lisfË‹ bjhF¥ò MF«.

mG¤j¤ij¥ ga‹gL¤â xnu rka¤âš gy gofŸ
vL¡f tif brŒ»wJ. tÇ m¢R¥bgh¿ k‰W« fÂ¥bgh¿Æš, bfhL¡f¥
tÇòŸË m¢R¥bgh¿ M»ait j£lš tif¡F g£l x›bthU gÂí«,
.s
vL¤J¡fh£LfŸ MF«. cŸçL-brayh¡f« -

7. MwhtJ jiyKiwÆ‹ j‹ikfis¥ g‰¿
btËpL v‹w RH‰áia
(IPO-Input Process Output
RU¡fkhf vGJf.
- cycle) mo¥gilahf
w
(i) ïiz k‰W« g»®î fÂ¥ÕL

(ii) fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ áwªjjhfî« Éiuthfî« bfh©L brayh‰W»wJ.
k‰W« á¿ajhfî« ïU¡F«.
w
f£L¥gh£lf«
(iii) bra‰if kÅj®fŸ (Robots) cUth¡Fjš.
fÂj Vuz
(iv) ïa‰if bkhÊ brayh¡f«, cŸç£lf« brayf«
btËp£lf«
(v) Fuš m¿jš bk‹bghUŸ cUth¡Fjš. cŸ
w
Ãidtf« juî¥ ghij

8. âiuaf¤â‹ F¿¥ãl¤j¡f áw¥ãašòfis¥ g‰¿ f£L¥gh£L¥
ghij
vGJf. Kj‹ik Ãidtf«
(i) jftiy¤ âiuÆš fh£l¥ bghJthf¥ ïu©lh« Ãiy Ãidtf«

ga‹gL¤j¥gL« btËp£L rhjd« âiuaf« fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ gFâfŸ
MF«. ïJ bjhiy¡fh£á bg£oia¥
ngh‹wJ. âiuaf¤â‹ gl§fŸ ã¡rš° (i) cŸç£lf« : cŸç£lf« mid¤J
(PIXELS) vd¥gL« gl¡ TWfSl‹ tifahd juîfisí« fÂ¥bgh¿¡FŸ
cUth¡f¥gL»‹wd.
cŸËl¥ ga‹gL»wJ. cŸËl¥g£l juîfŸ brayh¡f¤â‰fhf Ãidtf¤âš nrÄ¡f¥gL»‹wd.

vL¤J¡fh£L Éir¥gyif, R£o¥ ngh‹wit.
(ii) ika¢ brayf« : ika¢ brayf« v‹gJ, fÂ¥bgh¿¡F tH§f¥gL« f£lisfis, fÂ¥bgh¿
òÇªJ¡ýbfhŸS« tifÆš kh‰¿ mjid brayh¡f« brŒí« Kj‹ikahd gFâahF«. ika¢
brayf¤âš _‹W gFâfŸ cŸsd. mit f£L¥gh£lf« (CU - Control Unit), fÂj Vuz¢ brayf«
(ALU - Arithmetic and Logic Unit) k‰W« Ãidtf« (MU - Memory Unit) MF«.
m
(iii) fÂj Vuz¢ brayf« : ika¢ brayf¤â‹ xU gFâahf cŸs fÂj Vuz¢ brayf«, gy fÂ¥ÕL
brašfis¤ juÉ‹ ÛJ Ãfœ¤J»wJ. T£lš, fÊ¤jš, bgU¡fš, tF¤jš k‰W« RU¡f brašfŸ
ngh‹w fÂj¢ brašghLfis fÂj Vuz¢ brayf« brŒ»wJ.
co
(iv) f£L¥gh£lf« : ika brayf« - Ãidtf« k‰W« cŸçL/btËpL rhjd§fS¡F ïilna
gÇkhw¥gL« juit¡ f£L¥gh£lf« f£L¥gL¤J»wJ.
(v) btËp£lf« : gad®fŸ òÇªJ bfhŸs¡Toa tifÆš jftiy¤ bjÇÉ¡F« vªjbthU t‹bghUS«
btËp£lf« vd¥gL«. vL¤J¡fh£L: âiuaf«, m¢R¥bgh¿ ngh‹wit.
s.
(vi) Ãidtf« : Kj‹ik Ãidtf« k‰W« ïu©lh«Ãiy Ãidtf« vd ïUtif Ãidtf§fŸ cŸsd.
juî k‰W« Ãuš f£lisfŸ Ãiwnt‰w¤ jahuhf ïU¡F«nghJ mjid¤ j‰fhÈfkhf¢ nrÄ¡f
Kj‹ik Ãidtf« ga‹gL»wJ. juîfis Ãuªjukhf¢ nrÄ¤Jit¡f ïu©lh«Ãiy Ãidtf«
ok
ga‹gL»wJ. Kj‹ik Ãidtf¤â‰F vL¤J¡fh£L, neuo mQfš Ãidtf« (RAM - Random Access
Memory) MF«. t‹t£L (Hard disk), FWt£L (CD-ROM) k‰W« oÉo nuh« (DVD ROM) ngh‹wit
ïu©lh«Ãiy Ãidtf¤â‰F vL¤J¡fh£LfŸ MF«.
2. fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ gšntW jiyKiwfis És¡Ff.
o
t. fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ ga‹gL¤âa Kj‹ik
fhy« Ãiw/Fiw
v© jiyKiw bghUŸ
ab
1 Kjyh« 1942- bt‰¿l¡FHš , msÉš bgÇaJ.
jiyKiw 1955 (Vaccum tube) , mâf msî Ä‹rhu¤ij vL¤J¡

bfh©lJ.
, mâf bt¥g« fhuzkhf¢ braÈH¡F«.

ur
, ïaªâu bkhÊ ga‹gL¤j¥g£lJ.

Kjš jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ - ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC 1

ENIAC 27 l‹ vil, gu¥gsî 8 × 100 × 3 mo, Ä‹rhu¤ njit 150 th£fŸ
.s
2. ïu©lh« 1955- âÇjilaf« , jš jiyKiwíl‹ x¥ãL«nghJ

K
jiyKiw 1964 (Transistors) msÉš á¿aJ, Fiwªj Ä‹rhu¤ij
vL¤J¡ bfh©lJ.
w
, Fiwªj bt¥g¤ij cUth¡»aJ.

, JisÆ£l m£il, cŸç£L¡F

ga‹gL¤j¥g£lJ.
w
, Kjš ïa¡f mik¥ò (Operating

System) cUth¡f¥g£lJ - bjhF¥ò
brayh¡f mik¥ò (Batch Processing and
w
multiprogramming operating system)

, ïaªâu bkhÊ k‰W« mbr«gË bkhÊ

ga‹gL¤j¥g£lJ.
ïu©lh« jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ - IBM 1401, IBM 1620, UNIVAC 1108

3 _‹wh« 1964- xU§»izªj R‰WfŸ , Â¥bgh¿fŸ

f msÉš á¿aJ,
jiyKiw 1975 Ingegrated circuits (IC) Éiuthd brašghL k‰W« mâf
e«gf¤j‹ikíilaJ.
, Fiwªj Ä‹rhu¤ij vL¤J¡ bfh©lJ.

, ca® Ãiy bkhÊ ga‹gL¤j¥g£lJ.

m
_‹wh« jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ - IBM 360 series, Honeywell 6000 series
4 eh‹fh« 1975- E© braÈ , á¿aJ k‰W« ntfkhdJ.
jiyKiw 1980 Äf¥bgÇa msÉyhd , I BM k‰W« APPLE ngh‹w E©
co
xU§»izªj R‰WfŸ fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ cUth¡f¥g£lJ.
Very Large Scale , ifal¡f fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ m¿Kfkh»d.
Integrated Circuits
(VLSI)
s.
5 Iªjh« 1980- Û¥bgU msÉyhd , iz brayh¡f« (Parallel Processing)
ï
jiyKiw ï‹W xU§»izªj R‰WfŸ Û-fl¤â
ok
,
tiu Ultra Large Scale , fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ msî fÂrkhf¡
Integration (ULSI) Fiw¡f¥g£lJ.
, ÃH‰gl§fŸ k‰W« tiugl§fis¥
òÇªJ bfhŸS« âw‹.
o , bra‰if E©z¿î k‰W« Ãòz®
mik¥ò (Expert system) m¿Kf«.
ab
, Ô®khÅ¤jš k‰W« jU¡f KiwÆš
mâf¢ á¡fyhd ãu¢ridfS¡F¤ Ô®î
fhQjš
ur
6. MwhtJ vâ® , iz k‰W« g»®î fÂ¥ÕL

ï
jiyKiw fhy¤âš , fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ áwªjjhfî«, Éiuthfî«
k‰W« á¿ajhfî« ïU¡F«.
bra‰if kÅj®fŸ (Robots) cUth¡Fjš.
.s
, ïa‰if bkhÊ brayh¡f«.

, Fuš m¿jš bk‹bghUŸ cUth¡Fjš.
w
3. ã‹tUgt‰iw És¡F§fŸ. m. ikÕ¢R m¢R¥bgh¿, M. gšÿlf¥ glåœ¤â, ï. g£il¡ F¿pL/ QR F¿pL

go¥gh‹.
w
(m) ikÕ¢R m¢R¥bgh¿ :

ik¥Õ¢R m¢R¥bgh¿fŸ fUŠát¥ò (Megenta), kŠrŸ (yellow) k‰W« áah‹ (Cyan) cŸsl¡»a
ikF¥ãia¥ ga‹gL¤â t©z rhaiy (color tones) cUth¡F»wJ. xU Ãw t©z¤âš (monochrome)
w
m¢áLtj‰F fU¥ò ikF¥ãia ga‹gL¤J»wJ. ik¥Õ¢R m¢R¥bgh¿fŸ xU fh»j¤ jhËš Ä‹}£l«

bg‰w ikia¤ bjË¥gj‹ _y« brašgL»wJ. ïj‹ m¢áL« ntf« bghJthf xU ÃÄl¤â‰F 1 Kjš
20 g¡f§fis m¢áL« (PPM-Page Per Minute). ik¥Õ¢R m¢R¥bgh¿fŸ, bt¥g« _y« Ä‹fy‹
Nlh¡Ftjhš ik fh»j¤âš FÄœfshf (bubbles) bjË¡f¥gL« bjhÊšE£g¤ij mšyJ jifî
Ä‹rhu¤ij (piezoelectricity) ga‹gL¤â Ä‹R‰WfŸ _y« f£L¥gL¤j¥gL« á¿a Ä‹ndh£l§fŸ
b#£ ntf¤âš, m¢R¥bgh¿Æ‹ cŸns ikia¥ gu¥ò»‹wd.

(M) gšÿlf¥ glåœ¤â : 5. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ ïu©lh« jiyKiw

gšÿlf¥ glåœ¤â, fÂ¥bgh¿ fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ fhy¤ij F¿¡»wJ?
âiuaf btËp£il¥ bgÇa âiuÆš m. 1940-1956 M. 1956-1963
âiuÆl¥ ga‹gL»‹wJ. ïitfŸ ï. 1964-1971 <. 1980-1990
tF¥giwfËš mšyJ T£l mu§FfËš [Éil: M. 1956-1963]
m
És¡f¡ fh£áfis¡ fh£á¥gL¤j¥
ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wd. 6. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vªj fÂ¥bgh¿ ïu©lh« Ãiy
fÂ¥bgh¿ »ilahJ?
£il¡ F¿pL/ QR go¥gh‹ :
(ï) g
m. IBM1401 M. 1BM1620
co
g£il¡ F¿pL v‹gJ bt›ntW jok‹ ï. UNIVAC1108 <. UNIVAC1
tÇirÆš m¢ál¥gL« xU tot« MF«. [Éil: <. UNIVAC1]
g£il F¿p£L go¥gh‹, g£il¡ F¿p£il¥
go¤J mt‰iw Ä‹ Jo¥òfshf (electric 7. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vªj fhy« _‹wh« jiyKiw
pulses) kh‰¿ fÂ¥bgh¿ brayf¤â‰F fÂ¥bgh¿ia F¿¡»wJ?
s.
mD¥ò« xU fUÉahF«. fÂ¥bgh¿Æš m. 1940-1956 M. 1956-1963
jftiy Éiuthfî« ãiHÆ‹¿¥ gâî ï. 1964-1971 <. 1980-1990
brŒaî« ïJ ga‹gL»wJ. »ô.M® (Q.R. [Éil: ï. 1964-1971]
8.
ok
Quick Response) F¿plhdJ, ïU gÇkhz ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ _‹wh« jiyKiw ga‹gL¤âa
g£il¡ F¿plhF«. ïJ xU nfkuh _y« Kj‹ik bghUŸahJ?
go¡f¥g£L¥ gl¤ij cz®¤J»wJ. m. bt‰¿l¡FHš
M. âÇjilaf«
TLjš Édh¡fŸ ï. xU§»izªj R‰WfŸ
o <. E©braÈfŸ
œ¡f©l
Ñ Édh¡fS¡F rÇahd Éilia [Éil: ï. xU§»izªj R‰WfŸ]
ab
nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf. 1 kâ¥bg©
9. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vªj fÂ¥bgh¿ _‹wh«
1. ã‹tUdt‰WŸ vªj fUÉÆ‹ _y« eh« ï‹W jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿ia rh®ªjJ?
Äf mântf¡ fz¡Ñ£L¡ fUÉfis totik¡F« m. IBM1620 M. ENIAC
ghijÆš bjhl®ªJ bfh©oU¡»nwh«? ï. UNIVAC1
ur
<. Honeywell6000 Series

m. ko¡fÂÅ M. Ãidtf¡fUÉfŸ [Éil: <. Honeywell6000 Series]
ï. mghf° <. ENIAC 10. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vªj fhy« eh‹fh« jiyKiw
[Éil: ï. mghf°] fÂ¥bgh¿ia F¿¡»wJ?
.s
m. 1940-1956 M. 1971-1980
2. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vªj tUl¤âš `mdyo¡fš ï‹
é‹' v‹ fUÉ totik¡f¥g£lJ? ï. 1964-1971 <. 1980-1990
m. 1837 M. 1910 [Éil: M. 1971-1980]
w
ï. 1991 <. 1836 11. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ eh‹fh« jiyKiw

[Éil: m. 1837] ga‹gL¤âa Kj‹ik bghUŸ ahJ?
3. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ Kjyh« jiyKiw m. xU§»izªj R‰WfŸ
w
fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ fhy¤ij F¿¡»wJ? M. âÇjilaf«

m. 1956-1963 M. 1940-1956 ï. E©braÈ
ï. 1964-1971 <. 1980-1990 <. bt‰¿l¡FHš [Éil: ï. E©braÈ]
w
[Éil: M. 1940-1956] 12. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vªj jiyKiwÆš ifal¡f

4. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vªj fÂ¥bgh¿ Kjš fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ m¿Kfkh»d?
jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿ »ilahJ? m. Kjyh« M. ïu©lh«
m. ENIAC M. EDVAC ï. _‹wh« <. eh‹fh«
ï. UNIVAC1 <. IBM1401 [Éil: <. eh‹fh«]
[Éil: <. IBM1401]

13. IBM k‰W« APPLE ngh‹w E© fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ 22. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ t‹bghUŸ k‰W«
cUth¡f¥g£l jiyKiw ahJ? bk‹bghUË‹ fyitahF«?
m. eh‹fh« M. Iªjh« m. ÃušfŸ M. fÂ¥bgh¿
ï. Mwh« <. _‹wh« ï. juî <. jftš
[Éil: m. eh‹fh«] [Éil: M. fÂ¥bgh¿]
14. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ Iªjh« jiyKiwÆš
m
cUth¡f¥g£l bk‹bghUŸ ahJ? 23. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vj‹ RH‰áÆ‹ mo¥gilahf
m. bra‰if eu«ãaš tiyaik bfh©L fÂ¥bgh¿Æš bfhL¡f¥g£l x›bthU
M. bra‰if E©z¿î gÂí« brayh‰W»wJ?
co
ï. bra‰if kÅj®fŸ m. B→P→O M. I→P→O
<. ïa‰if bkhÊ brayh¡f« ï. O→P→I <. I→O→P
[Éil: M. bra‰if E©z¿î]
15. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ Fuš m¿jš bk‹bghUŸ [Éil: M. I→P→O]
cUth¡f¥g£l jiyKiw ahJ? 24. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ brayh¡f¤â‹ nghJ juî
s.
m. Mwh« M. eh‹fh« k‰W« f£lisfis ïU¤â it¡»wJ?
ï. _‹wh« <. ïu©lh« m. cŸç£lf« M. btËp£lf«
[Éil: m. Mwh«] ï. Ãidtf« <. bk‹bghUŸ
ok
16. bra‰if kÅj®fŸ cUth¡f¥g£l jiyKiw vJ?
[Éil: ï. Ãidtf«]
m. _‹wh« M. eh‹fh«
ï. Iªjh« <. Mwh« 25. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ juit, brayh¡f«
[Éil: <. Mwh«] brŒ»wJ?
17. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ eilKiwÆš cŸs
o
fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ vªj jiyKiwia rh®ªjJ?
m. ika¢brayf« M. cŸç£lf«
ï. Ãidtf« <. btËp£lf«
m. VHh« M. v£lh«
[Éil: m. ika¢brayf«]
ab
ï. Mwh« <. Iªjh«
[Éil: ï. Mwh«] 26. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ Äfî« bghJthf ga‹gL«
18. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ ENIAC-ia totik¤jt® cŸç£L fUÉfŸ ahit?
ah®? m. Éir¥gyif M. R£o
m. #h‹ É‹°l‹
ur
ï. tUo <. m k‰W« M

M. »Ë¥ngÇ
[Éil: <. m k‰W« M]
ï. ãbu°g® vbf®£, #h‹ bks¢áÈ
<. Ç¢r®L ya‹ [Éil: M. »Ë¥ngÇ] 27. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ btËÆ£L fUÉ ïšiy?
.s
19. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ fÂ¥bgh¿ jiyKiwÆš m. âiuaf« M. glåœ¤â

ïiza brayh¡f« Jt§f tÊtif brŒjJ? ï. tUo <. tiuÉ
m. eh‹fh« M. Iªjh« [Éil: ï. tUo]
w
ï. Mwh« <. VHh«

28. fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ ïja« v‹gJ ahJ?
[Éil: ï. Mwh«]
m. CPU M. HDD
20. MwhtJ jiyKiw, fÂ¥bgh¿fË‹ Éa¡f¤jF
ï. ANN <. NLP
w
kh‰w§fËš x‹W?
m. MAN M. PAN [Éil: m. CPU]
ï. LAN <. WAN
[Éil: <. WAN]
w
29. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ fÂj Vuz¢ brayf¤â‹

21. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ ïa‰if bkhÊ brayh¡f« vj‹ brašâw‹ fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ KobtL¡F«
v‹gJ vj‹ m§fkhF«? âwid nk«gL¤J»‹wd?
m. Ãòz® mik¥ò M. bra‰if kÅj®fŸ m. jU¡f« M. ïUk«
ï. ïiza brayh¡f« ï. fÂj« <. x¥Õ£L
<. bra‰if E©z¿î
[Éil: m. jU¡f«]
[Éil: <. bra‰if E©z¿î]

30. fÂ¥bgh¿Æš v¤jid tif Ãidtf§fŸ 38. ã‹tU« vªj cŸç£L rhjd« R£oÆ‹ jiyÑœ
cŸsd? totik¥ig¡ bfh©LŸsJ?
m. 3 M. 4 m. R£o M. xËÆaš R£o
ï. 2 <. 5[Éil: ï. 2] ï. nyr® R£o <. ouh¡ gªJ
[Éil: <. ouh¡ gªJ]
31. fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ ika¢ brayf¤âš v¤jid
m
gFâfŸ cŸsd? 39. fh»j¤âš m¢ál¥g£l mšyJ vGj¥g£l
m. 4 M. 3 vG¤Jfis¡ f©l¿a ga‹gL« fUÉ vJ?
ï. 2 <. 5[Éil: M. 3] m. tUo
co
M. R£o
32. ã‹tU« vj‹ Ãidtf¤âš nrÄ¡f¥g£LŸs
ï. ouh¡ gªJ
jftšfŸ Ä‹rhu« ÃW¤j¥g£lîl‹ mÊªJÉL«?
<. xËtÊ vG¤J go¥gh‹
m. ROM M. Hard disk
[Éil: <. xËtÊ vG¤J go¥gh‹]
ï. CD-ROM <. RAM
s.
[Éil: <. RAM] 40. ã‹tU« vªj cŸç£L¢ rhjd¤âš CCD vD«
Ä‹dQ ášYit ga‹gL¤J»wJ?
33. ã‹tU« vªj fUÉÆš EiHî k‰W« gâ¥ghŒî
m. xËtÊ vG¤J go¥gh‹
ok
bgh¤jh‹fŸ ïU¡F«?
M. g£il¡ F¿pL go¥gh‹
m. Éir¥gyif M. R£o
ï. Fuš cŸç£L rhjd«
ï. tUo <. tiuÉ
<. ïy¡f tif nfkuh
[Éil: m. Éir¥gyif]
[Éil: <. ïy¡f tif nfkuh]
34. ã‹tU« vªj tUl¤âš xËÆaš R£o
o 41. ïy¡f toÉš neuoahf¥ gl§fis vL¡f cjî«
f©Lão¡f¥g£lJ?
ab
m. 1968 M. 1973 ï. 1980 <. 1981 cŸç£L rhjd« vJ?
[Éil: ï. 1980] m. ïy¡ftif nfkuh
M. g£il¡ F¿pL go¥gh‹
35. Kj‹ KjÈš fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ R£oia ï. tUo
f©Lão¤jt® ah®? <. ouh¡ gªJ
ur
m. Douglas Engelbart [Éil: m. ïy¡f tif nfkuh]

M. Bill English 42. gad® fÂ¥bgh¿íl‹ ClhLtj‰F Éuiy¥
ï. Apple Lisa ga‹gL¤j mDkâ¡F« cŸç£L rhjd« ahJ?
.s
<. Henry Babbage m. Éir M. ouh¡ gªJ

[Éil: m. Douglas Engelbart] ï. bjhL âiu <. tUo
36. "cy® Ä‹ efš ïaªâu«" nghš brašgL« cŸç£L [Éil: ï. bjhL âiu]
w
rhjd« vJ? 43. ã‹tU« vªj cŸç£L rhjd¤âš ÉirfŸ xU

m. ÉÊ¤âiu tUo FG¡fshf mik¡f¥g£LŸsJ?
M. xËtÊ vG¤J go¥gh‹ m. Éirgyif
w
ï. g£il¡ F¿pL M. Éir

<. tUo [Éil: <. tUo] ï. g£il¡ F¿pL go¥gh‹
37. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vªj fUÉ fodkhd k‰W« <. bjhLâiu [Éil: M. Éir]
w
nkhro¡F tÊtF¡f¡Toa flî¢ brhšY¡F

gâyhf ga‹gL»wJ? 44. ã‹tUtdt‰iw vjid bfh©L âiuaf¤âš
m. tUo M. ifnuif tUo gl§fŸ cUth¡f¥gL»‹wd?
ï. ouh¡ gªJ <. ÉÊ¤âiu tUo m. CRT M. VGA
[Éil: M. ifnuif tUo]
ï. High Definition (HD) <. PIXELS
[Éil: <. PIXELS]

45. ã‹tU« vj‹ _y« âiuaf« jftiy âiuÆš 53. cŸçL → ? → btËpL
fh£L»wJ? m. juî M. jftš
m. LCD M. CRT ï. brayh¡f« <. fÂ¥bgh¿
ï. VGA <. LED [Éil: ï. brayh¡f«]
[Éil: ï. VGA] 54. fÂ¥bgh¿Æš f£lisÆ‹ bjhF¥ò v›thW
m
46. v¤jid ãÇîfshf m¢R¥bgh¿ ãÇ¡f¥gL»wJ? miH¡f¥gL«?
m. 3 M. 2 m. jftš M. juî
ï. 4 <. 6 [Éil: M. 2] ï. cŸçL <. Ãuš
co
47. fÂ¥bgh¿ mik¥ã‹ Kjš âiuaf« vªj [Éil: <. Ãuš]
tUl¤âš btËÆl¥g£lJ? 55. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ t‹bghUŸ »ilahJ?
m. 1980 M. 1983
m. Éir¥gyif M. âiuaf«
ï. 1963 <. 1973
s.
ï. f£lisfŸ <. t‹t£L
[Éil: <. 1973]
[Éil: ï. f£lisfŸ]
48. fh»j¤jhËš Ä‹Dh£l« bg‰w ikia¤
bjË¥gj‹ _y« brašgL« m¢R¥bgh¿ vJ? 56. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ fÂ¥bgh¿Æš brayh¡f«
ok
brŒí« Kj‹ikahd gFâ vJ?
m. nyr® m¢R¥bgh¿
M. ik¥Õ¢R m¢R¥bgh¿ m. fÂj Vuz¢ brayf«
ï. òŸË m¢R¥bgh¿ M. ika¢ brayf«
<. tÇòŸË m¢R¥bgh¿ o ï. f£L¥gh£lf«
[Éil: M. ik¥Õ¢R m¢R¥bgh¿] <. btËp£lf«
[Éil: M. ika¢ brayf«]
49. Kj‹ KjÈš ïy¡ftif fÂ¥bgh¿ia
ab
f©Lão¤jt® ah®? 57. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vªj gFâ juî k‰W« Ãušfis
fÂ¥bgh¿Æš j‰fhÈfkhf¢ nrÄ¡f cjî»wJ?
m. John Vincent Atanasoft
M. J.Presper Eckect m. Ãidtf« M. ika¢ brayf«
ï. John Manchhy ï. btËp£lf« <. f£L¥gh£lf«
[Éil: m. Ãidtf«]
ur
<. Charles babbage

[Éil: m. John Vincent Atanasoft] 58. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vªj rhjd¤âš juîfis
50. Kj‹ fÂ¥bgh¿ahf¡ fUj¥gLtJ? Ãuªjukhf nrÄ¤Jit¡f KoahJ?
m. EDVAC M. UNIVAC1 m. t‹t£L M. FWt£L
.s
ï. ENIAC <. IBM1620 ï. oÉonuh« <. neuo mQfš

[Éil: ï. ENIAC] Ãidtf«
[Éil: <. neuo mQfš Ãidtf«]
w
51. Kj‹ ïy¡ftif fÂ¥bgh¿ia totik¤j

ÃWtd« vJ? 59. ika¢brayf¤âš cŸs gFâfŸ v¤jid?
m. Atanasoft Berry Computer m. 3 M. 2 ï. 1 <. 4
M. AT & T Bey [Éil: m. 3]
w
ï. IBM
60. juîfis cŸçL brŒa v¤jid tifahd
<. Microsoft
Éir¥gyiffŸ cŸsd?
[Éil: m. Atanasoft Berry Computer]
w
m. 3 M. 2 ï. 4 <. 5
52. juîfis, jftšfshf kh‰w« brŒí« brašKiw [Éil: m. 3]
v›thW miH¡f¥gL»wJ?
61. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ Éir¥gyifÆ‹ tif vJ?
m. juî JQ¡F M. juî brayh¡f«
m. f«ã M. f«ãÆšyh
ï. juî nkyh©ik <. jftš ïiza«
ï. kha« <. ïJ všyh«
[Éil: M. juî brayh¡f«]
[Éil: <. ïJ všyh«]

62. âiuÆš xU ïa¡f¤ij¡ f£L¥gL¤J« xU R£L¢ 70. R£o mšyJ Éir¥gyif¡F khwhf ga‹gL«
rhjd« vJ? rhjd«?
m. Éir¥gyif M. tUo m. xË¥ngdh M. bjhLâiu
ï. tiuÉ <. R£o ï. ïy¡ftif nfkuh <. tUo
[Éil: <. R£o] [Éil: M. bjhLâiu]
m
63. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ xË¥ ga‹gL¤j¥gL« R£o vJ? 71. x‹W mšyJ mj‰F nk‰g£l Ãiykh‰¿fis
m. ïaªâuÉaš M. xËÆaš bfh©L mG¤Jtj‹ _y« brašgL« fUÉÆ‹
ï. nyr® <. vJÄšiy bga® v‹d?
[Éil: M.xËÆaš]
co
m. Éir¥gyif M. R£o
64. mf¢át¥ò fâ®fis¥ ga‹gL¤J« R£o vJ? ï. bjhLâiu <. Éir
m. xËÆaš
[Éil: <. Éir]
M. ïaªâuÉaš 72. tiufiy btËp£il m¢ál ga‹gL« rhjd« vJ?
ï. nyr®
s.
m. tUo M. bjhLâiu
<. ïit všyh« [Éil: ï. nyr®]
ï. tiuÉ <. ouh¡ gªJ
65. l¡s° v§bfš g®£ ahUila cjÉíl‹ [Éil: ï. tiuÉ]
ok
fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ R£oia f©Lão¤jh®?
73. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ j£lš m¢R¥bgh¿Æ‹ tif vJ?
m. Berry
m. ik¥Õ¢R M. Fax
M. Steve Kirsh
ï. òŸË m¢R¥bgh¿ <. nyr®
ï. Bill English
[Éil: ï.òŸË m¢R¥bgh¿]
<. Presper Eckert
o
[Éil: ï. Bill English]
74. òŸË m¢R¥bgh¿Æ‹ m¢áL« ntf« v›thW
66. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ fÂ¥bgh¿ Ãidtf¤âš
ab
tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ?
neuoahf¤ jftiy cŸËl ga‹gL« rhjd« vJ?
m. CPS M. BPS
m. Éir¥gyif M. tUo
ï. PPS <. Pages/Second
ï. R£o <. tiuÉ
[Éil: m. CPS]
[Éil: M. tUo]
ur
75. xnu rka¤âš gy gofŸ vL¡f tif brŒí«

67. âiuÆš neuoahf tiuí« j‹ik bfh©l fUÉ
vJ? m¢Rbgh¿ vJ?
m. ouh¡ gªJ m. nyr® M. ik¥Õ¢R
.s
M. xË tÊ vG¤J go¥gh‹ ï. j£lh m¢R¥bgh¿ <. tÇòŸË

ï. g£ilF¿pL go¥gh‹ [Éil: <. tÇòŸË]
[Éil: <. xË¥ ngdh] 76. fÂ¥bgh¿ âiuaf btËp£il¥ bgÇa âiuÆš
w
<. xË¥ ngdh

âiuÆl¥ ga‹gL« rhjd« vJ?
68. bt›ntW jok‹ tÇirÆš m¢ál¥gL« xU tot«
m. âiuaf« M. LED
v‹gJ
w
ï. gšÿlf¥ glåH¤â <. CRT

m. ïaªâu F¿pL M. g£il¡ F¿pL
ï. bghUŸ F¿pL <. xËÆaš F¿pL [Éil: ï.gšÿlf¥ glåH¤â]
[Éil: M. g£il¡ F¿pL] 77. ã‹tU« vªj Ãuš fÂ¥bgh¿Æš
w
69. CCD vD« Ä‹dQ ášY bghUªâa rhjd« ïiz¡f¥g£LŸs mid¤J¥ òw¡fUÉfS«
vJ? ïa§F« ÃiyÆš cŸsjh v‹gij MŒî brŒí«?
m. xË¥ngdh M. bjhLâiu m. POST M. BIOS
ï. tUo <. ïy¡ftif nfkuh ï. MAR <. MBR
[Éil: <. ïy¡ftif nfkuh] [Éil: m. POST]

78. fÂ¥bgh¿Æš ïiz¡f¥g£LŸs t‹bghUŸfŸ 6. ANN-‹ ÉÇth¡f« ......................

ïa§fhj ÃiyÆš ek¡F ãiHia bjÇÉ¡F« m. Artical Neural Network
bk‹bghUŸ vJ? M. Artificial Neurons Network
m. BIOS M. RAM ï. Artificial Neural Networks
ï. POST <. Strap Loader <. Artificial Network Neurons
m
[Éil: m. BIOS] [Éil: ï. Artificial Neural Networks]
79. fÂ¥bgh¿Æš v¤jid tifahd bjhl§Fjš 7. gUbghUŸfŸ v‹gJ ...................
KiwfŸ cŸsd? m. bk‹bghUŸ M. juî
co
m. 2 M. 3 ï. 4 <. 5 ï. jftš <. t‹bghUŸ
[Éil: m. 2] [Éil: <. t‹bghUŸ]
8. f£lisfË‹ bjhF¥ò v‹gJ ..........
80. gU¥bghUŸfŸ v‹gJ ahJ?
m. bk‹bghUŸ M. t‹bghUŸ
s.
m. bk‹bghUŸ M. juî ï. jftš <. juî
ï. jftš <. t‹bghUŸ [Éil: m. bk‹bghUŸ]
[Éil: <. t‹bghUŸ]
ok
Ñœ¡f©l nfho£l ïl¤â‰F rÇahd Éilia 9. USB-Æ‹ ÉÇth¡f« ....................
nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf. m. Universal Serial Bus
M. Uniform Serial Bus
1. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ .......... v‹gJ Kjš fz¡ÑL
fUÉahF«?
o ï. Uniform Serious Bus
m. ENIAC <. Universal Serial BIOS
M. mdyo¡fš ï‹Í‹ [Éil: m. Universal Serial Bus]
ab
ï. EDVAC 10. ïaªâuÉaš R£o m¿Kf¥gL¤j¥g£l M©L ..........
<. mghf° [Éil: <. mghf°] m. 1978 M. 1988
ï. 1968 <. 1958
2. ïu©lh« jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿Æš ga‹gL¤âa [Éil: ï.1968]
K¡»a¡ TW .................... [m.kh.É 18]
ur
11. âiuaf« .............. tif¥gL«

m. bt‰¿l¡FHš m. 2 M. 3 ï. 4 <. 5
M. ouh‹á°l® [Éil: M. 3]
ï. xU§fik R‰WfŸ 12. CRT-Æ‹ ÉÇth¡f« ......................
.s
<. E©braÈ [Éil: M. ouh‹á°l®] m. Cathode Ray Tube

M. Cathode Radio Tube
3. Iªjh« jiyKiwÆ‹ fhy« .........................
ï. Cathode Ray Techonology
m. 1971-1980 M. 1980 ï‹Wtiu
w
<. Cathode Radio Technology

ï. 1964-1971 <. 1940-1956
[Éil: m. Cathode Ray Tube]
[Éil: M. 1980-ï‹Wtiu]
13. LCD-Æ‹ ÉÇth¡f« ...................
4.
w
Û-fl¤â ga‹gL¤âa jiyKiw .....................

m. Liquid Cathode Diodes
m. eh‹fh« M. Mwh«
M. Liquid Cluster Display
ï. Iªjh« <. _‹wh«
ï. Liquid Crystal Display
[Éil: ï. Iªjh«]
w
<. Live Extract Display

5. NLP-Æ‹ ÉÇth¡f« ....................... [Éil: ï. Liquid Crystal Display]
m. National Language Problem
14. Kjš âiuaf« cUth¡f¥g£l M©L ................
M. Natural Language Processing
m. 1974 M. 1972 ï. 1971 <. 1973
ï. Network Language Program [Éil: <. 1973]
<. Network Local Processing
[Éil: M. Natural Language Processing]

15. VGA-Æ‹ ÉÇth¡f« ................ 22. VLSI-‹ ÉÇth¡f« .................

m. Visual Graphics Adapter m. Verified Logical Scale integrated Circuits
M. Video Graphics Adapter M. Very Logical Small Integer Circuits
ï. Video Graphics Array
ï. Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits
<. Voice Graphics Array
[Éil: ï. Video Graphics Array] <. Volatile Large Scale Integrated Circuits
m

[Éil: ï. Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits]
16. LED Æ‹ ÉÇth¡f« .......................... Ñœ¡f©lt‰WŸ vJ rÇahdit?
m. Liquid Cathode Diodes
co
M. Live Extract Display 1. ã‹tU« f£lisÆš rÇahdJ vJ?
ï. Light Emitting Diodes (i) Kjyh« jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿Æš ïaªâu
bkhÊ ga‹gL¤j¥g£lJ.
<. Liquid Cluster Display
(ii) _‹wh« jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿
[Éil: ï. Light Emitting Diodes] e«gf¤j‹ika‰wJ.
s.
17. CPU-Æ‹ ÉÇth¡f« ................... (iii)
Iªjh« jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿Æš Fuš
m. Central Processing Unique m¿jš bk‹bghUŸ cUth¡f¥g£lJ.
M. Central Processor Unique (iv) eh‹fh« jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿Æš E©
ok
ï. Central Processing Unit braÈ ga‹gL¤j¥g£lJ.
<. Central Processor Unit m. (i) k£L«
[Éil: ï. Central Processing Unit] M. (ii) k‰W« (iii)
ï. (iii) k‰W« (iv)
18. ALU-Æ‹ ÉÇth¡f« ...............
<. (i), (ii) k‰W« (iv)
m. Arithmetic Logical Unit
o [Éil: M. (ii) k‰W« (iii)]
M. Accumulator Logical Unit
ab
2. ã‹tU« vªj f£lisfŸ Iªjh« jiyKiwia
ï. Arithmetic Language Unit
rh®ªjJ ïšiy?
<. VJÄšiy
(i) Û-fl¤â ga‹gL¤jÉšiy
[Éil: m. Arithmetic Logical Unit]
(ii) fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ msî á¿aJ
19. CCD-Æ‹ ÉÇth¡f« .................
ur
(iii) mâf á¡fyhd ãu¢idfS¡F Ô®î fhzhJ

m. Coupled Changed Device
(vi) bra‰if E©z¿î m¿Kf«
M. Charged Coupled Device
ï. Changed Couple Device (v) ca® Ãiy bkhÊ ga‹gL¤jÉšiy
m. (i), (ii) k‰W« (iii)
.s
<. Camera Changed Devider

[Éil: M. Charged Coupled Device] M. (ii) k‰W« (v)
20. GUI-Æ‹ ÉÇth¡f« ............................. ï. (iii), (v) k‰W« (iv)
w
m. Geographical User Interface <. (i), (iii) k‰W« (v)

M. Graphical User Information [Éil: <. (i), (iii) k‰W« (v)]
ï. Geographical User Information Ñœ¡f©lt‰WŸ vJ jtwhdit?
w
<. Graphical User Interface

[Éil: <.Graphical User Interface] 1. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ jtwhd T‰W vJ?
(i) Mwh« jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ, m¿î rh®ªj,
21. CPS-Æ‹ ÉÇth¡f« .................. fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ vd tiuaW¡fglkh£lhJ.
w
m. Character Per Second (ii) Mwh« jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿Æš, ïiz

M. Copy per Second fÂ¥ÕL Kjš KjÈš ga‹gL¤j¥g£lJ.
ï. Code per Second (iii)
Mwh« jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿Æš
<. Chapter per Second tiyaik¥ò v‹gJ Éa¤jF kh‰w§fËš
x‹W ïšiy.
[Éil: m. Character Per Second]

(iv)
bra‰if eu«ãaš tiyaik¥ã‹ 4. ã‹tUtdt‰iw bghU¤Jf.
mo¥gilÆš MwhtJ jiyKiw (i) btËp£L rhjd« - 1. juî k‰W« jftiy
fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ ïšiy. cŸçl cjî«
m. (i) k‰W« (iii) M. (ii) k‰W« (iv) (ii) ika¢brayf« - 2. juîfis j‰fhÈf
ï. (ii) k£L« <. ïit mid¤J« khf n r Ä ¤ J
[Éil: <. ïit mid¤J«] it¡F«
m

bghU¤Jf (iii) Kj‹ik brayf« - 3. f£lisfis
brayh¡f« brŒa
1. ã‹tUkhW bghU¤jî«? cjî«
co
(i) Kjyh« (iv) cŸç£L rhjd« - 4. juî k‰W« jftš
âiuaf¤âš fh£l
jiyKiw - 1. xU§»izªj cjî«.
R‰WfŸ m. 3,1,2,4, M. 4,1,2,3
(ii) ïu©lh«
ï. 2,1,3,4 <. 3,2,1,4
s.
jiyKiw - 2. E© braÈ
[Éil: M. 4,1,2,3]
(iii) _‹wh« jiyKiw - 3. ïiz brayh¡f«
(iv) eh‹fh« jiyKiw - 4. bt‰¿l¡FHš 5. ã‹tUkhW bghU¤jî«
ok
(v) Iªjh« jiyKiw - 5. ïiz fÂ¥ÕL (i) Ãòz® mik¥ò - 1. ïu©lh«
(vi) Mwh« jiyKiw - 6. âÇjilaf«
jiyKiw
(ii) bjhF¥ò brayh¡f
m. 2,3,5,1,4,6 M. 4,6,1,2,3,5
mik¥ò - 2. eh‹fh« jiyKiw
ï. 6,5,4,1,2,3 <. 1,3,2,5,6,4 (iii) ïa‰if bkhÊ

o
[Éil: M. 4,6,1,2,3,5] brayh¡f« (NLP) - 3. Mwh« jiyKiw
2. ã‹tUtdt‰iw bghU¤Jf. (iv) ko¡fÂÅ m¿Kf« - 4. Iªjh« jiyKiw
ab
(i) EDVAC - 1. ïu©lh« jiy m. 4, 1, 3, 2 M. 1, 3, 2, 4
Kiw fÂ¥bgh¿ ï. 3, 4, 1, 2 <. 4, 3, 1, 2
(ii) APPLE - 2. Iªjh« jiyKiw [Éil: m. 4, 1, 3, 2]
fÂ¥bgh¿
FWÉdh¡fŸ 2 kâ¥bg©fŸ
ur
(iii) IBM 1620 - 3. Kjš jiyKiw

fÂ¥bgh¿
1. Kjš jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ tiffis
(iv) Expert System
vGJf.
( Ãòz® mik¥ò ) - 4. eh‹fh« jiyKiw
.s
fÂ¥bgh¿ ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC1

m. 4, 3, 1, 2 M. 3, 1, 2, 4 2. ïu©lh« jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿fË‹ tiffis
ï. 4, 1, 2, 3 <. 3, 4, 1, 2 vGJf.
[Éil: <. 3, 4, 1, 2]
w

IBM 1401, IBM 1620, UNIVAC 1108
3. ã‹tUtdt‰iw bghU¤jî«.
3. VLSI, ULSI-Æ‹ ÉÇth¡f¤ij vGJf
(i) jftš - 1. f£lisÆ‹ bjhF¥ò
w
VLSI -Very Large Scale Integrated Cirucit

(ii) t‹bghUŸ - 2. ÃušfË‹ bjhF¥ò
(iii) juî - 3. m®¤jKŸs jftiy ULSI -Ultra Large Scale Integration
bjÇÉ¡»‹wJ 4. _‹wh« jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ tiffis
w
(iv) Ãuš - 4. kj® ngh®£ vGJf.

(v) bk‹bghUŸ - 5. mo¥gil brŒâ¤JQ¡F IBM 360 Series, Honey Well 6000 Series
m. 3,4,5,1,2, M. 4,5,1,2,3
5. Iªjh« jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿Æš m¿Kf¥
ï. 1,3,4,5,2 <. 2,3,5,4,1 gL¤j¥g£l bk‹bghUis vGJf.
[Éil: m. 3,4,5,1,2]
(i) bra‰if E©z¿î
(ii) Ãòz® mik¥ò

6. eh‹fh« jiyKiwÆš m¿Kf¥gL¤j¥g£l 14. j£lh m¢R¥bgh¿ v‹whš v‹d?

fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ bga®fis vGJf. ïªj tif m¢R¥bgh¿fŸ m¢áLtj‰F j£L«
(i) E©fÂ¥bgh¿ (striking) ghf§fis¥ ga‹gL¤Jtâšiy ïJ
(ii) ifal¡f fÂ¥bgh¿ nyr® k‰W« ÃiyÄ‹ndh£l (electrostatic)
7. ïa‰if bkhÊ brayh¡f« v‹gJ ahJ? bjhÊšE£g¤ij¥ ga‹gL¤J»wJ. ïªj
m
ïa‰if bkhÊ brayh¡f« v‹gJ bra‰if m¢R¥bgh¿fŸ j£lš m¢R¥bgh¿fisÉl
E©z¿î xU m§fkhF«. ïJ kÅj bkhÊia¥ ntf« k‰W« ju¤âš áwªjJ. ik¥Õ¢R (Inkjet)
òÇªJbfhŸs¡Toa xU fÂ¥bgh¿ Ãuiy m¢R¥bgh¿ k‰W« nyr® (Laser) m¢R¥bgh¿
cUth¡Ftj‰fhd âwid tH§F»wJ.
M»ait j£lh tif¡F vL¤J¡fh£LfŸ MF«.
co
8. ika¢brayf« v‹gJ ahJ?
ika¢ brayf« v‹gJ, fÂ¥bgh¿¡F 15. Éir v›thW ÉirgyifÆÈUªJ
tH§f¥gL« f£lisfis, fÂ¥bgh¿ òÇªJ khWgL»‹wJ?
bfhŸS« tifÆš kh‰¿ mjid brayh¡f«
brŒí« Kj‹ikahd gFâahF«. ïJ Ãidtf«, xU Éir v‹gJ ifahš rÄŠir brŒtj‰fhd
s.
cŸçL k‰W« btËpL ngh‹w k‰w mid¤J¢ xU rhjdkhF«. ïJ x‹W mšyJ mj‰F
rhjd§fË‹ brašgh£il¡ f£L¥gL¤J»wJ. nk‰g£l Ãiykh‰¿ (switch)-fis bfh©L
ïJ juit cŸçlhf¥ bg‰W, bfhL¡f¥g£l mG¤Jtj‹ _y« brašgL»wJ. KG msî
f£lisfË‹ go brašgL¤â, btËp£il
ok
Éir¥gyif nghš mšyhkš, eåd Éir
btËÆL»wJ.
Vuhskhd Ãiykh‰¿fis bfh©oU¡F«.
9. cy® Ä‹efš ïaªâu« nghš brašgL« rhjd¤ij
g‰¿ vGJf bghJthf, ïªj v©Â¡if 4 k‰W« 50¡F
tUo xU "cy® Ä‹efš ïaªâu«" (xerox ïilÆš ïU¡F«. ÉirÆš vªj¥ gyifí«
machine) nghš brašgL»wJ. vGj¥g£l mšyJ ïšiy (no board) v‹w fU¤âšjh‹ Éir xU
m¢ál¥g£l, òif¥gl§fis
o
cŸsl¡»a Éir¥gyifÆÈUªJ khWgL»wJ. Mdhš
vªjbthU jftiyí« tUo¡ fÂ¥bgh¿¡F ÉirfŸ xU FG¡fshf mik¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
ab
ïy¡fKiw jftyhf kh‰¿aik¡»wJ.
16. fÂ¥bgh¿ ga‹gL« Jiwfis g£oaš ïLf.
10. ïy¡ftif nfkuhit g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf.
ïy¡ftif nfkuh (Digital Camera) : ïªj¢ fšÉ, MuhŒ¢á, R‰Wyh, thÅiy K‹d¿É¥ò,
rhjd« ïy¡f (digital) toÉš neuoahf¥ r_f tiyjs«, Ä‹tÂf« (e-commerce).
gl§fis vL¡»wJ. ïJ ááo CCD (Charged 17. rh®y° ghng{, fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ jªij v‹W V‹
ur
Coupled Device) (Ä‹nd‰w¥g£l ïiz rhjd«)

vD« Ä‹dQ ášY (Electronic chip)-I miH¡f¥gL»wh®?
ga‹gL¤J»wJ, xËÉšiy (lens) _y« "mdyo¡fš ï‹Í‹" - fÂj Vuz¢
btË¢r« ášYÉ‹ ÛJ ÉG«nghJ xË¡fâ®fŸ brayf¤ijí«, mo¥gil f£L¥gh£L
.s
ïy¡f Kiw¡F kh‰w¥gL»wJ. mikîfisí«, cŸËizªj Ãidtf¤ijí«

11. âiuaf¤â‹ tiffis vGJf. cŸsl¡»aJ. ïtÇ‹ ïªj "mdyo¡fš
(i) CRT - f¤njh£ nu oô¥ ï‹Í‹", Kjš bghJ¥ga‹ fÂ¥bgh¿fis
(ii) LCD - È¡É£ »Ç°lš o°ãns
w
totik¡f mo¥gilahf mikªjJ.

(iii) LED - iy£ vÄ£o§ ilnah£fŸ
18. fÂ¥bgh¿fis vj‹ mo¥gilÆš gy
12. xËcU tiugl tÇirÆ‹ ga‹ ahJ?
jiyKiwfshf tif¥gL¤jyh«?
âiuaf« jftiy ÉÍV (xËcU tiugl
w
tÇir) VGA (Video Graphics Array) _y« bjhÊš E£g¤â‹ ts®¢á, fÂ¥bgh¿¤ JiwÆ‹
âiuÆš fh£L»wJ. Éir¥gyif âiuaf¤Jl‹ ts®¢áia Ô®khÅ¡»‹wJ. gšntW totik¥ò
bjhl®ò bfhŸs xËcU tiugl m£il (Video f£l§fË‹ mo¥gilÆš fÂ¥bgh¿fis gy
Graphics Card) cjî»wJ. ïJ fÂ¥bgh¿ k‰W«
w
jiyKiwfshf tif¥gL¤jyh«.
âiuaf¤â‹ ïilna ïilKfkhf brašgL»wJ. 19. Éir¥ gyifÆš cŸs bgh¤jh‹fŸ tifia
13. m¢R¥bgh¿Æ‹ tiffis vGJf. vGJf.
vG¤Jtif, v©tif, brašgh£Ltif, EiHî
(i) j£lš m¢R¥bgh¿fŸ (Impact Printers) k‰W« gâ¥ghŒî bgh¤jh‹fŸ MF«.
(ii) j£lh m¢R¥bgh¿fŸ (Non Impact printers) 20. VnjD« ïu©L R£L¢ rhjd§fis vGJf.
R£o, xË¥ngdh.

21. âiuÆš neuoahf vGJ« rhjd¤ij g‰¿ F¿¥ò 30. xU§»izªj R‰W g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf.
tiuf. Iá gy R‰WfŸ, ghijfŸ, âÇjilaf§fŸ
xË¥ ngdh v‹gJ xU ngdh ngh‹w tot« k‰W« ãw Ä‹dQ TWfis cŸsl¡»a xU
bfh©l R£o¡fh£L« fUÉ, xË¥ ngdh¡fŸ bjhF¥ò MF«, ïJ xU F¿¥ã£l brašghL
âiuÆš neuoahf tiuí« j‹ik bfh©lit, mšyJ bjhl®¢áahd brašghLfis¢ brŒa,
xU§»izªJ ntiy brŒ»wJ.
m
Mdhš ïJ ga‹gL¤j¡ fodkhdJ nkY«
JšÈakhf tiutj‰F¤ JizòÇtâšiy. 31. ca®-Ãiy bkhÊ v‹gJ ahJ
22. ã¡brš° v‹whš v‹d? ca®-Ãiy bkhÊ (High-Level Language) v‹gJ
xU fÂ¥bgh¿ Ãuyh¡f bkhÊahF«, ïJ
co
âiuaf¤âš gl§fŸ ã¡brš° (PIXELS) fÂ¥bgh¿ahš tiuaW¡f¥glhjJ, vËâš
vd¥gL« gl¡ TWfSl‹ cUth¡f¥gL»‹wd. òÇªJ bfhŸs¡sToa xU F¿¥ã£l ntiy¡fhf
23. BIOS k‰W« POST-‹ ÉÇth¡f¤ij vGJf totik¡f¥g£lJ.
BIOS - Basic Input Ouput System 32. E©fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ ga‹ ahJ?
s.
POST - Power on Self Test E©fÂ¥bgh¿ xU Ãiyahd jÅeg®
fÂ¥bgh¿ia ÉtÇ¡f¥ ga‹gL»wJ.
24. "Ä‹ ïiz¥ãš Ra MŒî" F¿¥ò tiuf.
Ãuš fÂ¥bgh¿Æš ïiz¡f¥g£LŸs
áWÉdh¡fŸ 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ
ok
mid¤J¥ òw¡fUÉfS« (Kj‹ik Ãidtf«,
1. Iªjh« jiyKiw fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ Ãiuia vGJ.
Éir¥gyif, âiuaf« ngh‹w), ïa§F«
ÃiyÆš cŸsjh vd MŒî brŒí«. (i) ïiz brayh¡f« (Parallel processing)
25. fÂ¥bgh¿Æš cŸs "bjhl§Fjš" Kiwfis
o (ii) Û-fl¤â.
vGJf. (iii) ï-fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ msî fÂrkhf¡
Fiw¡f¥g£lJ.
xU fÂ¥bgh¿Æš ïu©L tifahd
(iv) ÃH‰gl§fŸ k‰W« tiugl§fis¥ òÇªJ
ab
"bjhl§Fjy" (Booting) KiwfŸ cŸsd. mit bfhŸS« âw‹.
(i) j© bjhl¡f« (Cold booting)
(v) bra‰if E©z¿î k‰W« Ãòz® mik¥ò
(ii) cl‹ bjhl¡f« (Warm booting)).
(Exper system) m¿Kf«.
26. bt‰¿l¡FHš g‰¿ áWF¿¥ò tiuf (vi) Ô®khÅ¤jš k‰W« jU¡f KiwÆš mâf¢
ur
bt‰¿l¡ FHšfŸ vby¡£uh‹ X£l¤ij¡ á¡fyhd ãu¢ridfS¡F¤ Ô®î fhQjš.

f£L¥gL¤j Ä‹R‰Wfis¡ bfh©LŸsd, 2. "mo¥gil cŸç£L btËp£L Kiwik"
Mu«gfhy¡ fÂ¥bgh¿fËš xU Ãiykh‰¿ brašKiwia És¡Ff.
mšyJ xU bgU¡»ahf¥ ga‹gL¤j¥g£ld.
.s
27. âÇjilaf¤â‹ gaid vGJf.

xU fÂ¥bgh¿ bjhl§F« nghJ mj‹ Kj‹ik
Ãidtf¤âš vªj¤ jftšfS« ïU¡fhJ. mnj
âÇjilaf« ("gÇkh‰w vâ®¥gh‰wš") miu neu¤âš, mj‹ ``go¡f k£L« Ãidtf¤âš''
fl¤âfshš cUth¡f¥gL»wJ. ïJ Ä‹dG¤j
w
(ROM – Read Only Memory) V‰fdnt vGj¥g£l

msit¡ f£L¥gL¤j xU Ä‹dQ rÄ¡iPÆ‹ ``Ä‹ ïiz¥ãš Ra MŒî'' (POST - Power On
bgU¡f«/g©ng‰w« mšyJ Ãiykh‰¿ Self Test) v‹w Ãuš KjÈš ïa§f¤ bjhl§F«.
M»at‰¿‰fhf¥ ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. Ãuš fÂ¥bgh¿Æš ïiz¡f¥g£LŸs
w
28. JisÆ£l m£ilÆ‹ gaid vGJf. mid¤J¥ òw¡fUÉfS« (Kj‹ik Ãidtf«,

(Hollerith) m£ilfŸ vd miH¡f¥gL« Éir¥gyif, âiuaf« ngh‹w), ïa§F«
JisÆ£l m£ilfŸ fh»j m£ilfŸ MF«. gy ÃiyÆš cŸsjh vd MŒî brŒí«, mid¤J«
w
JisÆl¥g£l mšyJ áW JisÆ£l m£ilfËš rÇahd ÃiyÆš ïUªjhš k£Lnk, bjhl®ªJ

juit¡ F¿¡f¡ if mšyJ ïaªâu« "mo¥gil cŸç£L - btËp£L Kiwik"
ga‹gL¤j¥g£lJ. (BIOS - Basic Input Ouput System) ia ïa¡F«.
29. ïaªâu bkhÊ v‹gJ ahJ? ïªj¢ brašKiw "bjhl§Fjš" (Booting)
ïaªâu bkhÊ v‹gJ ïUÃiy ïy¡f§fŸ vd miH¡f¥gL»‹wJ. mj‹ ã‹d®, Boot
mšyJ ã£LfË‹ bjhF¥ghF«. mJ fÂ¥bgh¿ Strap Loader v‹w Ãuš, "ïa¡f mik¥ò"
go¡f k‰W« És§»¡bfhŸs¥ ga‹gL»wJ. bk‹bghUis t‹t£oÈUªJ, Kj‹ik
Ãidtf¤â‰F mD¥ò»‹wJ.
3. Kj‹ik k‰W« ïu©lh« Ãiy Ãidtf¤â‹ 7. Fuš cŸç£L rhjd¤ij¥ g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf.
ntWgh£il vGJf.
(i) E©ngá xU Fuš cŸçL rhjdkhf¢
Kj‹ik Ãidtf« k‰W« ïu©lh« Ãiy brašgL»wJ. ïJ Fuš juit¥ bg‰W
Ãidtf« vd ïUtif Ãidtf§fŸ cŸsd. fÂ¥bgh¿¡F mD¥ò»wJ.
juî k‰W« Ãuš f£lisfŸ Ãiwnt‰w¤ jahuhf
(ii) E©ngáíl‹, ng¢áid cz®ªJbfhŸS«
ïU¡F«nghJ mjid¤ j‰fhÈfkhf¢ nrÄ¡f
m
Kj‹ik Ãidtf« ga‹gL»wJ. juîfis bk‹ bghUis¥ ga‹gL¤â¡ fÂ¥bgh¿¡F
Ãuªjukhf¢ nrÄ¤Jit¡f ïu©lh«Ãiy cŸËl¥gL« jftY¡fhd K‰¿Y« òâa
Ãidtf« ga‹gL»wJ. mQFKiwia tH§f Koí«.
co
Kj‹ik Ãidtf¤J¡F Ä‹rhu« 8. bjhLâiuÆ‹ ga‹fŸ ahit?
ÃW¤j¥g£lîl‹ mâš nrÄ¡f¥g£LŸs bjhLâiu v‹gJ xU fh£á rhjd«, ïJ
mid¤J¤ jftšfS« mÊªJÉL«. Kj‹ik gad® fÂ¥bgh¿íl‹ ClhLtj‰F Éuiy¥
Ãidtf¤â‰F vL¤J¡fh£L, neuo mQfš ga‹gL¤j mDkâ¡»wJ. xU tiufiy
Ãidtf« (RAM - Random Access Memory) gad® ïilKf¤âš (GUI) cyîtj‰F, R£o
s.
MF«. ïu©lh«Ãiy Ãidtf¤â‰F Ä‹rhu« mšyJ Éir¥gyif¡F kh‰whf¤ bjhL âiu
ÃW¤j¥g£lhY« mâš nrÄ¡f¥g£LŸs ga‹gL»wJ. fÂ¥bgh¿ k‰W« ko¡fÂÅ,
mid¤J¤ jftšfS« mÊahkš ïU¡F«. âiuaf«, °kh®£ ifngáfŸ, nl¥y£° (tablets),
ok
t‹t£L (Hard disk), FWt£L (CD-ROM) gz¥gântLfŸ (cash registers) k‰W« jftš
k‰W« oÉo nuh« (DVD ROM) ngh‹wit fÂ¥bgh¿af« (information kiosks) ngh‹w
ïu©lh«Ãiy Ãidtf¤â‰F vL¤J¡fh£LfŸ gšntW tifahd rhjd§fËš bjhL âiu
MF«. o ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wd.
4. t‹bghUŸ k‰W« bk‹bghUŸ g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf.
fÂ¥bgh¿ v‹gJ t‹bghUŸ k‰W« beLÉdh¡fŸ 5 kâ¥bg©fŸ
bk‹bghUË‹ fyitahF«. fÂ¥bgh¿Æš
ab
cŸs gUbghUŸfshd kj®ngh®£ (motherboard),
Ãidtf« (memory), âiuaf« (monitor) k‰W« 1. fÂ¥bgh¿Æš "bjhl§Fjš" KiwfŸ g‰¿
Éir¥gyif ngh‹wit t‹bghUŸ MF«. ÉÇthf vGJf. [m.kh.É 18]
bk‹bghUŸ v‹gJ fÂ¥bgh¿¡F tH§f¥gL« xU fÂ¥bgh¿Æš ïu©L tifahd
f£lis mšyJ f£lisfË‹ bjhF¥ò MF«. xU
ur
fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ ïa¡f¤â‰F t‹bghUŸ k‰W« "bjhl§Fjš"(Booting) KiwfŸ cŸsd. mit

bk‹bghUŸ M»a ïu©L« JizòÇ»wJ. (i) j© bjhl¡f« (Cold booting)
5. ifnuif tUoÆ‹ e‹ikfis vGJf. (ii) cl‹ bjhl¡f« (Warm booting)
.s
(i) ifnuif tUo v‹gJ ifnuifia (i) j© bjl¡f« (Cold booting)

cz®ªJ fÂ¥bgh¿¡F¥ ghJfh¥ò xU fÂ¥bgh¿ia Kj‹KjÈš
tH§»L« xU fUÉ, mj‹ brašâw‹, bjhl§Ftij¤ j© bjhl¡f« mšyJ t‹
ifnuif cÆusitÆaš (biometric)
w
bjhÊšE£g¤â‹ mo¥gilÆš ïa§F« bjhl¡f« (Hard booting) vdyh«. ïªj¤

j‹ikbfh©lJ. bjhl¡f KiwÆš, gad® Ä‹ ïiz¥ig¤
bjhl§F« nghJ, go¡f k£L« Ãidtf¤âš
(ii) ÃidÉš it¤J¡bfhŸs Koahj, cŸs POST Ãuš ïa§f¤ bjhl§F«.
w
fodkhd k‰W« nkhro¡F tÊtF¡f¡

Toa flî¢brhšY¡F gâyhf Äfî« (ii) cl‹ bjl¡f« (Warm booting)
ghJfh¥ghdJ k‰W« trâahdJ ifnuif ïa§»¡bfh©oU¡F« xU fÂ¥bgh¿ia
w
go¥gh‹ (Fingerprint Reader)/ tUo (Scanner) VnjD« xU NHÈš mj‹ ïa¡f¤ij ÃW¤â
MF«. Û©L« bjhl§Fjiy cl‹ bjhl¡f«
6. ÉÊ¤âiu tUoÆ‹ ga‹ ahJ? mšyJ bk‹ bjhl¡f« (Soft booting) vdyh«.
(i) ÉÊ¤âiu tUo v‹gJ xU cÆusitÆaš ïªj KiwÆš, fÂ¥bgh¿ "j© bjhl¡f
(biometric) E£g¤âš brašgL« fUÉ MF«. KiwÆš bjhl§»aJ nghš mid¤J¥
ïJ xU egÇ‹ ÉÊ¤âiu ïu¤j ehs§fË‹ òw¡fUÉfË‹ ïiz¥ig cWâ brŒJ
jÅ¥g£l tot§fis¥ ga‹gL¤J»wJ. bjhl§Ftâšiy. nkY«, ïªj¤ bjhl¡f

KiwÆš Kj‹ik Ãidtf¤âš, Kªija (ii) xÈ¥bgU¡»fŸ (Speaker) :

ïa¡f¤â‹ nghJ ga‹gL¤j¥g£l jftšfŸ xÈ¥bgU¡»fŸ Fuš xÈia (audio)
Kiwahf ïu©lh« Ãiy Ãidtf¤â‰F btËÆL»wJ. ng¢R ïiz¥gh¡f«
kh‰w¥glhj Ãiy V‰gLtjhš, jftšfŸ bk‹bghUis xÈbgU¡»íl‹ ga‹gL¤â¡
mÊí« Ãiyí«, fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ ïa¡f fÂ¥bgh¿ Fjš btËp£il tH§f Koí«.
mik¥ò gGjilí« Ãiyí« V‰gL«. Ékhd Ãiya§fŸ, gŸËfŸ, t§»fŸ,
m
2. vitnaD« ïu©L cŸçL k‰W« btËpL ïuÆš Ãiya§fŸ ngh‹w gy ïl§fËš
rhjd¤ij g‰¿ ÉÇthf vGJf. ïJ Äfî« bghJthdjhf cŸsJ.
cŸç£L rhjd§fŸ : 3. bghJthf¥ ga‹gL¤j¥gL« R£oÆ‹ tiffis
co
(i) Éir¥gyif : Éir¥gyif (f«ã/ g‰¿ ÉÇthf vGJf.
f«ãÆšyh/kha) fÂ¥bgh¿fËš Äfî« R£oÆ‹ tiffŸ :
bghJthf¥ ga‹gL¤j¥gL« cŸç£L
rhjd« MF«. vG¤JfŸ, v©fŸ k‰W« (i) ïaªâuÉaš (Mechanical) R£o :
áw¥ò F¿pLfS¡fhd jÅ¤jÅ¥ ïa§F« Kiw : xU á¿a fodkhd u¥g®
s.
bgh¤jh‹fis bkh¤jkhf "vG¤JU gªJ R£oÆ‹ cŸns bghU¤j¥g£oU¡F«.
bgh¤jh‹fŸ" vdyh«. fÂ¥bgh¿fËš mJ mªj R£oÆ‹ mo¥gFâÆš cŸs
ga‹gL¤j¥gL« Éir¥gyif, xU JisÆ‹ tÊna, jiu¥gFâÆš
ok
j£l¢R¥ bgh¿fËš (typewriter) cŸs it¡f¥g£LŸs m£ilÆ‹ ÛJ cUS«
Éir¥ bgh¤jh‹fË‹ mo¥gilÆš tifÆš mik¡f¥g£oU¡F«. R£o
jUÉ¡f¥g£lJ. juîfS«, jftšfS« ef®¤j¥gL«ghJ gªJ cUS«, gªâ‹ ef®î,
Éir¥gyifÆ‹ _y« j£l¢R brŒJ rÄŠiffshf kh‰w¥g£L fÂ¥bgh¿¡F
fÂ¥bgh¿Æš cŸËl¥gL»‹wJ. vG¤J mD¥g¥gL»wJ.
o
k‰W« v© tif bgh¤jh‹fis¤ jÉu cUth¡f« / m¿Kf« : blÈ~g‹f‹,
bt›ntW brašghLfis¢ brŒtj‰fhd ãw b#®khÅa ÃWtd«. 02/10/1968
ab
brašgh£L bgh¤jh‹fS« (function keys) (Telefunken, German Company).
cŸsd. Éir¥gyifÆš gšntW tif
bgh¤jh‹fË‹ bjhF¥òfŸ cŸsd, mit (ii) xËÆaš (Optical) R£o :
vG¤Jtif, v©tif, brašgh£Ltif, ïa§F« Kiw : R£oÆ‹ ïa¡f« k‰W«
EiHî k‰W« gâ¥ghŒî bgh¤jh‹fŸ (acceleration) KL¡f« msÉl¥gL«. R£o
ur
MF«. ef®tij¤ Ô®khÅ¡f¥ gªJ¡F¥ gâyhf

(ii) tUo (Scanner): fÂ¥bgh¿ Ãidtf¤âš xË¥ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. xËÆaš R£oÆš
neuoahf¤ jftiy cŸËl tUofŸ _‹W bgh¤jh‹fŸ cŸsJ. xËÆaš
R£o¡ Fiwthd cz®âw‹ bfh©lJ.
.s
ga‹gL¤jgL»‹wd. ïªj¡ fUÉ xU

"cy® Ä‹efš ïaªâu«" (xerox machine) cUth¡f« / m¿Kf« : 1980-š Ç¢r®L ya‹
nghš brašgL»wJ. vGj¥g£l mšyJ (Richard Lyon), °O› »ß° (Steve Kirsch)
m¢ál¥g£l, òif¥gl§fŸ cŸsl¡»a j‹Åirahf gytifahd xËÆaš
w
vªjbthU jftiyí« tUo fÂ¥bgh¿¡F R£oÆ‹ tiffis¡ f©Lão¤jd®.

ïy¡fKiw jftyhf kh‰¿aik¡»wJ. (iii) nyr® (Laser) R£o :
btËp£L rhjd§fŸ : ïa§F« Kiw : R£oÆ‹ ïa¡f« k‰W«
w
KL¡f« (acceleration) msÉl¥gL«. nyr®

(i) m¢R¥bgh¿fŸ (Printers) : jhŸfËš R£o mf¢át¥ò fâ®fis¥ ga‹gL¤J»wJ.
jftšfis m¢ál m¢Rbgh¿fŸ ïJ ÄFªj cz®âw‹ bfh©lJ k‰W«
ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. m¢R¥ bgh¿fŸ vªj¡ fodkhd nk‰gu¥ãY« brašgL«.
w
ïu©L K¡»a¥ ãÇîfshf¥ ãÇ¡f¥gL»wJ.

1. j£lš m¢R¥bgh¿fŸ (Impact Printers)
2. j£lh m¢R¥bgh¿fŸ (Non Impact
Printes)


2 v© KiwfŸ
m
ïaš
co
bghUsl¡f«
2.1. m¿Kf« 2.6. ïUÃiy v©fË‹ fz¡ÑLfŸ
s.
2.2. juî ãuâpL 2.7. Ãidtf¤âš vG¤JU¡fË‹
2.3. gšntW v© KiwfŸ ãuâpLfŸ
2.3.1. gâ‹k Ãiy v©Kiw gFâ II. óÈa‹ ïa‰fÂj«
ok
2.3.2. ïUÃiy v©Kiw 2.8 m¿Kf«
2.3.3. v©Âiy v©Kiw 2.8.1. ïUk kâ¥ò msîfŸ
2.3.4. gâdhW Ãiy v©Kiw 2.8.2. jU¡f bra‰ghLfŸ
2.4. v© Kiw kh‰w§fŸ
o 2.8.3. bkŒ¥g£oaš
AND bra‰F¿
ab
2.4.1. gâ‹k v©fis ïUÃiy 2.8.4.
v©fshf kh‰Wjš 2.8.5. OR bra‰F¿
2.4.2. gâ‹k v©iz v©Ãiy 2.8.6. NOT bra‰F¿
v©zhf kh‰Wjš 2.8.7. NAND bra‰F¿
ur
2.4.3. gâ‹k v©iz gâdhW 2.9. mo¥gil jU¡f thÆšfŸ

Ãiy v©zhf kh‰Wjš 2.9.1. AND thÆš
OR thÆš
.s
2.4.4. Äj¥ò¥ òŸË gâ‹k 2.9.2.

v©iz ïUÃiy 2.9.4. NOR thÆš
v©zhf kh‰Wjš 2.9.5. t£lÄ£l AND thÆš
w
2.4.5. ïUÃiy v©fis, gâ‹k 2.9.6. NAND thÆš

v©fshf kh‰Wjš 2.9.7. t£lÄ£l OR thÆš
w
2.5. F¿íU v©fË‹ ïUÃiy 2.9.8. XOR thÆš

ãuâpL 2.9.9. XNOR thÆš
w
[21]

kâ¥ghŒî
gFâ - m gFâ - M
rÇahd Éilia¤ nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf FW Édh¡fŸ
m
1. fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ ika brayf¤âš ã£LfË‹ 1. juî v‹whš v‹d?
v©Â¡if v›thW F¿¥ãl¥gL»wJ? juî v‹gj‰fhd M§»y th®¤ijahd Data
m. ig£ M. Ããš v‹w brhš Datum v‹w brhšÈÈUªJ tªjJ,
co
ï. nt®L Ús« <. ã£ mj‹ bghUŸ ''brašgL¤j¥glhj c©ik
[Éil: ï. nt®L Ús«] jftš'' (Raw facts) v‹gjhF«. juî v‹gJ
k¡fŸ, ïl§fŸ mšyJ bghU£fË‹ c©ik¤
2. xU »nyh ig£ v‹gJ v¤jid ã£Lfis¡
bfh©lJ? jftšfis bfh©lJ.
s.
m. 1000 M. 8 2. 1‹ Ãu¥ò Kiw¡fhd tÊKiwfis vGJf.
ï. 4 <. 1024 xU v©Â‹ 1‹ Ãu¥ig¡ fhz Ñœ¡fhQ«
[Éil: <. 1024] tÊKiwfŸ ã‹g‰w¥gl nt©L«.
ok
goÃiy1: bfhL¡f¥g£l gâ‹k v©Q¡F
3. ascii v‹gj‹ ÉÇth¡f«.
Ãfuhd ïUÃiy v©zhf kh‰Wf.
m. American School Code for Information
Interchange goÃiy 2: kh‰w¥g£l ïUÃiy v© 8 ã£Lfshf
M. American Standard Code for Information
o cŸsjh v‹gij rÇgh®¡fî«. 8 ã£L¡F«
Interchange Fiwthf ïU¥ã‹, K‹bdh£lhf 0¡fis
ï. All Standard Code for Information Interchange nr®¤J 8 ã£Lfshf kh‰wî«.
<. American Society Code for Information
ab
goÃiy 3: mid¤J ã£Lfisí«, jiyÑHhf
Interchange kh‰wî«. (mjhtJ 1 v‹gij 0 vdî«, 0 v‹gij
[Éil: M. American Standard Code for 1 vdî« kh‰Wf.)
Information Interchange] 3. (46)10¡F Ãfuhd ïUÃiy v©zhf kh‰Wf.
4. 2 ^ 50 v‹gJ vij F¿¡F« 2 46
ur
m. »nyh (Kilo) M. bluh (Tera) 2 23 – 0

ï. Õ£lh (Peta) <. é£lh (Zetta) 2 11 – 1
2 5–1
[Éil: ï. Õ£lh (Peta)] 2 2–1
.s
5. Binary Coded Decimal KiwÆš v¤jid 1 – 0 [Éil. 101110 ]

2
vG¤JU¡fis¡ ifahs Koí«?
4. (28)10¡F 1‹ Ãu¥ò KiwÆš Éil fhz KoahJ
m. 64 M. 255
V‹ fhuz« TW.
w
ï. 256 <. 128

[Éil: m. 64] (28)10 v‹w v© ne®kiw v©zhF«. Mifahš
1‹ Ãu¥ò KiwÆš Éil fhz KoahJ.
6. 11012-¡F Ãfuhd gâdhWÃiy kâ¥ò vJ?
w
m. F M. E ï. D <. B 5. vG¤JU¡fis Ãidtf¤âš ifahStj‰fhd

[Éil: ï. D] F¿p£L Kiwfis¥ g£oaÈLf.
(i) BCD - Binary Coded Decimal.
7. 00100110 ¡fhd 1‹ Ãu¥ã vJ?
w
(ii) ASCII -American Standard Code for

m. 00100110 M. 11011001
Information Interchange.
ï. 11010001 <. 00101001
(iii) EBCDIC - Extended Binary Coded
[Éil: M. 11011001]
Decimal Interchange Code.
8. Ñœ¡f©lt‰¿š vJ v©Âiy v© mšy? (iv) ISCII - Indian Standard Code for
m. 645 M. 234 ï. 876 <. 123 Information Interchange.
[Éil: ï. 876] (v) Unicode.

RuhÉ‹ ➠ 11 M« tF¥ò ➠ fÂÅ m¿Éaš ➠ v© KiwfŸ 23
gFâ - ï muá‹ Ä‹dQ JiwÆ‹ (Department of

áW Édh¡fŸ Electronics) Ñœ mik¡f¥g£l juÃ®za¡
FGthš (Standardaisation Committee) 1986-
1. v© KiwÆš mokhd« v‹whš v‹d? 88 M©Lth¡»š ïªj Kiw cUth¡f¥g£L,
vL¤J¡fh£L jUf. ïªâa juÃ®za¡ FGk¤jhš, (Bureau of Indian
m
mokhd« v‹gJ M§»y¤âš Radix mšyJ Base Standards - BIS) V‰W¡bfhŸs¥g£LŸsJ.
vd¥gL«. mokhd« x›bthU v©KiwÆY« j‰nghJ ïªj F¿p£L Kiw íÅnfh£ F¿p£L
cŸs bkh¤j v© kâ¥ò cU¡fË‹ KiwÆš ïizªJÉ£lJ.
v©Â¡ifia F¿¡F«. 5. T£L: (m) - 2210+ 1510 (M) 2010+ 2510
co
vL¤J¡fh£L: Éil: (m) -2210 + 1510
(i) gâ‹k Ãiy v©Kiw - mokhd« (10)
(ii) ïUÃiy v©Kiw - mokhd« (2)
2 22
2 11 – 0 2 15
(iii) v©Âiy v©Kiw - mokhd« (8) 27–1
25–1
s.
(iv) gâdhW Ãiy v©Kiw - mokhd« (16) 2 2–1 23–1
2. ïUÃiy v© Kiw F¿¥ò tiuf 1–0 1–1

ïUÃiy v© KiwÆš 0 k‰W« 1 v‹w ïu©L 2210 = ïUÃiy v©fŸ = 101102
ok
v© cU¡fŸ k£Lnk cŸsJ. ïªj Kiw, “2‹ 1510 = ïUÃiy v©fŸ = 11112
mL¡F Ãiy Ãiw Kiw”- (2's Power positional
goÃiy 2
weightage method)Æš 2ia mokhdkhf
bfh©LŸsJ. xU ïUÃiy v© bjhlÇ‹ ïlJ
o 2210 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
Xu ã£, mâf Ãiy Ãiw kâ¥ig bfh©LŸsjhš, 1‹ Ãu¥ã 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
mJ ÄF “kâ¥ò ã£” (Most Significan Bit - MSB) 2‹ Ãu¥ã 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
ab
vdî«, tyJ Xu ã£ Fiwªj kâ¥ig bgWtjhš, goÃiy 3
mJ “Fiw kâ¥ò ã£” (Least Significant Bit -
LSB) vd miH¡f¥gL»‹wJ. - 22 k‰W« 15¡fË‹ ïUÃiy T£lš
-22 11101010
3. (150)10¡F Ãfuhd ïUÃiy v©zhf kh‰¿,
15 00001111
ur
mjid v©Âiy v©zhf kh‰Wf.

2 150 111110012

2 75 – 0
2 37 – 1 - 2210 + 1510 = 111110012
.s
2 18 – 1 (M) 2010 + 2510

2 9–0
2 20 2 25
2 4–1
2 10 – 0 2 12 –1
2 2–0
w
2 5–0 2 6–0
2 1–0 [Éil. 100101102] 2 2–1 2 3–0
15010 = ? 1–0 1–1
w
8 150 2010 = ïUÃiy v©fŸ = 101002

8 18 – 6 2510 = ïUÃiy v©fŸ = 110012
2 – 2 226 [Éil. 2268]
22 k‰W« 25¡fË‹ ïUÃiy T£lš
w

4. iSCIi F¿¥ò tiuf. 2010 101002
ïªâa bkhÊfË‹ gšntW vG¤JU¡fis +2510 110012
k£L« ifahS« neh¡»š totik¡f¥g£l
1011012
X® Kiw ISCII MF«. ïJî« 8 ã£ F¿p£L
KiwahF«. vdnt, ïªj KiwÆš 256 2010 + 2510 = 1011012
vG¤JU¡fis ifahs Koí«. ïªâa

gFâ - < 2. ã‹tU« gâ‹k v©fS¡F 1‹ Ãu¥ã k‰W« 2‹

Ãu¥ãfis fh©f. m) - 98 M) -135
beL Édh¡fŸ
(m) - 98
1. (m) Äj¥ò¥òŸË gâ‹k v©iz, ïUÃiy 2 98
v©zhf kh‰Wtj‰fhd tÊKiwfis 2 49 – 0
m
ÉtÇ. 2 24 – 1
2 12 – 0
(M) (98.46)10 ¡F Ãfuhd ïU Ãiy v©zhf
2 6–0
kh‰Wf. 2 3–0
co
(m) Äj¥ò¥òŸË gâ‹k v©iz ïUÃiy v©zhf 1–1
kh‰Wjš :
98-‹ ïUk kâ¥ò = 011000102
“2‹ bjhl® bgU¡fš Kiw” ia ga‹gL¤â Ãu¥ã = 100111012
bfhL¡f¥g£l Äj¥ò¥ òŸË gâ‹k v©iz
Fiw kâ¥òl‹ 1ia T£Ljš = +1
s.
ïUÃiy v©zhf kh‰wyh«.
cŸ Ãu¥ã 10011110
“2-‹ bjhl® bgU¡fš Kiw” Æ‹ tÊfŸ
ã‹tUkhW: (M) - 135
ok
goÃiy 1: Äj¥ò¥ òŸË gâ‹k v©iz 2Mš 2 135
bgU¡» tU« Éilkâ¥ã‹ KG v© gFâia 2 67 – 1
2 33 – 1
jÅahf F¿¤J it¡f nt©L«. KG v© gFâ 0 2 16 – 1
mšyJ 1 Mf k£Lnk ïU¡F«. o 2 8–0
goÃiy 2: goÃiy 1š »il¡f¥bg‰w Éil 2 4–0
kâ¥ã‹ KG v© gFâia, bfhL¡f¥g£l Äj¥ò¥ 2 2–0
1–0
ab
òŸË v©ÂÈUªJ fÊ¤J É£L, ÛjKŸs
Äj¥ò¥òŸË kâ¥òfis Û©L« 2Mš bgU¡», 135-‹ ïUk kâ¥ò = 10000111
mj‹ Éil kâ¥ã‹ KG v© gFâia jÅahf 1‹ Ãu¥ã = 01111000
F¿¤J it¡fî«. +1
goÃiy 1 k‰W« 2ia, ïWâ kâ¥ò 0 vd tU«
ur
cŸ Ãu¥ã 01111001
tiunah mšyJ bjhl®ªJ áy ïy¡f§fŸ
tiunah Û©L«, Û©L« ã‹g‰Wf. 3. (m) T£Lf: 11010102 +1011012
goÃiy 3: goÃiy 1 k‰W« 2‹ go jÅna 1101010
.s
vGâ it¡f¥g£LŸs mid¤J 0 k‰W« + 101101

1-fis nkÈUªJ ÑHhf vGjnt©L«. ïJnt, 100101112
bfhL¡f¥g£l Äj¥ò¥ òŸË v©Q¡F Ãfuhd
w
ïUÃiy v© MF«. Éil : 100101112

(M)
2 98 0.46 × 2 = 0.92 = 0
2 49 – 0 0.92 × 2 = 1.84 = 1
w
(M) fÊ¡f: 11010112 -1110102

2 24 – 1 0.84 × 2 = 1.68 = 1
2 12 – 0 0.68 × 2 = 1.36 = 1
2 6–0 1101011
0.36 × 2 = 0.72 = 0
w
2 3–0 - 111010
98.46 = (1100010.01110...)2
1–1 1100012
Éil : 1100012

gÆ‰á g£liw 192010 = 111100000002
1. ã‹tU« v©fŸ vªj v©Kiw rh®ªjJ v‹W 192010 = ?8

f©Lão¤J vGjî«. 8 1920
t.v© v©fŸ v© Kiw 8 240 – 0
m
1. (1010)10 gâ‹k v© Kiw 8 30 – 0
2. (1010)2 ïUÃiy v© Kiw 3 –6
co
3. (989)16 gâdhW Ãiy v© Kiw 1920 = 36008
4. (750)8 v©Ãiy v© Kiw 16 1920
5. (926)10 gâ‹k v© Kiw 16 120 – 0
7 –8
s.
2. ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs T‰WfŸ rÇah, jtwh vd¡
fh©f, jtW vÅš mj‰fhd fhuz¤ij TWf. = 192010 = 78016
t. T‰WfŸ rÇ/jtW jtW vÅš Éil: 192010 = 111100000002 = 36008 = 78016
ok
v© fhuz« 2) 25510 = ?2 = ?8 = ?16
1. 786 jtW v© Ãiy 2 255
v‹gJ xU v© KiwÆš 2 127 – 1
v©Âiy x›bthU
2 63 – 1
v©
o
cW¥ò
v©Q« 0 2 31 – 1
ab
Kjš 7 tiu 2 15 – 1
k£Lnk ïU¡f 25510 = 111111112
2 7 –1
nt©L«.
2 3 –1
2. 101 xU jtW mokhd«
ïUÃiy bfhL¡f¥gl 2 1 –1
ur
v© Éšiy. 25510 = ?8
3. v©Âiy jtW v©Ãiy v©
v©Â‹ mokhd« 8 8 255
.s
mokhd« 7 8 31 – 7
3. ã‹tU« gâ‹k v©fis ïUÃiy, v©Âiy 3 –7

k‰W« gâdhW Ãiy v©fshf kh‰Wf.
w
1) 1920 2) 255 3) 126 25510 = 3778

1) 192010= ?2 25510 = ?16
w
2 1920
2 960 – 0 16 255
2 480 – 0 15 – 15
15 – F
2 240 – 0
w
2 120 – 0 25510 = FF16

2 60 – 0
2 30 – 0
2 15 – 0
2 7–1
2 3–1
1 – 1
=111100000002

3) 12610 = ?2 = ?8 = ?16 2) 1011010

2 126 gâ‹k v© :
2 63 – 0 = 1 × 26 + 0 × 25 + 1 × 24+1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1
× 21 + 0 × 20
2 31 – 1 = 64 + 16 + 8 +2 = 9010
2 15 – 1 12610 = 11111102
m

v©Âiy v© :
2 7 –1 = 10 110 110
2 3 –1
co
1 3 2
1 –1
12610 = ?8 = 1328
gâdhW Ãiy v© :
8 126
= 101 1010
s.
8 15 – 6
5 10
1–7
12610 = 1768 5 A
ok

= 5416
12610 = ?16

10110102 = 9010 = 1328 = 5A16
16 126
3) 101011111
7 – 14
o gâ‹k v© :
14 – E = 1 × 28 + 0 × 27 + 1 × 26 + 0 × 25 + 1 × 24 + 1
ab

× 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20
12610 = 7E16
= 256 + 64 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2+ 1 = 35110

Éil: 12610 = 111111102 = 1768 = 7E16
v©Âiy v© :
ur
4. ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs ïUÃiy v©fis = 101 011 111

mj‰F Ãfuhd v©Âiy k‰W« gâdhW Ãiy
v©fshf kh‰Wf. 3
5 7
1) 101110101 2) 1011010 = 5378
.s
3) 101011111
1) 1011101012 gâdhW Ãiy v© :
gâ‹k v© : = 10 101 1111
w
= 1 × 28 + 0 × 27 + 1 × 26+1 × 25 + 1 × 24 +
0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20 1 5 15

= 256 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 4 +1 = 37310
1 5 F
w

v©Âiy v© :
101 110 101 = 15F16
=
w
5 6 5 1010111112 = 35110 = 5378 = 15F16

= 5658
gâdhW Ãiy v© : 5. Ñœ¡fhQ« v©Âiy v©fis ïUÃiy
v©fshf kh‰Wf:
= 10 1110 101 m. 472 M. 145 ï. 347
<. 6247 c. 645
1 7 5
= 17516 ; 101101012 = 37310 = 5658 = 17516

m. 472 M. BE16
4 7 2 B E
11 14
100 111 010
2 4 2 7 1011 1110 B = 11 ; E = 14
2 2 BE16=101111102
m
2 2–0 2 3–1
1–0
1–0 1–1 ï. 9BC816
9 B C 8
4728= 1001110102
co

M. 145 9 11 12 8
1 4 5
2 4 2 5
1001 1011 1100 1000
1 100 101 2 2–0 2 2–1 9BC816=10011011110010002
s.

1–0 1–0 <. BC9
= 11001012 B C
9
ï. 347
3 4 7
ok
11 12 9
11 100 111 1011 1100 1001
2 3 2 4 o2 7 BC916 =1011110010012
1–1 2 2–0 2 3–1 7. bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs gâ‹k v©fis 1‹ Ãu¥ã
1–0 k‰W« 2‹ Ãu¥ãfËš vGJf.
1–1
ab
m. 22 M. -13 ï. - 65
<. - 46 c. 255
3478= 111001112
m. 22
<. 6247 2 22
6 2 4 7
2 6
ur
2 11 – 0
110 010 100 111 2 3–0 2 5 –1
62478= 1100101001112 1–1 2 2 –1
.s
c. 645 1 –0
6 4 5 22-‹ ïUk kâ¥ò = 10110
8ã£ toÉš = 00010110
w
110 100 101 M. -1310

6458= 1101001012 2 13
6 –1
w
6. Ñœ¡fhQ« gâdhWÃiy v©fis ïUÃiy 2

v©fshf kh‰Wf. 2 3 –0
m. A6 M. BE 1 –1

w
ï. 9BC8 <. BC9 13-‹ ïUk kâ¥ò = 1101

m. A616 8 ã£ toÉš = 00001101
A 6
1‹ Ãu¥ã = 11110010
10 6 Fiw kâ¥ò ã£Ll‹ = +1
1010 0110 -13ia T£Ljš
A616=101001102 A= 10 2'‹ Ãu¥ã = 11110011

ï. -6510 8. ã‹tU« F¿íU ïUÃiy v©fË‹ fz¡»aš

2 65 brašghLfis brŒf.
m. 1010 + 1510 M. -1210 + 510
2 32 – 1 ï. 1410 - 1210 <. (-210) - (-610)
2 16 – 1 m. 1010 + 1510
m
2 8 –1
10 k‰W« 15¡fhd ïUÃiy T£lš
2 4 –1 1010 = 00001010
2 2 –0 1510 = 00001111
co
2 1 –0 2510 = 00011001
-65-‹ ïUk kâ¥ò = 1000001 M. -1210 + 510
8 ã£ toÉš = 01000001 -12 k‰W« 5¡fhd ïUÃiy T£lš
1‹ Ãu¥ã = 10111110 1210 = 00001100
s.
Fiw kâ¥ò ã£Ll‹ = +1 1‹ Ãu¥ã = 11110011
-1ia T£Ljš Fiw kâ¥ò ã£Ll‹ = +1
-1ia T£Ljš
ok
-65¡fh 2' Ãu¥ã = 10111111
= 11110100
<. - 4610
-1210 = 11110100
2 46
510 = 00000101
2 23 – 0
2 11 – 1
o -710 = 11111001
ab
2 5 –1 ï. 1410 - 1210 = 1410 + (-12)10
2 2 –1 1210 = 00001100
1‹ Ãu¥ã = 11110011
1 –0
2‹ Ãu¥ã = 11110100
46-‹ ïUk kâ¥ò = 101110
ur
14 k‰W« -12¡fhd ïUÃiy T£lš

8 ã£ toÉš = 00101110
1410 = 00001110
1‹ Ãu¥ã = 11010001
-1210 = 00001100
Fiw kâ¥ò ã£Ll‹ = +1
.s
-1ia T£Ljš 210 = 00000010

-46 ‹ T£Ljš = 11010010 <. (-210) - (-610)
c. 255 (-210)
w
2 255 8 ã£ toÉš = 00000010

2 127 – 1 1‹ Ãu¥ã = 11111101
w
2 63 – 1 = +1
2 31 – 1 2‹ Ãu¥ã = 11111110
2 15 – 1
w
-2 = 11111110
2 7 –1 + 6 = 00000110
2 3 –1
+ 4 = 100000100
1 –1
255‹ ïUk kâ¥ò = 11111111

gFâ II - óÈa‹ ïa‰fÂj«

kâ¥ghŒî
gFâ - m btËp£il bgwyh«. NAND bra‰gh£il,
m
rÇahd Éilia nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf ïa‰fÂj T‰whf
Y = A . B vd¡F¿¥ãlyh«
1. ït‰WŸ vJ, x‹W mšyJ mj‰F nk‰g£l 3. XOR thÆÈ‹ bkŒ g£oaš vGJf.
co
rÄŠirfËš ïa§F« xU mo¥gil Ä‹dQ XOR thÆÈ‹ bkŒ g£oaš :
R‰whF«?
m. óÈa‹ ïa‰fÂj« cŸçL btËpL
M. thÆš A B C
s.
ï. mo¥gil thÆšfŸ 0 0 0
<. jUÉ¡f¥g£l thÆšfŸ
0 1 1
[Éil: M. thÆš]
1 0 1
ok
2. ït‰WŸ vªj, thÆš jU¡f tÊkh‰W v‹W
1 1 0
miH¡f¥gL»wJ?
m. AND M. OR ï. NOT <. XNOR 4. bjhl® Éâfis vGJf.
[Éil: ï. NOT] o bjl®Éâ Associative
3. A+A=? A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C

m. A M.
<. Ā 0 ï. 1
[Éil: m. A] A. (B. C) = (A. B). C

ab
4. NOR thÆš vj‹ ïiz¥ghf cŸsJ? 5. jUÉ¡f¥g£l thÆšfŸ v‹whš v‹d?
m. NOT (OR) M. NOT(AND) jUÉ¡f¥g£l thÆšfŸ v‹gJ mo¥gil
ï. NOT (NOT) <. NOT (NOR) thÆšfËÈUªJ jUÉ¡f¥g£lit.
[Éil: m. NOT (OR)] gFâ - ï
ur
5. NAND thÆš v‹gJ...............thÆš vd¥gL«. áW Édh¡fŸ

m. mo¥gil thÆš M. jUÉ¡f¥g£l thÆš
ï. jU¡f thÆš <. Ä‹dQ thÆš 1. mo¥gil thÆšfË‹ bkŒg£oašfis vGJf.
.s
[Éil: M. jUÉ¡f¥g£l thÆš] AND operator

gFâ - M A B A.B
FW Édh¡fŸ
w
0 0 0
0 1 0
1. óÈa‹ ïa‰fÂj« v‹whš v‹d? 1 0 0
w
óÈa‹ ïa‰fÂj« xU ïy¡f tif fÂÅÆš, 1 1 1

ïy¡f R‰Wfis totik¡f¥ ga‹gL¤j¥gL« OR bra‰F¿Æ‹ bkŒ¥g£oaš ÑnH
xU fÂj xG¡fkhF«. ïJ ïy¡f R‰WfËš bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
w
cŸs cŸçLfŸ k‰W« btËpLfS¡F ïilna A B A+B

cŸs cwit ÉtÇ¡»wJ.
0 0 0
2. NAND thÆš-áWF¿¥ò vGJf: 0 1 1
NAND v‹gJ AND k‰W« NOT v‹gj‹ 1 0 1
bjhF¥ghF«. AND bra‰F¿Æ‹ btËp£il 1 1 1
jiyÑHhf mik¤jhš NAND bra‰F¿Æ‹

NOT bra‰F¿Æ‹ bkŒ g£oaš ÑnH gFâ - <

bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ. beL Édh¡fŸ
A Ā
0 1 1. mo¥gil thÆšfis mj‹ nfhit k‰W«
bkŒg£oaYl‹ És¡Ff. [m.kh.É 18]
1 0
m
jU¡f thÆš v‹gJ mo¥gil Ä‹dQ R‰whF«.
2. XNOR thÆiy¥ g‰¿ áWF¿¥ò tiuf. ïJ x‹W mšyJ mj‰F nk‰g£l rÄŠirfËš
XNOR (Exclusive -NOR) thÆš v‹gJ XOR bra‰g£L xU btËp£L rÄŠirfŸ jU«.
_‹W mo¥gil thÆyhf AND, OR k‰W« NOT
co
thÆš ïUªJ tªj btËp£oid, jiyÑHhf
kh‰¿ jU«. ïU cŸçLfS« rkkhf ïU¡F« thÆšfŸ cŸsd.
nghJ ïj‹ btËpL “bkŒ” M»ÆU¡F«, AND thÆš: ïu©L mšyJ mj‰F nkyhd
mšyJ cŸçLfŸ bt›ntwhf ïU¥ã‹ cŸç£L rÄŠirfis¡ bfh©L bra‰g£L
btËpL “bghŒ” M»ÆU¡F«. khwhf cŸçLfŸ xU btËp£L rÄŠirfis jU«. ïu©L
s.
rk«. vÅš btËpL 1-Mf ïU¡F«, ïšiynaš cŸçLfS« bkŒbaÅš k£Lnk ïj‹ btËpL
btËpL 0-MF«. bkŒahf ïU¡F«. mšyJ bghŒah»ÉL«.
A C=A≈B mjhtJ cŸçLfŸ mid¤J« 1 v‹w
A≈B
ok
B kâ¥ãÈUªjhš ïj‹ btËpL 1-Mf ïU¡F«
mšyJ 0 - M»ÉL«. A k‰W« B v‹w kh¿fËš
3. NAND k‰W« NOR thÆšfŸ V‹ bghJik
cŸç£ilí«, C v‹w kh¿Æš btËp£ilí«
thÆšfŸ v‹wiH¡f¥gL»‹wd?
m¿É¤jhš, A k‰W« B kh¿fŸ 0 mšyJ 1
v‹w kâ¥ig V‰F«. AND thÆÈ‹ jU¡f F¿.
jU¡f thÆš v‹gJ mo¥gil Ä‹dQ R‰whF«.
ïJ x‹W mšyJ mj‰F nk‰g£l rÄŠirfËš
o A
C =AB
bra‰g£L xU btËp£L rÄŠirfŸ jU«.
ab
B
_‹W mo¥gil thÆyhf AND, OR k‰W«
NOT thÆšfšfŸ cŸsd. NAND, NOR, XOR AND thÆÈ‹ jU¡f F¿
k‰W« XNOR ngh‹w thÆšfŸ mo¥gil AND thÆÈ‹ bra‰gh£il C= A AND B v‹w
thÆšfËÈUªJ jUÉ¡f¥g£lit. óÈa‹ bra‰gh£oš F¿¥ãlyh«.
ur
vdnt NAND k‰W« NOR thÆšfŸ bghJik

AND thÆÈ‹ bkŒg£oaš ÑnH
thÆšfŸ (Universal gates) v‹wiH¡f¥gL«.
bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
mo¥gil jU¡f thÆšfis ït‰¿‹ _y«
cUth¡fyh«. cŸçL btËpL
.s
A B C
4. XOR thÆÈ‹ bkŒg£oaš vGJf.
0 0 0
XOR thÆÈ‹ bkŒ g£oaš ;
w
0 1 0
cŸçL btËpL
1 0 0
A B C
0 0 0 1 1 1
w
0 1 1 AND thÆÈ‹ bkŒ¥g£oaš

1 0 1 OR thÆš : jU¡f ßâahd cŸsl¡»a OR
v‹gij ngh‹W brašgLtjhš OR thÆš v‹W
w
1 1 0
bgaÇl¥g£LŸsJ. ïu©L cŸçLfS« bkŒ
5. okh®f‹ nj‰w§fis vGJf. mšyJ VnjD« x‹W bkŒ v‹W ïUªjhš
g»®î Éâ Distributive A + A = A + B btËpL bkŒ MfÆU¡F«. ïu©L cŸçLfS«
``bghŒ'' vÅš btËpL bghŒ MF«. mjhtJ,
okh®f‹ ÉâfŸ - A + B = A . B VnjD«, x‹W mšyJ ïu©L cŸç£LfS« 1
(A . B) = A + B MfÆUªjhš, btËpL 1 MF«, mšyJ btËpL
0 MfÆU¡F«. OR thÆÈ‹ jU¡f F¿.
A 2. NAND k‰W« NOR thÆšfË‹ _y« AND

aC = A+B k‰W« OR thÆšfis v›thW m¿É¥ghŒ v‹gij
B És¡Ff.
OR thÆÈ‹ jU¡f F¿
m. (i) NAND thÆš _y« AND thÆš
m¿É¥ò
OR thÆÈ‹ btbtËpL
m
A A.B A.B
C= A OR B
B
+ F¿íl‹ OR bra‰gh£il F¿¡fyh«.
co
mjhtJ, (ii) NAND thÆš _y« OR thÆš m¿É¥ò
C= A + B NAND
A
A
OR thÆÈ‹ bkŒg£oaš ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
cŸçL btËpL NAND
A+B
s.
A B C
0 0 0
B NAND
0 1 1 A
ok
1 0 0 M. (i) NOR thÆš _y« AND thÆš m¿É¥ò
A
1 1 1 A NOR
NOT thÆš: A.B
NOT thÆÈ‹ óÈa‹ bra‰gh£il

o NOR
C=NOT A v‹W F¿¥ãlyh«.

ab
B NOR
B
óÈa‹ ïa‰fÂj¤âš NOT bra‰gh£il F¿¡f,
vG¤â‹ ÛJ xU nfhL ïl¥gL«.
C=A (ii) NOR thÆš _y« OR thÆš m¿É¥ò
ur
A C=A A
NOR
A+ B
NOR A+B
B
NOT thÆÈ‹ jU¡f F¿ 3. jUÉ¡f¥g£l thÆšfŸ mj‹ nfhit k‰W«

.s
bkŒg£oaYl‹ És¡Ff.
C v‹gJ NOT A rk« mšyJ C v‹gJ A-É‹
jiyÑHhd kâ¥ò v‹W go¡fî«. NAND thÆš: AND thÆÈ‹ btËp£il NOT
thÆY¡F mD¥ã bgW« btËp£il bfh©L
A-É‹ kâ¥ò 0 vÅš
w
NAND thÆš bra‰gL«. ïj‹ jU¡f bra‰ghL

C= 0 =1 AND thÆÈ‹ btËp£il jiyÑHhf bgW«,
A-É‹ kâ¥ò 1 vÅš cŸçLfŸ mid¤J« bkŒ vÅš, ïj‹ btËpL
w
C= 1=0 `bghŒ' MfÆU¡F«, ïšiynaš ïj‹ btËpL

NOT thÆÈ‹ bkŒ g£oaš bkŒ MfÆU¡F«. khwhf cŸç£L mid¤J« 1
vÅš NAND thÆÈ‹ btËpL 0-MfÆU¡F«,
cŸçL btËpL
w
ïšiynaš ïj‹ btËpL 1-MfÆU¡F«.

A C
NAND thÆÈ‹ jU¡f R‰W.
1 0 A
A.B C = A.B
0 1 B

NAND thÆÈ‹ jU¡f F¿ ÑnH XOR thÆÈ‹ bkŒ g£oaš

bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ. cŸçL btËpL
A
C A B C
B
0 0 0
NAND thÆÈ‹ jU¡f F¿
m
0 1 1
NAND thÆÈ‹ btËpL 1 0 1
C = (A . B)
1 1 0
co
NAND thÆÈ‹ bkŒ g£oaš
XNOR thÆš: XNOR (Exclusive -NOR) thÆš
cŸçL btËpL v‹gJ XOR thÆš ïUªJ tªj btËp£oid,
A B C jiyÑHhf kh‰¿ jU«. ïU cŸçLfS« rkkhf
0 0 1 ïU¡F« nghJ ïj‹ btËpL bkŒ MfÆU¡F«,
s.
mšyJ cŸçLfŸ nt›ntwhf ïU¥ã‹
0 1 1 btËpL bghŒ MfÆU¡F«. khwhf cŸçLfŸ
1 0 1 rk«. vÅš btËpL 1-MfÆU¡F«, ïšiynaš
ok
btËpL 0-MF«.
1 1 0
A C=A≈B
NOR thÆš: NOR thÆš R‰W, OR thÆÈ‹ A≈B
B
btËgh£il jiyÑHhf kh‰¿¡ ýbfhL¡F«.
ïu©L cŸç£LfS« bghŒ vÅš, ïj‹ o XNOR thÆÈ‹ jU¡f R‰W
btËghL bkŒ Mf ïU¡F«. ïšiybaÅš bghŒ A
MF«. khwhf, cŸç£LfŸ mid¤J« `0' Mf C=A B
ïUªjhš k£Lnk btËp£il `1' Mf bgwKoí«. B
ab
ïšiybaÅš btËpL 0-MfÆU¡F«.
A XNOR thÆÈ‹ jU¡f F¿
C
B XNOR thÆÈ‹ bkŒ g£oaš
NOR thÆÈ‹ jU¡f F¿ cŸçL btËpL

ur
NOR thÆÈ‹ bkŒ g£oaš A B C
cŸçL btËpL 0 0 1
A B C 0 1 0
.s
0 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 1
w
1 0 0
1 1 0
TLjš Édh¡fŸ
w
XOR thÆš: v‹gJ (Exclusive OR) thÆš, ïJ

jU¡f either/OR v‹gJ nghynt brašgL«. Ñœ¡f©l Édh¡fS¡F rÇahd Éilia
VnjD« x‹W mšyJ mid¤J cŸçLfS« nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf. 1 kâ¥bg©
w
bkŒ vÅš, ïj‹ btËpL bkŒ MF«. cŸçLfŸ 1. Data v‹w brhš ã‹tU« vªj M§»y
bkŒ mšyJ bghŒ v‹¿Uªjhš, ïj‹ btËpL
bkŒ MF«. brhšÈUªJ tªjJ?
m. Record M. File
XOR thÆÈ‹ jU¡f F¿ ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
A ï. Datum <. Infomration
C [Éil: ï. Datum]
B
XOR thÆÈ‹ jU¡f F¿

2. fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ juîfis vj‹ mokhd 11. x›bthU v©KiwÆY« cŸs bkh¤j v© kâ¥ò
mo¥gilÆš ifahS»‹wJ? cU¡fË‹ v©Â¡ifia F¿¥gJ
m. 8 M. 16 m. ã£ M. ig£
ï. 10 <. 2 [Éil: <. 2] ï. mokhd« <. Ããš mšyJ nt®L
[Éil: ï. mokhd«]
3. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ òÇªJ bfhŸs¡
m
Toa bkhÊ vJ? 12. v¤jid tifahd v©KiwfŸ cŸsd?
m. M§»y bkhÊ M. ïaªâu bkhÊ m. 2 M. 4
ï. fÂ¥bgh¿ bkhÊ <. juî bkhÊ ï. 8 <. 16 [Éil: M. 4]
[Éil: M. ïaªâu bkhÊ]
co
13. gâdhW Ãiy v© KiwÆ‹ mokhd«?
m. 6 M. 10
4. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ juîfis bra‰gL¤j¥gL« ï. 16 <. 8 [Éil: ï. 16]
nghJ »il¥gJ vJ? 14. gâ‹k v© Kiw v¤jid cU¡fis bfh©lJ?
s.
m. jftš M. Ãuš m. 2 M. 4
ï. juî <. F¿pL ï. 16 <. 10 [Éil: <. 10]
[Éil: m. jftš]
15. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ gâdhW Ãiy v©Kiw
ok
5. ïUÃiy v©Ëš 0 mšyJ 1 v›thW miH¡f¥gL«? cU »ilahJ?
m. Ããš M. ig£ m. G M. B
ï. nt®L <. ã£[Éil: <. ã£] ï. E <. D [Éil: m. G]
6. v¤jid ã£LfË‹ bjhFâ v‹gJ xU ig£
o 16. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ gâ‹k« v‹gJ vjid
vd¥gL«? F¿¡»wJ?
m. 8 M. 16 m. 2 M. 8
ï. 1024 <. 512 [Éil: m. 8]
ab
ï. 16 <. 10 [Éil: <. 10]
7. fÂ¥bgh¿Æš Ãidtf¤ij msÉLtj‰F 17. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ ïUÃiy v©Kiw
mo¥gil myF? F¿¡»wJ?
m. Ããš M. ig£ m. 0,1 M. +, -
ï. ã£ <. nt®L
ur
ï. 2, 4 <. 20, 21
[Éil: M. ig£] [Éil: m. 0,1]
8. »nyhig£ mšyJ bkfhig£ v‹w msîfËš
F¿¥ãl¥gLtJ?
18. xU ïU Ãiy v© bjhlÇ‹ mâf Ãiy Ãiw
.s
m. ika brayf« M. f£Lgh£lf« kâ¥ig bfh©l ã£ v›thW miH¡f¥gL»wJ?

ï. Ãidtf« <. cŸç£lf«
[Éil: ï. Ãidtf«] m. LSB M. MSB
w
ï. nt®L <. ig£

9. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ bghJthf ga‹gL¤j¥gL«
[Éil: M. MSB]
F¿pL Kiw vJ?
m. BCD M. EBCDIC 19. xU ïU Ãiy v© bjhlÇ‹ Fiwªj Ãiy
w
ï. UNICODE <. ASCII kâ¥ig bfh©l ã£ v›thW miH¡f¥gL»wJ?

[Éil: <. ASCII] m. LSB M. MSB
10. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ v© KiwfŸ eilKiwÆš ï. MDR <. MBR
w
»ilahJ? [Éil: m. LSB]

m. MW M. gâdhW 20. v¤jid cU¡fis v©Âiy v© Kiw
ï. gâ‹k« <. ïUk« bfh©LŸsJ?
[Éil: m. MW]
m. 4 M. 16
ï. 2 <. 8 [Éil: <. 8]

21. eilKiwÆš bghJthf ga‹gL¤j¥gL« v© 30. IBM fÂ¥bgh¿fËš jftš gÇkh‰w¤â‰F ga‹
Kiw? gL¤j¥g£l F¿p£L Kiw vJ?
m. ïUk« M. gâdhW m. ASCII M. EBCDIC
ï. gâ‹k« <. v©Âiy ï. BCD <. Unicode
[Éil: ï. gâ‹k«] [Éil: M. EBCDIC]
m
22. kâ¥ò¥ òŸË gâ‹k v©id ïUÃiy v©zhf 31. v¤jid vG¤JU¡fis EBCDIC F¿p£L
kh‰w v¤jid goÃiyfŸ cŸsd? KiwÆš ifahs Koí«?
m. 2 M. 4 m. 64 M. 512
ï. 3 5 [Éil: ï. 3] ï. 256 <. 1028
co
<.
23. fÂ¥bgh¿Æš v©fŸ v¤jid tÊfËš [Éil: ï. 256]
ãuâÆl¥gL»‹wd? 32. eåd fÂ¥bgh¿fËš bjhiy bjhl®ò
m. 2 M. 3 rhjd§fËš gutyhf ga‹gL¤j¥g£l F¿p£L
ï. 4 <. gšntW Kiw
s.
[Éil: <. gšntW] m. ASCII M. Unicode
ï. EBCDIC <. BCD
24. xU F¿ia kh‰w v¤jid F¿p£L KiwfŸ
[Éil: M. Unicode]
ok
cŸsd?
m. 2 M. 3 33. UNICODE v¤jid vG¤JU¡fis¡ ifahS«
ï. 4 <. 5 [Éil: <. 5] âw‹ bg‰wJ?
m. 8 M. 4
25. BCD F¿p£L KiwÆš v¤jid vG¤JU¡fŸ
ï. 16 <. 32
k£Lnk ifahs Koí«?
m. 24 M. 25
o [Éil: ï. 16]
ï. 2 <. 26 [Éil: ï. 28]
8 34. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vªj F¿p£L KiwÆš 65536
ab
vG¤JU¡fis ifahS« âw‹ cilaJ?
26. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ nt®L Ús¤ij F¿¥gJ vJ? m. Byte Code M. Binary Code
m. 2,5,10 ã£LfŸ ï. Unicode <. EBCDIC
M. 15,25,50 ã£LfŸ [Éil: ï. Unicode]
ur
ï. 16,32,64 ã£LfŸ 35. vªj M©L íÅnfh£ Kjš gâ¥ò btËÆl¥g£lJ?

<. 64,128,256 ã£LfŸ m. 1990 M. 1991
[Éil: ï. 16,32,64 ã£LfŸ] ï. 1989 <. 1986
[Éil: M. 1991]
.s
27. ASCII F¿p£L Kiw vªj ÃWtd¤jhš

cUth¡f¥g£lJ?
m. IBM M. Apple 36. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ gâdhW Ãiy v© KiwÆš
ï. Microsoft <. AT & T
w
F¿¥ãl¥gL« F¿p£L Kiw vJ?

[Éil: m. IBM] m. BCD M. EBCDIC
ï. ASCII <. Unicode
28. ïªâah bkhÊfË‹ vG¤JU¡fis ifahS«
[Éil: <. Unicode]
w
neh¡»š totik¡f¥g£l F¿p£L Kiw vJ?

37. v©Âiy v©Â‹ mokhd«?
m. BCD M. ASCII
m. 2 M.
8 ï. 7 <. 16
ï. EBCDIC <. ISCII
[Éil: M. 8]
w

[Éil: <. ISCII]
38. v©Âiy v©fis ïUÃiy v©fshf kh‰w
29. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ F¿p£L Kiw »ilahJ? x›bthU v©Âiy v©iz v¤jid ã£
m. BCD M. Unicode ïUÃiy v©fis fz¡»£L vGj nt©L«?
ï. ASCII <. Byte Code m. 3 ã£LfŸ M. 4 ã£LfŸ
[Éil: <. Byte Code] ï. 8 ã£LfŸ <. 2 ã£LfŸ
[Éil: m. 3 ã£LfŸ]

39. v©Âiy v©fË‹ x›bthU cW¥ò« ã‹tU« Ñœ¡f©l nfho£l ïl¤â‰F rÇahd Éilia
vªj v©fis bfh©L ïU¡F«? nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf.
m. 0 Kjš 8 tiu M. 1 Kjš 8 tiu 1. brašgL¤j¥glhj c©ik jftš ............ vd
ï. 0 Kjš 7 tiu <. 1 Kjš 7 tiu miH¡f¥gL«.
[Éil: ï. 0 Kjš 7 tiu] m. jftš M. juî
m
40. 10112 v‹w ïUÃiy v©Å‹ gâdhW Ãiy ï. Ãuš <. F¿pL
[Éil: M. juî]
v©Å‹ kâ¥ò
m. 14 M. 15 ï. 11 <. 12 2. kh¿fËš ïU¤j¥g£l kâ¥òfŸ .............. vd
co
miH¡f¥gL«.
[Éil: ï. 11]
m. juî M. jftš
41. fÂ¥bgh¿Æš v©fŸ v¤jid tÊfËš ï. Ãuš <. thÆš
ãuâÆl¥gL»‹wd? [Éil: m. juî]
s.
m. 3 M.
4 ï. 2 <. 5 3. fÂ¥bgh¿Æš juîfŸ ............. kh‰w¥gL»wJ.
[Éil: m. 3] m. ASCII F¿pLlhf M. BCD F¿pLlhf
ï. ïUk v©fshf <. v©Ãiy v©fshf
42. xU fÂÅÆš, ïy¡f R‰Wfis totik¡f¥
[Éil: ï. ïUk v©fshf]
ok

ga‹gL¤j¥gL« xU fÂj xG¡f« vJ?
4. BIT-‹ ÉÇth¡f« .....................
m. fÂj«
M. óÈa‹ fÂj« m. Basic Digits
ï. jU¡fßâahd m¿¡iffŸ M. Binary Digits
ï. Binary Information Technology
<. c©ik kâ¥òfŸ

o
[Éil: M. óÈa‹ fÂj«] <. Base Digits [Éil: M. Binary Digits]
43. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ ïy¡f R‰WfËš cŸs 5. 4 ã£LfË‹ bjhFâ v‹gJ xU ..............
ab
cŸçLfŸ k‰W« btËpLfS¡F ïilna cŸs m. ã£ M. ig£
cwit ÉtÇ¡»wJ vJ? ï. Ããš <. nt®L Ús«
m. jU¡fßâahd m¿¡iffŸ [Éil: ï. Ããš]
M. c©ik kâ¥òfŸ 6. xU fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ ika brayf¤âš v¤jid
ur
ï. óÈa‹ fÂj« ã£LfŸ bra‰gL¤j¥gL« v‹gij F¿¥gJ .............

<. ïa‰fÂj« thÆšfŸ m. nt®L Ús« M. nt®L mfy«
ï. nt®L ig£ <. nt®L ã£
[Éil: ï. óÈa‹ fÂj«]
[Éil: m. nt®L Ús«]
.s

44. v¤jid tif mo¥gil jU¡f thÆšfŸ cŸsd?
m. 5 M. 4 ï. 2 <. 3 7. A-É‹ ASCII F¿pL ...................
m. 97 M. 65
[Éil: <. 3]
w
ï. 38 <. 42 [Éil: M. 65]

45. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ mo¥gil jU¡f thÆšfŸ?
m. NAND, NOR, NOT 8. MSB-‹ ÉÇth¡f« ..............
m. Most Sign Bit
M. AND, OR, NOT
w
M. Most Significant Bit

ï. NAND, XOR, XNOR ï. Medium Signal Bit
<. AND, XOR, NOT <. Most Significant Byte
w
[Éil: M. AND, OR, NOT] [Éil: M. Most Significant Bit]

46. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ bghJik thÆšfŸ 9. LSB-‹ ÉÇth¡f« ................
vd¥gLtJ? m. Least Significant Byte
m. AND, OR, NOT M. Least Sign Bit
M. XOR, AND, NOR ï. Least Significant Bit
ï. NAND, NOR <. Left Significant Bit
<. NAND, AND [Éil: ï. NAND, NOR] [Éil: ï. Least Significant Bit]

10. 1010.012-‹ gâ‹k Ãiy ...................... 20. EBCDIC-‹ ÉÇth¡f« ..............

m. 10.5 M. 10.25 m. Extended Byte Code Decimal Information Code
ï. 10.05 <. 10.025
[Éil: M. 10.25] M. Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange
Code
11. 0.0112-‹ gâ‹k gâ‹k v© ................
m
m. 0.6875 M. 0.1875 ï. Exchanged Binary Coded Decimal
ï. 0.1785 <. 0.5 Interchange Code
[Éil: M. 0.1875] <. Exchanged Byte Code Decimal Information
co
12. F¿íU ïUÃiy v© ãuâp£oš, ne®kiw Code
v©id F¿¡F« ã£ .................. [Éil: M. Extended Binary Coded Decimal
m. + M. 0
Interchange Code]
ï. 1 <. - [Éil: M. 0]
21. ISCII-‹ ÉÇth¡f« ..................
s.
13. F¿íU ïUÃiy v© ãuâp£oš, vâ®kiw
v©id F¿¡F« ã£ ........... m. International Standard Code for Information
m. - M. 0 Interchange
ok
ï. 1 <. 2 [Éil: ï. 1] M. Internation Standard for Interchange
14. 5-‹ 2‹ Ãu¥ã .................. Information
m. 1011 M. 1010 ï. Indian Standard Code for Information
ï. 1100 <. -101 Interchange

o
[Éil: m. 1011] <. Indian System Coding for Information
15. 10012-‹ 1‹ Ãu¥ã .................. Interchange
ab
m. 10012 M. 01112 [Éil: ï. Indian Standard Code for
ï. 01102 <. 10102 Information Interchange]
[Éil: ï. 01102]
22. 160 = ..................
16. 11012-‹ 2‹ Ãu¥ã ................
ur
m. 0 M. 1 ï. 16 <. 160
m. 11002 M. 10102 [Éil: M. 1]
ï. 01012 <. 00112
[Éil: <. 00112] 23. gâdhW Ãiy v© "B"-Æ‹ gâ‹k v© ............
m. 11 M. 12 ï. 14 <. 13
.s
17. 102 + 102 = ...............

[Éil: m. 11]
m. 1002 M. 202
ï. 1102 <. 102 24. gâdhW Ãiy v© "C"-Æ‹ ïUÃiy v© ........
w
[Éil: m. 1002] m. 1010 M. 1011 ï. 1101 <. 1100

[Éil. <. 1100]
18. BCD-‹ ÉÇth¡f« ....................
bghU¤Jf.
m. Bar Code Decoding
w
M. Binary Code Digit 1. bghU¤Jf.

ï. Binary Coded Decimal (i) ïU v©fË‹ mokhd« - 1. 16
<. Byte Coded Decimal (ii) gâdhW Ãiy v©fË‹ mokhd« - 2. 8
w
(iii) gâ‹k v©fË‹ mokhd« - 3. 2

[Éil: ï. Binary Coded Decimal]
(iv) v©Âiy v©fË‹ mokhd« - 4. 10
19. bgU«ghyhd fÂ¥bgh¿fËš ga‹gL¤j¥gL« m. 3,1,2,4 M. 1,2,4,3
F¿p£L Kiw ............. ï. 3,1,4,2 <. 4,3,1,2
m. BCD M. ASCII [Éil: ï. 3,1,4,2]
ï. SBCDIC <. UNICODE
[Éil: M. ASCII]

2. bghU¤Jf. 7. ig£ v‹whš v‹d?

(i) 0 Kjš F tiu
(1) ïUÃiy v©fŸ ig£ (Byte) v‹gJ 8 ã£LfË‹ bjhFâ,
(ii) 0, 1
(2) gâdhWÃiy v©fŸ fÂ¥bgh¿Æš Ãidtf¤ij msÉLt‰F
(iii) 0 Kjš 9 tiu
(3) v©Âiy v©fŸ mo¥gil myF ig£ MF«.
(iv) 0 Kjš 7 tiu
(4) gâ‹kÃiy v©fŸ 8. nt®L Ús« v‹whš v‹d?
m
m. 2,1,4,3
M. 2,1,3,4 nt®L Ús« (Word length) v‹gJ xU
ï. 3,4,1,2
<. 4,3,1,2 fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ ika brayf¤âš v¤jid
[Éil: m. 2,1,4,3] ã£LfŸ bra‰gL¤j¥gL« v‹gij F¿¡F«.
co
vL¤J¡fh£lhf, nt®L Ús« - 8 ã£LfŸ, 16
FWÉdh¡fŸ 2 kâ¥bg©fŸ ã£LfŸ, 32 ã£LfŸ k‰W« 64 ã£LfË‹
msÉš mik¡f¥gL« (ï‹iwa fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ
1. ïaªâu bkhÊ v‹whš v‹d? 32 ã£LfŸ mšyJ 64 ã£L nt®L Ús¤âš
fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ juîfis ‘0’ (RÊa«) k‰W«
s.
totik¡f¥gL»wJ).
‘1’ (x‹W) v‹w v©fËš ifahS»‹wJ.
v©, vG¤J, áw¥ò¡F¿pL vd juî vªj 9. fÂ¥bgh¿ Ãidtf§fŸ bghJthf v›thW
F¿¥ãl¥gL«?
tifahf ïUªjhY« mit fÂ¥bgh¿ahš
ok
òÇªJbfhŸs¡ Toa ‘0’ (RÊa«) mšyJ ‘1’ fÂ¥bgh¿ Ãidtf§fŸ (Kj‹ik k‰W«
(x‹W) v‹w v© toÉš kh‰w¥gl nt©L«. ïu©lh«Ãiy Ãidtf«) bghJthf »nyhig£
fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ òÇªJ bfhŸs¡ Toa 0 k‰W« 1 (Kilobyte - KB) mšyJ bkfh ig£ (Megabyte
M»ait ïaªâu bkhÊ (Machine Language) vd
o -MB) v‹w msîfËš F¿¥ãl¥gL«.
miH¡f¥gL»‹wJ. 10. kh‰Wf.
2. bghJthf ga‹gL« v© Kiwia vGJf. (128)8 → (?10)
ab
bghJthf ga‹gL« v© Kiw gâ‹k Ãiy v©
1288 = 1 × 82 + 2 × 81 + 8 × 80
Kiw.
= 64 + 16 + 8 = 8810
3. eh‹F tifahd v© KiwfŸ g£oaÈLf.
11. fÂ¥bgh¿Æš v©fŸ v›thW ãuâÆl¥gL
ur
(i) gâ‹k Ãiy v© Kiw

»‹wJ?
(ii) ïUÃiy v© Kiw
fÂ¥bgh¿Æš v©fŸ gšntW tÊfËš
(iii) v©Âiy v© Kiw ãuâÆl¥gL»‹wd. mit,
.s
(iv) gâdhWÃiy v© Kiw (i) F¿íU msî ãuâÆLjš (Signed Magnitude

Representation)
4. ïUÃiy, v©fŸ mj‹ msit mo¥gilahf
(ii) 1‹ Ãu¥ã
w
bfh©L v›thW miH¡f¥gL»wJ?

(iii) 2‹ Ãu¥ã
ã£, Ããš, ig£ k‰W« nt®L.
12. vâ®kiw v©fS¡fhd 2‹ Ãu¥ã tÊKiwfis
5. ã£ v‹whš v‹d?
w
vGJf
ã£ (Bit) - ïUÃiy v©fshd 0 mšyJ 1 ã£ vâ®kiw v©fS¡fhd 2‹ Ãu¥ã tÊKiwfŸ

vdmiH¡f¥gL«. ïJ fÂ¥bgh¿ juÉ‹ tUkhW:
w
mo¥gil myF MF«. Bit v‹w M§»y th®¤ij (i) ïUÃiy v©fË‹ mid¤J ã£Lfisí«
Binary digit v‹gâ‹ RU¡f«. (Bit v‹whš ïu©L jiyÑHh¡Ff. (mjhtJ, 1 fis 0 Mfî«, 0
v‹W bghUŸ). ia 1 Mfî« kh‰Wf)
6. Ããš v‹whš v‹d? (ii) ã‹d®, Fiw kâ¥ò ã£Ll‹ 1ia T£lî«.
Ããš (Nibble) v‹gJ 4 ã£LfË‹ bjhFâ.

= 64 + 0 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 0 . 0 + 0.25 + 0.125
13. BCD g‰¿ áW F¿¥ò tiuf.
BCD F¿p£L Kiw j‰nghJ tH¡»š ïšiy. = 84.37510
ïªj Kiw 26 ã£ F¿p£L KiwahF«. mjhtJ, 20. kh‰Wf.
26 = 64 vG¤JU¡fŸ k£Lnk ïªj KiwÆš
ifahs Koí«. 4A8C16 = ?2
m
14. ÉÇth¡f« brŒf. 4 A 8 C
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
(i) BCD (ii) EBCDIC
co
(i) BCD - Binary Coded Decimal
4 10 8 12
(ii) EBCDIC - Extended Binary Coded ↓

↓ ↓ ↓
Decimal Interchange Code 100 1010 1000 1100
15. ÉÇth¡f« brŒf. = 1001010100011002
s.
(i) ASCII (ii) ISCII 21. kh‰Wf: EB4A16 = ? 10
(i) ASCII -
American Standard Code for EB4A16 = 14×163 +11×162 +4×161 + 10×160
ok
Information Interchange
= 57344 + 2816 +64 + 10
(ii) ISCII -
Indian Standard Code for
Information Interchange. = 6023410
22. kh‰Wf: 7290510 = ? 16
16. íÅnfh£ g‰¿ áW F¿¥ò tiuf.
mid¤J eåd fÂ¥bgh¿fŸ k‰W« bjhiy
o
16 72905
ab
bjhl®ò rhjd§fËš gutyhf ga‹gL¤j¥gL« 16 4556 – 9
X® K¡»a F¿p£L Kiw íÅnfh£ MF«. ASCII 16 284 – 12 – C
F¿p£L Kiw¡F ãwF Äf¥ãugykhd X® Kiw 16 17 – 12 – C
jh‹ íÅnfh£ F¿p£L KiwahF«. 1–1
=111C916
ur
17. kh‰Wf. 110111101011102 = ?16

Éil: 11011110101110 23. jU¡f bra‰F¿fŸ v‹whš v‹d?
AND, OR k‰W« NOT ngh‹w mo¥gil jU¡f
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
3 7 10 14 bra‰ghLfŸ Kiwna òŸË (.) , T£lš F¿

.s
(+) k‰W« nkšnfhL mšyJ mgh°£u~ã F¿

Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
3 7 A E v‹gt‰whš F¿¥ãlyh«. ïªj F¿fis jU¡f

= (37AE)16 bra‰F¿fŸ v‹wiH¡f¥gL«.
w
18. kh‰Wf. 22.2510 = ?2 24. _‹W mo¥gil thÆiy vGJf.

NAND v‹gJ AND k‰W« NOT v‹gj‹
2 22
bjhF¥ghF«. AND bra‰F¿Æ‹ btËp£il
w
2 11 – 0 0.25 × 2 = 0.50 = 0 jiyÑHhf mik¤jhš NAND bra‰F¿Æ‹

2 5–1 btËp£il bgwyh«. NAND bra‰gh£il,
2 2–1 0.50 × 2 = 1.00 = 1 ×
ïa‰fÂj T‰whf
1–0
w
Y = A . B vd¡ F¿¥ãlyh«
22.2510 = 10110.012
19. kh‰Wf. 1010100.0112 = ?10 25. ïizahd Éâia vGJf.
ïizahd Éâ Identity
1010100.0112
A+0=A
= 1×26 + 0×25 + 1×24 + 0×23 + 1×22 + 0×21 + 0×
20.0×2-1 + 1×2-2 + 1×2-3 A. 1 = A

26. kh‰W Éâia vGJf. x›bthU ïy¡f¤ijí«, mªj ïy¡f¤â‹ Ãiy

kh‰W Éâ Complement kâ¥ig 10‹ mL¡FfËš bgU¡fnt©L«.
A+Ā=1 2. (101010)2 → (?16) → (?10)
Éil: 1010102
A+Ā=0
m
27. ïlkh‰w Éâia vGJf. 10 1010
Õ
Õ
ïlkh‰w Éâ Commutative 2 10
Õ
Õ
co
A+B=B+A
2 A
A. B = B. A = (2A)16
28. g»®î Éâia vGJf. 2A = 2×161 + 10×160
g»®î Éâ Distributive = (42)10
s.

(101010)2 → (2A)16 → (42)10
A. (B + C) = A. B + A. C
3. v©Âiy v© Kiw g‰¿ áW F¿¥ò tiuf.
A + (B. C) = (A + B). (A + C)
ok
v©Âiy v© KiwÆš 0 Kjš 7 tiu bkh¤j«
29. bt‰W TW Éâia vGJf.
v£L v© cU¡fŸ cŸsJ. ïªj v© Kiwí«
bt‰W TW Null Element “Ãiy Ãiw” KiwahF«. ïj‹ x›bthU
A+1=1 ïy¡fK«, 8‹ mL¡fËš kâ¥ig bgW»wJ.
A. 0 = 0
o 4. gâdhWÃiy v©Kiw g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf.
30. Indempotency Éâia vGJf. gâdhWÃiy v©KiwÆ‹ kâ¥òfŸ 16‹
ab

cŸçL« btËpL« rk« Indempotency mokhd¤âš F¿¥ãl¥gL«. gâdhW Ãiy
v©fŸ, ïUÃiy v©fS¡F FW¡F tÊ
A+A=A tot§fshf ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wJ. juîfis
A. A = A Äfî« f¢ájkhf F¿¥ãl ïªj Kiw
ur
31. Absorption Éâia vGJf. ga‹g‹gL»wJ. ïªj KiwÆš 0 Kjš 9

j‹df¤nj V‰W¡ bfhŸSjš Absorption tiu v© cU¡fS«, A, B, C, D, E, F M»a
A + (A. B) = A
vG¤J¡fSl‹ 16 ïy¡f§fis bfh©LŸsJ.
ïâš, A, B, C, D, E, F cU¡fŸ Kiwna 10, 11,
.s
A. (A + B) = A 12, 13, 14 k‰W« 15 ¡F ÃfuhditahF«.

32. g»®î Éâia vGJf. 5. ïUÃiy v©fis v©Âiy v©fshf kh‰W«
w
g»®î Éâ Distributive goÃiyfis vGJf:

A + A. B = A + B goÃiy 1: bfhL¡f¥g£l ïUÃiy v©fis
tyÄUªJ ïlkhf _‹W ã£Lfshf FGth¡fî«.
áW Édh¡fŸ 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ
w
goÃiy 2: ïlJ Xu« _‹W ã£Lfshf

mikaÉšiy vÅš, K‹bdh£lhf 0 ia Ãu¥ã,
1. gâ‹k Ãiy v©Kiw g‰¿ áW F¿¥ò tiuf. _‹W ã£ FGthf mik¡fnt©L«.
ïªj v© Kiw 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 M»a g¤J v©
w

goÃiy 3: "2‹ mL¡F Ãiy Ãiw Kiw”-ia
cU¡fis bfh©lJ. ïJ gHikahd, bghJthf
ga‹gh£oš cŸs KiwahF«. ïJ “Ãiy kâ¥ò” ga‹gL¤â, x›bthU FGÉY« cŸs ïUÃiy
(Positional Value) KiwahF«. xU gâ‹k v© kâ¥ò¡fS¡F Ãfuhd gâ‹k v©fis fz¡»l
bjhlÇš cŸs x›bthU v©Â‹ kâ¥ò«, mj‹ nt©L«.
Ãiyia mšyJ mªj v© mikªJŸs ïl¤ij
bghU¤J mikí«. mjhtJ, gâ‹k v©Â‹

6. ïUÃiy v©fis gâdhW Ãiy v©fshf 10. (300)10 → (?2) → (?8) → (?16)
kh‰W« goÃiyfis vGJf. 2 300 8 300 16 300
goÃiy 1: bfhL¡f¥g£l ïUÃiy v©fis 2 150 – 0 8 37 – 4 16 18 – 12

2 75 – 0 4–5 1–2
tyÄUªJ ïlkhf eh‹F ã£Lfshf FGth¡fî«. 2 37 – 1
ïlJ Xu« eh‹F ã£Lfshf mikaÉšiy 2 18 – 1
m
vÅš, K‹bdh£lhf 0 ia Ãu¥ã, eh‹F ã£ 2 9–0
FGthf mik¡fnt©L«. 2 4–1
2 2–0
goÃiy 2: "2‹ mL¡F Ãiy Ãiw Kiw”-ia 1–0
co
ga‹gL¤â, x›bthU FGÉY« cŸs ïUÃiy Éil: 1001011002 → 4548 → 12C16
kâ¥ò¡fS¡F Ãfuhd gâ‹k v©fis fz¡»l
nt©L«. 11. ã‹tUtdt‰iw kh‰Wf.
goÃiy 3: x›bthU gâ‹k v©Q¡F« Ãfuhd (i) FACE16 = ?2 (i) COFFEE16 = ?2
gâdhW Ãiy v©fshf vGjnt©L«.
s.
(i) (FACE)16
7. ïUÃiy v©fis, gâ‹k v©fshf kh‰W«
goÃiyfis vGJf Éil : F A C E
ok
goÃiy 1: bfhL¡f¥gL« ïUÃiy v©fis ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
vGâ, tyÄUªJ ïlkhf x›bthU ïUÃiy
1111 1010 1100 1110
kâ¥ò¡F« Ãfuhd 2‹ mL¡F Ãiy kâ¥ig
vGJf. = (1111101011001110)2
goÃiy 2: x›bthU 2‹ mL¡F Ãiy kâ¥ã‰F«,
mj‹ Ãiw kâ¥ig vGJf.
o (ii) (COFFEE)16

C O F F E E
goÃiy 3: x›bthU ïUÃiy ïy¡f¤ijí«,
ab
mj‰F Ãfuhd Ãiw kâ¥òl‹ bgU¡» vGJf. ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
goÃiy 4: Éil kâ¥òfŸ mid¤ijí« 1100 0000 1111 1111 1110 1110
T£o tU« ïWâ kâ¥ò, bfhL¡f¥g£l ïUÃiy
v©Â‰F Ãfuhd gâ‹k v© MF«. = (110000001111111111101110)2
ur
8. v©Âiy v©fis, gâ‹k v©fshf kh‰W« 12. ã‹tU« v©Âiy v©fis Ãu¥òf.
goÃiyfis vGJf 365, 366, 367, ..., ..., ...
goÃiy 1: bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs v©Âiy
Éil : 3658 = 3×82 + 6×81 + 5×80 = (245) 10
.s
v©fis vL¤J vGâ, x›bthU v©Â‹

Ãiy kâ¥ò¡F« Ãfuhd 8‹ mL¡F Ãiwfis 3668 = 3×82 + 6×81 + 6×80 = (246) 10
tyÄUªJ, ïlkhf vGj nt©L«.
goÃiy 2: x›bthU v©Âiy v©izí«, 3678 = 3×82 + 6×81 + 7×80 = (247) 10

w

mj‹ 8‹ mL¡F Ãiy Ãiw kâ¥òl‹ bgU¡f
nt©L«. 24810 = 8 248
goÃiy 3: mid¤J bgU¡fš kâ¥òfisí« 8 31 – 0
w
T£Lf. 3–7 = 3708
9. EBCDIC v‹w F¿p£L Kiw g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf 24910 = 8 249

8 31 – 1
w
ASCII F¿p£L Kiwia¥ ngh‹nw ïJî« = 3718

3–7
8 ã£ F¿p£L KiwahF«. ïªj F¿p£L
Kiw IBM (International Business Machine) 25010 = 8 250
ÃWtd¤jhš cUth¡f¥g£lJ. mªj ÃWtd¤â‹ 8 31 – 2
3–7 = 3728
fÂ¥bgh¿fËš jftš gÇkh‰w¤â‰F ïªj
Kiw ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. ïªj KiwÆš 256 ∴ 365,366, 367, 370, 371, 372
vG¤JU¡fis ifahs Koí«.

13. T£Lf. Ãiw Kiwia ga‹g‹gL¤â, gâ‹k v©zhf

(i) 10112 + 111 (ii) 1002 + 12 kh‰Wf.
goÃiy 2: Äj¥ò¥ òŸË ïUÃiy v©Â‰F
Éil : (i) 10112 (ii) 100 Ãfuhd gâ‹k v©iz fz¡»l ÑœfhQ«
+111 +1 tÊKiwfŸ ã‹g‰w¥gl nt©L«.
m
10010 101 goÃiy 2.1: Äj¥ò¥ òŸË ïUÃiy v©fis

= 100102 = 1012 vL¤J vGJf.
goÃiy 2.2: x›bthU ïUÃiy v©Â‰F«
co

14. fÊ¤J vGjî«. Ãfuhd vâ®kiw 2‹ mL¡F Ãiy k‰W«
(i) 1002 - 12 (ii) 10002 - 1012 Ãiwfis ïlÄUªJ tykhf vGjî«.
goÃiy 2.3: x›bthU ïUÃiy v© kâ¥òlD«,
012 0212
s.
Éil : (i) 100 (ii) 10002 2‹ mL¡F Ãiy Ãiwia bgU¡Ff.
-1 +1012 goÃiy 2.4: Kªija goÃiyÆš »il¡f¥bg‰w
112 0011 bgU¡fš kâ¥òfis T£Lf.
ok
= 112 = 112 2‹ vâ®kiw mL¡F Ãiw kâ¥ò
Ãiy kâ¥ò
15. ã‹tU« m£ltizia Ãu¥òf. -1
2 (1/2) 0.5
(i) 0 + ________ =0 o 2-2 (1/4) 0.25
(ii) ________ + 0 =1 2-3 (1/8) 0.125
(iii) 1+1 = _____ 2-4 (1/16) 0.0625
ab
(iv) 0+1 = _____ 2-5 (1/32) 0.03125
Éil : (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 1 (iv) 1 2-6 (1/64) 0.015625
2-7 (1/128) 0.0078125
16. ã‹tU« m£ltizia Ãu¥òf.
ur
goÃiy 3: ïWâahf, KG v© gFâiaí«,

1. 0 - 0 = ________
Äj¥ò¥ òŸË v© gFâfis xU jrk¥òŸËíl‹
2. ___ – 0 =1 nr®¤J vGj nt©L«.
3. 1 – 1 = ________
.s
2. (A . B) = A + B v‹w okh®f‹ Éâia jU¡f

4. 0 – 1 = ________ R‰W k‰W« bkŒ g£oaiy bfh©L Ã%ã¡fî«.
Éil : 1) 0 2) 1 3) 0 4) 1 NOR thÆš:
w
NOR thÆš R‰W, OR thÆÈ‹ btËgh£il

17. ïUÃiy v©fis bfh©L brŒa¥gL« mo¥gil jiyÑHhf kh‰¿¡ bfhL¡F«. ïu©L
fz¡ÑLfis vGJf? cŸç£LfS« “bghŒ” vÅš, ïj‹ btË¥ghL
1. T£lš 2. fÊ¤jš 3. bgU¡fš 4. tF¤jš. “bkŒ” Mf ïU¡F«. ïšiybaÅš “bghŒ”
w
MF«. khwhf, cŸç£LfŸ mid¤J« `0' Mf

beLÉdh¡fŸ 5 kâ¥bg©fŸ ïUªjhš k£Lnk btËp£il `1' Mf bgw Koí«.
ïšiybaÅš btËpL `0'-MfÆU¡F«.
w
1. Äj¥ò¥ òŸË ïUÃiy v©fis gâ‹k v©fshf

kh‰W« goÃiyfis vGJf. NOR thÆÈ‹ jU¡f R‰W
ÑœfhQ« goÃiyfis ga‹g‹gL¤â, xU A A+B C=A+B

Äj¥ò¥ òŸË ïUÃiy v©fis gâ‹k B
v©fshf kh‰wyh«.
NOR thÆÈ‹ jU¡f R‰W
goÃiy 1: ýbfhL¡f¥g£l Äj¥ò¥ òŸË ïUÃiy
v©Â‹ KG v© gFâia 2‹ mL¡F Ãiy

NAND thÆÈ‹ btËpL

A
C C = (A . B)
B
ïjid A AND B-‹ NOT v‹gJ C v‹W
NOR thÆÈ‹ jU¡f F¿ go¡fî« mšyJ A AND B -‹ btËp£il
m
NOR thÆÈ‹ btËpL jiyÑHhf C-‹ kâ¥ò ïU¡F«.
C = (A+ B) cjhuzkhf cŸçLfŸ 1 vÅš

“C v‹gJ A OR B-‹ NOT” mšyJ C = (1 . 1)= 1 = 0

co

“C v‹gJ A OR B-‹ jiyÑHhd btËp£il NAND thÆÈ‹ bkŒ g£oaš
F¿¡F«.
cŸçL btËpL
vL¤J¡fh£lhf, cŸç£LfŸ ïu©L« 0 vÅš,
A B C
s.
C = (0+ 0) = 0 = 1 0 0 1
NOR thÆÈ‹ bkŒ g£oaš 0 1 1
1 0 1
ok
cŸçL btËpL
1 1 0
A B C
0 0 1 t£lÄ£l OR thÆš : [m.kh.É 18]
0 1 0 o t£lÄ£l OR thÆš jU¡f R‰W ÑnH
1 0 0 bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
1 1 0 A A
ab
NOT thÆÈ‹ bkŒg£oaš C=A . B
3. (A . B) = A + B v‹w okh®f‹ Éâia jU¡f
R‰W k‰W« bkŒ g£oaiy bfh©L Ã%¥ã¡fî«. B B

ur
NAND thÆš :
AND thÆÈ‹ btËp£il NOT thÆY¡F ïªj R‰¿‹ btËpL C = A + B
mD¥ã bgW« btËp£il bfh©L NAND v‹W vGjyh«. cŸç£LfS¡F t£lÄ£l, nkny
cŸs R‰iw ï›thW ntW Éjkhf tiuayh«,
.s
thÆš bra‰gL«. ïj‹ jU¡f bra‰ghL

AND thÆÈ‹ btËp£il jiyÑHhf bgW«, ïâš t£l§fŸ jiyÑœ v‹gij F¿¡F«.
cŸçLfŸ mid¤J« “bkŒ” vÅš, ïj‹ A
C
B
w
btËpL “bghŒ” M»ÆU¡F«, ïšiynaš

ïj‹ btËpL “bkŒ” MfÆU¡F«. khwhf
cŸç£L mid¤J« 1 vÅš NAND thÆÈ‹ t£lÄ£l thÆÈ‹ bkŒg£oaš ÑnH
btËpL 0-MfÆU¡F«, ïšiynaš ïj‹ bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
w
btËpL 1-MfÆU¡F«. NAND thÆÈ‹ jU¡f

cŸçL btËpL
R‰W.
A B C
w
A 0 0 1
A.B C=A.B
B 0 1 1
1 0 1
NAND thÆÈ‹ jU¡f R‰W
1 1 0
NAND thÆÈ‹ jU¡f F¿ ÑnH
t£lÄ£l OR thÆš k‰W« NAND thÆÈ‹
bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ. bkŒg£oašfis x¥ÕL brŒjhš ïu©L«

x‹whfnt ïU¡F«. Mfnt ï›Éu©L 5. XNOR thÆš g‰¿ ÉÇthf vGjî«.

R‰WfS« x‹¿ÈUªJ ï‹bdh‹whf XNOR (Exclusive –NOR) thÆš v‹gJ XOR
kh‰¿aik¡fyh«. thÆš ïUªJ tªj btËp£oid, jiyÑHhf
(A . B) = A + B kh‰¿ jU«. ïU cŸçLfS« rkkhf ïU¡F«
mjhtJ, ïJ okh®fÅ‹ (De-Morgan) ïu©lhtJ nghJ ïj‹ btËpL “bkŒ” M»ÆU¡F«,
m

nj‰w¤ij Ã%ã¡»wJ. mšyJ cŸçLfŸ bt›ntwhf ïU¥ã‹
4. XOR thÆš g‰¿ ÉÇthf vGjî«. btËpL “bghŒ” M»ÆU¡F«. khwhf cŸçLfŸ
rk«. vÅš btËpL 1-MfÆU¡F«, ïšiynaš
co
XOR v‹gJ (Exclusive OR) thÆš, ïJ jU¡f
btËpL 0-MF«.
either/OR v‹gJ ýnghynt brašgL«.
A A A.B A C=A≈B
B A≈B
B
s.
A = A.B+ A.B
A
A.B XNOR thÆÈ‹ jU¡f R‰W
B B
XNOR thÆÈ‹ btËpL, XOR thÆÈ‹
ok

XOR thÆÈ‹ jU¡f R‰W btËp£il NOT thÆY¡F brY¤â bgw¥gL«.

VnjD« x‹W mšyJ mid¤J cŸçLfS« C= A⊕ B
“bkŒ” vÅš, ïj‹ btËpL “bkŒ” MF«.
= A.B + A.B
o
cŸçLfŸ “bkŒ” mšyJ ”bghŒ” v‹¿Uªjhš,
ïj‹ btËpL “bkŒ” MF«. mjhtJ, = AB + AB
cŸçLfË‹ kâ¥ò bt›ntwhf ïUªjhš,
ab
btËpL 1-MfÆU¡F« mšyJ cŸçLfŸ (De Morgan's nj‰w¤ij cgnah»¤jhš)
xnu kâ¥ãÈUªjhš btËpL 0-MF«. XOR óÈa‹ fÂj¤âš, RÊ¡FŸ òŸË . mšyJ
thÆÈ‹ jU¡f R‰W ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ. “included dot” v‹gij F¿¡F«.
XOR thÆÈ‹ bkŒ g£oaš C=A . B
ur

cŸçL btËpL ïj‹ jU¡f F¿,
A B C
A
0 0 0 C=A ⊙ B
.s
0 1 1
B
1 0 1
w
1 1 0 XNOR thÆÈ‹ jU¡f F¿

XOR thÆÈ‹ bkŒg£oaš XNOR thÆÈ‹ bkŒg£oaš ÑnH
Exclusive OR bra‰gh£il, óÈa‹ fÂj¤âš bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ.

w
RÊ¡FŸ cŸs T£lš F¿ _y« mšyJ ïij cŸçL btËpL

“Encircled Plus” v‹W F¿¥ãlyh«.
A B C
C = A ÅB
w
0 0 1
XOR thÆÈ‹ jU¡f F¿ ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ. 0 1 0
1 0 0
A
1 1 0
C
B XNOR thÆÈ‹ bkŒg£oaš

6. ã‹tUtdt‰iw kh‰Wf
(i) (101.10)16 → (?2) = (?)10
(ii) (3674)8 → (?2) = (?10)

(iii) (101011001)2 → (?16) = (?)8
m
(i) (101.10)16 → (?2) = (?)10
(101.10)16 in binary form
=
1 0 1 . 1 0
co
0001 0000 0001 . 0001 0000
(101.10)2 = (000100000001.00010000)2
(101.10)16 jrk âU¤â‹ go
s.
(101.10)2 = 1 × 162 + 0 × 161 + 1 × 160 + 1 × 16–1 + 0 × 16-2
= 256 + 0 + 1 + 0.0625 + 0 = (275.0625)10

∴ (101.10)16 1 = (257.0625)10 = (0000100000001.00010000)2
ok
(ii) (3674)8 → (?2) = (?)10
(3674)8 in binary from
3 6 7 4
011
o 110 111 100
(3674)8 = (011110111100)2
ab

(3674)8 in decimal form
(3674)8 = 3 × 83 + 6 × 82 + 7 × 81 + 4 × 80

= 1536 + 384 + 56 + 4 = (1980)10
ur
∴ (3674)8 → (011110111100)2 = (1980)10
(iii) (101011001)2 → (?16) = (?)8

(101011001)2 in hexadecimal form
.s
= 1 0101 1001
(101011001)2 = (159)16
w
(101011001)2 = (159)16
(101011001)2 Octal form
w
101 011 001

↓ ↓ ↓
5 3 1
w
(101011001)2 = (531)8
∴ (101011001)2 → (159)16 = (531)8

m
fÂÅ mik¥ò
co
ïaš
bghUsl¡f«
s.
3.1. K‹Diu 3.5.3.1.
Ãuyh¡F go¡f k£L«
3.2 E©braÈfË‹ mo¥gilfŸ Ãidtf«
ok
3.3. E©braÈ k‰W« Ãidtf¤â‰F 3.5.3.2. mÊ¡f¡Toa Ãuyh¡F
juî gÇkh‰w« go¡f k£L« Ãidtf«
3.4. E©braÈÆ‹ tiffŸ 3.5.3.3. Ä‹rhu¤jhš mÊ¡F«

o
3.4.1. brayh¡f¥gL« juÉ‹
k‰W« Ãuyh¡F go¡f k£L«
myf¤ij bghW¤J
ab
Ãidtf«
E©braÈÆ‹ tiffŸ
3.4.2. f£lis bjhFâÆ‹ 3.5.4. nf¢ Ãidtf«
mo¥gilÆš E©braÈÆ‹ 3.6. ïu©lh« Ãiy nrÄ¥ò rhjd§fŸ
ur
tiffŸ 3.6.1. t‹t£LfŸ

3.4.2.1. Fiw¡f¥g£l f£lis bjhFâ 3.6.2. FWt£L
fÂÅfŸ 3.6.3. oÍ£lš bt®rilš t£L/
.s
3.4.2.2. á¡fyhd f£lis oÍ£lš åonah t£L

mik¡f¥g£l fÂÅfŸ 3.6.4. ~ãshZ Ãidtf rhjd§fŸ
w
3.5. Ãidtf¢ rhjd§fŸ 3.6.5. ¥S-nut£L

3.5.1. neuo mQfš Ãidtf« 3.7. bjhl®ò Kf« (Ports) k‰W« ïilKf«
w
3.5.2. neuo mQfš Ãidtf¤â‹ (Interface)

tiffŸ
w
[45]

126 RuhÉ‹ ➠ 11 M« tF¥ò ➠ fÂÅ m¿Éaš - bjhFâ-I ➠ myF II ➠ ghl« 8
solver ( input ) j‰RH‰áia¥ ga‹g‹gL¤â xU á¡fiy¤

if cŸçL nghJkhd msî¡F á¿ajhf Ô®¡F« nghbjšyh«, ïªj ïu©L Ãiyikfis
ïU¡FbkÅš, eh« cWâbrŒa nt©L«:
Ô®it f£lik¡fî« (i) j‰RH‰á¥ goÆš, j‰RH‰á miH¥ò¡fhd
cŸç£o‹ msî bfhL¡f¥g£l cŸç£o‹
m
else
msitÉl f©o¥ghf¢ á¿ajhf ïU¡f
á¿jh¡f¥g£l cŸç£L¡fhd Jiz á¡fšfis nt©L«
f©Lão¡fî«.
(ii) FiwªjJ X® mo¥gil ÃiyikahtJ
co
Jiz á¡fÈ‹ Ô®î = x›bthU Jiz á¡fÈ‹
ïU¡f nt©L«.
Ô®¥gh‹.
Jiz á¡fšfËÈUªJ, _y á¡fY¡fhd Ô®it
f£lik¤jš.
s.

o ok
ab
ur
.s
w
w
w

m
co
s.
fÂÅ m¿Éaš
o ok
ab
bjhFâ - II
ur
.s
w
w
w

m
co
bghUsl¡f«
s.
bjhFâ II
myF III - C++ X® m¿Kf«
ok
9. C++ X® m¿Kf« 129-164
10. ghŒî¡ f£L¥ghL 165-190
11. C++‹ bra‰TWfŸ 191-212
12. mÂfŸ k‰W« f£LU¡fŸ
o 213-236
ab
myF IV - C++ bghUŸ neh¡F Ãuyh¡f bkhÊ
13. m¿Kf« - bghUŸneh¡F Ãuyh¡f E£g§fŸ 237-244
14. ïd¡FG¡fŸ k‰W« bghUŸfŸ 245-280
ur
15. gšYUth¡f« 281-294

16. kuòÇk« (INHERITANCE) 295-316
myF V - fÂ¥bgh¿ e‹bd¿ k‰W« ïiza¥ ghJfh¥ò
.s
17. fÂ¥bgh¿ e‹bd¿ k‰W« ïiza¥ ghJfh¥ò 317-328

18. fÂ¥bgh¿Æš jÄœ 329-332
w
muR khâÇ Édh¤jhŸ

RuhÉ‹ khâÇ Édh¤jhŸ-1k‰W« 2 ÉilfSl‹ 333-364
w
kh®¢ 2019 muR bghJ¤ nj®î Édh¤jhŸ ÉilfSl‹

w

myF III C++ X® m¿Kf«

9
m
C++ X® m¿Kf«
co
ghl«
bghUsl¡f«
s.
gFâ - I gFâ - II
ok
9.1. K‹Diu
9.9. juÉd§fŸ, kh¿fŸ k‰W« nfhitfŸ
9.2. F¿íU¤ bjhFâ
9.10. m¿Kf«
9.3. bkhÊ¤ bjhFâ (ÉšiyfŸ)
9.11. juî ïd§fË‹ fU¤jh¡f«

o
9.3.1. áw¥ò¢ brh‰fŸ (Keywords)
9.12. C++ juî ïd§fŸ
9.3.2. F¿¥bga®fŸ (Identifiers)
ab
9.3.3. ÃiyíU¡fŸ (kh¿ÈfŸ) 9.12.1. mo¥gil¤ juÉd§fŸ
9.3.4. bra‰F¿fŸ (Operators) m¿Kf«
9.3.5. ÃW¤j¡F¿fŸ (Punctuators) 9.12.2. mo¥gil juÉd§fË‹
9.4. cŸç£L-btËp£L bra‰F¿fŸ Ãidtf cUtik¤jš
ur
9.4.1. cŸç£L¢ bra‰F¿ (Input 9.12.3. juÉd§fË‹ g©òz®¤âfŸ

(Data type modifiers)
Operator)
9.4.2. btËp£L bra‰F¿ (Output9.13. kh¿fŸ
.s
Operator) 9.13.1. kh¿fË‹ m¿É¥ò

9.4.3. I/O bra‰F¿fŸ bjhluh¡f« 9.13.2. kh¿Æ‹ bjhl¡f kâ¥ãU¤jš
(Cascading of I/O operators) 9.13.3. ïa§F Ãiy bjhl¡f
w
9.5. C++-š Kjš vL¤J¡fh£L Ãuš kâ¥ãU¤jš

9.13.4. mQFÃiy g©òz®¤â const
9.6. C++ Ãuiy ïa¡Fjš
9.13.5. F¿¥òfŸ (References)
w
(Execution of C++ program)

9.14. btËpL totik¥ò
9.7. C++ cUth¡F NHš
(C++ Development Environment)
9.15. nfhit (Expression)
w
9.7.1. e‹F m¿a¥g£l IDEíldhd 9.16. ïd kh‰w« (Type Conversion)

C++ bjhF¥gh‹fŸ
9.7.2. Dev C++ š ntiy brŒjš
9.8. ãiHfË‹ tiffŸ (Types of Errors)
[129]

130 RuhÉ‹ ➠ 11 M« tF¥ò ➠ fÂÅ m¿Éaš ➠ bjhFâ-II - myF III ➠ ghl« 9
kâ¥ÕL
gFâ - m 7. ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£litfËš vJ xU rÇahd
ruÃiyíU MF«?
rÇahd Éilia nj®î brŒaî«
m. 'A' M. 'Welcome'
m
ï. 1232 <. "1232"
1. C++ -ia cUth¡»at® ah®?
[Éil. <. "1232"]
m. rh®y° ghng{
M. n#®‹ °£bus°£u¥ 8. ca®Ãiy bkhÊÆš vGj¥gL« Ãuš v›thW
co
ï. ãš nf£° miH¡f¥gL»wJ?
<. Rªj® ã¢ir m. ïy¡F F¿Kiw
[Éil. M. n#®‹ °£bus°£u¥] M. _y F¿Kiw
ï. ïa§f¡Toa F¿Kiw
2. C ++ ¡F Kj‹KjÈš it¡f¥g£l bga® v‹d?
s.
<. ïit mid¤J«[Éil. M. _y F¿Kiw]
m. áãã
M. nk«g£l á 9. a=5, b=6; vÅš a & b Æ‹ Éil v‹d?
m. 4 M. 5
ok
ï. ïd¡FG¡fŸ cl‹ á
<. á cl‹ ïd¡FG¡fŸ ï. 1 <. 0
[Éil. ï. ïd¡FG¡fŸ cl‹ á] [Éil. m. 4]
3. C ++ vd bga® N£oat® ah®? 10. bjhF¥ò neu (Compile time) bra‰F¿ v›thW
miH¡f¥gL»wJ?
m. Ç¡ kh°»£o
ï. ãš nf£°
M. Ç¡ ã#®nd
<. bl‹Å° Ç£á
o m. sizeof M. pointer
[Éil. m. Ç¡ kh°»£o] ï. virtual <. this
ab
[Éil. m. sizeof]
4. xU ÃuÈš cŸs Û¢áW jÅ¤j myF:
m. Ãuš M. be¿Kiw gFâ - M
ï. ghŒî¥gl« <. ÉšiyfŸ FW Édh¡fŸ (2 kâ¥bg©fŸ)
[Éil. <. ÉšiyfŸ]
ur
1. ÉšiyfŸ v‹whš v‹d? C++ -š cŸs

5. ã‹tU« bra‰F¿fËš C ++ ï‹ juî <®¥ò Éšiyfis TWf.
bra‰F¿ vJ?
xU ÃuÈš cŸs Û¢áW jÅ¤j myF, ÉšiyfŸ
m. >> M. <<
.s
mšyJ bkhÊ¤ bjhFâ v‹W miH¡f¥gL»wJ.

ï. <> <. ^ ^ C++ ã‹tU« Éšiyfis bfh©LŸsJ.
[Éil. m. >>]
áw¥ò¢ brh‰fŸ F¿¥bga®fŸ
w
6. ã‹tU« th¡»a§fËš vJ c©ik ïšiy? (Identifiers)

(Keywords)
m. Ãušbga®¥ã¡F k£Lnk òÇ»‹w bghUŸ
bfh©l fh¥ò brh‰fS¡F áw¥ò brh‰fŸ ÃiyíU¡fŸ (Literals) bra‰F¿fŸ
v‹W bga®. (Operators)
w
M. xJ¡f¥g£l brh‰fŸ mšyJ K¡»a ÃW¤j‰F¿fŸ (Punctuators)

brh‰fis F¿¥bgauhf¥ ga‹gL¤jyh«.
2. áw¥ò¢ brh‰fŸ v‹whš v‹d? áw¥ò¢ brh‰fis
ï. KG v© kh¿È jrk òŸË ïšyhkš
w
F¿¥bga®fshf ga‹gL¤jyhkh?
Fiwªjg£r« xU ïy¡f¤ij bfh©oU¡f
nt©L«. (i) C ++ -Ãuš bga®¥ã¡F k£Lnk òÇ»‹w
<. mL¡F kh¿ÈfË‹ tot« ïu©L bghUŸ bfh©l fh¥ò brh‰fSl‹ (reserved
gFâfis¡ bfh©LŸsJ words), mit C++ Ãušfis¡ f£lik¡f,
[Éil. M. xJ¡f¥g£l brh‰fŸ mšyJ K¡»a
áw¥ò mtáakhd TWfshF«.
brh‰fis F¿¥bgauhf¥ ga‹gL¤jyh«. ] (ii) áw¥ò¢ brh‰fis F¿¥bga®fshf
ga‹gL¤j KoahJ.

RuhÉ‹ ➠ 11 M« tF¥ò ➠ fÂÅ m¿Éaš ➠ C++ X® m¿Kf« 131
3. ã‹tU« kh¿ÈfŸ vªj tif kh¿ÈfŸ MF«? 5. n = 10; vÅš, n >> 2; ‹ Éil v‹d?
(i) 39 (ii) 032 (iii) 0XCAFE (iv) 04.14 n = 10 ⇒ (00001010)2

(i) KG v© kh¿ÈfŸ
n >> 2 ⇒ (00000010)2 ⇒ 210
(ii) v©Âiy / v©k kh¿ÈfŸ
(iii) gâdhW Ãiy kh¿ÈfŸ 6. bghU¤Jf:
(iv) kâ¥ò¥ òŸË kh¿ÈfŸ
m
A B
4. Ñœ¡f©l bkŒahd kh¿Èfis mL¡FF¿ (a) tFÛâ (1) ÉšiyfŸ
toÉš vGJ§fŸ:
(b) tu«ò¢R£o (2) tF¤jÈ‹ Ûâ
(i) 23.197 (ii) 7.214 (iii) 0.00005 (iv) 0.319
co

(i) 23.197 × 102 ⇒ 0.23197E02 (c) juî <®¥ò (3) ÃU¤j¡F¿fŸ
(ii) 7.214 × 101 ⇒ 0.7214E01 (d) bkhÊ¤ bjhFâ (4) juî bgW«
(iii) 0.00005 ⇒ 0.5 × 10–4 ⇒ 0.5E-04
(iv) 0.0319 × 10 1 ⇒ 0.0319E01 [Éil. (a) - (2), (b) - (3), (c) - (4), (d) - (1)]
s.
gFâ - ï
áW Édh¡fŸ (3 kâ¥bg©fŸ)
ok
1. áw¥ò¢ brh‰fŸ (keywords) k‰W« F¿¥bga®fŸ (identifiers) -¡F ïilna cŸs ntWghLfis ÉtÇ?
áw¥ò¢ brh‰fŸ o F¿¥bga®fŸ

C++ Ãuš bga®¥ã¡F k£Lnk òÇ»‹w bghUŸ F¿¥bga®fŸ v‹gJ C++ ÃuÈš bt›ntW gFâfS¡F
bfh©l fh¥ò brh‰fSl‹ mit C++ bfhL¡f¥gL« bga®fshF«. ïit gaduhš
tiuaW¡f¥g£l, kh¿fŸ, bra‰TWfŸ, mÂfŸ, ïd¡
ab
Ãušfis f£lik¡f¡ Toa áw¥ò mtáakhd
TWfshF«. FG¡fŸ ngh‹wit MF«.
v.fh. break, continue, goto, void, if, for ïit xU ÃuÈ‹ mo¥gil f£Lkhd¤ bjhFâfŸ MF«.
v.fh. load, mark, encmo, no
ur
2. C++ xU vG¤J tot cz®¤âah? vG¤J tot cz®¤â (case sensitive) v‹gj‹ bghUŸ v‹d?
C++ xU vG¤J tot cz®¤â bkhÊahF«. bgÇa k‰W« á¿a vG¤J¡fŸ bt›ntwhf fUj¥gL»‹wd.
3. "=" k‰W« "==" ntWgL¤Jf.
.s
= ==
ïJ kâ¥ãU¤J bra‰F¿. ïJ xU x¥Õ£L¢ bra‰F¿.
w
xU kâ¥ãU¤J T‰¿‹ tyJ g¡f« ïU¡F« brany‰ãfS¡F ïilnaahd cwî Kiwia

kâ¥ig ïl¥g¡f« cŸs kh¿Æš ïU¤J«. f©Lão¡f ga‹gL»wJ.
v.fh. a = b, b Æ‹ kâ¥ò a-‹ kh¿Æš ïU¤J« v.fh. (a = b)
w
brany‰ã a, brany‰ã b íl‹ x¥ã£L x¥Õ£o‹

mo¥gilÆš 0 mšyJ 1 tU«.
w
4. a = 10, b = 15; vÅš a^b-Æ‹ kâ¥ò v‹d?

a ^ b
10 1 0 1 0 (Both the values are
10 ^ 15 15 1 1 1 1 same 0 If the value
1010 = 10102 are identity in 1)
a^b 0 1 0 1
1510 = 11112
a^b = 01012 = 510

5. bjhlÇaš ãiH (Syntax error ) k‰W« ïa¡f neu ãiH (Run time error ) ït‰¿¡F ïilna cŸs ntWghLfis
vGJf.
bjhlÇÆš ãiH ïa¡f neu ãiH

bjhlÇaš mšyJ ïy¡fz« (Syntax) v‹gJ xU Ãuiy ïa¡F« nghJ, ïa¡f neu¥ãiH njh‹wyh«.
Ãušfis cUth¡Ftj‰F njitahd fhuz«, KiwÆšyhj braš Kiwfshš ïªj ãiH
m
ïy¡fz ÉâKiwfË‹ bjhF¥ghF«. V‰gL«.
x›bthU Ãuyh¡f bkhÊ¡F« _y¡
F¿Kiwia cUth¡Ftj‰F jÅ jÅ
co
ÉâKiwfŸ cŸsd.
v.fh. v.fh. ïšyhj xU nfh¥ig ÃuyhdJ âw¡f
cout<<"welcome to programming in C++" K‰gL«nghJ ïa¡f neu¥ãiH V‰gL»wJ.
6. bjhlÇaš ãiH (Syntax error) k‰W« j®¡fßâahd ãiH (Logical error) ït‰¿¡F ïilna cŸs ntWghLfis
s.
TWf.
bjhlÇÆš ãiH j®¡fßâahd ãiH
ok
bjhlÇaš mšyJ ïy¡fz« (Syntax) v‹gJ xU ÃuyhdJ ïy¡fz ÉâKiw go rÇahf ïUªJ«,
Ãušfis cUth¡Ftj‰F njitahd njitahd Éilia tH§fhkš ïU¡fyh«. VbdÅš
ïy¡fz ÉâKiwfË‹ bjhF¥ghF«. kh¿ / bra‰F¿ / ïa¡f¥gL« tÇir ngh‹wt‰¿š
x›bthU Ãuyh¡f bkhÊ¡F« _y¡ VnjD« jtW ïU¥ã‹, ïªj ãiHahdJ njh‹W«.
F¿Kiwia cUth¡Ftj‰F jÅ jÅ
ÉâKiwfŸ cŸsd.
o
C++ ‹ ïy¡fz ÉâKiwfŸ Ûw¥gL« nghJ ïj‹go, ÃuyhdJ ïy¡fz ÉâKiw¥go rÇahf
ab
bjhlÇaš ãiHfŸ V‰gL»‹wd. ïUªJ jU¡f (logic) Kiw¥go jtwhf cŸsJ.
Mifahš brh‰bwhl® ãiH jU¡f ãiH, v‹W«
miH¡f¥gL«.
7. jiy¥ò¡ nfh¥ã‹ ga‹ ahJ?
ur
jiy¥ò nfh¥ò v‹gJ K‹dnu tiuaW¡f¥g£l gšntW bghUŸ cW¥ãd®fis cŸsl¡»aJ. ÃuÈš
cW¥ãd®fis ga‹gL¤j nt©Lkhdhš mj‰fhd rÇahd jiy¥ò nfh¥ig ga‹gL¤j nt©L«.
8. main bra‰T‰¿‹ áw¥ò ahJ?
.s
(i) C/C++ ÃuyhdJ bra‰TWfË‹ bjhF¥ghF«. x›bthU C++ ÃuY« main() bra‰T¿id¡ f£lhakh¡f¥
bg‰¿U¡f nt©L«.
(ii) brašgL¤j¥gL« T‰WfŸ main() bra‰T¿DŸ ïU¡f nt©L«.
w
9. cŸsl¡f bjhF¥ghÅ‹ (include compiler directive) ïu©L ga‹ghLfis vGJf.

(i) mid¤J C++ ÃušfS« include T‰Wl‹ F¿íl‹ bjhl§F«. # v‹gJ xU K‹braÈ be¿íW¤J«.
w
ïªj T‰WfŸ Ãuš bjhF¥ò¡F K‹djhfnt brašgl bjhl§F«.

(ii) #include<iostream> vD« T‰W, iostream v‹D« jiy¥ò¡ nfh¥ãid ÃuÈš nr®¤J¡ bfhŸSkhW
w
Ãuš bga®¥ã¡F cz®¤J»wJ.

10. bkŒ kh¿ÈfËš (real constants) ã‹tUtdt‰iw vGJf.
(i) 15.223 (ii) 211.05 (iii) 0.00025
(i) 1.5223 × 101 ⇒ 1.5223E-1
(ii) 2.1105 × 102 ⇒ 2.1105E-2
(iii) 25 × 10–5 ⇒ 25E-S

gFâ - < óÈa‹ kâ¥ghf ïU¡F«. 1 mšyJ 0

v‹gJ Kiwna rÇ mšyJ jtW v‹gij
bgU Édh¡fŸ (5 kâ¥bg©fŸ) F¿¡»wJ. C++, MW x¥Õ£L¢ bra‰F¿fis
1. C++ -š ga‹gL¤j¥gL« ïUÃiy bra‰F¿fis tH§F»wJ.
g‰¿ vGJf. (iii) jU¡f¢ bra‰F¿fŸ (Logical Operators):
m
ïu©L brany‰ãia k£L« V‰F« bra‰F¿fŸ jU¡f¢ bra‰F¿fŸ, jU¡f k‰W« x¥Õ£L
ïUk bra‰F¿fŸ v‹W miH¡f¥gL»‹wd. nfhitfis kâ¥ãl ga‹gL»wJ. jU¡f
(i) fz¡Ñ£L¢ bra‰F¿fŸ bra‰F¿fŸ brany‰ãfsh»a jU¡f
(ii) x¥Õ£L bra‰F¿fŸ
nfhitfË‹ ÛJ brašgL»wJ. C++ _‹W
co
jU¡f¢ bra‰F¿fis tH§F»wJ.
(iii) kâ¥ãU¤J bra‰F¿fŸ
(iv) jU¡f¢ bra‰F¿fŸ AND, OR ïu©L« ïUk bra‰F¿fŸ
(i) fz¡Ñ£L¢ bra‰F¿fŸ (Arithmetic (iv) kâ¥ãU¤J bra‰F¿ (Assignment
Operators) : fz¡Ñ£L¢ bra‰F¿fŸ Operator): bra‰F¿ =
(rk«) v‹gJ
s.
vËa fÂj¢ brašghLfsh»a T£lš, rhjhuz kâ¥ãU¤J bra‰F¿ MF«. xU
fÊ¤jš, bgU¡fš, k‰W« tF¤jš ngh‹w kâ¥ãU¤J T‰¿‹ ty¥g¡f« ïU¡F«
fz¡ÑLfis brašgL¤J»wJ. kâ¥ig ïl¥g¡f« cŸs kh¿Æš
ok
(ii) x¥Õ£L bra‰F¿fŸ (Relational
ïU¤J«. ïJ bghJthf všyh fÂ¥bgh¿
Operators): x¥Õ£L¢bra‰F¿fŸ bkhÊfËY« ga‹gh£oš cŸsJ. ïJ xU
brany‰ãfS¡F ïilnaahd cwî ïUk bra‰F¿ MF«.
Kiwia f©Lão¡f ga‹gL»wJ. x¥Õ£L C++ gyÉjkhd kâ¥ãU¤J bra‰F¿fis¥
bra‰F¿fŸ ïu©L brany‰ãfŸ ÛJ ga‹gL¤J»wJ. mitfŸ FW¡F tÊ
brašgL¤j¥gL« nghJ, ÉilahdJ
o kâ¥ãU¤J bra‰F¿fŸ vd¥gL«.
2.
ab
ãiHfË‹ tiffŸ ahit?
bghJthd ãiH tot§fŸ ã‹tUkhW:
ãiHÆ‹ tiffŸ És¡f«

(i) bjhlÇaš mšyJ ïy¡fz« (Syntax) v‹gJ Ãušfis cUth¡Ftj‰F
ur
njitahd ïy¡fz ÉâKiwfË‹ bjhF¥ghF«. x›bthU Ãuyh¡f

bkhÊ¡F« _y¡ F¿Kiwia cUth¡Ftj‰F jÅ jÅ ÉâKiwfŸ cŸsd.
ïy¡fz¥ãiH (ii) C++ ‹ ïy¡fz ÉâKiwfŸ Ûw¥gL« nghJ bjhlÇaš ãiHfŸ V‰gL»‹wd.
.s
mšyJ bjhlÇaš
ãiH (iii) v.fh. ã‹tUkhW j£l¢R brŒjhš C++ ãiHia V‰gL¤J«.
cout<<"Welcome to Programming in C++"
(Syntax Error)
(iv) C++ ïy¡fz ÉâKiwfË‹ go mid¤J ïa¡f T‰WfS« f©o¥ghf
w
miu¥òŸËíl‹ (;) K‰W¥bgw nt©L«. Mdhš ïªj T‰W miu¥òŸËíl‹

(;) Ko¡f¥glÉšiy.
w
(i) x
U ÃuyhdJ ïy¡fz ÉâKiw go rÇahf ïUªJ«, njitahd Éilia
tH§fhkš ïU¡fyh«. VbdÅš kh¿/ bra‰F¿/ ïa¡f¥gL« tÇir
brh‰bwl® ãiH ngh‹wt‰¿š VnjD« jtW ïU¥ã‹, ïªj ãiHahdJ njh‹W«.
w
(Semantic Error) (ii) ï

j‹go, ÃuyhdJ ïy¡fz ÉâKiw¥go rÇahf ïUªJ jU¡f (logic)
Kiw¥go jtwhf cŸsJ. Mifahš brh‰bwhl® ãiH jU¡f ãiH, v‹W«
miH¡f¥gL«.
(i) x U Ãuiy ïa¡F« nghJ, ïa¡f neu¥ãiH njh‹wyh«. fhuz«, KiwÆšyhj
ïa¡f neu ãiH brašKiwfshš ïªj ãiH V‰gL«.
(Run-time error) (ii) v.fh. ïšyhj xU nfh¥ig ÃuyhdJ âw¡f K‰gL«nghJ ïa¡f neu¥ãiH
V‰gL»wJ.

3. a = 15, b = 20; vÅš ÑœfhQ« brašgh£o‰fhd (M) 015 - Octal v©Âiy

Éil ahJ.? (ï) 0xF - Hexa decimal gâdhWÃiy
(a) a&b (b) a|b (c) a^b (d) a>>3 (e) (~b)
(<) 014.9 - Real constants bk‰kh¿È / Floating
(a) a&b point constants Äj¥ò¥òŸË kh¿È
a(15) = 01111 3. C++ š F¿íU kh¿È v‹whš v‹d?
m
b(20) = 10100 F¿íU kh¿È v‹gJ x‰iw nk‰nfhŸ
a & b = (00100) F¿fS¡FŸ ju¥gL« x‰iw F¿íUit¡
bfh©oU¡F«. C++-š xU F¿íU kh¿È,
co
a & b = 00100 ⇒ 4
x‰iw nk‰nfhŸ F¿fS¡FŸ x‰iw vG¤ij
(b) a | b f©o¥ghf bfh©oU¡f nt©L«.
a(15) = 01111 4. C++ š ÉLgLtÇir v›thW F¿¡f¥gL»wJ?
b(20) = 10100
s.
xU ÉLgLtÇir xU ã‹rhŒî¡ F¿p£lhš
(a | b) = 11111 F¿¡f¥gL»wJ, mj‹ ã‹ x‹W mšyJ ïu©L
vG¤J¡fŸ tuyh«.
(a | b) = 31
ok
(c) a ^ b 5. ã‹tU« bkŒ kh¿Èfis go mL¡F KiwÆš
vGJf
a(15) = 01111
(m) 32.179 (M) 8.124 (ï) 0.00007
b(20) = 10100 o (m) 32.179 ⇒ 32179E-3
(a ^ b) = 11000 (M) 8.124 ⇒ 8124E-3
a ⇒ 24 (ï) 0.00007 ⇒ 7 × 10-5
ab
(d) a >> 3
⇒ 7E-5
a = 15 =15/a3 = 15/8 = 1
6. ã‹tU« bkŒ kh¿Èfis Äj¥ò¥ òŸË v© tot«
15>>3 = 1
vGJf.
(e) ( ~ b) (m) 0.23E4 (M) 0.517E-3 (ï) 0.5E-5
ur
b(20) = 10100 (m) 0.23E4 ⇒ 0.000023

~ b = 01011 = 11 (M) 0.517E-3 ⇒ 0.517 ×10-3
.s
⇒ 0.000517
Ra kâ¥ÕL (ï) 0.5E-5 ⇒ 0.5 × 10-5
1. ÃiyíU v‹whš v‹d? C++š KG ⇒ 0.000005
w
ÃiyíU¡fË‹ tiffŸ ahit? 7. ru¤âš kâ¥ãÈ (\0) F¿íUÉ‹ K¡»a¤Jt«

xU Ãuš ïa§F«nghJ kâ¥òfŸ khwhj juîfŸ v‹d?
ÃiyíU¡fŸ MF«. vdnt, ÃiyíU¡fŸ ruÃiyíU¡fŸ jhdikthf (/0) v‹D« áw¥ò¡
w
kh¿ÈfŸ vd miH¡f¥gL»wJ. _‹W F¿íUit <‰¿š ïiz¤J¡ bfhŸS«.

tifahd KGv© kh¿ÈfŸ cŸsd.
(i) gâ‹k« 8. bra‰F¿fË‹ ga‹ ahJ?
w
(ii) v©Âiy bra‰F¿fŸ fÂj, jU¡f brašghLfis

brŒa¥ ga‹gL« F¿pLfshF«.
(iii) gâdhW Ãiy.
9. ïUk bra‰F¿ v‹whš v‹d? fÂj ïUk
2. ã‹tUtd v›tifahd kh¿ÈfŸ?
bra‰F¿fS¡F vL¤J¡fh£L jUf.
(m) 26 (M) 015 (ï) 0xF (<) 0149 ïu©L brany‰ãia k£L« V‰F« bra‰F¿fŸ
(m) 26 - Decimal gâ‹k« ïUk bra‰F¿ vd¥gL«. (v.fh.) x = a + b - c

10. tFÛâ(%) bra‰F¿Æ‹ brašghL v‹d? 16. ã‹tU« nfhitfË‹ kâ¥Õ£L tÇir Kiwia
bra‰F¿ahdJ tF¤jÈ‹ Ûâia f©Lão¡f vGJf.
cjî»wJ. (i) i+3>j-9 (ii) a+10<P-3+2q
(v.fh) 10 % 3 = 1 (tF¤jÈ‹ Ûâ) (i) i+3>j-9
i 3 J 9
m
11. 8.5 % 2 - Éil ahJ?
ãiH.
+ -
12. R - ‹ bjhl¡f kâ¥ò 35 vÅš S=(R- -)+(++R),
co
v‹w nfhitÆš, S-Æ‹ kâ¥ò v‹d? >=
Éil : R = 35

S = (R- -) + (++R) (ii) a+10<P-3+2q
s.
= 35 + 35 a 10 p 3 2 Q
S = 70
13. bjhl¡f¤âš K=20 vÅš j = - - k + 2k v‹w
ok
+ - A
nfhitÆ‹ Éil ahJ?
+
Éil : J = - -K + 2K K = 20
<
= 19 +(2 × 20) o
= 19 + 40 17. ã‹tU« T‰W¡F jU¡f nfhitia vGJf
kâ¥bg© 75 vÅš ju« A.
= 59
ab
Éil :
14. j =22 k‰W« p=3 vÅš p=p*++j v‹gj‹ Éil
Consider if you have 3 subject
ahJ?
K=[(marks1 ==75)&&(marks 2 ==75) && (mark3
Éil : P = P * ++J Where J = 22 P =3 ==75]
ur
= 3 * 23 If (K ==1)
= 69 cout << "grade = A" if(marks>=75)
.s
15. i =8, j=10 k‰W« k=8 vÅš ã‹tU« nfhitfŸ Else (or) grade 'A'
kâ¥ò v‹d? cout<<"nograde"
w
(i) i<k (ii) i<j (iii) i>=k

(iv) i==j (v) j!=k brŒKiw¥ gÆ‰á
(i) i<k = 8 < 8 = False (0)
w
ã‹tU« C++ Ãuiy Dev C++ IDE- Æš j£l¢R brŒJ

(ii) i<j = 8 < 10 = True (1) ïa¡Ff. Ãušbga®¥ã / bjhF¥gh‹ VnjD« ãiHia
R£o¡fh£odhš mij rÇ brŒJ, rÇahd Éil tU«
(iii) i>=k = 8 >= 8 = True (1)
tiu Û©L« Û©L« ïa¡fî«.
w
(iv) i==j = 8 ==10 = False (0) 1.

_‹W ghl kâ¥bg©fË‹ T£L¤bjhifia
(v) j!=k = 10! = 8 = True (1) f©l¿í« C++ Ãuš
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{

int m1, m2, m3, sum; {

cout << "\n Enter Mark 1: "; float r, area;
cin >> m1; cout << "\n Enter Radius: ";
cout << "\n Enter Mark 2: ";
cin >> r;
cin >> m2;
area = 3.14 * r * r;
m
cout << "\n Enter Mark 3: ";
cin >> m3; cout << "\n The Area of the circle is " << area;
sum = m1 + m2 + m3; }
co
cout << "\n The sum = " << sum; btËpL :
} Enter Radius: 6.5
bfhL¡f¥gL« kâ¥bg©fË‹ ruhrÇia The Area of the circle is 132.665
fz¡»L« tifÆš, nkny bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs
s.
ÃuÈš nt©oa kh‰w§fis brŒJ ïa¡Ff. 3. ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs ÃuÈ‹ ãiHfis f©l¿f.
Éil : Using namespace std;

#include<iostream> int main( )
ok
using namespace std; {
int main() cout << “Enter a value ”;
{ cin << num1 >> num2;
int m1, m2, m3, avg; num+num2=sum;

o
cout << "\n Enter the marks "; cout >> “\n The Sum= ” >> sum;
cin >> m1>>m2>>m3; Éil :
ab
avg = (m1+m2+m3)/3; rÇahd Ãuš :
cout << "The average = "<<avg; #include<iostream.h>
} int main ()
{
ur
2. t£l¤â‹ gu¥gsit f©l¿í« C++ Ãuš.

cout << "Enter a value";
#include <iostream> cin >> num1 >> num2:
using namespace std; sum = num1 + num2;
.s
int main() cout << "\n The sum = "<< sum;

{ }
int radius; 4.
w
ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs ÃuÈš vªj tifahd ãiH

cŸsJ v‹W f©l¿f:
float area;
#include <iostream>
cout << "\n Enter Radius: ";
w
cin >> radius;

int main()
area = 3.14 * radius * radius;
{
cout << "\n The area of circle = " << area;
w
int h=10; w=12;

}
cout << "Area of rectangle " << h+w;
Éil :
}
#include <iostream>
Éil :
bjhlÇaš ãiH mšyJ ïy¡fz¥ ãiH.
int main()

juÉd§fŸ, kh¿fŸ k‰W« nfhitfŸ

kâ¥ÕL
m
gFâ - m 8. ã‹tU« bra‰F¿fŸ vJ juÉd§fË‹ msit
jU»wJ?
rÇahd Éilia nj®î brŒaî« m. sizeof ( ) M. int ( )
ï. long ( ) <. double ( )
co
1. C++ -š v¤jid tifahd juÉd§fŸ cŸsd? [Éil. m. sizeof ( )]
m. 5 M. 4
9. vªj bra‰F¿ kh¿Æ‹ KftÇia bgw
ï. 3 <. 2 ga‹gL»wJ?
[Éil. ï. 3]
s.
m. $ M. #
2.
ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ mo¥gil juÉd« mšy? ï. & <. !
m. signed M. int [Éil. ï. &]
ok
ï. float <. char 10. endl f£lis¡F kh‰whf ga‹gLtJ vJ?
[Éil. m. signed] m. \t M. \b
3. ã‹tU« T‰WfË‹ Éilia f©l¿f. ï. \0 <. \n
char ch= ‘B’; o [Éil. <. \n]
cout << (int) ch;
m. B M. b gFâ - M
ab
ï. 65 <. 66 FW Édh¡fŸ (2 kâ¥bg©fŸ)
[Éil. <. 66]
4.
Äj¥ò¥ òŸË kâ¥ig F¿¥gj‰F ã‹bdh£lhf 1. const áw¥ò brhš g‰¿ vL¤J¡fh£Ll‹ áWF¿¥ò
ga‹gL« F¿íU vJ? vGJf.
ur
m. F M. C kh¿Èia m¿É¥gj‰fhd áw¥ò brhš const

ï. L <. D MF«. const áw¥ò brhš kh¿Æ‹ mQFÃiyia
[Éil. m. F] kh‰W»wJ mšyJ Kiw¥gL¤J»wJ.
vdnt ïJ mQFÃiy g©òz®¤â vdî«
5. Dev C++-š, short int x; v‹w T‰¿š kh¿Æš
.s
miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
m¿É¥ò¡F v¤jid ig£LfŸ Ãidtf¤âš
xJ¡f¥gL« vL¤J¡fh£L: int num = 100;
m. 2 M. 4 2. setw( ) totik¥ò ifahS« bra‰T¿‹ ga‹
w
ï. 6 <. 8[Éil. m. 2] v‹d?

6. ã‹tU« T‰WfË‹ btËp£il f©l¿f. setw() ifahSif bra‰TW btËp£o‰fhf
xJ¡f¥g£l òy¤â‹ mfy¤ij tiuaW¡»wJ.
char ch = ‘A’;
w
btËp£oš vGj¥gl nt©oa Fiwªjg£r F¿íU

ch = ch + 1; v©Â¡ifia òy¤â‹ mfy« Ã®zÆ¡»wJ.
m. B M. A1 f£lisaik¥ò:
w
ï. F <. 1A
set w (vG¤JU¡fË‹ v©Â¡if)
[Éil. m. B]
3. F¿íU(char)juÉd« V‹ KG v© juÉdkhf
7. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ juÉd§fË‹ g©òz®¤â
fUj¥gL»wJ?
mšy?
m. signed M. int ïJ KG v© tifahf fUj¥gL»wJ.
VbdÅš, mid¤J F¿íU¡fS« Ãidtf¤âš
ï. long <. short mjDila bjhl®òila ASCII F¿pLfshfnt
[Éil. M. int]

F¿¡f¥gL»‹wd char vd F¿¥bga® 10. ã‹tU« ïu©L T‰¿š vJ jFâahdJ vd

F¿¡f¥g£lhš C++, F¿íU mšyJ KG v© f©l¿ªJ mj‹ Éilia vGJf.
kâ¥ig nrÄ¤J¡ bfhŸs mDkâ¡»wJ. int a;
4. nk‰nfhŸ kh¿fŸ v‹whš v‹d?mj‹ ga‹ ahJ? (i) a = 3,014; (ii) a=(3,014);
K‹dnu, tiuaW¡f¥g£l kh¿fS¡F xU ïu©Lnk jtwhd T‰W.
m
kWbgaiu F¿¥òfŸ tH§F»‹wd. F¿¥òfË‹
m¿É¥ò kh¿Æ‹ mo¥gil juÉd¤Jl‹ gFâ - ï
F¿p£ilí« bfh©oU¡F«. F¿¥ò kh¿Æ‹ áW Édh¡fŸ (3 kâ¥bg©fŸ)
bgauhdJ V‰fdnt m¿É¡f¥g£l kh¿Æ‹
co
kâ¥ig vL¤J¡ bfhŸS«. 1. C++-š fz¡Ñ£L¢ bra‰F¿fŸ ahit? xUk,
ïUk bra‰F¿fis vL¤J¡fh£Ll‹ ntWgL¤Jf.
5. ã‹tU« C++ T‰WfŸ rkkhdjh v‹gij
f©l¿f. fz¡Ñ£L¢ bra‰F¿fŸ vËa fÂj¢
brašghLfsh»a T£lš, fÊ¤jš, bgU¡fš,
s.
char ch = 67; tF¤jš ngh‹w fz¡ÑLfis¢ brašgL¤J»wJ.
char ch = ‘C’; (i) xUk¢ bra‰F¿fŸ xnu xU brany‰ãia
M«. ïu©L T‰WfS« rkkhdJ. k£L« V‰F«.
ok
6. 56L k‰W« 56 ïilna cŸs ntWghL v‹d? v.fh.: &, ++, *, - -
(i) 56L ⇒ ïJ Long v‹w g©òz®¤âíl‹ (ii) ïUk¢ bra‰F¿fS¡F Fiwªjg£r«
tªJŸsJ. Mfnt ÃidÉl¤âš mj‰F ïu©L brany‰ãfŸ njit.
4 bytes xJ¡f¥gL»wJ. v.fh.: +, -, <, > =
(ii) 56 ⇒ ïJ rhjhuzkhd g©òz®¤âíl‹
o 2.

kâ¥ãLf. x + = x + + + x; Let x = 5;
tªJŸsJ. Mfnt ÃidÉl¤âš mj‰F
ab
Éil :
2 bytes xJ¡f¥gL»wJ.
x + = x +++ x Let x = 5
7. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ jFâ thŒªj kh¿È vd x =x+x+++x
f©l¿ªJ, mjDila tifia F¿¥ãLf.
= 5 + 5 + 6
ur
(i) 0.5 (ii) ‘Name’ (iii) ‘\t’ (iv) 27,822

x = 16.

(i) 0.5 ⇒ Äj¥ò¥òŸË kh¿È
3. x¥Õ£L bra‰F¿fS«, jU¡f¢ bra‰F¿fS«
(iii) ‘\t’ ⇒ F¿íU kh¿È vªj tifÆš bjhl®òilait?
.s
8. x k‰W« y v‹gJ ïu©L ïu£il Äj¥ò¥ òŸË kh¿ (i) jU¡f bra‰F¿fŸ, jU¡f k‰W« x¥Õ£L
v‹whš mjid KG v©zhf kh‰w ga‹gL« nfhitfis kâ¥ãl ga‹gL»wJ. jU¡f
C++ T‰iw vGJf. bra‰F¿fŸ brany‰ãfsh»a jU¡f
w
Éil : nfhitÆ‹ ÛJ brašgL»wJ.

double x; (ii) x¥Õ£L bra‰F¿fŸ brany‰ãfS¡F
double y ; ïilnaahd cwîKiwia¡ f©Lão¡f
w
int z = (int) x + (int)y; (or) ga‹gL»wJ.

int z = (int) (x + y); 4. ã‹tU« C++ nfhitia kâ¥ãLf. ï§F x, y, z
v‹gJ KG v©fŸ k‰W« m, n v‹gJ Äj¥ò¥ òŸË
w
9. num=6 v‹W KjÈš bfhL¡f¥g£lhš ã‹tU« v©fŸ x = 5, y = 4 k‰W« m=2.5;

T‰¿‹ Éilia fh©f.
(i) n = x + y / x;
(a) cout << num;
(ii) z = m * x + y;
(b) cout << (num==5);
(iii) z = (x++) * m + x;
(a) 6 (i) n = x + y/x; = 5 + (4/5)
(b) 0 n = 5 + 0.8 = 5.8

(ii) z = m * x + y; 6. g©òz®¤â v‹whš v‹d? mj‹ ga‹ ahJ?

z = (2.5 * 5) + 4 (i) kâ¥ãÈ juÉd¤ij jÉu k‰w mo¥gil
= 12.5 + 4 = 16.5 juÉd§fË‹ nrÄ¡F« msit kh‰¿
mik¡f g©òz®¤âfŸ (modifiers)
z = 16
ga‹gL»‹wd.
(iii) z = (x + +) * m + x;
m
(ii)
mo¥gil juÉd§fË‹ Ãidtf
z = ((5 + +) * 2.5) + 5 xJ¡Ñ£il kh‰¿ mik¡f (ÉtÇ¡f mšyJ
= (5 * 2.5) + 5 RU¡f) g©òz®¤âfŸ ga‹gL»‹wd.
ïitfŸ jFâah¡»fŸ (Qualifiers) v‹W«
co
= 12.5 + 5
miH¡f¥gL»‹wd.
z = 17.5
7. ã‹tU« C++ T‰¿YŸs ãiH v‹d?
z = 17 (z v‹gJ xU KG v©)
long float x;
(i) long double x; ïJnt rÇahd T‰W.
s.
Ra kâ¥ÕL (ii) Äj¥ò¥òŸË juÉd¤â‹ g©òd®¤â long
1. mo¥gil juî tif v‹whš v‹d? double k£Lnk cŸsJ. long float vd vªj
g©òz®¤âí« mšy. Mfnt mJjh‹
ok
juîfis ifahŸtj‰fhf K‹djhfnt
tiuaW¡f¥g£l juî ïd§fË‹ bjhF¥ig ãiH
C++ tH§F»wJ. ïit mo¥gil mšyJ 8. kh¿ v‹whš v‹d? kh¿ia V‹ F¿p£L kh¿
cŸËizªj juî ïd§fŸ v‹W v‹W miH¡»nwh«?
miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
(i) kh¿fŸ v‹git F¿¥ã£l juî ïd§fË‹
2. char v‹w juÉd« F¿íU¡fis¡ F¿¡f
o kâ¥òfis jh§»íŸs, bgaÇl¥g£l
ga‹gL»wJ. Mdhš V‹ mJ KG v© juÉdkhf Ãidtf ïl§fis F¿¡»wJ. kh¿fŸ
ab
bgU«ghY« tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ? v‹git F¿¥bga®fŸ MF«.
ïJ KG v© tifahf fUj¥gL»wJ. VbdÅš, (ii) K‹dnu,tiuaW¡f¥g£l kh¿fS¡F
mid¤J F¿íU¡fS« Ãidtf¤âš
mjDila bjhl®òila ASCII F¿pLfshfnt xU kWbgaiu F¿¥òfŸ tH§F»‹wd.
F¿¡f¥gL»‹wd. F¿¥òfË‹ m¿É¥ò kh¿Æ‹ mo¥gil
ur
3. KG v©fis Él Äj¥ò¥ òŸË v©fŸ vªj

juÉd¤Jl‹ F¿p£ilí« bfh©oU¡F«.
tifÆš áw¥ghdit? F¿¥ò kh¿Æ‹ bgauhdJ V‰fdnt
(i) KG v©fS¡F ïilna cŸs kâ¥ig m¿É¡f¥g£l kh¿Æ‹ kâ¥ig vL¤J¡
.s
F¿¡»wJ. bfhŸS«.
(ii) kâ¥òfË‹ Äf mâfkhd gu¥ig F¿¡»wJ.
9. ïa§FÃiyÆš kh¿ia bjhl§Fjš v‹whš
(greater range of values)
v‹d? vL¤J¡fh£L jUf.
w
4. double v‹gJ k‰bwhU Äj¥ò¥ òŸË juî tif ÃuÈ‹ ïa¡f¤â‹ nghJ xU kh¿¡F bjhl¡f
ãwF V‹ mij jÅ juÉdkhf ga‹gL¤J»nwh«? kâ¥ò ïU¤j Koí«. ïJnt ïa§FÃiy bjhl¡f
ïJ JšÈakhd ïu£il Äj¥ò¥ òŸË kâ¥ãU¤jš vd¥gL«.
w
v©fshF«. (JšÈa« v‹gJ jrk òŸË¡F vL¤J¡fh£L :

ãwF tU« ïy¡f§fis F¿¡»wJ) ïu£il int num1, num2, sum;
Äj¥ò¥òŸË v©fŸ rhjuz Äj¥ò¥ òŸË
sum = num1 + num2;
w
v©fisí« ifahS«. Mdhš, ïJ Äj¥ò¥

òŸË juÉd¤ij Él ïu©L kl§F ïl¤ij nk‰f©l ïu©L T‰WfS« xnu T‰whf
vL¤J¡ bfhŸS«. ã‹tUkhW ïiz¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
5. void juî ïd¤â‹ ga‹ ahJ? int sum = num1+num2;
void v‹gj‹ bghJthd bghUŸ bt‰¿l«. C++ ïa¡f¤â‹ nghJ m¿a¥g£l num1 k‰W« num2
void juÉd kâ¥òfŸ xU bt‰W bjhF¥ig kâ¥òfis ga‹gL¤â sum¡F bjhl¡f kâ¥ò
F¿¡»wJ. ïJ vªj kâ¥igí« âU¥ã mD¥ghJ. fU¤j¥gL»wJ.

10. Ñœf©l T‰¿š cŸs ãiH ahJ? cin>>a;

const int x; cout<<"\n Enter Second number";
ïªj T‰¿š x ‹ kâ¥ò tH§fÉšiy Mfnt cin>>b;
ïJ jtwhd T‰W t=a;
cout int x = 10; ïJnt rÇahd T‰W MF«. a=b;
m
11. ïdkh‰w« v‹whš v‹d? b=t;
xU mo¥gil ïd¤âÈUªJ k‰bwhU ïd¤â‰F cout<<a<<''\t''<<b;
kh‰w¥gL« Kiwna ïdkh‰w« vd¥gL«.
co
return 0;
12. cŸÃiy kh‰w« btËÃiy kh‰w¤âÈUªJ
v›thW ntWgL»wJ? }
(i) cŸSiw ïdkh‰w« v‹gJ bjhF¥gh‹ (b) _‹whtJ kh¿ia¥ ga‹gL¤jhkš :

jhdhfnt kh‰w¤ij V‰gL¤â¡ #include<iostream.h>
s.
bfhŸtjhF« Mfnt ïJ jhÅa§» kh‰w« using namespace.std;
v‹W« miH¡f¥gL«. int main ()
ok
(ii) btËíiw ïdkh‰w« v‹gJ gadiu {
kh‰w« brŒa mDkâ¥gJ Mfnt ïJ ïd int a, b;
th®¥òU v‹W miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
cout<<"\n Enter First number";
13. endl k‰W« \n ntWgL¤Jf.
endl - òâa tÇia brU» j‰fhÈf Ãidtf¤ij cin>>a;

fhÈ brŒ»wJ
o cout<<"\n Enter Second number";
`\n' - òâa tÇia k£L« brUF»wJ. cin>>b;
ab
14. F¿¥òiuÆ‹ ga‹ ahJ? a = a+b;
F¿¥ò kh¿Æ‹ bgauhdJ V‰fdnt
m¿É¡f¥g£l kh¿Æ‹ kâ¥ig vL¤J¡ b = a-b;
bfhŸ»wJ. ïJnt F¿¥òfË‹ ga‹ MF«. a = a-b;
ur
15. Setprecision( ) - ga‹ ahJ? cout<<a<<'\t'<<b;

bfhL¡f¥g£l ïy¡f§fË‹ v©Â¡if¡F return 0;
ïizahd v©fis jrk v©fshf fh©ã¡f }
.s
ga‹gL»wJ.
2. ã‹tUtdt‰iw brŒtj‰F C++ Ãuiy vGJf.
brŒKiw¥ gÆ‰á (a) t£l¤â‹ fhšgFâ¡fhd R‰wsî k‰W«
gu¥gsit f©l¿f.
w
1. ïu©L kh¿fË‹ kâ¥ig x‹¿ÈUªJ (b) K¡nfhz¤â‹ gu¥gsit f©l¿f.

k‰bwh‹W¡F kh‰Wtj‰fhd C++ Ãuiy vGJf.
(c) bt¥gÃiyia bršÌa°ÈUªJ,
(a) _‹whtJ kh¿ia¥ ga‹gL¤â
w
~ghu‹ë£lhf kh‰Wf.
(b) _‹whtJ kh¿ia ga‹gL¤jhkš
(a) t£l¤â‹ fhšgFâ¡fhd R‰wsî k‰W«
(a) _‹whtJ kh¿ia¥ ga‹gL¤â : gu¥gsit f©l¿f.
w
#include<iostream.h> #include<iostream.h>
using namespace.std; using namespace.std;
int main () int main ()
{
{
float area, peri,r;
int a, b, t; cout<<"\n Enter radius";
cout<<"\n Enter First number"; cin>>r;

area=0.25*3.14*r*r;//Area=1/4πr2 3. c‹Dila g¤jh« tF¥ò bghJ¤nj®î

peri=0.5*3.14*r;//perimeter = 1/2πr kâ¥bg©fË‹ T£L¤bjhif k‰W« ruhrÇia
cout <<"Area of a quadrant = "<< f©l¿ªJ, mid¤J kâ¥òfisí« x‹w‹ã‹
area<endl; x‹whf T£L¤bjhif k‰W« ruhrÇíl‹
cout<<"Perimeter of a quadrant = " << fh©ã¡fî«, totik¥ò bra‰TWfis
peri <<endl; ga‹gL¤jî«.
m
return 0; #include<iostream.h>
}
#include<iomanip.h>
(b) K¡nfhz¤â‹ gu¥gsit f©l¿f.
co
#include<iostream.h>
int main ()
using namespace.std;
{
int main ()
char name[30];
{
s.
float E,L,M,S,SS,tot, per;
float area, b, h;
cout<<"\n Name = ";
cout<<"\n Enter base"; cin>> name;
ok
cin>>b; cout <<"\ Enter English, Language, Maths,
cout<<"\n Enter height"; Science, Social Marks";
cin>>h; cin >> E >> L >> M >> S >> SS;
area = 0.5*b*h //Area=1/2bh o tot = E+L+M+S+SS;
cout <<"Area of a triangle = "<< per = tot/500*100;
area<endl; cout<<setw(20)<<"Name:"<<setw(10)<<
ab
return 0; name;
} cout <<setw (20) <<"English:" <<setw(10)<<

E<<endl;
(c) bt¥gÃiyia bršÈa°ÈUªJ, ~ghu‹
cout <<setw (20) << "Tamil:"<<setw(10)<<
ur
ë£lhf kh‰Wf.
T<<endl;
#include<iostream.h>
cout <<setw (20)<<"Maths:"<<setw(10)<<
using namespace.std; M<<endl;
.s
int main () cout<<setw(20)<<"Science:"<<setw(10)<<S

{ <<endl;
w
float tempC, tempF; cout<<setw(20)<<"SocialScience:"<< setw

cout<<"\n Enter celcius"; (10) << SS<<endl;
cin>>tempC; cout <<setw (20) <<"Total:" << setw(10) <<

w
tot<<endl;
tempF =(tempC * 1.8F)+32;
cout << setw (20) << "Percentage:" <<
cout<<"Equivalent temperature of
setw(10) << per<<endl;
w
<<tempC <<"in Fahrenheit is"<<

tempF<<endl; return 0;
}
return 0;
}

TLjš Édh¡fŸ
rÇahd Éilia nj®î brŒaî« 1 kâ¥bg© 9. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vit C++‹ ÉšiyfŸ
»ilahJ?
1. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ bghUŸ neh¡F Ãuyh¡f m. áw¥ò¢ brh‰fŸ M. F¿¥bga®fŸ
m
Kiwfis ga‹gL¤J« Ãuyh¡f bkhÊ? ï. ÃiyíU¡fŸ <. kl¡if
m. C++ M. C [Éil. <. kl¡if ]
ï. HTML <. Windows XP
10. C++ š ã‹tUtdt‰¿š vit fh¥ò brh‰fis
co
[Éil. m. C++]
cŸsl¡»aJ?
2. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vit brašKiw k‰W« bghUŸ
m. ÃiyíU¡fŸ M. bra‰F¿fŸ
neh¡F Ãuyh¡f Kiwfis mo¥gilahf¡
ï. F¿¥bga®fŸ <. áw¥ò¢ brh‰fŸ
bfh©lJ?
[Éil. <. áw¥ò¢ brh‰fŸ ]
s.
m. C M. JAVA
ï. C++ <. Basic 11. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ C++‹ fh¥ò brh‰fŸ
[Éil. ï. C++] »ilahJ?
ok
m. auto M. case
3. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ rÛg¤âa C++ ‹ Ãiyahd ï. constant <. virtual
gâ¥ò? [Éil. ï. constant ]
m. C++11 M. C++17
ï. C++14 <. C++03
o 12. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vit C++ ÃuÈ‹ mo¥gil
[Éil. M. C++17] f£Lkhd¤ bjhFâ MF«?
m. bra‰TWfŸ M. kh¿fŸ
4. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vit C++‹ jh¡f¤jhš
ab
cUthd gâ¥ò »ilahJ? ï. ïd¡FG¡fŸ <. ïit mid¤J«
m. C M. D [Éil. <. ïit mid¤J«]
ï. JAVA <. HTML 13. C++š F¿¥bga®fS¡fhd vG¤â‹ Ús« v›tsî?
[Éil. <. HTML] m. 8 M. 32
ur
5. C++ ahuhš cUth¡f¥g£lJ? ï. 16

m. o« ngud®°È <. vªj všiyí« ïšiy
M. n#®‹ °£bus°£u« [Éil. <. vªj všiyí« ïšiy]
ï. Ç¡k°á£o
.s
14. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ rÇahd F¿¥bga®?

<. nlÅ° [Éil. M. n#®‹ °£bus°£u«]
m. this M. num+add
6. C++ bkhÊ KjÈš vªj bkhÊÆš ïUªJ ï. 4myfile <. -add
w
jUÉ¡f¥g£lJ? [Éil. <. -add]

m. C M. ngá¡
ï. ngh®£lh‹ <. ïit mid¤J« 15. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ jtwhd F¿¥bga®?
[Éil. m. C] m. NUM M. num
w
ï. Num <. Break

7. C++ vt‰iw cŸsl¡»aJ? [Éil. <. Break]
m. ïd¡FG¡fŸ M. gšYUth¡f«
16. kh¿Æ‹ bgaiu gšntW gFâfshf ãÇ¡f vij
w
ï. kuòÇk« <. ïit mid¤J«

[Éil. <. ïit mid¤J«] ga‹gL¤jyh«?
m. _ M. .
8. xU ÃuÈš cŸs Û¢áW jÅ¤j myF v›thW ï. * <. /[Éil. m. _ ]
miH¡f¥gL»‹wJ?
m. ÉšiyfŸ M. bkhÊ¤ bjhFâ
ï. bkhÊ¡F¿pL <. either a or b
[Éil. <. either a or b]

17. C++š v¤jid Éjkhd KG v© kh¿ÈfŸ 26. F¿íU kh¿È v‹gJ vj‰FŸ ju¥gL«?
cŸsd? m. " " M. {}
m. 2 M. 3 ï. ' ' <. [ ][Éil. ï. ' ']
ï. 4 <. 5[Éil. M. 3] 27. A-‹ ASCII kâ¥ò
18. F¿pL cŸs KG v©fŸ v›thW m. 65 M. 70
m
miH¡f¥gL»‹wd? ï. 75 <. 90[Éil. m. 65]
m. KG v©fŸ M. bkŒ v©
28. xU ÉLgL tÇir vªj¡ F¿p£lhš
ï. v©Âiy kh¿È
F¿¡f¥gL»wJ?
<. vâ®kiw KG v©fŸ
co
[Éil. <. vâ®kiw KG v©fŸ] m. / M. " "
ï. ' ' <. \[Éil. <. \ ]
19. 75.46 v‹w v© xU KG v© kh¿ahf ïU¡F«
nghJ C++ vªj kâ¥ig vL¤J¡ bfhŸS«? 29. '\0' ÉLgL tÇir vjid¡ F¿¡»wJ?
m. 75 m. kâ¥ãÈ M. gâdhWÃiy v©
s.
M. 46 ï. x‰iw nk‰nfhŸ <. kÂ xÈ¥ò
ï. 75.46 [Éil. m. kâ¥ãÈ]
<. vªj kâ¥igí« vL¤J¡ bfhŸshJ 30. '\n' ÉLgL tÇir vjid¡ F¿¡»wJ?
ok
[Éil. m. 75] m. òâatÇ M. gâdhWÃiy v©
20. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vit v©Âiy k‰W« ï. x‰iw nk‰nfhŸ <. kÂ xÈ¥ò
gâdhW ÃiyfËš mDkâ¡f¥gL»‹wd? [Éil. m. òâatÇ]
m. + M. . o 31. ASCII F¿p£L KiwÆš ÉLgL tÇir¡F
ï. , <. ïilbtË Ãidtf¤âš v¤jid ig£ xJ¡ÑL brŒ»wJ?
[Éil. m. + ] m. 1 M. 2
ab
21. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ rÇahd v©Âiy v© ï. 4 <. 8
mšy? [Éil. m.1]
m. 0127 M. 0158 32. F¿íU kh¿È¡F Ãidtf¤âš v¤jid ig£
ï. 0911 <. 0181 xJ¡f¥gL»wJ?
[Éil. m. 0127]
ur
m. 2 M. 4
22. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ rÇahd v©Âiy v© ï. 8 <. 1 [Éil. <.1]
mšy? 33. xU ÉLgL tÇir v¤jid vG¤J¡fis
m. -0127 M. 0158 bfh©oU¡F«?
.s
ï. +0732 <. 012 m. 2 M. 1

[Éil. M. 0158] ï. 3
23. ox mšyJ OX v‹W K‹bdh£L cl‹ bjhl§F« <. ït‰¿š VJ« ïšiy[Éil. m.2]
w
kh¿È v›thW miH¡f¥gL»‹wJ?

34. ÉLgL tÇir vªj¡ F¿¡FŸ F¿¥ãl nt©L«?
m. v©Âiy M. gâdhWÃiy m. " " M. ''
ï. gâ‹k« <. bkŒ v©fŸ ï. < > <. { }[Éil. M. ' ']
w
[Éil. M. gâdhWÃiy]
35. ru ÃiyíU¡fŸ vªj¡ F¿¡FŸ ju¥gl nt©L«?
24. mL¡F toÉš cŸs bkŒ kh¿fŸ v¤jid
m. ' ' M. <>
ghf§fis¡ bfh©LŸsJ?
w
ï. " " <. { } [Éil. ï. " "]

m. 2 M. 3
ï. 1 <. gy [Éil. m. 2] 36. ã‹tU« ru¤â‹ msî ahJ? "School"
m. 6
25. óÈa‹ ÃiyaU¡fËš bkŒÆ‹ kâ¥ò
M. 7
m. 0 M. 1
ï. 8
ï. -1 <. 0.5[Éil. M. 1]
<. ït‰¿š VJ« ïšiy[Éil. M. 7]

37. fÂj k‰W« Vuz brašghLfis brŒa ga‹gL« 45. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ jU¡f¢ bra‰F¿ »ilahJ?
F¿pLfŸ v›thW miH¡f¥gL»‹wd? m. && M. ¦¦
m. brany‰ãfŸ ï. ! <. & [Éil. <. &]
M. bra‰F¿fŸ
46. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ xUk bra‰F¿ »ilahJ?
ï. kh¿ÈfŸ
<. ït‰¿š VJ« ïšiy m. ++ M. --
m
[Éil. M. bra‰F¿fŸ] ï. ! <. &&
[Éil. <. &&]
38. C++ š brany‰ãfË‹ v©Â¡ifÆ‹
mo¥gilÆš bra‰F¿fŸ v¤jid Éjkhf 47. vªj¡ F¿plhdJ ã£Ãiy OR F¿¡F«?
co
tif¥gL¤j¥g£LŸsd? m. & M. ^
m. 1 M. 2 ï. ¦ <. ! [Éil. ï. ¦]
ï. 3 <. gy[Éil. ï. 3] 48. ã‹tU« bra‰F¿fËš vªj bra‰F¿ahdJ
39. K«k bra‰F¿fS¡F v¤jid brany‰ãfŸ ã£Ãiy bra‰F¿ »ilahJ?
s.
njit¥gL»‹wd? m. & M. ¦
m. 1 M. 2 ï. ! <. ^ [Éil. ï. !]
ï. 3 49. vªj bra‰F¿Æš xnu xU brany‰ã‹ kâ¥ò 1
ok
<. ït‰¿š VJ« ïšiy[Éil. ï. 3] vd ïU¡F« 1 v‹w Éilia jU«
40. tF¤jÈ‹ Ûâia f©Lão¡F« bra‰F¿ ahJ? m. ^ M. !
m. / M. % ï. & <. ¦ ¦ [Éil. m. ^]
ï. ^ <. * [Éil. M. %] 50. if a = 4, b = 5 vÅš a & b ‹ kâ¥ò ahJ?
o m. 910 M. 510
41. % bra‰F¿ahdJ vªj bra‰F¿Æ‹ tifÆš ï. 010 <. 410 [Éil. <. 410]
ab
tU»wJ? 51. if a = 4, b = 5 vÅš a ^ b ‹ kâ¥ò ahJ?
m. fz¡Ñ£L M. x¥Õ£L m. 010 M. 110
ï. jU¡f¢ bra‰F¿ <. ã£Ãiy bra‰F¿ ï. 910 <. -110
[Éil. m. fz¡Ñ£L]
ur
[Éil. M. 110]
42. n=++a +++b; x‹ kâ¥ò ahJ if a= 5, b =5
52. if a = 101 vÅš a << 3 v‹gJ
m. 10 M. 11
m. 3010 M. 100010
ï. 12 <. 22 [Éil. ï. 12]
.s
ï. 3.3310 <. 8010

43. všyh x¥Õ£L¢ bra‰F¿fŸ vªj bra‰F¿Æ‹ [Éil. <. 8010]
mo¥gilÆš tU»wJ
m. xUk bra‰F¿fŸ 53. if x = 10 vÅš x >> 2 v‹gJ
w
M. ïUk bra‰F¿fŸ m. 510 M. 210

ï. K«k bra‰F¿fŸ ï. 2010 <. 4010
<. ït‰¿š VJ« ïšiy [Éil. M. 210]
w
[Éil. M. ïUk bra‰F¿fŸ] 54. if y = 5 vÅš (~a) v‹gJ

44. jU¡f bra‰F¿fŸ vjid kâ¥ãl ga‹gL»wJ? m. 210 M. 510
w
m. jU¡f k‰W« x¥Õ£L nfhit ï. 2510 <. +=

M. xUk k‰W« ïUk [Éil. m. 210]
ï. fz¡ÑL k‰W« kâ¥ãU¤J 55. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ rhjhuz kâ¥ãU¤J
<. ã£Ãiy bra‰F¿ k‰W« fz¡ÑL bra‰F¿?
[Éil. m. jU¡f k‰W« x¥Õ£L nfhit] m. = M. ==
ï. + = <. & = [Éil. m. =]

56. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vit ïd¡FG cW¥ãd® 63. vªj ãiHahdJ jU¡f ãiH v‹W
bra‰F¿ »ilahJ? miH¡f¥gL»wJ?
m. → M. :: m. brh‰bwhl® ãiH M. ïa¡f neu ãiH
ï. . * <. → * ï. ïy¡fz¥ ãiH <. ïit mid¤J«
[Éil. m. →] [Éil. m. brh‰bwhl® ãiH]
m
57. C++š ÃW¤j‰F¿fŸ v›thW ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ? 64. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vªj bkhÊ C bkhÊÆ‹ Úo¥ò
m. tu«ò¢R£o M. tu«ò¡F¿ MF«?
m. C++ M. JAVA
co
ï. m mšyJ M <. bra‰F¿fŸ
[Éil. ï. m mšyJ M] ï. OOP <. Python
[Éil. m. C++]
58. vªj¡ F¿ahdJ K‹braÈ be¿íW¤j« T‰iw
bjhl§f ga‹gL»wJ? 65. vªj M©oš ïd¡FGîl‹ á v‹gJ C++
s.
m. // M. ## kh‰w¥g£lJ?
ï. # <. @ [Éil. ï. #] m. 1979 M. 1984
ï. 1983 <. 1980
ok
59. cŸçL btçpL brašghLfis ga‹gL¤â¡
[Éil. ï. 1983]
bfhŸs nt©LbkÅš vªj jiy¥ò nfh¥ig
ga‹gL¤j nt©L«? 66. C++ ‹ Kjš ju¥gL¤j¥g£l gâ¥ò vªj M©L
m. 1 stream M.
o stream o btËÆl¥g£lJ?
ï. como <. iostream m. 1983 M. 1984
[Éil. <. iostream] ï. 1998 <. 2014
ab
[Éil. ï. 1998]
60. vªj tÇahdJ ïd¡FG, bghUŸ k‰W«
kh¿fS¡F njitahd F¿¥bga®fË‹ bjhF¥ig 67. xU v©iz mL¡FF¿ toÉš bfhL¥gj‰F
bfh©LŸsJ? mo v©iz bjhl®ªJ vªj xU vG¤J ïU¡f
m. #include<iostream> M. int main() nt©L«?
ur
ï. int namespace.std; m. L mšyJ l M. U mšyJ u

<. using name space std; ï. E mšyJ e <. X mšyJ x
[Éil. <. using name space std;] [Éil. ï. E mšyJ e ]
.s
61. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ âwªj _y bjhF¥gh‹ 68. vªj juÉdkhdJ ïa¡FjY¡F mâf neu¤ij
mšy? vL¤J¡ bfhŸS«?
w
m. Visual C++ M. Dev C++ m. F¿íU juÉd«

ï. Elipse <. Sky 2DE M. KGv© juÉd«
[Éil. m. Visual C++] ï. Äj¥ò¥òŸË juÉd«
w
<. void [Éil. ï. Äj¥ò¥òŸË juÉd« ]

62. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vit _y¡F¿ia fÂÅ¡F
òÇ»‹w ïy¡F nfh¥ghf kh‰w« brŒ»‹wd? 69. ã‹tUtdt‰¿š vªj juÉd« xU bt‰W
w
m. IDE M. Linker kâ¥ig¡ F¿¡»wJ?

ï. Compiler m. KGv© juÉd«
<. ït‰¿š VJ« ïšiy[Éil. ï. Compiler] M. void
ï. Äj¥ò¥òŸË juÉd«
<. ïu£il juÉd« [Éil. M. void]

70. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ g©òz®¤â »ilahJ? 77. C++ Ãuš btËpLfis totik¡f vit
m. Signed M. Unsigned ga‹gL»wJ?
ï. Short <. int[Éil. <. int] m. g©òz®¤â M. F¿¥òfŸ
ï. jFâah¡FfŸ <. ifahSiffŸ
71. long double juÉd¤â‰F Ãidtf¤âš v›tsî [Éil. <. ifahSiffŸ]
ã£° xJ¡f¥gL»wJ?
m
m. 32 bits M. 64 bits 78. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ juî bgW« k‰W« juî <®¥ò
bra‰F¿fËš ga‹gL¤j áw¥ghf totik¡f¥g£l
ï. 80 bits <. 120 bits
bra‰TWfŸ?
[Éil. ï. 80 bits]
co
m. g©òz®¤â M. jFâah¡FfŸ
72. Ãidtf KftÇ v‹gJ vªj tif v©fŸ? ï. ifahSiffŸ <. F¿¥òfŸ
m. gâ‹k« M. gâdhWÃiy [Éil. ï. ifahSiffŸ]
ï. Äj¥ò¥òŸË
79. ã‹tU« ifahSifÆš vJ btËp£oš vGj¥gl
<. ït‰¿š VJ« ïšiy
s.
nt©oa Fiwªj F¿íU v©Â¡ifia
[Éil. M. gâdhWÃiy] òy¤â‹ mfy« Ã®zÆ¡»wJ?
73. kh¿fŸ m¿É¡f¥gL« nghJ mj‰F bjhl¡f kâ¥ò m. setf M. set fill
ok
tH§Fjš v›thW miH¡f¥gL»wJ? ï. set precision <. setw
m. kâ¥ãU¤J [Éil. <. setw]
M. bjhl¡f kâ¥ãU¤jš
80. ã‹tU« ifahSifÆš vªj ifahSif
ï. m¿É¤jš F¿íU òy¤âš fhÈahf cŸs ïl§fis Ãu¥g
<. ïit mid¤J«
[Éil. M. bjhl¡f kâ¥ãU¤jš]
o ga‹gL»wJ?
m. setw M. set f
74. vªj áw¥ò brhš kh¿Æ‹ mQFÃiyia ï. set fill
ab
<. m mšyJ ï
kh‰W»wJ? [Éil. ï. set fill]
m. Modify M. Specifier 81. ã‹tU« T‰¿‹ btË¥ghL ahJ?
ï. Const <. ïit mid¤J«
int a = 13;
[Éil. ï. Const]
ur
cout << setw(5)<<set fill(0) <<a;

75. ã‹tU« nfh¥ã‹ btË¥ghL ahJ? m. 13 M. 13000
Const int x = 120; ï. 00013 <. 13.000
n = x +10; [Éil. ï. 00013]
.s
cout << n; 82. vªj ifahSif bfhL¡f¥g£l ïy¡f§fË‹

m. 120 M. 130 v©Â¡if¡F ïizahd v©fis jrk
ï. n <. ãiH brŒâ v©fshf fh©ã¡f ga‹gL»wJ?
w
[Éil. <. ãiH brŒâ] m. setw M. set f

76. K‹dnu tiuaW¡f¥g£l kh¿fS¡F xU ï. set precision <. set fill
kWbgaiu vit tH§F»‹wd? [Éil. ï. set precision]
w
m. mQFÃiy 83. ã‹tU« T‰¿‹ btË¥ghL ahJ?

M. g©òz®¤â
float b = 130.531;
ï. F¿¥òfŸ
w
<. ït‰¿š VJ« ïšiy cout << Setprecision(4)<<b;

[Éil. ï. F¿¥òfŸ] m. 130 M. 130.531
ï. 130.5 <. 130.0
[Éil. ï. 130.5]

84. ã‹tU« T‰¿‹ btË¥ghL ahJ? 92. ã‹tU« nfhitÆ‹ btË¥ghL ahJ if y = 6
b = (a = 4, a + 2); x = ++ y +2y
m. 4 M. 2
m. 18 M. 19
ï. 23 <. 21
ï. 6 <. ãiH [Éil. ï. 6] [Éil. M. 19]
Ñœ¡f©l nfho£l ïl¤â‰F rÇahd Éilia
m
85. C++ š ó{a« ïšyhj kâ¥ò v›thW fUj¥gL»wJ?
nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf.
m. rÇ M.
jtW
ï. 0 <. -1 [Éil. m. rÇ] 1. C++ š ++ v‹gJ .......................
co
m. T£lš M. TLjš
86. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ bkŒ v© fz¡Ñ£L
ï. ÄF¥ò¢ bra‰F¿ <. M k‰W« ï
bra‰F¿ »ilahJ? [Éil. ï. ÄF¥ò¢ bra‰F¿]
m. + M. *
2. C++ bkhÊ ................. Mš ju¥gL¤j¥g£lJ.
ï. / <. % [Éil. <. %]
s.
m. OSI M. ISO
87. kâ¥òfŸ khwhj juîfŸ v›thW ï. AT&T <. ANSI
miH¡f¥gL»‹wd? [Éil. m. OSI]
ok
m. áw¥ò brh‰fŸ 3. C++ ................ M« M©L cUth¡f¥g£lJ.
M. F¿¥bga®fŸ m. 1977 M. 1979
ï. ÃiyíU¡fŸ ï. 1980 <. 1982
<. ÃW¤j‰F¿fŸ [Éil. M. 1979]
[Éil. ï. ÃiyíU¡fŸ] 4. C++ ................... ASCII cU¡fis juîfshf
o brašgL¤J«.
88. bkŒ v© ÃiyíU¡fŸ v›thW m. 512 M. 256
ab
miH¡f¥gL»‹wd? ï. 128 <. 64
m. KGv© ÃiyíU¡fŸ [Éil. M. 256]
M. ruÃiyíU¡fŸ 5. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ C++š gaduhš bt›ntW
ï. F¿íU ÃiyíU¡fŸ gFâfS¡F bfhL¡f¥gL« bga®fŸ ................
ur
<. ït‰¿š VJ« ïšiy m. ÃiyíU¡fŸ M. F¿¥bga®fŸ

ï. ÃW¤j‰F¿fŸ <. ïit vJîÄšiy
[Éil. <. ït‰¿š VJ« ïšiy] [Éil. M. F¿¥bga®fŸ ]
89. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ 6.
.s
vJ rÇahd bk©v© ÃiyíU¡fŸ ............... vd miH¡f¥gL»‹wd.

ÃiyíU¡fŸ mšy? m. kh¿ÈfŸ M. F¿¥bga®fŸ
17 ï. either a mšyJ b <. áw¥ò brh‰fŸ
m. -13.5 M. 2 [Éil. m. kh¿ÈfŸ]
w
ï. 2.0 <. 0.05E01

7. xU Ãuš ïa§F« nghJ kâ¥òfŸ khwhj juîfŸ
17
[Éil. M. 2
] .................. vd miH¡f¥gL»‹wd.
w
90. ïu£il juÉd¤âš v¤jid kâ¥ò¥òŸË

m. kh¿ÈfŸ M. F¿¥bga®fŸ
v©fis mDkâ¡»wJ? ï. m mšyJ M <. áw¥ò brh‰fŸ
m. 15 M. 4 [Éil. m. kh¿ÈfŸ]
w
ï. 7 <. 15¡F nkš 8. Ãiyahd òŸË kh¿ÈfŸ .................. vd

[Éil. m. 15] miH¡f¥gL»‹wd.
m. KG v© kh¿ÈfŸ
91. C++ š F¿¥òfŸ ï›thW« miH¡f¥glyh«?
M. Äj¥ò¥òŸË kh¿ÈfŸ
m. áw¥ò¢ brh‰fŸ M. ÃW¤j‰F¿fŸ ï. bkŒ v©kh¿ÈfŸ
ï. T‰WfŸ <. R£Lkh¿ <. ït‰¿š VJ«Äšiy
[Éil. ï. T‰WfŸ] [Éil. m. KG v© kh¿ÈfŸ]

9. .................. Éjkhf bkŒ kh¿fis C++š vGjyh«. 19. UTF-‹ ÉÇth¡f« ...............
m. 2 M. 1 m. Uniform Transformation File
ï. 3 <. gy tÊfŸ M. Unicode Transformation Format
[Éil. m. 2] ï. Unicode Transfer File
10. X * Y v‹w T‰¿š x k‰W« y v‹git .............. <. Uniform Transfer Format
m
m. brany‰ãfŸ M. bra‰F¿fŸ [Éil. M. Unicode Transformation Format]
ï. m mšyJ M <. ÃW¤j‰F¿fŸ
[Éil. m. brany‰ãfŸ] 20. kâ¥ãÈ juÉd¤ij jÉu k‰w mo¥gil
juÉd§fË‹ nrÄ¡F« msit kh‰¿ mik¡f
co
11. xnu xU brany‰ãia k£L« V‰F« brŒF¿ ........... ................ ga‹gL»‹wd.
m. xUk bra‰F¿ m. g©òz®¤âfŸ M. jFâah¡»fŸ
M. ïUk bra‰F¿
ï. ntWgL¤âfŸ <. ïit mid¤J«
ï. K«k bra‰F¿
<. m mšyJ M [Éil. m. g©òz®¤âfŸ]
s.
[Éil. m. xUk bra‰F¿] 21. vªj F¿pL F¿¥ò kh¿ bfh©oU¡F«...........
12. 10 % 5 = .............. m. @ M. &
ï. # <. ![Éil. M. &]
ok
m. 2 M. 0
ï. /0 <. 5[Éil. M. 0] Ñœ¡f©lt‰WŸ vJ rÇahdit?
13. x¥Õ£L¢ bra‰F¿fŸ ..................... bra‰F¿
Ãfuhdij¡ F¿¡F«. 1. ã‹tU« T‰¿š vJ rÇahd T‰W?
(i) gâ‹k« v© ïy¡f§fËš fh‰òŸË¡F
m. = = M. !=
ï. === <. =[Éil. m. = =]
o mDkâ ïšiy
(ii) v©k ïy¡f§fŸ 0 v‹w K‹bdh£Ll‹
ab
14. ã‹tU« bra‰F¿Æš tyJ ef®î bra‰F¿ .........
bjhl§F»wJ
m. >>> M. <<<
(iii) gâdhW Ãiy ïy¡f§fŸ ox mšyJ OX
ï. >> <. <<[Éil. ï. >>]
v‹w K‹bdh£Ll‹ bjhl§F»wJ
15. C++š cŸs Ãgªjid¢ bra‰F¿...........
(iv) Äj¥ò¥òŸË kh¿È ã‹d¥gFâia bfh©l
ur
m. ++ M. ?:
ï. ! = <. = =[Éil. M. ? :] xU v© kh¿È
m. (i) k‰W« (iv)
16. C++ š xU T‰¿‹ bjhl¡f¤âš // ïUªjhš mªj
T‰W .................... vd¥gL«. M. (ii) k‰W« (iii)
.s
m. cŸç£L T‰W M. btËp£L T‰W ï. (i) k‰W« (iv)

ï. F¿¥òfŸ <. mid¤J« rÇahdJ
<. ït‰¿š VJ« ïšiy
w
[Éil. ï. F¿¥òfŸ] [Éil. <. mid¤J« rÇahdJ]

17. bjhFâ F¿Kiw vd¥gLtJ............... 2. ã‹tU« T‰¿š vJ rÇahd T‰W?
m. { } M. () (i) Äj¥ò òŸË juÉd« ïa¡FjY¡F mâf
w
ï. < > <. [ ] neu¤ij vL¤J¡ bfhŸS«.

[Éil. m. { }] (ii) ïu£il juÉd« ïu©L kl§F ïl¤ij
w
18. IDE v‹gj‹ ÉÇth¡f« ............. . vL¤J¡ bfhŸS«.

m. Integrated Development Environment
(iii) Äj¥òŸËahdJ ïu£il juÉd¤ij Él
M. Important Development Environment
ntfkhf ïa§F«.
ï. Integrated Digital Environment
<. Integrated Digital Extension (iv) ïu£il juÉdK« Äj¥ò¥òŸËfis ifahs
[Éil. m. Integrated Development Environment] cjî»wJ.

m. (i) k‰W« (iv) 3. (i) - 027 - (1) gâ‹k« kh¿È

M. (ii) k‰W« (iii) (ii) - 27 - (2) gâdhWÃiy kh¿È
(iii) 0 × 123 - (3) Äj¥ò¥òŸË kh¿È
ï. (iii) k£L«
(iv) IEO - (4) v©Âiy kh¿È
<. (iv) k£L«[Éil. ï. (iii) k£L«]
m. 4, 1, 2, 3 M. 4, 3, 2, 1
m
Ñœ¡f©lt‰WŸ vJ jtwhdit? ï. 4, 2, 1, 3 <. 2, 3, 1, 4
1. ã‹tU« T‰WfËš vJ jtwhd T‰W? [Éil. M. 4, 1, 2, 3]
(i) endl ifahSif iostream jiy¥ò nfh¥ã‹ 4. (i) 'A' - (1) bkŒ kh¿È
co
cW¥ò (ii) '\t' - (2) gâdhWÃiy kh¿È
(ii) btËp£il totik¡f C++ ifahS (iii) bghŒ - (3) óÈa‹ ÃiyíU¡fŸ
iffis tH§fÉšiy (iv) 25.68 - (4) F¿íU kh¿È
(iii) endl òy¤â‹ mfy¤ij tiuaW¡»wJ
s.
(v) 0 × 128 - (5) tot‰w F¿íU
(iv) endl j‰fhÈf Ãidtf¤ij fhÈ brŒ»wJ
m. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 M. 4, 5, 3, 1, 2
m. (ii) k‰W« (iv) ï. 5, 4, 1, 3, 2 <. 3, 4, 2, 1, 5
ok
M. (i) k‰W« (iii) [Éil. <. 4, 5, 3, 1, 2]
ï. (iii) k‰W« (ii) 5. (i) \xHn - (1) kâ¥ãÈ
<. (ii) k‰W« (iv) (ii) \a - (2) tÇ¢brY¤â
[Éil. ï. (iii) k‰W« (ii)]
bghU¤Jf
o (iii) \o - (3) kÂxÈ¥ò
(iv) \n - (4) g¡f« brY¤â
ab
1. (i) áw¥ò¢ brh‰fŸ - (1) test (v) \f - (5) gâdhWÃiy v©
(ii) F¿¥bga®fŸ - (2) ++
m. 5, 4, 1, 3, 2 M. 4, 5, 3, 2, 1
(iii) ÃiyíU¡fŸ - (3) [ ] ï. 1, 3, 5, 4, 2 <. 5, 3, 1, 2, 4
(iv) bra‰F¿fŸ - (4) asm [Éil. <. 5, 3, 1, 2, 4]
ur
(v) ÃW¤j‰F¿fŸ - (5) 25.56 6. (i) char - (1) 2 byte

m. 4, 1, 5, 2, 3 M. 4, 5, 1, 2, 3 (ii) int - (2) 8 byte
ï. 3, 4, 1, 2, 5 <. 5, 4, 1, 3, 2 (iii) float - (3) 8 bits
.s
[Éil. m. 4, 1, 5, 2, 3] (iv) double - (4) 32 bits

m. 4, 1, 3, 2 M. 1, 3, 4, 2
2. (i) òâa tÇ
- (1) v©
w
ï. 2, 4, 1, 3 <. 3, 1, 4, 2
(ii) #, {, <
- (2) vG¤J¡fŸ [Éil. <. 3, 1, 4, 2]
(iii) 59
- (3) áw¥ò F¿pL
7. (i) a = 3.14*r*r*h - (1) R£L¡ nfhit
(iv) Number
- (4) ïilbtË
w
(ii) $ = a+b; - (2) ã£Ãiy nfhit

m. 1, 2, 3, 4
M. 4, 3, 1, 2
(iii) int*y - (3) x¥Õ£L nfhit
ï. 4, 3, 2, 1
<. 1, 3, 4, 2
(iv) a<<2 - (4) kâ¥ò¥òŸË nfhit
w
[Éil. M. 4, 3, 1, 2]
(v) a==5 - (5) KG v© nfhit
m. 4, 5, 1, 2, 3 M. 4, 5, 2, 1, 3
ï. 1, 5, 4, 3, 2 <. 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
[Éil. m. 4, 5, 1, 2, 3]

FW Édh¡fŸ (2 kâ¥bg©fŸ) 7. ÃiyíU¡fŸ tiffis vGJf.

ÃiyíU¡fŸ (kh¿ÈfŸ):
1. ÃuÈš K‹braÈ be¿íW¤J« T‰¿‹ ga‹ ahJ? (i) v© kh¿ÈfŸ
ïªj¡ T‰WfŸ Ãuš bjhF¥ò¡F K‹djhfnt KG v© (kh¿ÈfŸ)
brašgl bjhl§F«. mnj nghš jiy¥ò kâ¥òŸs v© kh¿ÈfŸ
m
nfh¥ãid ÃuÈš nr®¤J¡ bfhŸSkhW Ãuš (ii) óÈa‹ kh¿ÈfŸ
bga®¥ã¡F cz®¤J»wJ. (iii) vG¤JU kh¿ÈfŸ
(iv) ru kh¿ÈfŸ
2. C++ š 'a' ¡F« "a" ¡F« cŸs ntWghL ahJ?
co
8. C++‹ F¿íU¤ bjhFâ ahJ?
(i) F¿íU kh¿È v‹gJ x‰iw nk‰nfhŸ
vG¤J¡fŸ A....Z, a.....z
F¿fS¡FŸ ju¥gL« x‰iw F¿íUit¡
v© 0....9
bfh©oU¡F« Mfnt 'a' v‹gJ F¿íU
áw¥ò F¿pL +-*/~!@#$%^&[]()
s.
kh¿È MF«.
{}=><_\|?.,:'";
(ii) ruÃiyíU¡fŸ v‹gJ ïu£il nk‰nfhŸ ïilbtË bt‰W ïilbtË,
F¿fS¡FŸ ju¥gL« F¿íU¡fË‹ »ilk£l¤j¤jš
ok
tÇiria¡ bfh©oU¡F«. (→), brY¤â
âU¥gš (↵) òâa
(iii) "a" ruÃiyíU¡fŸ kh¿È MF«. tÇ, tÇ brY¤â
3. ã‹tU« ru¤â‹ msî ahJ 'X' k‰W« "X"
o k‰w F¿pLfŸ C++, 256, ASCII
(i) 'X' ru¤â‹ msî 1 F¿íU¡fŸ cU¡fis
juîfshf
(ii) "X" ru¤â‹ msî 2 F¿íU¡fŸ. brašgL¤J«
ab
4. ã‹tU« Ãuiy e‹F go¤J ã‹tU« 9. v© kh¿Èfis tif¥gL¤Jf.
Édh¡fS¡F ÉilaË. v© kh¿ÈfŸ ã‹tUkhW tif¥gL¤j¥
int x = 30 g£LŸsd:
(i) KG v© kh¿ÈfŸ / Ãiyahd òŸË
ur
cout << ++ x
kh¿ÈfŸ (Integer Constants / Fixed point
cout <<x;
constants)
(a) nkny bfhL¡f¥g£l ru¤â‹ btË¥ghL ahJ? (ii) bkŒ v© kh¿ÈfŸ / Äj¥ò¥ òŸË kh¿ÈfŸ
.s
(b) ++n ¡F gâyhf x+1 vd kh‰w« brŒjhš (Real constants / Floating point constants)
v‹d btË¥ghL »il¡F«? 10. bkŒ kh¿ÈfŸ mšyJ Äj¥ò¥òŸË kh¿ÈfŸ g‰¿
(a) 31 31 F¿¥ò tiuf.
w
(b) 31 30 xU bkŒ mšyJ Äj¥ò¥òŸË kh¿È

ã‹d¥gFâia bfh©l xU v© kh¿È MF«.
5. C++ dhš cUth¡f¥g£l VnjD« eh‹F ga‹gh£L ïªj kh¿ÈfŸ ã‹d toÉš mšyJ mL¡F
w
bk‹bghUis vGJf tot¤âš vGj¥glyh«.

ngh£lh rh¥, khah, mnkrh‹, ng°ò¡
11. mL¡F toÉš cŸs bkŒ kh¿ÈfŸ bfh©LŸs
6. F¿¥bga®fŸ v‹whš v‹d? v.fh. jUf. ghf§fŸ ahit?
w
F¿¥bga®fŸ v‹gJ C++ ÃuÈš bt›ntW mL¡F (Exponent) toÉš cŸs bkŒ kh¿ÈfŸ
gFâfS¡F bfhL¡f¥gL« bga®fshF«. ïit ïu©L ghf§fis¡ bfh©LŸsJ: (1) mov©
gaduhš tiuaW¡f¥g£l, kh¿fŸ, bra‰TWfŸ, (Mantissa) k‰W« (2) mL¡F¡F¿ (Exponent).
mÂfŸ, ïd¡FG¡fŸ ngh‹wit MF«.
v.fh: name, age, salary.

12. óÈa‹ ÃiyíU¡fŸ g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf. 18. VnjD« _‹W bra‰F¿fŸ g‰¿ vGJf.
óÈa‹ ÃiyíU¡fŸ óÈa‹ kâ¥òfËš
x‹whd bkŒ mšyJ bghŒ v‹gij F¿¥ãl¥ R£Lkh¿ * kâ¥ò R£lš (Pointer to a
ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wd. bkŒ vÅš kâ¥ò variable) & KftÇ R£lš(Address
(Pointer)
1-v‹D« k‰W« bghŒ vÅš kâ¥ò 0 -vdî« of )
vL¤J¡bfhŸS«. bghU£TW . neuo¥ bghU£TW bjÇî
m
13. VnjD« eh‹F ÉLgLtÇir k‰W« tot‰w
bjÇî (Direct component selector)
F¿íU jUf. (Component → kiwKf¥ bghU£TW bjÇî
selection)
co
ÉLgL tÇir tot‰w F¿íU (Indirect component selector)
\n òâatÇ/tÇ¢brY¤â ïd¡FG :: tiubašiy mQfš/ TW
\o kâ¥ãÈ cW¥ãd® gh£L¢ bra‰F¿ (Scope access
\t »ilk£l¤ j¤jš / resolution)
bra‰F¿ .* F¿¥ò Éy¡F¢ bra‰F¿
\v br§F¤J j¤jš (Dereference)
s.
(Class
14. bra‰F¿fŸ k‰W« brany‰ãfŸ g‰¿ vGJf. member -* ïd¡FG cW¥ò¡fhd F¿¥ò
operators)
Éy¡f«
bra‰F¿fŸ v‹gJ áy fÂj k‰W« Vuz (Dereference pointer to class
ok
brašghLfis brŒa ga‹gL« F¿pLfshF«. member)
brany‰ãfŸ (Operands) v‹gJ bra‰F¿fshš
brašgL¤j¥gL« juî TWfŸ mšyJ kâ¥òfis 19. bra‰F¿¤ bjhluh¡f« v‹whš v‹d?
F¿¡»wJ. x‹W¡F nk‰g£l juî kâ¥òfis>>vD«
bra‰F¿ _y« bg‰W cÇa kh¿fËš ïU¤â
15. ã‹tU« T‰¿‹ kâ¥ò ahJ? a =5; b=6; c=?
(i) (a > b) && (b < c)
o it¡f Koí«. ïj‰F bra‰F¿¤ bjhluh¡f«
(cascading of operator) v‹W bga®.
(ii) (a = = b) && (a > c)
ab
20. ã‹tU« bra‰F¿fŸ vªj tifia¢ rh®ªjJ
(iii) c!(a>b)
vd¡ f©Lão¡fî«.
(i) 0 (false)
(ii) 0 (false) (i) % (ii) & (iii) >> (iv) +=
(iii) 1 (true) (i) % - fz¡Ñ£L bra‰F¿
ur
16. _‹W tifahd ã£Ãiy bra‰F¿fis (ii) & - ã£Ãiy And bra‰F¿
F¿¥ãLf. (iii) >> - ã£Ãiy tyJ ef®î bra‰F¿
_‹W tifahd ã£Ãiy bra‰F¿fŸ cŸsd. (iv) += - kâ¥ãU¤J bra‰F¿
.s
mit:
21. return vD« áw¥ò¢ brhšÈ‹ ga‹ ahJ?
(i) jU¡f ã£Ãiy bra‰F¿fŸ (Logical bitwise
operators) return vD« áw¥ò¢ brhš xU bra‰T‰W¡F
F¿¥ã£l kâ¥ig âU¥ã mD¥g ga‹gL»wJ.
w
(ii) ã£Ãiy ef®î bra‰F¿fŸ (Bitwise shift

operators) 22. ÃW¤j‰F¿fŸ g‰¿ vGJf.
(iii) ã£Ãiy x‹¿‹ Ãu¥ò bra‰F¿fŸ (One's ÃW¤j‰F¿fŸ v‹git F¿¥ã£l gÂia¢
w
compliment operators) brŒí« F¿íU¡fshF«. C++ ÃuÈš

ÃW¤j‰F¿fŸ tu«ò¢R£o (Separator) mšyJ
17. fh‰òŸË (,) bra‰F¿Æ‹ ga‹ ahJ?
tu«ò¡F¿ahf¥ ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. ÑœtU«
fh‰òŸË (comma) C++-š
w
ÃW¤j‰F¿fŸ ga‹gL¤j¥gLtJ
( ,) v‹D« bra‰F¿ nfhitfË‹ bjhF¥ig nghynt C k‰W« Java -Ãuyh¡f bkhÊfËY«
ïlJ òw¤âš ïUªJ tyJòwkhf ãÇ¤J ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
kâ¥ãL»wJ.

23. bjhl®òW¤j« v‹whš v‹d? 28. ã‹tU« T‰¿‹ btË¥ghL ahJ?

bra‰F¿fŸ K‹DÇikÆ‹ mo¥gilÆš char n = 'a'; int m;
brašgL¤j¥gL»‹wd. brany‰ãfS«, m = (n == 'a') ? 'a' : 'A'
bra‰F¿fS« F¿¥ã£l jU¡f Kiw¥go
cout << "m = "<<m;
FGth¡f¥g£L kâ¥ãl¥gL»‹wd. ï¤jifa
m
FGth¡f« bjhl®òW¤j« vd¥gL«. Éil : m = 97
24. xUk bra‰F¿¡F« ïUk bra‰F¿¡F« cŸs 29. ã‹tU« T‰¿‹ kâ¥ò ahJ? If i = 20 KjÈš
co
ntWghL ahJ? a) ++i < =20 b) i++ < =20
xUk bra‰F¿ ïUk bra‰F¿
Éil : a) false b) True
xnu xU brany‰ãia ïu©L bra
k£L« V‰F«. ny‰ãia k£L« 30. brany‰ãfË‹ v©Â¡ifÆ‹ mo¥gilÆš
s.
V‰F«. bra‰F¿fŸ v›thW tif¥gL¤j¥gL»‹wd?
v.fh: ++, --, & v.fh: +, =, <=, >= C++-š, brany‰ãfË‹ v©Â¡ifÆ‹
25. ã‹tU« T‰iw ïa¡F« nghJ m k‰W« n‹ kâ¥ò mo¥gilÆš bra‰F¿fŸ ã‹tUkhW tif¥
ok
ahJ? gL¤j¥gL»‹wd.
int a = 53 b = 26 (i) xUk bra‰F¿fŸ (Unary Operators) - xnu
boolean m = (a > b)? a : b; o xU brany‰ãia k£L« V‰F«.
int n = (a < b)? a : b; (ii) ïUk bra‰F¿fŸ (Binary Operators) -
Éil : ïu©L brany‰ãia k£L« V‰F«.
ab
m = (a > b) ?a : b; ïªj T‰W jtW Mjyhš (iii) K«k bra‰F¿fŸ (Ternary Operators) -
m = (a > b)? True ! false. So _‹W brany‰ãia k£L« V‰F«.
m = True so value 53 31. ïu©L kh¿ÈfŸ A k‰W« Bia ga‹gL¤â Bia
n = (a > b)? True = false so AMš tF¤J ã‹ tU« btË¥ghL tUkhW T‰iw
ur
n = false so value 26 vGJf.

m = 53, n = 26 a) <î b) Ûâia
Éil : a) B/A b) B % A
26. '/' k‰W« '%' bra‰F¿¡fhd ntWghL ahJ?
.s
(i) '/' bra‰F¿ahdJ xU v©iz ntW 32. ã‹tU« T‰¿‹ btË¥ghL ahJ?
v©nzhL tF¡F« nghJ mj‹ <it int i = 20;
int n = i++ % 5;
w
kâ¥ãL¤J«
(ii) '%' bra‰F¿ahdJ tF¤jÈ‹ Ûâia Éil : i =11
f©Lão¡F«. n=0
w
27. ã‹tU« T‰iw ïa¡F« nghJ v‹d kâ¥ò a v‹w 33. ã‹tU« T‰iw ïa¡F« nghJ i ‹ btË¥ghL
ahJ?
kh¿ÈÆš ïU¡F«?
a. int i = 8; b. int i = 17
w
int a = 5
i>>=2 i>>=1
a= a++ * 2 + 3* --a
Éil : (a) 2
Éil : a = 5*2 + 3*5
(b) 8
a = 10 + 15
a = 25

34. ã‹tU« ãiH tot§fis vGJf. 41. tot‰w F¿íU¡fŸ v‹whš v‹d?
(a) njitahd bra‰F¿ tH§f¥glhkš ïU¤jš C++ áy m¢ál Koahj vG¤J¡fis F¿íU
kh¿Èfshf V‰»wJ. m¢ál Koahj vG¤J¡fŸ,
(b) ïy¡fz ÉâKiwfŸ Ûw¥gL«nghJ
tot‰w-F¿íU¡fŸ vd miH¡f¥gL»‹wd.
(c) KiwÆšyhj braš Kiwfshš V‰gLtJ
42. If m = 12 vÅš m‹ kâ¥ò ahJ? n = m++ * 5+--m;
m
(a) brh‰bwhl®ãiH
Éil : n = m++ * 5 +--m
(b) ïy¡fz¥ãiH
(c) ïa¡f neu ãiH = 12 * 5 + 12
co
= 60 + 12
35. Dev C++ g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf.
Dev C++ xU âwªj _y (Open Source) gy ïa¡f = 72
mik¥òfËY« ïa¡F« gÂ¤js« (Cross 43. If a = 58 vÅš a‹ kâ¥ig f©Lão¡fî«.
platform). Èd¡° ïa¡f mik¥ãš gâ¥ò Dev
s.
C++ alpha gâ¥ig ga‹gL¤jyh«. ïªj gâ¥ò a = a++ + ++a
g»®ªjË¡f¥g£l GNU (General Public license) Éil : a = a++ + ++a
íl‹ Toa KGikahd xU§»izªj cUth¡f
ok
NHš MF«. ïJ Delphi Æš cUth¡f¥g£LŸsJ. 58+ 60 = 118
44. If a = 4, b=3 vÅš c‹ kâ¥ig f©Lão c = a++
36. R£Lkh¿ bra‰F¿íl‹ bjhl®òila bra‰F¿fis
* 6+ ++b * 5 + 10;
vGJf.
* kâ¥ò R£lš (Pointer to a variable) & KftÇ Éil : c = a++ * 6 + ++b * 5 +10
R£lš(Address of )
o = 4 * 6 + 4 * 5 + 10
ab
37. Size of bra‰F¿Æ‹ ga‹ ahJ? = 24 + 20 + 10
Sizeof ïJ xU bjhF¥ò neu bra‰F¿ ( compile = 54
time operator). ïJ kh¿Æ‹ msit ig£LfËš
45. If a = 12, b=8 vÅš a‹ kâ¥ig f©Lão a* = ++
bfhL¡»wJ.
a/6+ b++ % 3;
ur
38. ã‹tU« T‰¿‹ go a =20 vÅš C‹ kâ¥ò ahJ?

Éil : a* = ++ a/6 + b++ % 3
a. c = a%=5 b. c=a/=5 = a * (++a/6 + b++ %3 )
.s
(a) c= 0 = 12* (13/6 + 8% 3)

(b) c = 4
= 12 * (2 + 2)
w
39. ã£Ãiy x‹¿‹ Ãu¥ò bra‰F¿ g‰¿ vGJf, = 48

ã£Ãiy x‹¿‹ Ãu¥ò bra‰F¿ ~ (Tilde)
46. iostream v‹W« jiy¥ò¡ nfh¥ã‹ ga‹ ahJ?
ïUÃiy v©Âš cŸs ã£L 1 vÅš 0 vdî«, 0
w
cŸçL / btËpL brašghLfis ga‹gL¤â

vdî« 1 vdî« kh‰W«. ïJ xU xUk bra‰F¿
bfhŸs nt©LbkÅš iostream v‹D« jiy¥ò
MF«.
nfh¥ig x›bthU C++ ÃuÈY« ïiz¡f
nt©L«. RU¡fkhf, iostream v‹D« jiy¥ò¡
w
40. x¥Õ£L bra‰F¿ ga‹ ahJ?

x¥Õ£L¢ bra‰F¿fŸ brany‰ãfS¡F nfh¥ò, mj‹ bghUŸ cW¥ãd®fshd cin k‰W«
ïilnaahd cwî Kiwia f©Lão¡f cout -oid bfh©LŸsJ. iostream v‹D«
ga‹gL»wJ. jiy¥ò nfh¥ig ÃuÈš bfhL¡f jt¿dhš cin
k‰W« cout -¡fhd ãiH¢ brŒâia R£o¡fh£L«
k‰W« cŸç£il¥ bgwnth mšyJ btËp£il
mD¥gnth KoahJ.

47. gad® tiuaW¡F« juî tiffS¡F v.fh. jUf. 55. F¿¥òfis m¿É¥gj‰fhd f£lis mik¥ig
Structures, union, Class, Enumeration. vGJf.
48. jUÉ¡f¥g£l juî tiffS¡F v.fh. jUf. f£lis mik¥ò:

Array, function, Pointer, Reference. <type> <& reference_variable> = <original_
variable>
m
49. kh¿fŸ F¿¥ò tiuf.
kh¿fŸ v‹git F¿¥ã£l juî ïd§fË‹ 56. ã‹tU« T‰¿‹ btË¥ghL ahJ?
kâ¥òfis jh§»íŸs, bgaÇl¥g£l Ãidtf Cont << setw (10)<<set fill(0)<< 250;
ïl§fis F¿¡»wJ. i) cout setf (ios :: fixed);
co

50. kh¿fis m¿É¥gj‰fhd f£lis mik¥ig ii) cout.set precision (3)<<2.5;
vGJf. (i) 0000000250
kh¿fis m¿É¥gj‰fhd f£lis mik¥ò : (ii) 2.500
s.
<juÉd«> <kh¿Æ‹ bga® >; 57. ã‹tU« v.fh. fhz¥gL« ïdkh‰w¤ij vGJf.
51. V‹ kh¿ia KGv© juÉdkhf m¿É¡f a. double x = 72.5%
nt©L«? int y = (int) x ;
ok
b. int x = 24;
ïJ xU jrk« ïšyhj KG v©fshF«. KG
long y = x;
v©fŸ ne®kiw mšyJ vâ®kiw v©fshf
(a) btËíiw ïdkh‰w«
ïU¡fyh«. ïªj juÉd« KG v©fis k£Lnk
bg‰W mijna âU¥ò»wJ. KG v© (int) kh¿fŸ (b) cŸSiw ïdkh‰w«
KG v©fis k£Lnk nrÄ¡f mDkâ¡F«.
o 58. mo¥gil juî tif¡F«, jUÉ¡f¥g£l juî
tif¡F« vfh jUf?
ab
52. bghU¤Jf.
(i) mo¥gil juî tif; int, float, double, void
(i) int - (1) 3.4x10-38 to 3.4x1038-1 (iv)
(ii) jUÉ¡f¥g£l juî tif; Array, class,
(ii) float - (2) -127 to 128 (iii) reference
(iii) char - (3) 0 to 4294967295 (ii)
ur
59. kâ¥ò¥òŸË kh¿È¡F« ïu£il juÉd¤â‰F«

(iv) double - (4) - 32768 to 32767 (i) cŸs ntWghL ahJ?
[Éil. (i) - (4), (ii) - (3), (iii) - (2), (iv) - (1)] kâ¥ò¥òŸË kh¿È jrkòŸË kâ¥òfis
k£Lnk Fiwªj msî ïl¤ij vL¤J¡ bfh©L
.s
53. size of ( ) bra‰F¿Æ‹ ga‹ ahJ? nrÄ¡F«. ïj‹ kâ¥ò gu¥ghdJ.

sizeof( ) v‹D« bra‰F¿ juÉd¤â‹ msit -3.E+38 to 3.4E+38 MF«
jF»wJ. (size) ïu£il juÉdK« jrk òŸË kâ¥òfis nrÄ¡f
w

54. ã‹tU« T‰iw ïa¡F« nghJ Turbo k‰W« mâf msî ïl¤ij vL¤J¡ bfhŸ»wJ. ïj‹
DevC++ jU« ãiH th¡»a§fis vGJf? kâ¥ò gu¥ghdJ -1.7E+308 to 1.7E+908
Const x = 200
w

60. v‹d kâ¥ò n k‰W« ch kh¿Æš njh‹W«?
x = x + 1;
Char c = 'B'
cout < c n;
w
(i) Turbo: - cannot modify the const object int n = c+1;

v‹W« char ch = (char)n;
(ii) DevC++:-assignment of road only memory (i) n = 67
bgw (ii) ch = c

61. (a) n jitahd juî tifia ga‹gL¤â, (ii) r®tnjr juÃ®za mik¥ghš (ISO-
kh¿Æš 3.14 kâ¥ig nrÄ International Organization for Standardization)-
(b) njitahd juî tifia ga‹gL¤â, thš C++ bkhÊ ju¥gL¤j¥g£lJ.
kh¿Æš kâ¥ig 3 nrÄ (iii) or«g® 2017 - š btËÆl¥g£l rÛg¤âa
(a) Const float pi = 3.142; Ãiyahd gâ¥ò ISO / IEC 14882: 2017
m
(b) float pi vd miH¡f¥L»wJ. ïJ C++17 vd
pi = sqrt(3); miH¡f¥gL»wJ. Kjš ju¥gL¤j¥g£l
gâ¥ò 1998 ïš ISO / IEC 14882: 1998 Mf
62. juÉd§fŸ F¿¥ò tiuf. btËÆl¥g£lJ. ã‹d® C++ 03 (ISO / IEC
co
kh¿Æš vªj juit eh« nrÄ¡f ngh»nwh« 14882: 2003), C ++ 11 (ISO / IEC 14882:
v‹gij R£o¡ fh£Ltnj juÉd¤â‹ 2011) k‰W« C ++ 14 (ISO / IEC 14882:
ntiyahF«. 2014). mL¤j Ãiyahd gâ¥ò 2020 ïš
63. nfhit g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf. C++ 20 Mf ïU¡F«.
s.
nfhit xU kâ¥ig cUth¡f x‹W¡F nk‰g£l (iv) C++ - 9 ‹ jh¡f« C # (á-õh®¥) (C-Sharp),
brany‰ãfŸ k‰W« RÊa« mšyJ mj‰F o (D), #hth (Java) k‰W« á-ï‹ òâa
nk‰g£l bra‰F¿fŸ M»at‰iw cŸsl¡»aJ. gâ¥òfËš cŸsJ.
ok
64. bjhl¡f kâ¥ãU¤jY¡F«, ïa§FÃiy bjhl¡f 2. ã‹tU« F¿¥bga®fŸ rÇah, jtwh vd¡ TWf.
kâ¥ãU¤jY¡F« cŸs ntWghL ahJ? jtW vÅš fhuz« jUf.
kh¿ mšyJ kh¿fŸ m¿É¡f¥gL« nghnj
mj‰F bjhl¡f kâ¥ò tH§Fjiy bjhl¡f
o (i) num-add (ii) This (iii) 2myfile
kâ¥ãLjš v‹W miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
num-add jtW áw¥ò vG¤JU (-)
v.fh: int a; bfh©LŸsJ
ab
a = 10; this jtW ïJ xU áw¥ò¢
brhšiy
ÃuÈ‹ ïa¡f¤â‹ nghJ xU kh¿¡F bjhl¡f
bfh©LŸsJ
kâ¥ò ïU¤j Koí« ïJ ïa§FÃiy bjhl¡f
áw¥ò¢ brhšiy
kâ¥ãU¤jš vd¥gL«.
ur
F¿¥bgauhf
v.fh: int num 1, num2, num3; ga‹gL¤j KoahJ
1; num3 = num1 + num2; 2myfile jtW F¿¥bga®
v¥bghGJ« vG¤J
.s
áW Édh¡fŸ (3 kâ¥bg©fŸ) mšyJ mo¡

nfh£Ll‹ bjhl§f
1. C++ ‹ tuyhW g‰¿ vGJf. nt©L«
w
(i) C ++ MdJ 1979 M« M©oš AT & 3. x¥Õ£L bra‰F¿fË‹ brašghLfis vGJf.

T bgš MŒtf¤âš n#®‹ °£bus°£u¥
(Bjarne Stroustrup) - Mš cUth¡f¥g£lJ. bra‰F¿ brašghL vL¤J¡fh£L
w
C++ bkhÊ KjÈš C bkhÊÆš ïUªJ > Él¥bgÇJ a>b

jUÉ¡f¥g£lJ k‰W« áKyh (Simula), < Él¢ á¿J a<b
ã.á.ã.vš (BCPL), mlh (Ada), v«.vš.(ML), >= Él¥bgÇJ a>=b
w
á.vš.í.(CLU) k‰W« mšfhš 68 (ALGOL mšyJ Ãf®

68) ngh‹w gy bkhÊfshš jh¡f¤ij
<= Él¢ á¿J a<=b
V‰gL¤âaJ. ``òâa á" k‰W« ïd¡FG cl‹ mšyJ Ãf®
á v‹W 1983 tiu tH§f¥g£lJ. 1983 M«
== ÃfuhdJ a ==b
M©L, C++ vd Ç¡ kh°»£oahš (Rick
Mascitti.) bga® N£l¥g£lJ. != ÃfÇšiy a!=b

4. Ãgªjid¢ bra‰F¿ g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf. 8. ã‹tU« T‰iw ïa¡F« nghJ vªjÉjkhd
btËpL »il¡F«?
Ãgªjid¢ bra‰F¿ (Conditional Operator):
C++ïš cŸs xnu xU Ãgªjid¢ bra‰F¿ (?:) C = ( va1 + 550 < 1700) ? 200 : 400;
cŸsJ. ïJ xU K«k bra‰F¿ MF«. ïªj if a) va1 = 1000
bra‰F¿ if... else f£L¥gh£L T‰W¡F kh‰whf¥ b) va1 = 1500
m
ga‹gL»wJ. (a) c = 200
5. bghJthf bra‰F¿fŸ v›thW tif¥gL¤j¥ (b) c = 400
gL»‹wd?
co
9. C ‹ kâ¥ig f©Lão if a= 4, b = 3.
C++ bra‰F¿fŸ ã‹tUkhW
tif¥gL¤j¥gL»‹wd. (a) C = a++ * 6 + ++b * 5 +10;
(i) fz¡Ñ£L¢bra‰F¿fŸ (Arithmetic C = a++ * 6 + ++b * 5 +10
Operators) = 4 * 6 + 4 * 5 + 10
s.
(ii) x¥Õ£L¢bra‰F¿fŸ (Relational Operators) = 24 + 20 + 10 = 54
(iii) jU¡f¢bra‰F¿fŸ (Logical Operators) (b) a ‹ kâ¥ig f©LãL if x= 4
a = ++ a/6 + b++ % 3
ok
(iv) ã£ Ãiybra‰F¿fŸ (Bitwise Operators)
(v) kâ¥ãU¤J = 12 * (++9/6 + b++%3)
bra‰F¿fŸ (Assignment
Operators) =12 * (13/6 + 8 % 3)
(vi) Ãgªjid¢bra‰F¿fŸ o (Conditional = 12 * (2+2) = 48
Operator) 10. ã‹tU« T‰iw if else ga‹gL¤â kh‰¿ vGJf.
(vii) ãw bra‰F¿fŸ (Other Operators).
Com = (Sales > 15000)? sale * 5/100 : 0;
ab
6. cŸç£L¢ bra‰F¿ g‰¿ vGJf. Éil : if (sales > 15000)
>> v‹gJ C++ ‹ cŸç£L bra‰F¿ahF«. com = sales + 5/100
ïJ Éir¥gyifÆ‹ _y« kâ¥òfis¥ bg‰W
ty¥g¡f« cŸs kh¿Æš kâ¥ig ïU¤J»wJ. else
ur
vdnt, ïJ juî <®¥ò (extraction) mšyJ juî com = 0;

bgW« (get from) bra‰F¿ vd¥gL«.
11. Using name space std v‹w T‰¿‹ ga‹ ahJ?
ïªj bra‰F¿¡F ïU brany‰ãfŸ using namespace std; v‹D« tÇahdJ, standard
.s
njit¥gLtjhš, ïJ xU ïUk bra‰F¿ahF«. namespace -ir¥ ga‹gL¤JkhW Ãuš bga®¥ã¡F

Éir¥ gyifÆ‹ _y« bgw¥gL« cŸç£oid, TW»wJ. namespace v‹gJ ïd¡FG, bghUŸ
K‹djhfnt tiuaW¡f¥g£l cin v‹D« k‰W« kh¿fS¡F¤ njitahd F¿¥bga®fË‹
w
bghUshš (á-ï‹ v‹W c¢rÇ¡f¥gL»wJ) bjhF¥ghF«. xU bgÇa brašâ£l¤âš V‰gL«

milahs« fh©»wJ, ïJ Kjš brany‰ãahF«. bga® Ku©ghLfis¤ jÉ®¡F« tÊKiwfis
ïu©lhtJ brany‰ã xU kh¿ahf ïU¡f namespace bfhL¡»wJ. ANSI C++ ju¡FGÉdhš
nt©L«. òâajhf m¿Kf¥gL¤j¥g£LŸsJ.
w
7. juîÉL¥ò mšyJ juîjU« bra‰F¿ g‰¿ vGJf. 12. xUk, ïUk, K«k bra‰F¿fŸ ntWghL
vL¤J¡fh£L jUf?
<< v‹gJ C++š cŸs btËp£L bra‰F¿ahF«.
(i) xUk bra‰F¿ xnu xU brany‰ãia
w
tyJ¥g¡f« cŸs kh¿Æ‹ kâ¥òfis¥ bg‰W

k£L« V‰F« - ++, --
ïlJ¥g¡f« cŸs K‹ tiuaW¡f¥g£LŸs
(ii) ïUk bra‰F¿ ïu©L brany‰ãia k£L«
bghUshd cout-¡F mD¥ò»wJ. ïJ juî V‰F« - %, /, +,
ÉL¥ò (insertion) mšyJ juî jU« (put-to)
(iii) K«k bra‰F¿fŸ _‹W brany‰ãia
bra‰F¿ahF«. ïU xU ïUk bra‰F¿ahF«. k£L« V‰F« - ? :

13. int ch = 30; cout << "\n Enter Number 1: ";

cout << ++ ch;
cin >> num1;
cout << ch;
(i) nkny cŸs nfh¥ã‹ btË¥ghL ahJ? cout << "\n Enter Number 2: ";
(ii) ++ch ¡F gâyhf ch+1 vd kh‰¿aik¤jhš cin >> num2;
m
tU« btË¥ghL ahJ? sum = num1 + num2;
(i) 31 31
cout << "\n The sum of " << num1 << " and " <<
(ii) 31 30 num2 << " is " << sum;
co
14. a. Val = 3 b. Val ==3 }
(i) ïu©L T‰WfS« cŸs ntWgh£il vGJf. 18. VnjD« xU F¿íUit¥ bg‰W mjDila mL¤j
(ii) if val = 5 vÅš b T‰¿‹ kâ¥ò ahJ? F¿íUit bjÇÉ¡F« C++ Ãuiy vGJf.
#include <iostream>
s.
(i) (a) kâ¥ãL¤J T‰W ïâš Val ‹ kâ¥ò 3
vd kâ¥ãU¤j¥gL»wJ. using namespace std;
(b) x¥Õ£L T‰W ïJ ïlJ g¡f« cŸs int main()
ok
F¿¥bgaÇ‹ kâ¥nghL tyJ g¡f« {
cŸs kâ¥nghL x¥ÕL brŒ»wJ.
char ch;
(ii) kâ¥ò jtW (0) VbdÅš 5==3 (5 is ÃfuhdJ
ïšiy 3). cout << "\n Enter a character: ";
cin >> ch;
o
15. ã‹tU« T‰¿š a ‹ kâ¥ò ahJ if a is KG v©
ch = ch + 1;
2) a is Çaš v© a = 5/3.
ab
cout << "\n The Next character: " << ch;
(i) 1.6666
}
(ii) 1 btËpL :
16. C++‹ nfhitfis tif¥gL¤Jf. Enter a character: A
ur
C++-š,
VGÉjkhd nfhitfŸ cŸsd. The Next character: B
mitahtd: 19. xU t£l¤â‹ gu¥gsit¡ fhz cjî« C++ Ãuiy
(i) kh¿È¡ nfhit vGJf.
.s
(ii) KG v© nfhit #include <iostream>

(iii) Äj¥ò¥ òŸË nfhit using namespace std;
(iv) x¥Õ£L¡ nfhit int main()
w
(v) jU¡f¡ nfhit {

(vi) ã£Ãiy nfhit
float r, area;
(vii) R£L¡ nfhit
w
cout << "\n Enter Radius: ";

17. ïu©L KGv©fis bg‰W mjDila T£L¤
cin >> r;
bjhifia fh©ã¡F« C++ Ãuiy vGJf.
area = 3.14 * r * r;
#include <iostream>
w
using namespace std; cout << "\n The Area of the circle is " << area;
int main() }
{ btËpL :
int num1, num2, sum; Enter radius : 6.5
// variables num1, num2, and sum are declared as The area of the circle is 132.665
integers

(i) gâ‹k« (Decimal) : 0 Kjš 9 tiuahd,

beLÉdh¡fŸ (5 kâ¥bg©fŸ)
x‹W mšyJ mj‰F nk‰g£l KG v©
ïy¡f§fË‹, tÇir.
1. C++ ‹ e‹ikfŸ ahit?
C++ -‹ e‹ikfŸ :
rÇ jtW
725 7,500 (fh‰òŸË mDkâÆšiy)
m
(i) C++ Äfî« vËikahd bkhÊahF«, nkY«
gš-rhjd«, gš-gÂ¤js« ga‹gh£L -27 66 5(bt‰W ïilbtË
ts®¢á¡F bgU«ghY« nj®î brŒa¥gL« mDkâÆšiy)
bkhÊahF«. 4.56 9$ (áw¥ò F¿pL mDkâÆšiy)
co
(ii) C++ xU bghUŸneh¡F Ãuyh¡f bkhÊahF«. 4.56 v‹w v©iz xU KGv© kh¿ahf
ïJ ïd¡FG¡fŸ, kuòÇk«, gšYUth¡f«, bfhL¡F« nghJ, 4I k£L« vL¤J¡bfhŸS«,
juî mUtkh¡f« k‰W« ciwbghâah¡f« .56 v‹w kâ¥ò ÃuhfÇ¡f¥gL«.
M»at‰iw cŸsl¡»aJ. (ii) v©k / v©Âiy (Octal) : x ‹ W
s.
(iii) C++ fsŠáa¤âš Ãiwa bra‰TWfŸ mšyJ mj‰F nk‰g£l v©k ïy¡f§fË‹
cŸsJ. tÇir (0 ... .7). v©k kh¿ÈfŸ 0 v‹w
(iv) C++ ÉâÉy¡F ifahSjiyí« (exception K‹bdh£Ll‹ bjhl§F»wJ.
ok
handling), bra‰TW gÂÄF¥igí« rÇ jtW
mDkâ¡»wJ. Mdhš á bkhÊÆš ïªj 012 05,600 (fh‰òŸËia V‰fhJ)
trâ ïšiy. -027 04.56 (jrk òŸËia
(v) C+ + bkhÊ xU r¡âthŒªj, M‰wYila V‰fhJ)**
o
k‰W« Éiuthd bkhÊahF«. ïJ GUI +0231 0158 (8 v©k v© ïšiy
ga‹ghLfËÈUªJ Éisah£LfS¡fhd vdnt, ïJ V‰òilajšy)
ab
3D tiufis Ãfœneu (real-time) fÂj (iii) gâdhWÃiy (Hexadecimal): x ‹ W
cUtf¥gL¤JjšfS¡F xU gutyhd mšyJ mj‰F nk‰g£l gâdhWÃiy
ga‹ghLfis¡ f©l¿»wJ. ïy¡f§fË‹ tÇir (0....9, A.....F).
gâdhWÃiy kh¿ÈfŸ 0 X mšyJ 0X
ur
2. KG v© kh¿ÈÆ‹ tiffis¥ g‰¿ ÉtÇ.

v‹w K‹bdh£L cl‹ bjhl§F»wJ.
KG v© kh¿ÈfŸ / Ãiyahd òŸË kh¿ÈfŸ
(Integer Constants (or) Fixed point constants): rÇ jtW
ã‹d kâ¥òfŸ ïšyhj v©fŸ KG 0 X123 0×1,A5 (fh‰òŸË mDkâ¡fhJ)
.s
v©fshF«. xU KG v© kh¿È vªj xU jrk 0 X568 0×14E (bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsthW

òŸËí« ïšyhkš Fiwªjg£r« xU ïy¡f¤ij jrkòŸËia mDkâ¡fhJ)
bghJthf, xU KG v©Ql‹, L mšyJ
w
bfh©oU¡f nt©L«. ïJ kiw F¿pL mšyJ

F¿pL ïšyhkš ïU¡F« kiw F¿pL cŸs l k‰W« U mšyJ u M»at‰WŸ x‹iw
KG v©fŸ vâ®kiw v©zhf fUj¥gL»‹wd. ã‹bdh£lhf bfhL¡F« nghJ mJ
w
fh‰òŸËfŸ k‰W« bt‰W ïilbtËfŸ long mšyJ unsigned tif kh¿Èahf

M»ait xU gFâahf mDkâ¡f¥glhJ. fUâ¡bfhŸS«.
C ++ ïš, _‹W tifahd KG v© kh¿ÈfŸ 3. F¿¥bga®fS¡F bgaÇLtj‰fhd ÉâfŸ ahJ?
w
cŸsd: (i) xU F¿¥bgaÇ‹ Kjš vG¤J f©o¥ghf

(i) gâ‹k« vG¤J mšyJ mo¡nfho£L (-) ïU¡f
nt©L«.
(ii) v©Âiy
(ii) vG¤J¡fŸ, v©fŸ k‰W« mo¡nfhLfŸ
(iii) gâdhW Ãiy. k£Lnk mDkâ¡f¥gL»‹wd. ãw áw¥ò
vG¤JU¡fŸ bgaÇ‹ xU gFâahf
mDkâ¡f¥glhJ.

(iii) C++ xU vG¤J tot cz®¤âahF« vL¤J¡fh£lhf: N1=10, N2=20;

(case sensitive) bgÇa (Uppercase) k‰W«
á¿a (lowercase) vG¤J¡fŸ bt›ntwhf S = ++N1 + ++N2;
fUj¥gL»‹wd. ã‹tU« tiugl« nkny bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs
(iv) áw¥ò¢ brh‰fŸ (Keywords) mšyJ fh¥ò¢ T‰¿‹, brašgL« Kiwia És¡F»wJ.
brh‰fŸ (Reserve words) F¿¥bgaÇ‹ N1 = 10, N2 = 20;
m
bgauhf ga‹gL¤j KoahJ. S = ++N1 + ++N2
(v) ANSI juÃiyfË‹ go, C++-š F¿¥

bga®fS¡fhd vG¤â‹ Ús¤â‰F vªj N1 = 10 + 1
N2 = 20 + 1
co
všiyí« ïšiy. vdnt mid¤J
N1 = 11 N2 = 21
vG¤JfS« F¿¥ãl¤j¡fit.
(vi) kh¿Æ‹ bgaiu gšntW gFâfshf
ãÇ¡f, kh¿Æ‹ bga®fËš mo¡nfho£L¡ S= 32
bfhŸsyh« (v.fh: total_sales v‹gJ rÇahd
s.
K‹bdh£L ÄF¥ò brašgL« Kiw
F¿¥bga®,total sales xU jtwhd F¿¥bga®
MF«.) nkny cŸs vL¤J¡fh£oš N-fË‹ kâ¥òfŸ
(vii) tamilMark ngh‹w ghÂ bfh©l kh¿ia KjÈš 1 ÄF¡f¥g£L mj‰FÇa brany‰ãÆš
ok
ga‹gL¤jyh«. ïu©lhtJ th®¤ijÆ‹ ïU¤j¥gL»wJ.
Kjš vG¤J M§»y bgÇa vG¤âš ã‹bdh£L KiwÆš, ÄF¥ò / Fiw¥ò¡F
ïU¥gij¡ fhzyh«. K‹djhfnt brany‰ãÆš cŸs kâ¥ig,
4. ÄF¥ò k‰W« Fiw¥ò bra‰F¿fis fz¡»LjY¡fhf C++ ga‹gL¤J»wJ.
vL¤J¡fh£Ll‹ És¡Ff.
o vL¤J¡fh£lhf
ÄF¥ò k‰W« Fiw¥ò¢ bra‰bra‰F¿fŸ
ab
Increment and Decrement Operators : N1=10, N2=20;
+ + (Plus, Plus) ÄF¥ò bra‰F¿ S = N1++ + ++N2;
-- (Minus, Minus) Fiw¥ò¢ bra‰F¿
ã‹tU« tiugl« nkny bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs
ÄF¥ò mšyJ Fiw¥ò bra‰F¿ xU
T‰¿‹, brašgL« Kiwia És¡F»wJ.
ur
brany‰ãÆ‹ ÛJ k£Lnk bra‰g£L xU òâa

kâ¥ig tH§F»wJ. vdnt, ïªj¢ bra‰F¿fŸ N1 = 10, N2 = 20;
xUk¢ bra‰F¿fŸ vd¥gL«. ÄF¥ò bra‰F¿ S = N1++ + ++N2
brany‰ãíl‹ 1 v‹w kâ¥ig T£L»wJ.
.s
Fiw¥ò¢ bra‰F¿ brany‰ãÆÈUªJ 1 v‹w

kâ¥ig Fiw¡»wJ. N1 = 10 N2 = 20 + 1
vL¤J¡fh£lhf N2 = 21
x++ v‹gJ x = x +1 v‹gj‰F¢ rk« → x -‹

w

j‰nghija kâ¥òl‹ 1I T£L»wJ. S= 31
x-- v‹gJ x = x-1 v‹gj‰F¢ rk«. → x -‹
ã‹bdh£L ÄF¥ò brašgL« Kiw
w
j‰nghija kâ¥òl‹ 1I Fiw¡»wJ.

ïªj ÄF¥ò (++) mšyJ Fiw¥ò (--) bra‰F¿fŸ nkny bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs vL¤J¡fh£oš
kh¿fS¡F K‹bdh£lhfnth mšyJ N1 brany‰ãÆš ïU¤j¥g£l kâ¥ò
ã‹bdh£lhfnth ïU¤j¥gL»wJ. K‹bdh£L
w
vL¤J¡bfhŸs¥g£L, ãwF mªj kâ¥ghdJ

KiwÆš brany‰ãia ga‹gL¤Jtj‰F ÄF¡f¥gL»wJ. (kâ¥ò 1 T£l¥gL»wJ.)
K‹djhfnt ÄF¥ò mšyJ Fiw¥ò
brašgL¤j¥gL«.

vL¤J¡fh£L vL¤J¡fh£L :
brašghL
bra‰F¿ (n=2) vÅš, a ‹ kâ¥ò a = 65, b = 15 vÅš mj‹ ïUÃiy kâ¥òfŸ
v‹d?) 65 = 0100 0001
K‹bdh£L ã‹bdh£L 15 = 0000 1111
a=++n; a=n++;
m
6. ã£Ãiy ef®î bra‰F¿fis vL¤J¡fh£Ll‹
++ ÄF¥ò a ‹ kâ¥ò 3 a ‹ kâ¥ò ÉtÇ.
(a =3) 2 (a = 2) ã£Ãiy ef®î bra‰F¿fŸ (The Bitwise shift
a=--n; a=n--; operators):
co
-- Fiw¥ò a ‹ kâ¥ò 1 a ‹ kâ¥ò (i) C++ïš ïlJ ef®î (<<) k‰W« tyJ
(a =1) 2 (a = 2) ef®î (>>) vD« ïu©L ã£Ãiy ef®î
bra‰F¿fŸ cŸsd.
5. jU¡f ã£Ãiy bra‰F¿fis vL¤J¡fh£Ll‹
s.
ÉtÇ. (ii) ïlJ ef®î (shift left )(<<) - tyJ
jU¡f ã£Ãiy bra‰F¿fŸ (Logical bitwise brany‰ãÆš bfhL¡f¥gL« KG v©
operators): kâ¥ã‹ v©Â¡ifÆ‹ msî¡F, ïlJ
ok
& ã£Ãiy AND (ïUk AND) brany‰ãÆ‹ ã£Lfis ïlJ g¡fkhf
│ã£Ãiy OR (ïUk OR) ef®¤J«. tyJ brany‰ã unsigned KG
v©zhf ïU¤jš nt©L«.
^ã£Ãiy jÅ¤j OR (ïUk XOR)
(iii) tyJ ef®î (shift right) (>>) - tyJ
(i) ã£Ãiy AND (&) vD« bra‰F¿ ïu©L
brany‰ãfË‹ kâ¥òfS« 1 (True) vd
o brany‰ãÆš bfhL¡f¥gL« KG v©
kâ¥ã‹ v©Â¡ifÆ‹ msî¡F, ïlJ
ïU¡F«nghJ 1 (True) vdî« ïšiynaš
ab
0 (False) vdî« Éil jU«. brany‰ãÆ‹ ã£Lfis, tyJ g¡fkhf
ef®¤J«. tyJ brany‰ã unsigned KG
(ii) ã£Ãiy OR (│) vD« bra‰F¿, VnjD«
v©zhf ïU¤jš nt©L«.
xU brany‰ã‹ kâ¥ò 1 (True) vd
ïU¡F«nghJ 1 (True) v‹w Éiliaí«, vL¤J¡fh£L :
ur
ïu©L brany‰ãfË‹ kâ¥òfS« 0 a = 15 vÅš mj‹ ïUÃiy

(False) vd ïU¡F«nghJ 0 (False) v‹w kâ¥ò 0000 1111
Éiliaí« jU«.
.s
bra‰F¿ brašghL Éil

(iii) ã£Ãiy XOR (^) vD« bra‰F¿ xnu
xU brany‰ã‹ kâ¥ò 1 (True) vd a 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
ïU¡F«bghGJ 1 (True) v‹w Éiliaí«, a << 3 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

<< a << 3
w
ïu©L brany‰ãfS« 1 (True) mšyJ

0 (False) vd rkkhf ïU¡F«bghGJ (a<< 3) = 011110002=12010
0 (False) v‹w Éiliaí« jU«.
ã£Ãiy x‹¿‹ Ãu¥ò bra‰F¿ (Bitwise one's
w
AND, OR,
XOR-¡fhd ã£Ãiy compliment operator): ã£Ãiy x‹¿‹ Ãu¥ò
bra‰F¿fË‹ bkŒ¥g£oaš (Truth table) bra‰F¿ ~(Tilde) ïUÃiy v©Âš cŸs ã£L
A B A&B A|B A^B
w
1 vÅš 0 vdî«, 0 vÅš 1 vdî« kh‰W«. ïJ

1 1 1 1 0 xU xUk bra‰F¿) MF«.
1 0 0 1 1 vL¤J¡fh£L :
0 1 0 1 1 a = 15 vÅš mj‹ ïUÃiy kâ¥ò 0000 1111
0 0 0 0 0

bra‰F¿ brašghL Éil (i) _y¡F¿ Kiwia cUth¡Fjš

(Creating Source code) bršy¤j¡f
a 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C++ F¿Kiwfis, C++ bjhF¥ghÅš
(~ a) 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 ÉâKiwfis ã‹g‰¿ j£l¢R brŒJ
~ (~a) cUth¡f¥gLtjhF«.
(~a) = 111100002= -1610 (ii) .cpp Ú£o¥ò bgaUl‹ _y¡F¿Kiwia
m
nrÄ¤jš (Saving source code with extension
7. C++ š ã‹g‰w¥gL« K‹DÇik tÇiria .cpp)
vGJf. _y¡F¿ Kiwia j£l¢R brŒJ Ko¤j
co
K‹DÇik tÇir (The order of precedence): ã‹ f©o¥ghf .cpp v‹w Ú£o¥ò bgaUl‹
nrÄ¡f nt©L«.
mil¥ò¡F¿¡FŸ cŸs nkš
(iii) bjhF¤jš (Compilation): Ãuiy
()[] bra‰F¿fŸ KjÈš
Ãiwnt‰w¥gL»wJ cUth¡Ftâš ïJ xU K¡»akhd goÃiy
s.
MF«. bjhF¤jÈš KiwÆš bjhF¥gh‹
ã‹bdh£L ÄF¥ò / üyf¡ nfh¥òfis _y F¿Kiwíl‹
++, --
Fiw¥ò bjhl®ò gL¤â F¿KiwÆ‹ x›bthU
ok
K‹bdh£L ÄF¥ò / tÇiaí«, rÇgh®¡»wJ. ïâš VnjD«
++, -- jtwh mšyJ ãiHah f©l¿a¥g£lhš
Fiw¥ò
mij âU¤Jtj‰F gaDU¡F bjÇÉ¡»wJ.
bgU¡fš, tF¤jš,
*, /, % vªj ãiHí« ïšiy vÅš ïJ
KGv© tFÛâ o _y¡F¿Kiwia fÂÅ¡F òÇ»‹w
ïy¡F nfh¥ghf .obj v‹w Ú£o¥òl‹ kh‰w«
+, - T£lš, fÊ¤jš
brŒ»‹wJ.
ab
Él¢ á¿J, Él¢ á¿J (iv) ïa¡Fjš (execution): ïJ Ãuiy
<, <=, >, mšyJ Ãf®, Él¥ cUth¡Ftâš ïWâahd goÃiy MF«.
>= bgÇJ, ïªj ÃiyÆš, ïy¡f nfh¥ò. exe v‹w
Él¥ bgÇJ mšyJ Ãf® ïa¡f nfh¥ghf khW»wJ. Ãuš, ïa¡f
nfh¥ghdJ« jÅ¢irahf ïa§F«.
ur
==, != ÃfuhdJ, ÃfÇšiy mjhtJ, bjhF¥gh‹ mšyJ IDE Æ‹

cjÉÆ‹¿ ga‹gh£il ïa¡f Koí«.
&& jU¡f AND 9. cUisÆ‹ tisªj nk‰gu¥ig f©l¿í« C++
.s
Ãuiy vGJf.
|| jU¡f OR Éil :
#include <iostream>
w
?: Ãgªjid bra‰F¿
= kâ¥ãU¤jš int main()
w
{
+=, -=, FW¡F tÊ kâ¥ãU¤J
float pi = 3.14, radius, height, CSA;
*=, /= bra‰F¿
cout << "\n Curved Surface Area of a cylinder";
w
, fh‰òŸË bra‰F¿ cout << "\n Enter Radius (in cm): ";
Ñœ
cin >> radius;
8. C++š Ãuiy cUth¡Ftj‰F« ïa¡Ftj‰F« cout << "\n Enter Height (in cm): ";
cŸs goÃiyfis vGJf. cin >> height;
C++ Ãuiy cUth¡Ftj‰F«, ïa¡Ftj‰F« CSA = (2*pi*radius)*height;
ã‹tU« eh‹F K¡»a goÃiyfis f£lhakhf system("cls");
ã‹g‰w nt©L«. cout << "\n Radius: " << radius <<"cm";

cout << "\n Height: " << height << "cm"; btËpL :
cout << "\n Curved Surface Area of a Cylinder is Enter Radius (in cm): 14
" << CSA <<" sq. cm.";
Perimeter of the semicircle is 71.96 cm
}
Area of the semicircle is 307.72 sq.cm
btËpL :
m
Curved Surface Area of a cylinder 11. rkg¡f br›tf¤â‹ gu¥gsî k‰W« R‰wsit
f©l¿í« C++ Ãuiy vGJf.
Enter Radius (in cm): 7 Éil :
Enter Height (in cm): 20 #include <iostream>
co
Radius: 7cm #include<math.h>
void main ()
Height: 20cm
{
Curved Surface Area of a Cylinder is 879.2 sq. cm. int l, b, ar, p;
xnu tifíŸs kh¿fS¡F xnu T‰¿š bjhl¡f double d;
s.
kâ¥ãU¤j Koí«. l = 20; b = 10;
ar = l * b;
10. miut£l¤â‹ R‰Wsî k‰W« gu¥ig f©l¿í«
p = 2 * (l + b);
ok
C++ Ãuiy vGJf.
d = sqrtl (* l + b * b);
Éil : cout<<"The area of rectangle"<<ar<<endl;
cout<<"\n The perimeter of rectangle"<<p;
#include <iostream> cout<<"\n The diagonal of rectangle"<<d;
using namespace std; }
int main()
o 12. t£o Éj¤â‰F« T£L t£o¡F« cŸs ntWgh£il
f©Lão¡f C++ Ãuš vGJf (Kjš = 500,
ab
{
t£o = 10, fhy« = 2)
int radius; #include <iostream>
float pi = 3.14; #include <math.h>
cout << "\n Enter Radius (in cm): "; void main ()
ur
{
cin >> radius;
int p, t;
float perimeter = (pi+2)*radius; // dynamic double r, si, amt, ei, d;
initialization d = 0;
.s
float area = (pi*radius*radius)/2; // dynamic p =5000; r = 10; t = 2;

initialization amt = p * (pow 1+r/100t);
cout << "\n Perimeter of the semicircle is ci = amt - p;
w
"<<perimeter << " cm"; si = p * r * t /100;

cout << "\n Area of the semicircle is " << area << d = ci - si;
" sq.cm"; cout<<"The compound Interest = "<<float(c1);
w
cout<<"\n The simple interest="<<si;

cout<<"\n the difference of simple and compound
interst"<<float<d);
w

13. VnjD« IªJ C++ nfhitfis vL¤J¡ fh£Ll‹ És¡Ff.

t.v© nfhit És¡f« vL¤J¡fh£L
1 kh¿È¡ nfhit kh¿È¡ nfhit kh¿È kâ¥òfis k£Lnk cŸsl¡ »aJ int num =100;
KG v© k‰W« F¿íU kâ¥òfŸ mšyJ kh¿ÈfŸ sum =
2 KG v© nfhit vËa fz¡Ñ£L bra‰F¿fSl‹ ïizªJ KG v© num1+ num2;
m
Éilia jU»‹wd. avg = sum/5;
Äj¥ò¥ òŸË kâ¥òfŸ mšyJ kh¿fŸ vËa fz¡Ñ£L¢
3 Äj¥ò¥ òŸË nfit bra‰ F¿fSl‹ ïizªJ Äj¥ò¥ òŸË Éilia Area = 3.14*r*r;
co
jU»‹wd.
kâ¥òfŸ mšyJ kh¿ÈfŸ x¥Õ£L bra‰F¿fSl‹ x>y;
4 x¥Õ£L¡ nfhit ïizªJ óÈa‹ (rÇ mšyJ jtW) kâ¥òfis
a+b==c+d;
Éilahf bfhL¡F«.
s.
kâ¥òfŸ mšyJ kh¿ÈfŸ jU¡f¢ bra‰F¿fSl‹
5 jU¡f¡ nfhit (a>b)&& (c==10);
ïizªJ óÈa‹ kâ¥òfis Éilahf¡ bfhL¡F«.
14. C++ š ga‹gL« ÃW¤j‰F¿fŸ g‰¿ vGJf.
ok
tu«ò¢ R£o És¡f« vL¤J¡fh£L
xU ÃuÈ‹ bjhFâ, bjhl¡f« k‰W« Koî beËî int main ( )
mil¥ò¡ F¿fshš F¿¡f¥gL»wJ. xU ÃuÈ‹ {
{ } beËî mil¥ò¡ F¿ bjhFâ x‹W mšyJ x‹¿‰F nk‰g£l brašgh£L¡ int x=10, y=20, sum;
(Curly braces)
o
T‰Wfis¡ bfh©oUªjhš mJ fyit T‰W sum = x + y;
(compound statement)vd¥gL«.
cout << sum;
ab
}
ïªj mil¥ò¡F¿, bra‰TW miH¥ò (function call) clrscr( );
( ) mil¥ò¡ F¿
k‰W« bra‰TW msòU¡fis¡ (function parameters) int main ( )
(Parenthesis) F¿¡f¥ ga‹gL»wJ.
ur
[ ] rJu mil¥ò¡F¿ xU gÇkhz k‰W« gy gÇkhz mÂfis¡ F¿¡f¥ int num[5];

(Square brackets) ga‹gL»wJ char name[50];
, fh‰òŸË ïJ xU nfhitÆš tu«ò¢ R£oahf¥ int x=10, y=20, sum;
(Comma) ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
.s
x›bthU C++ T‰WfS« miu¥òŸËÆš bfh©L int main ( )

Ko¡f¥gL»wJ. {
; miu¥òŸË int x=10, y=20, sum;
w
(Semicolon) sum = x + y;
cout << sum;
}
w
: K‰fhšòŸË (Colon) ïJ xU T‰¿‹ milahs¡ F¿pL. private:

ït‰¿š cŸsl§»a ciu¤bjhFâ F¿¥òiuahf¡ /* This is written
fUj¥gL«. Ãuš bga®¥ã // v‹w F¿íl‹ bjhl§F« By myself
w
T‰iw brašgL¤jhJ. to learn CPP */

F¿¥òiufŸ (Comments) // xU tÇ F¿¥òiu int main ( )
{
// /* */ gy tÇ F¿¥òiu
int x=10, y=20, sum;
/* */ // to sum x and y
sum = x + y;
cout << sum;
}

15. ã‹tU« nfhitfË‹ kâ¥ig f©Lão ït‰¿š 16. ã‹tU« T‰WfS¡F ïizahd kâ¥ãL¤J
a, b, c M»ait KG v© kh¿fŸ k‰W« d, e, f T‰Wfis vGJf.
M»ait kâ¥ò¥òŸË kh¿fŸ. (i) b kâ¥ig temp kh¿Æš nrÄ¡f
a = 5, b = 3, k‰W« d=1.5; (ii) b+1 I bš kâ¥ãU¤J
(i) f = a+b/a (iii) d/temp I cš kâ¥ãU¤J
(iv) b+c I tempš kâ¥ãU¤J
m
(ii) c = (a++) * d+a (v) temp -1 I aš kâ¥ãU¤J
(iii) c = a * a+b Éil :
(iv) c = a-(b++) * (--d) (i) temp = b;
co
(v) f = (++b) * b - a (ii) b = b+1;
(iii) c = d/temp;
Éil : (iv) temp = b+c;
(i) f = a+b/a = 5+3/5 ⇒ 5 + 0 = 5.0 (v) a - temp -1;
f = 5.0 17. nfhz¤â‹ bfhŸsit f©Lão¥gj‰fhd C++
s.
(ii) c = (a++) * d + a Ãuiy vGJf.
= 5 * 1.5+6 ⇒ 7.5 + 6 = 13.5 formula = 4/3 πr3
#include<iostram.h.>
ok
c = 13
void main ()
(iii) c = a * d + b = 1.5 * 5 + 3 {
= 7.5 + 3 ⇒ 10.5
float r;
c = 10
cout <"\n enter the value of r";
(iv) c = a - (b++) * (--d)
o cin>>r;
= 5 - 3 * 0.5 = 5 - 1.5
ab
= 3.5 cout<<"\n volume of sphere
c =3 is"<<(4/3*3.4*r*r*r);
(v) f = (++b) * b - a }
=4*4-5=4*-5
= 16 - 5
ur
f = 11.0

.s
w
w
w

10 ghŒî¡ f£L¥ghL
m
co
ghl«
s.
bghUsl¡f«
ok
10.1. m¿Kf« 10.4.7. s witch vâ® if-else: áy
10.2. T‰WfŸ (Statements) ntWghLfŸ
10.2.1. bt‰W T‰W 10.4.8. ã‹dyhd switch T‰W

o
10.2.2. fyit (bjhFâ) T‰W 10.5. g‹Kiw¢ braš (mšyJ) kl¡F
ab
10.3. f£L¥gh£L T‰WfŸ 10.5.1. for kl¡F
10.4. nj®ªbjL¥ò T‰WfŸ 10.5.2. while kl¡F
10.4.1. if T‰W 10.5.3. do-while kl¡F
ur
10.4.2. if-else T‰W 10.5.4. ã‹dyhd kl¡FfŸ (Nesting

10.4.3. ã‹dyhd if T‰W of loops)
10.4.4. if-else-if mL¡F 10.6. jhîjš T‰WfŸ (Jump Statements)
.s
10.4.5. if-else ¡F kh‰whd Ãgªjid 10.6.1. goto T‰W

bra‰F¿ 10.6.2. break T‰W
w
10.4.6. switch T‰W 10.6.3. continue T‰W

w
w
[165]

kâ¥ÕL
gFâ - m 9. ã‹tUtdt‰¿š vJ EiHî nrhâ¥ò kl¡F?
rÇahd Éilia nj®î brŒaî«. m. for M. while
ï. do....while <. if......else
m
1. bt‰W¡T‰¿‹ kh‰W¥ bga® v‹d? [Éil. * m. k‰W« M. for k‰W« while]
10. xU kl¡F mj‹ cl‰gFâÆš k‰bwhU kl¡if
m. T‰W mšyh M. fhÈ¡ T‰W
bg‰¿U¥gJ:
ï. void T‰W <. RÊa¡ T‰W
co
m. ã‹dyhd kl¡F
[Éil. M. fhÈ¡ T‰W]
M. cŸ kl¡F
2. C++ š F¿Kiw¤ bjhFâfŸ ïªj ï. cŸËizªj kl¡F
ÃW¤j‰F¿¡FŸ bfhL¡f¥gl nt©L«: <. kl¡FfË‹ ã‹dš
m. { } M. [ ]
s.
[Éil. m. ã‹dyhd kl¡F]
ï. ( ) <. < > gFâ - M
[Éil. m. { }]
FW Édh¡fŸ (2 kâ¥bg©fŸ)
ok
3. RH‰áÆš, Û©L« Û©L« ïa¡f¥gL« F¿Kiw¤
bjhFâfŸ ï›thW miH¡f¥gL»wJ:
1. bt‰W¡T‰W k‰W« T£L¡T‰W v‹whš v‹d?
m. Ãgªjid M. kl¡F
bt‰W T‰W : miu¥òŸËia k£Lnk
ï. T‰W <. kl¡»‹ cl‰gFâ
bfh©oU¡F« T‰iw "bt‰W mšyJ btWik¡
[Éil. M. kl¡F]
4. gy tÊ »is¥ ãÇ¥ò¡ T‰W:
o T‰W" vd¥gL«.
T£L¡ T‰W : C++ T‰WfË‹ bjhF¥ãid
m. if M. if....else
ab
beËî mil¥ò¡F¿fS¡FŸ cŸsl¡f
ï. switch <. for mDkâ¡»wJ. ïªj T‰WfË‹ bjhF¥ãid
[Éil. ï. switch] fyit T‰W mšyJ bjhFâ v‹»nwh«.
5. RH‰á¡ T‰WfŸ v¤jid tif¥gL«? 2. nj®ªbjL¥ò¡ T‰WfŸ v‹whš v‹d? mj‹
ur
m. 2 M. 3 tiffis vGJf.
ï. 4 <. 5 Ãgªjid mo¥gilÆš Ãiwnt‰w¥gL«
[Éil. M. 3] T‰WfŸ nj®ªbjL¥ò T‰WfŸ vd¥gL«.
6. for (int i=0; i<10; i++) v‹w kl¡F v¤jid Kiw
.s
mj‹ tiffŸ
ïa§F«? (i) if T‰W
m. 0 M. 10 ï. 9 <. 11
(ii) if-else T‰W
[Éil. M.10]
w
(iii) nested-if T‰W

7. ã‹tUtdt‰¿š vJ btËnawš nrhâ¥ò kl¡F?
m. for M. while (iv) switch-case T‰W
w
ï. do....while <. if.....else 3. ã‹tU« ÃuÈš cŸs ãiHfis rÇ brŒf.

[Éil. ï. do....while] if (x=1)
8. jhîjš T‰WfË‹ áw¥ò¢ brh‰fËš bghUªjh p=100;
w
x‹iw f©Lão. else

m. break M. switch p=10;
ï. goto <. continue if (x == 1)
[Éil. M. switch] p = 100;
else
p = 10;

RuhÉ‹  11 M« tF¥ò - fÂÅ m¿Éaš  muR khâÇ Édh¤jhŸ - 2018 341
11M«
tF¥ò
RuhÉ‹ khâÇ Édh¤jhŸ- 1
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8. braš KiwfŸ v¤jid tif¥gL«?
id¤J Édh¡fS¡F« ÉilaË¡fî«. [15 × 1 = 15]
m m) 2 M) 1
bfhL¡f¥g£l eh‹F ÉilfËš Äfî« V‰òila ï) 3 <) 4
ÉilÆid nj®ªbjL¤J, F¿p£Ll‹ ÉilÆidí« 9. Ubuntu OS-š ã‹tU« vªj ÉU¥g nj®î V‰fdnt
co
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1. btËp£L rhjd¤ij milahs« fh©f. m) Settings M) Files
m) Éir¥gyif M) Ãidtf« ï) Dash <) VBoxGas5.2.2
ï) âiuaf« <) R£o 10. ã‹tU« T‰¿š vªj T‰W jtwhdJ?
s.
i) É©nlhÌ‹ bjhl¡f âiu âiuKf¥ò v‹W
2. ã‹tU« vªj tUl¤âš xËÆaš R£o
miH¡f¥gL»wJ
f©LãL¡f¥g£lJ?
ii) j ftšfis âiuÆLtj‰fhd tiuaW¡f
m) 1968 M) 1973
ok
všiyfŸ âiuKf¥ò vd¥gL«.
ï) 1980 <) 1981
iii) â iuKf¥ã‹ njh‰w¤ij kh‰w KoahJ
3. bghU¤Jf. e«khy
m) 0 Kjš F tiu 1. ïUÃiy v©fŸ iv) âiuKf¥ãš gÂ¡F¿ k‰W« gÂ¥g£ilfŸ
M) 0, 1 2. gâdhWÃiy ïU¡F«.
o
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v©fŸ 11. cŸçL g©ò k‰W« cŸçL-btËpL bjhl®ig
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v©fŸ m) Étu¡F¿¥ò M) T‰W¡fŸ
m) 2,1,4,3 M) 2,1,3,4 ï) be¿Kiw <) tiuaiw
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ur
12. be¿KiwfŸ vij cŸçlhf bg‰W mij

4. »nyhig£ mšyJ bkfhig£ v‹w msîfËš brašgL¤â btËp£il tH§F»‹wd.
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5. fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ âiu¢rhjd¤ij ïiz¡f cjî« 13. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ Ãuyh¡f bkhÊ¡F
bjhl®ò rhjd« vJ? ÃfuhdjhF«?
w
m) USB M) Ps/2 m) ãÇ¤jš M) ghŒî¥gl«

ï) SCSI <) VGA ï) Ãiy <) nghÈ¡ F¿Kiw
6. ¥S-nu t£oš juit vGJtj‰F ga‹gLtJ 14. nj®ªbjL¥ò T‰W v¤jid Ãgªjidfis k£Lnk
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w
<) Ä‹rhu«
15. m × a + n × b v‹gJ a, b := a + 8, b + 7 v‹w
7. ã‹tU« ïa¡f mik¥òfËš bkhigš
rhjd§fis MjÇ¡F« vJ? kâ¥ãU¤jÈ‹ kh‰wÄÈ v‹whš, m, n É‹ kâ¥òfŸ
m) É©nlh° 7 M) Èd¡° m) m=8, n=7 M)
m=7, n=8
ï) gh° <) iOS ï) m=7, n=-8 <)
n=-7
[ 341 ]

342 RuhÉ‹  11 M« tF¥ò - fÂÅ m¿Éaš  RuhÉ‹ khâÇ Édh¤jhŸ

ãÇî-II (mšyJ)
njD« MW Édh¡fS¡F ÉilaË¡fî«. mt‰¿š
V Äj¥ò¥òŸË gâ‹k v©iz, ïUÃiy v©zhf
Édh v© 24¡F f©o¥ghf ÉilaË¡fî«.[6 × 2 = 12] kh‰Wtj‰fhd tÊKiwfis ÉtÇ.
16. ÉÇth¡f« jUf. 35. XNOR thÆš g‰¿ ÉÇthf vGjî«.
m) POST M) CPU ï) GUI <) VLSI (mšyJ)
m

17. ika¢ brayf¤â‹ (CPU) gFâfŸ ahit? E©braÈÆ‹ g©ò TWfis És¡Ff.
36. xU ïa¡f mik¥ã‹ K¡»a neh¡f§fis
18. (28)10¡F 1‹ Ãu¥ò KiwÆš Éil fhz KoahJ V‹
És¡Ff.
co
fhuz« TW.
(mšyJ)
19. bjhl® Éâfis vGJf.
Wordpad
ga‹gL¤â xU nfh¥òit v›thW
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21. gš gÂah¡f« v‹whš v‹d? 37. f£L¥ghL T‰WfŸ g‰¿ ÉtÇ?
s.
22. cò©LÉ‹ Äf¢áwªj g©ò ahJ? (mšyJ)
23. eh« v›thW be¿KiwfËš Ãiy khW« v‹gij xUbe¿KiwÆš f®z« (hypotunse) g‰¿a Étu¡
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m¿ªJ bfhŸsyh«? F¿¥òfis vGJ§fŸ, tyJ nfhz K¡nfhz¤â‹
ïu©L Fiwªj g¡f¤ijí«, k‰W« btËpL Ús«
24. xU T‰W v›thW bkUnf‰w¥gL»wJ?
_‹wh« g¡f¤ijí« fh©f.
(mšyJ) 38. Kiwna 5, 8 k‰W« 3 È£l® bfhŸssî bfh©l
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kh‰wÄÈ v‹whš v‹d?
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V FLitÆYŸs v©izia ïu©L rk msthf
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25. fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ ga‹ghLfis vGJf. Ãiyia F¿¥ãLf. ïªj brašÃiyÆ‹ bjhl¡f
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27. EBCDIC v‹w F¿p£L Kiw g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf. kh‰w« brŒí« khâÇia cUth¡F. ïWâÃiyia
28. CD k‰W« DVD ntWgL¤Jf. bgWtj‰fhd bjhl® kâ¥ãU¤J T‰Wfis vGJf.
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.s
És¡F§fŸ.
j‰RH‰á Kiwia ga‹gL¤â á¡fiy Ô®¡F«
30. ïa¡»fŸ (dirves) V‹ ãÇ¡f¥g£LŸsd vd
be¿Kiwia ÉtÇ?
gF¥ghŒî brŒf. 
w
31. xU be¿Kiw g‰¿a Étu¡ F¿¥ã‹ totik¥ò

v‹d? ÉilfŸ
w
32. mUtkh¡f¤â‹ ga‹ ahJ?

ãÇî-I
33. Case gF¥ghŒî v‹whš v‹d? 1. ï) âiuaf«
(mšyJ) 2. ï) 1980
w
j‰RH‰áia ga‹gL¤â á¡fiy v›thW Ô®¥ghŒ? 3. m) 2,1,4,3

ãÇî-IV 4. ï) Ãidtf«
5. <) VGA
mid¤J Édh¡fS¡F« ÉilaË¡fî«. [5× 5 = 25]
6. M) ¥S itiy£ nyr®
34. ã‹tUgt‰iw És¡F§fŸ. m. ikÕ¢R
7. <) iOS
m¢R¥bgh¿, M. gšÿlf¥ glåœ¤â,

RuhÉ‹  11 M« tF¥ò - fÂÅ m¿Éaš  RuhÉ‹ khâÇ Édh¤jhŸ 343
8. m) 2 24. xU bgÇa á¡fš, gy á¿a á¡fšfshf ãÇ¡f¥g£l

9. m) Settings ã‹d®, x›bthU á¿a á¡fš TWfS« nkY«
10. M. (ii) (iii) bkUnf‰w¥gL«.
11. m) Étu¡F¿¥ò (mšyJ)
12. m) juî kh¿fŸ r«gªj¥g£l xU nfhitÆYŸs xU
m
13. <) nghÈ¡ F¿Kiw kh¿¡F x‹iw kâ¥ãU¤âa ãwF«, mªj¡ nfhit
14. m) 2 khwhkš m¥gona ïUªjhš mJ kâ¥ãU¤jÈ‹
kh‰wÄÈ v‹W miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
co
15. M) m=7, n=8
ãÇî-III
16. m) POST - Power on Self Test.
25. fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ ga‹ghLfŸ :
M) CPU - Central Processing Unit (i) Éahghu«
ï) GUI - Graphics User Interface (ii)
s.
És«gu«
<) VLSI - Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits (iii) fh¥ÕL
17. ika¢brayf¤âš _‹W gFâfŸ cŸsd. mit (iv) fšÉ
ok
f£L¥gh£lf« (CU- Control Unit), fÂj Vuz¢ (v) t§»
brayf« (ALU - Arithmetic and Logic Unit) k‰W« (vi) bjhiy¤bjhl®ò
Ãidtf« (MU-Memory Unity) MF«. o (vii) bgh¿Æaš (nuhgh£o¡°, endh bjhÊšE£g«,
18. (28)10 v‹w v© ne®kiw v©zhF«. Mifahš 1‹ caÇ¥ bgh¿Æaš.
Ãu¥ò KiwÆš Éil fhz KoahJ.
ab
2 150
19. bjl®Éâ Associative 26.
2 75 – 0
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C 2 37 – 1
A. (B. C) = (A. B). C 2 18 – 1
2 9–0
ur
20. ÃuÈ‹ mL¤J bra‰gL¤j nt©oa f£lisÆ‹ 2 4–1

KftÇia ika¢ brayf¤âYŸs fÂj Vuz¢ 2 2–0
brayf« Ãidtf KftÇia áw¥ò gântlhd Ãuš 2 1–0
[Éil. 100101102]
gânt£oš (Program Counter) nrÄ¤J it¡F«.
.s
21. ïJ ïa¡f mik¥ò m«r§fË‹ x‹whF«. gy 100101102 = ?8

brayh¡f brašKiw (ntiy) ïu©L mšyJ 10 0 10 110
Õ
Õ
mj‰F nk‰g£l braÈfis¡ bfh©LŸsJ.

w
brayh¡f« ïizahf brašgLtjhš ïJ 2 2 6 [Éil. 2268]

ïizah¡f braÈ MF«. 27. ASCII F¿p£L Kiwia¥ ngh‹nw ïJî«
8 ã£ F¿p£L KiwahF«. ïªj F¿p£L
w
22. cò©L xU ÉiyÆšyh ïa¡f mik¥ò. nkY«

Kiw IBM (International Business Machine)
bgÇa âwªj _y r_f¤â‹ Mjuî bg‰wJ. ïJnt
ÃWtd¤jhš cUth¡f¥g£lJ. mªj ÃWtd¤â‹
ïj‹ Äf¢áwªj g©ghF«. fÂ¥bgh¿fËš jftš gÇkh‰w¤â‰F ïªj
w
23. kh¿fË‹ kâ¥òfŸ kh‰w¥g£lhš k£Lnk Kiw ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. ïªj KiwÆš 256
ÃiykhW«. ïšiybaÅš ÃiyÆš vªj kh‰wK« vG¤JU¡fis ifahs Koí«.
ïU¡fhJ.


28. cŸç£o‹ xU gFâia¥ ga‹g‹gL¤â á¡fiy¤
CD DVD Ô®¤J, mªj¤ Ô®ÉÈUªJ _y á¡fY¡fhd Ô®it
CD-‹ ÉÇth¡f« DVD-‹ ÉÇth¡f« cUth¡FtJ “j‰RH‰á” E£gkhF«.
Compact Disc Digital Versatile Disc
ãÇî-IV
xU rhjhuz CD-‹ xU DVD-‹
m
34. (m) i
kÕ¢R m¢R¥bgh¿ : ik¥Õ¢R m¢R¥bgh¿fŸ
bfhŸssî 700 MB bfhŸssî 4.7 GB
fUŠát¥ò (Megenta), kŠrŸ (yellow) k‰W«
CD- btŸË Ãw« DVD-j§f« k‰W«
bfh©lJ. btŸË Ãw« áah‹ (Cyan) cŸsl¡»a ikF¥ãia¥
co
bfh©lJ. ga‹gL¤â t©z rhaiy (color tones)
cUth¡F»wJ. xU Ãw t©z¤âš
29. ifngáfŸ, nl¥s£fŸ k‰W« v«ã 3 (monochrome) m¢áLtj‰F fU¥ò ikF¥ãia
ãnsa®fŸ ngh‹w bkhigš rhjd§fŸ ga‹gL¤J»wJ. ik¥Õ¢R m¢R¥bgh¿fŸ xU
bl°¡lh¥ k‰W« ny¥lh¥ fÂÅfËš ïUªJ
s.
fh»j¤ jhËš Ä‹}£lš bg‰w ikia¤
ntWg£lit. vdnt mt‰¿‰F áw¥ò ïa¡f bjË¥gj‹ _y« brašgL»wJ. ïj‹
mik¥òfŸ njit¥gL»‹wd. bkhigš ïa¡f m¢áL« ntf« bghJthf xU ÃÄl¤â‰F
KiwikfS¡fhd vL¤J¡fh£LfŸ M¥ãŸ iOS 1 Kjš 20 g¡f§fis m¢áL« (PPM-
ok
k‰W« T»Ÿ M©£uhŒL. Page Per Minute). ik¥Õ¢R m¢R¥bgh¿fŸ,
30. (i) ïl¤ij nrÄ¡fî« k‰W« brašâw‹ bt¥g« _y« Ä‹fy‹ Nlh¡Ftjhš ik
mâfÇ¡fî«. fh»j¤âš FÄœfshf (bubbles) bjË¡f¥gL«
(ii) jÅ¤Jtkhd â£l§fŸ k‰W« nfh¥òfis bjhÊšE£g¤ij mšyJ jifî Ä‹rhu¤ij
(piezoelectricity) ga‹gL¤â Ä‹R‰WfŸ _y«
ne®¤âahf it¡fî«.
o
(iii) ïJ k‰w gad®fËlÄUªJ ïa¡f KiwikfŸ
f£L¥gL¤j¥gL« á¿a Ä‹ndh£l§fŸ b#£
ntf¤âš, m¢R¥bgh¿Æ‹ cŸns ikia¥
ab
mšyJ Ãušfis jÅik¥gL¤j cjî«.
gu¥ò»‹wd.
31. cŸçLfË‹ njitahd g©òfŸ P vdî« k‰W«
(M)gšÿlf¥ glåœ¤â : gšÿlf¥ glåœ¤â,
ÉU«ãa btËpLfË‹ g©òfŸ Q vdî« ã‹d®
fÂ¥bgh¿ âiuaf btËp£il¥ bgÇa
S- vd be¿Kiw F¿¥ãl¥g£LŸsJ. âiuÆš âiuÆl¥ ga‹gL»‹wJ. ïitfŸ
ur
1. be¿Kiw bga®(cŸçLfŸ) tF¥giwfËš mšyJ T£l mu§FfËš

És¡f¡ fh£áfis¡ fh£á¥gL¤j¥
2. - cŸçLfŸ : P ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wd.
3. -- btËpLfŸ : Q (mšyJ)
.s
32. á¡fš Étu¡F¿¥òfËš, kh¿fË‹ Ãiyia Äj¥ò¥òŸË gâ‹k v©iz ïUÃiy v©zhf
F¿¥ãL« nghJ, xU be¿Kiw, bra‰TWfshf kh‰Wjš : “2‹ bjhl® bgU¡fš Kiw” ia
ga‹gL¤â bfhL¡f¥g£l Äj¥ò¥ òŸË gâ‹k
w
ãÇ¡F« nghJ k‰W« gy tÊfËš, xU be¿Kiwia

v©iz ïUÃiy v©zhf kh‰wyh«.
f£lik¡F« nghJ, mUtkh¡f« ga‹gL»wJ.
“2-‹ bjhl® bgU¡fš Kiw” Æ‹ tÊfŸ ã‹tUkhW:
33. ïu©L¡F« nk‰g£l Ãgªjidfis nrhâ¤J, goÃiy 1: Äj¥ò¥ òŸË gâ‹k v©iz 2Mš
w
mjdo¥gilÆš brayh¡f« brŒa Case bgU¡» tU« Éilkâ¥ã‹ KG v© gFâia

jÅahf F¿¤J it¡f nt©L«. KG v© gFâ 0
gF¥ghŒî ga‹gL»wJ. Case gF¥ghŒî xU
mšyJ 1 Mf k£Lnk ïU¡F«.
á¡fiy áW gFâfshf ãÇ¡»‹wJ. x›bthU
w
goÃiy 2: goÃiy 1š »il¡f¥bg‰w Éil kâ¥ã‹

gFâí« jÅna Ô®¡f¥gL«. KG v© gFâia, bfhL¡f¥g£l Äj¥ò¥ òŸË
(mšyJ) v©ÂÈUªJ fÊ¤J É£L, ÛjKŸs Äj¥ò¥òŸË
kâ¥òfis Û©L« 2Mš bgU¡», mj‹ Éil
j‰RH‰á, RH‰ánahL beU§»a bjhl®òila kâ¥ã‹ KG v© gFâia jÅahf F¿¤J
k‰bwhU be¿Kiw totik¥ò E£gkhF«. Mdhš, it¡fî«.
ïJ RH‰áia Él gy« thŒªjJ. bfhL¡f¥g£l

goÃiy 1 k‰W« 2ia, ïWâ kâ¥ò 0 vd tU« (mšyJ)

tiunah mšyJ bjhl®ªJ áy ïy¡f§fŸ E©braÈ‹ g©ãašòfŸ : xU E©braÈ‹
tiunah Û©L«, Û©L« ã‹g‰Wf.
brašghL, Ñœ¡fhQ« mj‹ g©ãašfis
goÃiy 3: goÃiy 1 k‰W« 2‹ go jÅna vGâ mo¥gilahf bfh©lJ.
it¡f¥g£LŸs mid¤J 0 k‰W« 1-fis nkÈUªJ
fofhu ntf« (Clock Speed)
m
ÑHhf vGjnt©L«. ïJnt, bfhL¡f¥g£l Äj¥ò¥
òŸË v©Q¡F Ãfuhd ïUÃiy v© MF«. f£lis bjhF¥ò (Instruction Set)
35. XNOR (Exclusive –NOR) thÆš v‹gJ XOR nt®L msî (Word Size)
thÆš ïUªJ tªj btËp£oid, jiyÑHhf
co
kh‰¿ jU«. ïU cŸçLfS« rkkhf ïU¡F« fofhu ntf« (Clock Speed) : x›bthU E©braÈY«
nghJ ïj‹ btËpL “bkŒ” M»ÆU¡F«, mšyJ cŸns xU fofhu« cŸsJ. fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹
cŸçLfŸ bt›ntwhf ïU¥ã‹ btËpL “bghŒ” x›bthU f£lisí« Ãiwnt‰WjÈ‹ ntf¤ij
M»ÆU¡F«. khwhf cŸçLfŸ rk«. vÅš ïªj fofhu« f£L¥gL¤J»wJ. ïJnt fofhu¤â‹
s.
btËpL 1-MfÆU¡F«, ïšiynaš btËpL ntf« vd¥gL«. fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ ntf¤ij bkfh
0-MF«.
bA®£° (Mega Hertz) k‰W« »fh bA®£° (Giga
A C=A≈B
A≈B
B
Hertz) msÉš ms¡f¥gL»wJ.
ok

f£lis bjhF¥ò (Instruction Set): fÂ¥bgh¿Æš
juit bra‰gL¤j bfhL¡F« “f£lis
XNOR thÆÈ‹ btËpL, XOR thÆÈ‹
bjhF¥ò” vd¥gL«. xU E©braÈia Ã®t»¡f
btËp£il NOT thÆY¡F brY¤â bgw¥gL«. o totik¡f¥g£l ïaªâu bkhÊ tÊKiwfË‹
mo¥gil¤ bjhFâ f£lis bjhFâ vd¥gL«.
C= A⊕ B
ïªjªj f£lisfË‹ bjhFâ ã‹tU« brašfis
= A.B + A.B
ab
brašgL¤J»wJ.
juî kh‰w«
= AB + AB
v© fÂj brašKiwfŸ
(De Morgan’s nj‰w¤ij cgnah»¤jhš)
jU¡f brašKiwfŸ
óÈa‹ fÂj¤âš, RÊ¡FŸ òŸË . mšyJ
ur
f£L¥gh£L ef®î
“included dot” v‹gij F¿¡F«.
cŸçL / btËpL
C=A . B
nt®L msî (Word Size) : nt®o‹ msî v‹gJ
ïj‹ jU¡f F¿,
.s
xUjlit braÈ bra‰gL¤J« ã£LfË‹

A
msthF«. xU nt®L msî v‹gJ fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹
C=A ⊙ B Kj‹ik Ãidtf« (RAM) bra‰gL¤J«
B f£lisÆ‹ msití«, E©braÈÆš cŸs
w
CáfË‹ (Pins) v©Â¡ifia bghU¤jjhF«.

bkh¤j cŸçL k‰W« btËpL CáfË‹
XNOR thÆÈ‹ jU¡f F¿
bkh¤j v©Â¡if E©braÈÆ‹ f£lik¥ig
XNOR
w
thÆÈ‹ bkŒg£oaš ÑnH

bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ. Ô®khÅ¡»wJ.
36. xU ga‹gh£il cUth¡Ftj‰F, gad®¡F
cŸçL btËpL
ïa¡f mik¥ig g‰¿a m¿î mtáakh»wJ,
w
A B C
Mdhš t‹bghUË‹ cŸ f£lik¥ig g‰¿
0 0 1 m¿ªâU¡f nt©oaâšiy. ïa¡f mik¥ò
0 1 0 mid¤J bk‹bghUŸ k‰W« t‹bghUŸfis
1 0 0 Ã®t»¡f cjî»wJ. fÂ¥bgh¿Æš cŸs ika
1 1 0 brayf«, Ãidtf« k‰W« nrÄ¥gf¤ij ïa¡f,
XNOR thÆÈ‹ bkŒg£oaš bgU«ghyhd neu§fËš gy ÃušfŸ xnu rka¤âš


ïa§f nt©oaJ mtáakh»‹wJ. gadU¡F« f®z« (S1, S2)
t‹bghUS¡FÄilna ïilKfkhf brašgLtJ --- cŸçL : S1 k‰W« S2 ïu©L« KG v©fŸ
ïa¡f mik¥ã‹ mo¥gil njitahF«. mšyJ Çaš v‹f.
ïa¡f mik¥ò xU bkhÊbga®¥ãahf brašg£L, -- btËpL l < Çaš v©fŸ 12 = S12 + S22
gad® vGJ« Ãuiy fÂ¥bgh¿ òÇªJbfhŸS« 1. A := 8, B:=0, C:=0 E F T
m
38.
ïaªâu bkhÊahf (ïUÃiy v©fŸ) kh‰¿
2. E, F, T : = A, B, C 1. 8, 0, 0
brayh¡f« brŒJ, ïa¡f mik¥ãwF Û©L«
3. F:=E-3 2. 3, 5, 0
âU¥ã mD¥ò»wJ. ïa¡f mik¥ò, brayh¡f«
co
3. 3, 2, 3
brŒj jftšfis gad® go¡f¡Toa toÉš 4. T:=F-3 3+3
4. 6 2 0
kh‰¿aik¡»wJ.
5. E:=E+T E F T
(mšyJ) 6, 2, 0
6. T:=F
Start Y All Programs Y Accessories Y Wordpad mšyJ 1, 5, 2
s.

Run Y type Wordpad vd j£l¢R brŒj ãwF OK
F:=F-2
1, 4, 3
bgh¤jhid »Ë¡ brŒa nt©L«. 7. F:=E-1 4, 4, 0
ok
(i) Word Pad r‹dš âiu âw¡f¥gL«. (mšyJ)
(ii) gÂ¤js¤âš j£l¢R brŒa¥gl nt©oa j‰RH‰¢á Kiwia¥ ga‹g‹gL¤â¢ á¡fiy¤
ciuia j£l¢R brŒJ, File → Save mšyJ Ô®¡F« E£g¤ij¥ ã‹tU« be¿Kiw
fh©ã¡»wJ.
Ctrl + S ga‹gL¤jî«. o solver ( input )
(iii) Save As ciuahlš bg£o âiuÆš njh‹W«.
if cŸçL nghJkhd msî¡F á¿ajhf
(iv) mªj ciuahlš bg£oÆš Mtz¤ij v§F
ab
ïU¡FbkÅš,
nrÄ¡f nt©Lnkh mij look-in ÑÊw¡F Ô®it f£lik¡fî«

bg£oÆš nj®î brŒa nt©L«.
else
(v) File name v‹w ciu¥ bg£oÆš nfh¥ã‹
á¿jh¡f¥g£l cŸç£L¡fhd Jiz á¡fšfis
bgaiu j£l¢R brŒa nt©L«.
ur
f©Lão¡fî«.
(vi) Save bgh¤jhid »Ë¡ brŒa nt©L«. Jiz á¡fÈ‹ Ô®î = x›bthU Jiz á¡fÈ‹

37. bjhl® f£L¥gh£L ghŒî (sequential control flow), Ô®¥gh‹.
T‰WfŸ mit vGj¥g£oU¡F« mnj tÇirÆš Jiz á¡fšfËÈUªJ, _y á¡fY¡fhd Ô®it
.s
x‹w‹ã‹ x‹whf Ãiwnt‰w¥gL«. f£lik¤jš.

nj®ªbjL¥ò f£L¥gh£L ghŒî (alternative control j‰RH‰áia¥ ga‹g‹gL¤â xU á¡fiy¤ Ô®¡F«
flow), T‰¿‹ Ãiy nrhâ¡f¥g£L, Ãgªjid
nghbjšyh«, ïªj ïu©L Ãiyikfis eh«
w
cWâbrŒa nt©L«:
c©ik v‹whš, xU T‰W brašgL¤j¥gL»wJ;
(i) ‰RH‰á¥ goÆš, j‰RH‰á miH¥ò¡fhd
j
Ãgªjid jtwhdJ v‹whš, kh‰W T‰W
cŸç£o‹ msî bfhL¡f¥g£l cŸç£o‹
w
brašgL¤j¥gL»wJ.
msitÉl f©o¥ghf¢ á¿ajhf ïU¡f
RH‰á f£L¥gh£L ghŒî (iterative control flow) Ãiy nt©L«
nrhâ¡f¥g£L, Ãgªjid c©ik v‹whš, xU T‰W (ii) FiwªjJ X® mo¥gil ÃiyikahtJ ïU¡f
w
brašgL¤j¥gL»wJ. Ãgªjidia nrhâ¡F« nt©L«.

ïu©L goKiwfS«, Ãgªjid jtwhF« tiu
T‰W¡fis Û©L«, Û©L« brašgL¤j¥gL»wJ.
(mšyJ)


do xU gÇkhz mÂfŸ (one dimensional arrays)
{ ïU gÇkhz mÂfŸ (Two - dimensional arrays
cout<<n<<", "; gy gÇkhd mÂfŸ (Multi - dimensional arrays).
n--; 29. (i) uyhdJ,
Ã Jiz Ãuš TWfshfnth
m
}while (n>0) ; TW mšyJ Jiz Ãušfshfnth
f£lik¡f¥gL»wJ.
}
ãÇî-III (ii) mid¤J¤ juî cW¥òfS« KG jshÉait
co
MF«.
25. (i)
C/C++ ÃuyhdJ bra‰TWfË‹ bjhF¥ghF«.
x›bthU C++ ÃuY« main( ) bra‰T¿id¡ (iii) á¿a msÉyhd bk‹bghUŸ ga‹gh£o‰F
f£lhakh¡f¥ bg‰¿U¡f nt©L«. bghU¤jkhdJ.
(ii) brašgL¤j¥gL« T‰WfŸ main() bra‰ (iv) Ãuš F¿Kiwfis¥ guhkÇ¤jY«
s.
nk«gL¤jY« fodkhF«. xU kh¿Æ‹ juî
T¿DŸ ïU¡f nt©L«.
tiffis kh‰w nt©LbkÅš, mnj juî
26. xU if T‰W, k‰bwhU if T‰iw bfh©oUªjhš
tifia¥ ga‹gL¤J« Jiz ÃušfŸ
ok
mJ ã‹dyhd if T‰W v‹W miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
mid¤â‰F« mªj juî tif kh‰w¤ij
ã‹dyhd if T‰WfŸ, ã‹tU« _‹W tot§fËš
brŒa nt©oaJ mtáakhF«. ïJ mâf
mik¡f¥gL«. mitahtd
neu¤ij vL¤J¡bfhŸ»wJ.
(i) xU if T‰W¡F cŸns k‰bwhU if T‰iw
vL¤J¡fh£L:- FORTRAN k‰W« COBOL
mik¤jš
o 30. ïd¡FGthdJ cW¥òfis cŸsl¡»ajhF«.
(ii) xU if T‰¿‹ else T‰W¡FŸ k‰bwhU if T‰iw
cW¥òfshdJ juî cW¥òfŸ k‰W« cW¥ò
ab
mik¤jš
bra‰TWfŸ vd tif¥gL¤j¥gL«. juî
(iii) xU if T‰W¡F cŸns xU if T‰W«, else cW¥òfŸ v‹git juî kh¿fŸ vd¥gL«. ïit
T‰W¡F cŸns k‰bwhU if T‰W« mik¤jš. ïd¡FGÉ‹ g©ò¡TWfis¡ F¿¥gjhF«. cW¥ò
27. pow() bra‰TW mo¤js (base) braYUã‹ nkš bra‰TWfŸ v‹git X® ïd¡FGthdJ F¿¥ã£l
ur
mL¡F¡F¿(exponent) kâ¥ig¤ âU¥ã mD¥ò«. brašgh£il¢ brŒa cjî« bra‰TWfshF«.

pow() bra‰T¿‹ braYUã‹ juîtif long double- cW¥ò bra‰TWfshdJ tÊKiwfŸ (Methods)
Mf ïUªjhš, âU¥ã mD¥ò« juÉ‹ tif long vdî« juî cW¥òfshdJ g©ò¡TWfŸ (attributes)
.s
double Mf ïU¡F«. ïšiybaÅš âU¥ã mD¥ò« vdî« miH¡f¥gL«.

juîtif double - Mf ïU¡F«. pow() bra‰TW 31. (i) ÂÄFªj
g bra‰TWfŸ Kiwahd
ïu©L braYUòfis V‰F«. msòU¡fË‹ v©Â¡ifÆnyh, mšyJ
w
(i) mo¤js« - mo¤js kâ¥ò mt‰¿‹ juî ïd§fËnyh ntWg£oU¡f

(ii) mL¡F¡F¿ - mo¤js kâ¥ã‹ mL¡F¡F¿. nt©L«.
28. mÂ (ii) gÂÄF¤j bra‰TWfŸ âU¥ãaD¥ò«
w
v‹gJ x‹¿¡F nk‰g£l xnu juÉd

kâ¥òfis bghJthd xnu bgaÇš nrÄ¡f xU juÉd« x‹whf ïU¡f nt©L« v‹w
vËa tÊahF«. njitÆšiy.
w
C++-š mÂ v‹gJ X® jUÉ¡f¥g£l juÉdkhF«. (iii) gÂÄF¤j bra‰TWfË‹ K‹Åašò

mÂ v‹gJ xnu juÉd¤ij¢ rh®ªj kh¿fË‹ braYUòfis msòU¡fË‹ g£oaÈš
âu£L MF«. mÂÆ‹ cW¥òfis xU xU gFâahf C++ Ãuš bgabga®¥ã fUâ¡
bghJ¥bgauhš F¿¥ãlyh«. bfhŸshJ.
C++ bkhÊÆš gšntW Éjkhd mÂfŸ cŸsd 32. ~ga®thš k‰W« gâyhŸ nritaf§fŸ v‹gJ
mit: fÂ¥bgh¿ tiyaik¥ò ghJfh¥ò mo¥gil


mik¥ghF«. ghJfh¥ò mo¥gilÆš cŸtU« }
k‰W« btË¢ bršY« tiyaik¥ò ngh¡Ftu¤J ãÇî-IV
ngh‹wt‰iw f©fhÂ¤J f£L¥gL¤J»wJ. 34. C++ -‹ e‹ikfŸ :
~ga®thš bghJthf e«gfkhf cŸs fÂ¥bgh¿
(i)
C++ Äfî« vËikahd bkhÊahF«, nkY«
tiyjs« k‰W« tiy¥ã‹dY¡F btËna
gš-rhjd«, gš-gÂ¤js« ga‹gh£L
m
x¥gil¡f¥g£l fÂ¥bgh¿¡F« ïilna xU ãsh¡
ts®¢á¡F bgU«ghY« nj®î brŒa¥gL«
mik»wJ.
bkhÊahF«.
33. switch T‰W v‹gJ xU gy tÊ »is¥ãÇ¥ò
(ii) C++ xU bghUŸneh¡F Ãuyh¡f bkhÊahF«.
co
T‰whF«. ïJ nfhitÆ‹ kâ¥ã‹ mo¥gilÆš
ïJ ïd¡FG¡fŸ, kuòÇk«, gšYUth¡f«,
gšntW Ãuš gFâfS¡F f£L¥gh£il vL¤J¢
juî mUtkh¡f« k‰W« ciwbghâah¡f«
brštj‰F vËjhf tif brŒ»wJ. switch T‰W
M»at‰iw cŸsl¡»aJ.
x‹W¡F« nk‰¥g£l if else T‰WfS¡F kh‰whf
s.
(iii) C++ fsŠáa¤âš Ãiwa bra‰TWfŸ
mikªJŸsJ.
cŸsJ.
switch T‰¿‹ f£lis mik¥ò;
(iv) É
âÉy¡F ifahSjiyí« (exception
switch (nfhit)
ok

{ handling),bra‰TW gÂÄF¥igí«
case constant1: mDkâ¡»wJ. Mdhš á bkhÊÆš ïªj trâ
T‰W (s);
ïšiy.
break; (v) C++ bkhÊ xU r¡âthŒªj, M‰wYila
case constant2:
o k‰W« Éiuthd bkhÊahF«. ïJ GUI
T‰W (s); ga‹ghLfËÈUªJ Éisah£LfS¡fhd
ab
break; 3D tiufis Ãfœneu (real-time) fÂj
. cUtf¥gL¤JjšfS¡F xU gutyhd
.
ga‹ghLfis¡ f©l¿»wJ.
.
. (mšyJ)
ur
default: Ãgªjid nfhit kl¡»DŸ EiHí« K‹

T‰W (s); nrhâ¡f¥gL« kl¡F EiHî nrhâ¥ò kl¡F
}
vd¥gL«.

: while kl¡F« xU f£L¥ghL ghŒî
.s
while kl¡F
(mšyJ)
T‰whF«. ïJ xU kl¡»id bfhL¡f¥g£l
#inlcude<iostream.h> Ãgªjid rÇahf ïU¡F« tiu, Û©L« Û©L«
int main()
ïa¡F«. while kl¡F xU EiHî nrhjid
w
{
kl¡fhF«. ïâš nrhâ¥ò nfhit KjÈš kâ¥ÕL
char .s;
brŒa¥g£l ã‹dnu kl¡»DŸ cŸns EiHí«.
char n[25];
w
cout<<"Enter name"<<endl; while kl¡»‹ f£lis mik¥ò :

get(n) ; while (Ãgªjid nrhâ¥ò¡ nfhit)
cout<<"Enter Gender (M or F)"<<endl; {
w
cin>>s;
kl¡»‹ cl‰gFâ;
if (s = = 'M')
cout<<"Mr"<<" "<<n; }
else T‰W - x;
cout<<"Ms"<<" "<<n;
return 0;


int a;
cout<<"1. For Celsius to Fahrenheit.\n";
nrhâ¥ò jtW
nfhit cout<<"2. For Fahrenheit To Celsius. \n";
rÇ
cout<<"3. For Exit\n\n";
cout<<"Enter Your Choice\n";
m
while kl¡»‹
cl‰gFâ switch(a)
{
X- T‰W
double cel, feh;
co

case 1: cout<<"Enter The Temperature in
Celsiush\n"; cin>>cel;
while kl¡»š, Ãgªjid nrhâ¥ò nfhit kâ¥ÕL
brŒa¥g£L mj‹ Koî rÇ vd tªjhš, kl¡»‹ feh = (cel*9/5)+32;
cl‰gFâ ïa¡f¥g£L Û©L« while kl¡»‰F cout<<"\nTemperature in Fahrenheit is = "<<feh;
s.
f£L¥ghL mD¥ã it¡f¥gL«. break;
Ãgªjid nrhâ¥ò nfhit Koî jtW vd
case 2: cout<<"Enter The Temperature in
tU«nghJ, ghŒî¡ f£L¥ghL T‰W -X mD¥ã Fahrenheit\n|; cin>>feh
ok
it¡f¥gL«. cel = (feh-32)*5/9;
vL¤J¡fh£L : cout<<"\nTemperature in Celsius is = "<<cel;
#include<iostream> break;
case 3: exit (0);
o default:cout<<"\nEnter The Right Choice\n";
int main ()
break;
ab
{
}
int i=1, sum=0; }
while(i<=10) (mšyJ)
ur
{ C++ bkhÊÆš mÂfis bra‰T‰¿‰F msòUthf

sum=sum+i; mD¥gyh«. C++ bkhÊÆš mÂia bra‰T‰¿¡F
i++; mD¥ò« nghJ, mÂÆ‹ bgaiu msòUthf
F¿¥ãl nt©L«.
.s
}
ïU gÇkhz mÂia bra‰T¿‰F mD¥òjš :
cout<<"The sum of 1 to 10 is"<<sum;
ïUgÇkhz mÂÆš cŸs kâ¥òfis btËÆL«
return 0;
w
Ãuš :
} #include<iostream>
btËpL : using namespace std;
w
The sum of 1 to 10 is 55 void display(int n [3][2]);

35. #include<iostream> int main( )
w
using namespace std; {

int main ( ) int num[3][2] = {
{ {3, 4},


{9, 5}, bghUŸ neh¡F Ãuyh¡f¤â‹ ÔikfŸ
{7, 1}, (Disadvantages of OOP) :
}; msî (Size) : bghUŸ neh¡F ÃuyhdJ k‰w
display(num); Ãušfis Él msÉš bgÇaJ.
return θ; ciH¥ò (Effort) : bghUŸ neh¡F Ãuiy
m
} cUth¡Ftj‰F mâf ciH¥ò njit¥gL»wJ.
ntf« (Speed) : bghUŸ neh¡F ÃušfŸ mâf
msÉ‹ fhuzkhf ãw Ãušfis Él bkJthf
co
void display(int n [3][2])
brašgL»wJ.
{
cout<<"Displaying Values:"<<endl; (mšyJ)
for (int i = θ ; 1 < 3; ++i) bra‰F¿ gÂÄF¥ãid eilKiw¥gL¤J« nghJ
s.
ã‹tU« tu«bgšiyfis¡ ftd¤âš bfhŸs
{
nt©L«.
for (int j = θ; j <2j ++j)
(i) U bra‰F¿Æ‹ K‹DÇikí«,
x âir
{
ok
Kf¤ijí« kh‰w ïayhJ.
cout <<n[i][j]<<" " ;
(ii)
òâa bra‰F¿fis cUth¡f KoahJ.
} V‰fdnt ïU¡F« bra‰F¿fis k£Lnk
cout<<endl<<endl; gÂÄF¡f Koí«.
(iii) xU bra‰F¿Æ‹ mo¥gil braš Kiwia

btËpL :
Displaying values :
o kWtiuaiw brŒa KoahJ. KG v©fŸ
T£l¥gL« Kiwia kh‰¿ mik¡f KoahJ,
ab
3 4
Mdhš TLjš brašgh£oid mªj
9 5
bra‰F¿¡F tH§fyh«.
7 1
(iv) gÂÄF¡f¥g£l bra‰F¿fŸ K‹Åašò
nkny bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs ÃuÈš num v‹w ïU
braYUòfis¡ bfh©oU¡fhJ.
ur
gÇkhz mÂahdJ display() v‹w bra‰T‰¿‰F

msòUthf mD¥ã btËpL bgw¥g£LŸsJ. (v)
ïUk bra‰F¿fis gÂÄF¡F« nghJ,
m¢bra‰F¿Æ‹ ïl¥g¡f« mikí« bghUŸ,
36. kWgadh¡f« (Re-usability): xU Kiw vGJjš mJ tiuaW¡f¥g£LŸs ïd¡FGÉ‹
.s
gyKiw ga‹gL¤Jjš ïd¡FG ga‹gL¤â ïij

bghUshf ïU¡f nt©L«
Ãiwnt‰wyh«.
37. #include<string.h>
Äifik (Redundancy): kuòÇk« juî Äifik¡F« #include<iostream>
w
áwªj rh‹whF«. gy ïd¡FG¡fS¡F njitahd using namespace std;

xnu brašgh£il xU bghJ ïd¡FGÉ‹ _y« class straings
tiuaW¤J mt‰iw kuòÇk« jUÉ¡f¥g£l ïd¡ {
w
FGÉš _y« jUÉ¤J¡bfhŸsyh«. public:

vËa guhkÇ¥ò (Easy Maintenance): char s[20];
V‰fdnt ïU¡F« F¿KiwÆš á¿a kh‰w§fis¢ void getstring(char str[])
w
brŒJ òâa bghUis cUth¡f Koí«. nkY« {

ïij guhkÇ¥gJ« kh‰w§fŸ brŒtJ« vËJ.
strcpy(s,str);
ghJfh¥ò (Security): juî kiw¥ò k‰W« mUtkh¡f«
njitahd juîfis k£L« bfhL¥gjhš juî
ghJfh¥ò guhkÇ¡f¥gL»wJ.


} cUth¡FtJ gy tÊ kuòÇk« MF«.
void operator+(strings); (iii)
goKiw kuòÇk« : x‹W¡F nk‰g£l
}; jUÉ¡f¥g£l ïd¡FG¡fŸ xU mo¥gil
void strings::operator+(strings ob) ïd¡FGÉÈUªJ jUÉ¡f¥gLkhÆ‹ mJ
{ goKiw kuòÇk« vd¥gL«.
m
strcat(s,ob.s); (iv)
gyÃiy kuòÇk« : kuòÇk¤â‹ khW«
cout<<"\nConcatnated String is:"<<s; ïašòila g©òfŸ ïªj tif kuòÇk¤âš
} ãuâgÈ¡»‹wd. X® ïd¡FG jUÉ¡f¥g£l
co
int main()
ïd¡FGit¡bfh©L jUÉ¡f¥g£lhš, mJ
gyÃiy kuòÇk« vd¥gL«.
{
strings ob1, ob2;
(v)
fy¥ò kuòÇk« : x‹W¡F nk‰g£l kuòÇk
tiffis ïiz¥gj‹ _y« fy¥ò kuòÇk
s.
char string1[10], string2[10];
tifia cUth¡fyh«. ïJ, gyÃiy mšyJ
cout<<"\nEnter First String:";
gytÊ kuòÇk«, goKiw k‰W« gyÃiy
cin>>string1;
ok
kuòÇk«, mšyJ goKiw, gyÃiy k‰W« gy
ob1.getstring(string1); tif fy¥ãdkhf ïU¡fyh«.
cout<<"\nEnter Second String:";
38. (i) _f f£lik¥ò : r_f f£lik¥ò xU
r
cin>>string2; egÇ‹ gyåd¤ij jtwhf ga‹gL¤Jjš
ob2.getstring(string2);

o
//Calling + operator to Join/Concatenate strings
Ô§»iH¡F« ïiz¥òfis »Ë¡ brŒtj‹
_yK« mšyJ EQ¡f§fŸ _y«
ob1+ob2;
ab
fÂ¥bgh¿ia mQFtjhY« bgw¥gL»wJ.
return 0; ~ãÎ§ k‰W« ~gh®Ä§ r_f f£lik¥òfS¡F
} cjhuz§fŸ MF«.
btËpL : (ii)
~ãÎ§ : ~ãÎ§ v‹gJ fÂ¥bgh¿ F‰w¤â‹
ur
xU tif MF«. flî¢brhš k‰W« »buo£

Enter First String:COMPUTER
fh®L v©fŸ cŸç£l gad® juit
Enter Second String:SCIENCE
âULtj‰F ga‹gL¤j¥gL«. xU Ä‹dŠrÈš
Concatenated String is:COMPUTERSCIENCE xU cldo ciu¢ brŒâ¥bg£oia âw¡F«
.s
(mšyJ) nghJ mJ ghâ¥ò¡FŸsh» Ô§»iH¡f¡Toa

kuòÇk¤â‹ tiffŸ : kuòÇk¤âš gy tiffŸ ïiz¥òfŸ mšyJ ïiz¥òfis
cŸsd. xU tÊ kuòÇk«, gytÊ kuòÇk«, gy ÉÃnah»¡f ~ãÎ§ ga‹gL»wJ. xU
w
Ãiy kuòÇk«, fy¥ò kuòÇk« k‰W« goKiw ghâ¡f¥g£ltÇlÄUªJ K¡»a cŸEiHî

kuòÇk«. rh‹Wfis ãÇ¤bjL¤jš c£gl gyÉjkhd
brašghLfis brŒa Koí«.
w
(i)
xU tÊ kuòÇk« : xnubahU ïd¡FGit
mo¥gilahf¡ bfh©L jUÉ¡f¥g£l (iii)
gh®Ä§ (Pharming) : gh®Ä§ v‹gJ xU jÅ¥g£l
ïd¡FGit cUth¡FtJ xU tÊ kuòÇk« fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ mšyJ nritaf¤â‹
w
MF«. Ô§»iH¡F« F¿pL cŸs nkhroahd xU

eilKiw MF«. gadÇ‹ mDkâ ïšyhkš
(ii)
gytÊ kuòÇk« : gy mo¥gil ïd¡FG¡
fËÈUªJ jUÉ¡f¥g£l ïd¡FGit

jtwhd tiy js§fis jtwhf tÊ if(a[j]! = a[i])

el¤J»wJ. gadiu nkhro brŒa nõ¡f®fŸ flag - 0;
Ka‰á brŒJ tiyjs¤â‹ ngh¡if âir }
âU¥ò« xU ïiza¤ jh¡Fjš MF«. if (flag==1)
(mšyJ) cout<<"\n The String is palindrome";
m
#include <iostream> else
using namespace std; cout<<"\nthe string is not palindrome";
return 0;
co
int main ()
{ }
int i.j.len, flag = 1 ; btËpL :
char a [20]; Enter a string :madam
s.
cout<<"Enter a String";
The String is palindrome
cin>>a;
for[len = 0;a[len]! ='\0\;++len);
ok
for(! = 0,j=len;i<; len/2;++i - -j )
o 
ab
ur
.s
w
w
w

11M« bghJ¤ nj®î Édh¤jhŸ - kh®¢ - 2019

tF¥ò
ÉilfSl‹
fhymsî : 2.30 kÂ
fÂÅ m¿Éaš bkh¤j kâ¥bg©fŸ : 70
m
gFâ-I
7. a = 5, b = 6; vÅš a &b-Æ‹ Éil v‹d?
¿¥ò : (i) mid¤J Édh¡fS¡F« ÉilaË¡fî«.
F m) 1 M) 0
[15 × 1 = 15] ï) 4 <) 5
co
(ii)b f h L ¡ f ¥ g £ L Ÿ s k h ‰ W É i l f Ë š 8. for(int i=1; i<=10; i++) v‹w kl¡F v¤jid Kiw
Äfî« V‰òila Éilia¤ nj®ªbjL¤J¡ ïa§F«?
F¿p£Ll‹ ÉilÆidí« nr®¤J vGjî«. m) 9 M) 11
1. ït‰WŸ vªj thÆš R‰W, OR thÆÈ‹ btËgh£il ï) 0 <) 10
s.
jiyÑHhf kh‰¿¡ bfhL¡F«? 9. xU F¿íWit vG¤J k‰W« v© tifah mšyJ
m) NOR M) XNOR ïšiyah v‹gij rÇgh®¡f cjî« bra‰TW vJ?
ï) AND <)
OR m) isalnum() M) islower()
ok
2. ït‰WŸ vij ga‹gL¤â LCD òbuhb#¡l® mšyJ ï) isalpha() <) isdigit()
fh£á âiuia¡ fÂÅíl‹ ïiz¡fyh«? 10. ït‰WŸ vJ tiubašiy bjËîgL¤J«
m) SCSI port M) VGA connector bra‰F¿ahF«?
ï) USB port <) PS/2 port m) % M) ::
ï) > &
3. Ubuntu-š cŸËizªj Ä‹ mŠrš ga‹gh£il
o <)
11. cin>>n[4]; ïªj T‰W vªj cW¥ãš kâ¥ig
f©Lão:
ab
m) Internet Explorer M) Chrome cŸçL«?
ï) Thunderbird <) Firefox
m) 4 M) 2
ï) 5 3
<)
4. ït‰WŸ vJ bfhL¡f¥g£l cŸç£L g©òfŸ,
cŸçL k‰W« njitahd btËpL M»at‰W¡F 12. xU f£LU m¿É¥ò Ñœ¡f©lthW
bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
ur
ïilnaahd bjhl®òfis F¿¡F«?

m) be¿Kiw M) tiuaiw struct Time
ï) Étu¡ F¿¥ò <) T‰W¡fŸ {
5. C1 v‹gJ bghŒ k‰W« C2 v‹gJ bkŒ vÅš, int hours;
.s
ïa¡f¥gL« T£L T‰W vJ? int minutes;

1. if C1 int seconds;
2. S1 }t;
w
3. else nkny cŸs m¿É¥ãš seconds v‹w f£LU kh¿ia

4. if C2 ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ F¿¡»wJ?
5. S2 m) seconds M) t.seconds
Time.seconds Time::seconds
w
6. else ï) <)
7. S3 13. ïd¡FGî¡FŸ tiuaW¡f¥gL« bra‰TWfŸ
m) S3 M) S1 & S2 vªj bra‰TWfis¥ nghš ïa§F»‹wd?
ï) S1 <) S2 m) Outline bra‰TWfŸ
w
6. kl¡F kh‰wÄÈ c©ikahf ïU¡f nt©oa M) juî bra‰TW

mtáa« ïšiy: ï) Inline bra‰TWfŸ
m) x›bthU j‰RH‰áÆ‹ KoÉš <) Non-inline bra‰TWfŸ
M) be¿KiwÆ‹ bjhl¡f¤âš
ï) kl¡»‹ bjhl¡f¤âš
<) x›bthU RH‰áÆ‹ bjhl¡f¤âš
[ 356 ]

RuhÉ‹  11 M« tF¥ò - fÂÅ m¿Éaš  bghJ¤nj®î Édh¤jhŸ -kh®¢ 2019 357

14. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ 'school' v‹w mo¥gil 28. ïdkh‰w« v‹whš v‹d? cŸSiw ïdkh‰w¤ij¥
ïd¡FGÉÈUªJ 'student' v‹w ïd¡FGit g‰¿ áW F¿¥ò tiuf.
jUÉ¡F«? 29. switch T‰¿‹ f£lis bjhliu vGâ mj‹
m) student : public school ga‹fis vGJf.
M) class school : public student 30. ã‹dyhd f£LU v‹whš v‹d? vL¤J¡fh£L jUf.
m
ï) school : student
31. ciwbghâah¡f« - tiuaW.
<) class student : public school
15. fÂ¥bgh¿ tiy¥ã‹dš tÊahf cŸEiHaî« 32. X® ïd¡FGit jUÉ¡F« nghJ, ftd¤âš bfhŸs
nt©oait ahit?
co
btËnaW« rÄ¡iPfis f©fhÂ¡fî«
f£L¥gL¤jî« tif brŒtJ: 33. ã‹tU« C++ Ãuš bjhFâia go¤J ã‹tU«
m) ga®thš M) th®«° Édh¡fS¡F ÉilaË.
ï) F¡»° <) e¢RÃuš class student
gFâ-II {
s.
V njD« MW Édh¡fS¡F ÉilaË¡fî«. mt‰¿š int m,n;
Édh v© 24-¡F f©o¥ghf ÉilaË¡fî«.[6 × 2 = 12]
public:
16. j£lš tif m¢R¥bgh¿ia¥ g‰¿ áW F¿¥ò vGJf.
ok
void add();
17. Ãuš gântL (program counter) v‹whš v‹d? float calc();
18. gy gadÇ‹ ïa¡f mik¥ò v‹whš v‹d? } ×1,×2;
19. bjhl¡f¤âš j = 20 k‰W« p = 4 vÅš p=p*++j; (i) ïd¡FGÉ‹ cW¥òfis f©l¿f.
v‹gj‹ Éil ahJ?
o (ii) ×1 k‰W« ×2 bghUŸfS¡fhd Ãidtf msî
ahJ?
20. mu© cil¤jš (Harvesting) v‹whš v‹d?
ab
gFâ-IV
21. ïU gÇkhz mÂia m¿É¡F« bjhlÇaiy vGâ
mj‰F vL¤J¡fh£L jUf. mid¤J Édh¡fS¡F« ÉilaË¡fî«. [5× 5 = 25]
34. xU fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ mo¥gil ghf§fis bjËthd
22. bghUŸ neh¡F Ãuyh¡f¤â‹ FiwghLfŸ ahit?
És¡f¥gl¤Jl‹ És¡Ff.
ur
23. ïd¡FG cW¥òfŸ v‹whš v‹d?

(mšyJ)
24. 5,10,15,.....50 v‹w bjhl® tÇiria m¢áLtj‰fhd
ã‹tUtdt‰iw kh‰Wf.
while kl¡if vGJf.
.s
gFâ-III (i) (1920)10 = ( )8

V njD« MW Édh¡fS¡F ÉilaË¡fî«. mt‰¿š (ii) (1920)10 = ( )2
Édh v© 33-¡F f©o¥ghf ÉilaË¡fî«.[6 × 3 = 18]
w
(iii) (8BC)16 = ( )2
25. XOR thÆÈ‹ bkŒg£oaš k‰W« jU¡f F¿ia
(iv) (6213)8 = ( )2
tiuf.
(v) (255)10 = ( )16
w
26. ã‹tUtd g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf.

tiyaik¥ò F¿¥gh‹ (Network Indicator)
(m) 35. gutš ïa¡f mik¥ã‹ fU¤JU g‰¿ És¡Ff.
(M) mk®î F¿¥gh‹ (Session Indicator) (mšyJ)
w
27. tÇ (1) k‰W« tÇ (3) -‹ kâ¥ãU¤jY¡F ãwF m factorial (3) v‹w bra‰T‰¿‹ be¿KiwÆ‹
k‰W« n kh¿fË‹ kâ¥ò v‹d? go¥goahd ïa¡f¤ij fÂ¡fî«.
(1) m,n :=4, 10
factorial (n)
(2) - - m, n =?, ?
(3) m,n : = m +5, n–2 - - inputs : n is an integer, n≥0
(4) - - m,n =?, ?

358 RuhÉ‹  11 M« tF¥ò - fÂÅ m¿Éaš  bghJ¤nj®î Édh¤jhŸ -kh®¢ 2019

- - outputs : f = n! }
f, i : = 1, 1 void disp_num()
{
while i ≤ n
int sq=square_num();
f, i : = f × i, i + 1 int cu=cube_num();
m
36. a = 15, b = 20; vÅš Ñœ¡fhQ« brašgh£o‰fhd
cout<<”\nThe square of “<<×1<<”is “<<sq;
Éil ahJ?
m) a & b M) a|b cout<<”\nThe cube of “<<×1<<” is “<<cu;
}
co
ï) a^b <) a>>3
c) (~b) };
(mšyJ) int main()

{
C++ bra‰T¿š kâ¥ò _y« miH¤jš Kiwia
s.
nest n1;
jFªj vL¤J¡fh£Ll‹ És¡Ff.
n1.input_num();
37. bghUŸ neh¡F Ãuyh¡f¤â‹ mo¥gil¡
n1.disp_num();
ok
fU¤Jfis¥ g‰¿ ÉÇthf vGJf.
return 0;
(mšyJ) }
ã‹tU« ÃuY¡fhd btËp£il vGJf. 38. bra‰F¿ gÂÄF¥ã‰fhd tu«bgšiyfŸ ahit?
#include<iostream>
o (mšyJ)
bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs btËp£oid¥ bgw Ñœ¡f©l
class nest
ab
ÃuÈš cŸs ãiHfis ãiHâU¤j« brŒf.
{
Output
int ×1;
Enter data
int square_num()
Name : Raman
ur
{
Code : 1305
return ×1*×1;
Experience : 25
}
Display data
public:
.s
Name : Raman
void input_num()
Code : 1305
{
Experience : 25 years
w
cout<<”\nEnter the number”;

#include<iostream>
cin>>×1;
#include<string>
}
w
Class Employee
int cube_num()
{
{
private
w
return ×1*×1*×1;
char name[20];
int code;


public: staffs
void getdata(); cout<<”Enter data”<<endl;
void display(); S.getdata()
}; cout<<”Display data”<<endl;
Class staff : public Employee s.display();
m
{ return 0;
int ex; };
public:
co
ÉilfŸ
void get();
void display(); gFâ-I
}; 1. m) NOR
s.
void Employee :: display(); 2. M) VGA connector
{ 3. ï) Thunderbird
cout<<”Name : “<<name; 4. ï) Étu¡ F¿¥ò
ok
cout<<”code: “<<code; 5. <) S2
}
6. M) be¿KiwÆ‹ bjhl¡f¤âš
void Employee :: getdata()
7. ï) 4
{
cout<<”Name :“;
o 8. <) 10
gets(name); 9. m) isalnum()
ab
cout<<”code:”; 10. M) : :
cin>>code; 11. ï) 5
} 12. M) t.seconds
ur
void staff :: getdata() 13. ï) Inline bra‰TWfŸ

{ 14. <)
class student : public school
Employee :: getdata(); 15. m) ga®thš
.s
cout<<”Experience :”; gFâ-II

cin>>exp; 16. j£lš tif m¢R¥ bgh¿Æš xU áW f«ã, ik ehlh
} (ribbon) ÛJ j£o xU òŸËia V‰gL¤J« mšyJ xU
w
void staff :: Display() KG vG¤ij j£o mªj vG¤ij V‰gL¤J«. ïªj

m¢R¥bgh¿fŸ ïaªâu mG¤j¤ij¥ ga‹gL¤â
{
xnu rka¤âš gy gofŸ vL¡f tif brŒ»wJ. tÇ
Employee :: display(); m¢R¥bgh¿ k‰W« tÇòŸË m¢R¥bgh¿ M»ait
w
cout<<”Experience :” <<ex<<”years”<<endl; j£lš tif¡F vL¤J¡fh£LfŸ MF«.

} 17. ÃuÈ‹ mL¤J bra‰gL¤j nt©oa f£lisÆ‹
w
void main() KftÇia ika¢ brayf¤âš nrÄ¤J it¡F«

{ xU áw¥ò gântL jh‹ Ãuš gântL MF«. ika¢
brayf¤âYŸs fÂj Vuz¢ brayf« bra‰gL¤j
nt©oa Ãidtf KftÇia, Ãidtf KftÇ
gânt£oš (Program Counter) nrÄ¤J it¡F«.


18. xnu neu¤âš x‹W¡F« nk‰g£l gad®fŸ, XOR thÆÈ‹ bkŒ g£oaš
xnu khâÇahd juîfisí« ga‹ghLfisí« cŸçL btËpL
fÂ¥bgh¿Æš ga‹gL¤j mDkâ¡F« ïa¡f A B C
mik¥ò “gy gad® ïa¡f mik¥ò” v‹W bga®.
0 0 0
19. p = p* ++j ; p = 4*21 p = 84
0 1 1
m
20. r£lÉnuhjkhf mL¤j gadÇ‹ gad® bga® k‰W«
1 0 1
flî¢ brhšiy nrfÇ¤J, gadÇ‹ fz¡FfËš
EiHªJ gadiljš. 1 1 0
co
21. Syntax: 26. (m)
tiyaik¥ò F¿¥gh‹ : f«ã tiyaik¥ò
data-type array- name [row-size] [col-size]
mšyJ f«ãÆšyh tiyaik¥ig nkyh©ik
brŒa mDkâ¡»‹wJ.
Example: (M) mk®î F¿¥gh‹ : fÂÅÆ‹ mik¥òfŸ,
s.
int a[2][2] = {1, 2, 3, 4}; cò©L cjÉ k‰W« mk®î ÉU¥g§fŸ
(gad®/ÉUªâd®d® mk®î, mk®ÉÈUªJ
22. (i)
msî (Size) : bghUŸ neh¡F ÃuyhdJ k‰w btbtËnanaWjš, âU«gî« fÂ¥bgh¿ia
Ãušfis Él msÉš bgÇaJ. ïa¡f mšyšyJ fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ ïa¡f¤ij
ok
KGtJkhf ÃW¤jš) ngh‹w brašfšfS¡F
(ii)
ciH¥ò (Effort) : bghUŸ neh¡F xU ïiz¥ig tH§F»wJ.
Ãuiy cUth¡Ftj‰F mâf ciH¥ò
27. = m + 5
njit¥gL»wJ.
=4+5=9
(iii)
ntf« (Speed) : bghUŸ neh¡F ÃušfŸ mâf
msÉ‹ fhuzkhf ãw Ãušfis Él bkJthf
o n–2
brašgL»wJ. = 10 – 2 = 8
ab
23. juití« mjndhL bjhl®òila bra‰T¿idí« Ans = 9,8
ïiz¤J it¥gJ ïd¡FGthF«. 28. xU mo¥gil ïd¤âÈUªJ k‰bwhU ïd¤â‰F
24. int i = 5 kh‰w¥gL« Kiwna ïdkh‰w« vd¥gL«.
while (i<=50)
ur
cŸSiw ïdkh‰w« : cŸSiw ïdkh‰w« v‹gJ

{ bjhF¥gh‹ jhdhfnt kh‰w¤ij V‰gL¤â¡
cout<<i<<", "; bfhŸtjhF«. ïJ jhÅa§» kh‰w« v‹W«
miH¡f¥gL«. ïªj tifahf ïdkh‰w« xU
.s
i+ = 5
nfhitÆš ntWg£l juÉd§fŸ fyªâU¡F«nghJ
} cgnah¡f¥gL»‹wd.
gFâ-III
w
brany‰ãfË‹ tif khWgL«nghJ bjhF¥ghdJ

25. XOR thÆÈ‹ jU¡f F¿ ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ. mt‰¿š x‹iw k‰bwh‹¿‰F ïizahFkhW
A
C
kh‰W»wJ. ÉâKiwfË‹ go á¿a tif bgÇa
w
B tif¡F kh‰w¥gL»wJ. ïJnt, ïd ca®î 'Type

Promotion' vd¥gL«.
29. switch T‰W v‹gJ xU gy tÊ »is¥ãÇ¥ò
w
T‰whF«. ïJ nfhitÆ‹ kâ¥ã‹ mo¥gilÆš

gšntW Ãuš gFâfS¡F f£L¥gh£il vL¤J¢
brštj‰F vËjhf tif brŒ»wJ. switch T‰W
x‹W¡F« nk‰¥g£l if else T‰WfS¡F kh‰whf
mikªJŸsJ.
switch T‰¿‹ f£lis mik¥ò;
switch (nfhit)


{ private vd¡ bfhŸs¥gL«.
case constant1:
(v) x‹W¡F nk‰g£l mo¥gil ïd¡FG¡fŸ
T‰W (s);
break; (jhŒ ïd¡FG¡fŸ) ïU¥ã‹, mt‰iw
case constant2: fh‰òŸËÆ£L ãÇ¡f nt©L«.
T‰W (s);
break; 33. (i) x 1, x2
m
. (ii) 16 bytes
. gFâ-IV
. 34. fÂ¥bgh¿ v‹gJ t‹bghUŸ k‰W«
co
. bk‹bghUË‹ fyitahF«. fÂ¥bgh¿Æš
default: cŸs gUbghUŸfshd kj®ngh®£ (motherboard),
T‰W (s); Ãidtf« (memory), âiuaf« (monitor) k‰W«
} Éir¥gyif ngh‹wit t‹bghUŸ MF«.
bk‹bghUŸ v‹gJ fÂ¥bgh¿¡F tH§f¥gL«
s.
30. xU f£LU mik¥ò¡FŸ k‰bwhU f£LU mikªjhš
f£lis mšyJ f£lisfË‹ bjhF¥ò MF«.
mJ ã‹dyhd f£LU¡fŸ vd¥gL«.
fÂ¥bgh¿Æš, bfhL¡f¥
vL¤J¡fh£L: g£l x›bthU gÂí«,
ok
struct Student cŸçL-brayh¡f« -
btËpL v‹w RH‰áia
{
(IPO-Input Process Output -
int age; cycle) mo¥gilahf bfh©L
brayh‰W»wJ.
float height, weight;
struct dob
o f£L¥gh£lf«
ab
{ fÂj Vuz
brayf«
cŸç£lf« btËp£lf«
int date; cŸ
Ãidtf« juî¥ ghij
char month[4]; f£L¥gh£L¥
ghij
Kj‹ik Ãidtf«
int year;
ur
};
ïu©lh« Ãiy Ãidtf«
fÂ¥bgh¿Æ‹ gFâfŸ
31. juîfisí« bra‰TWfisí« xU bghUŸ v‹D«
tiuaiw¡FŸ x‹whf¥ ãiz¤J it¡F« (i) cŸç£lf« : cŸç£lf« mid¤J
.s
tifahd juîfisí« fÂ¥bgh¿¡FŸ

brašE£g« ciwbghâah¡f« vd¥gL»wJ. ïJ cŸËl¥ ga‹gL»wJ. cŸËl¥g£l
mUtkh¡f¤ij brašgL¤J»wJ. juîfŸ brayh¡f¤â‰fhf Ãidtf¤âš
w
32. jUÉ¡f¥g£l ïd¡FGit tiuaW¡F« nghJ nrÄ¡f¥gL»‹wd. vL¤J¡fh£L Éir¥gyif,

R£o¥ ngh‹wit.
ÑœfhQ« F¿¥òfis¡ ftd¤âš bfhŸs
(ii) ika¢ brayf« : ika¢ brayf« v‹gJ,
nt©L«.
fÂ¥bgh¿¡F tH§f¥gL« f£lisfis,
w
(i) Class v‹D« áw¥ò¢ brhš ïl«bgw nt©L«. fÂ¥bgh¿ òÇªJ¡ýbfhŸS« tifÆš kh‰¿
mjid brayh¡f« brŒí« Kj‹ikahd
(ii) Class v‹w brhšiy mL¤J, jUÉ¡f¥gL«
gFâahF«. ika¢ brayf¤âš _‹W
ïd¡FGÉ‹ bga® ïl« bgw nt©L«
w
gFâfŸ cŸsd, mit f£L¥gh£lf« (CU

(iii) x‰iw K¡fh‰òŸË (:) ïl« bgw nt©L«. - Control Unit), fÂj Vuz¢ brayf« (ALU -
(iv)
Private, public mšyJ protected M»at‰WŸ Arithmetic and Logic Unit) k‰W« Ãidtf« (MU
v¤jifa mQ»ašòl‹ (fh©òÃiy gh§F) - Memory Unit) MF«.
jUÉ¡f¥gL»wJ vd F¿¥ãl nt©L«. (iii) fÂj Vuz¢ brayf« :
ika brayf¤â‹
fh©òÃiy gh§F vJî« F¿¥ãl¥gl xU gFâahf cŸs fÂj Vuz¢ brayf«,
ÉšiybaÅš, jhdikthf fh©òÃiy gy fÂ¥ÕL brašfis¤ juÉ‹ ÛJ


Ãfœ¤J»wJ. T£lš, fÊ¤jš, bgU¡fš, 192010 =111100000002
tF¤jš k‰W« RU¡f brašfŸ ngh‹w (iii) (8BC)16 = ( )2
fÂj¢ brašghLfis fÂj Vuz¢ brayf«
8 B C
brŒ»wJ.
(iv) f£L¥gh£lf« : ika brayf« - Ãidtf« 1000 1011 1100
k‰W« cŸçL/btËpL rhjd§fS¡F 8BC16 = (100010111100)2
m
ïilna gÇkhw¥gL« juit¡ f£L¥gh£lf«
(iv) (6213)8 = ( )2
f£L¥gL¤J»wJ.
6 2 1 3
(v) btËp£lf« : gad®fŸ òÇªJ bfhŸs¡Toa
co
tifÆš jftiy¤ bjÇÉ¡F« vªjbthU 110 010 001 011
t‹bghUS« btËp£lf« vd¥gL«.
vL¤J¡fh£L: âiuaf«, m¢R¥bgh¿ (6213)8 = (110010001011)2
ngh‹wit.
(v) 25510 = 3778
(vi)
Ãidtf« : Kj‹ik Ãidtf« k‰W«
s.
ïu©lh«Ãiy Ãidtf« vd ïUtif 25510 = ?16
Ãidtf§fŸ cŸsd. juî k‰W« Ãuš
f£lisfŸ Ãiwnt‰w¤ jahuhf ïU¡F«nghJ 16 255
ok
mjid¤ j‰fhÈfkhf¢ nrÄ¡f Kj‹ik
Ãidtf« ga‹gL»wJ. juîfis Ãuªjukhf¢ 15 – 15 15 – F

nrÄ¤Jit¡f ïu©lh«Ãiy Ãidtf«
25510 = FF16
ga‹gL»wJ. Kj‹ik Ãidtf¤â‰F
vL¤J¡fh£L, neuo mQfš Ãidtf« (RAM
o 35. gutš ïa¡f mik¥ghdJ cybf§»Y« cŸs
- Random Access Memory) MF«. t‹t£L vªj fÂÅÆY« g»u¥g£l juîfŸ k‰W« tá¡F«
(Hard disk), FWt£L (CD-ROM) k‰W« oÉo nfh¥òfisí« mQFtj‰fhf ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
nuh« (DVD ROM) ngh‹wit ïu©lh«Ãiy gad® bt›ntW ïl§fËš ïUªJ juit ifahs
ab
Ãidtf¤â‰F vL¤J¡fh£LfŸ MF«. Koí«. gad®fŸ j§fŸ brhªj fÂÅÆš
nfh¥òfis ifahStJ nghš czUt®.
(mšyJ)
gutš ïa¡f mik¥ã‹ e‹ikfŸ ã‹tUkhW:
(i) 192010= ?8 (i) xnu ïl¤âš cŸs xU gad®, tiyaik¥ã‹
ur
_y« k‰bwhU ïl¤âYŸs všyh

192010 = ?8 ts§fisí« ga‹gL¤jyh«.
8 1920 (ii) gy fÂÅ ts§fis tiyaik¥ãš vËjhf
ïiz¡f Koí«
240 – 0
.s
8
(iii) tho¡ifahs®fSl‹ cŸs ýbjhl®òfis
8 30 – 0 nk«gL¤J»wJ
3 –6 (iv) òuty‹/òuty® (Host) fÂÅÆš cŸs
w
Rikia Fiw¡»wJ.
(ii) (1920)20 = ( )2

2 1920 (mšyJ)
2 960 – 0
w
factorial (3)
2 480 – 0
2 240 – 0 i = 1, f = 1
2 120 – 0 =f=1×1
w
2 60 – 0
2 30 – 0 =f=1×2
2 15 – 0 =f=2×3
2 7–1
2 3–1 =f=6
1–1 36. (m) a&b
a(15) = 01111

b(20) = 10100 cout<<"\n\nEnter the Value for A :";

a & b = (00100) cin>>a;
a & b = 00100 ⇒ 4 display(a);
(M) a | b cout<<"\n\nThe Value inside main function"<<a;

return(0);
m
a(15) = 01111
}
b(20) = 10100
btËpL :
(a | b) = 11111 Example: Function call by value
co
(a | b) = 31 Enter the Value for A:5
(ï) a ^ b The Value inside display function (a * a) : 25
The Value inside main function 5
a(15) = 01111
37. eilKiw k‰W« f£lf Ãuyh¡f¤âš cŸs
b(20) = 10100
s.
ã‹dilîfis nk«gL¤j bghUŸ neh¡F
(a ^ b) = 11000 Ãuyh¡f« cUth¡f¥g£lJ. bghUŸ neh¡F
a ⇒ 24 Ãuyh¡f« M‰wšÄF tÊÆš bk‹bghUŸfis
ok
cUth¡FjÈš bghUŸ neh¡F Ãuyh¡fkhdJ
(<) a >> 3 Äfî« K¡»akhdJ v‹W V‰W¡bfhŸs¥g£LŸsJ.
a = 15 =15/a3 = 15/8 = 1 bghUŸ neh¡F Ãuyh¡f tÊkiw ã‹tUtdt‰iw
15>>3 = 1 C¡FÉ¡»wJ:
(c) ( ~ b)
b(20) = 10100
o (i) TWÃiyah¡f« (Modularisation):
TWfshf ãÇ¡f¥gL»wJ.
ÃuyhdJ
ab
~ b = 01011 = 11 (ii)
bk‹bghUŸ kWgadh¡f« (Software re-use):
ÃuyhdJ V‰fdnt cŸs mšyJ òâa
(mšyJ) TWfis¡ bfh©L bjhF¡f¥gL»wJ.
ïªj KiwÆš bkŒahd msòUÉ‹ kâ¥ig bghUŸ neh¡F Ãuyh¡f¤â‹ áw¥ãašòfŸ:
Kiwahd msòUÉš efbyL¡F«. ïªj KiwÆš
ur
(i) ciwbghâah¡f« (Encapsulation)

Kiwahd msòUÉ‹ kâ¥ãš VnjD« kh‰w§fŸ
brŒjhš mJ bkŒahd msòUÉ‹ kâ¥ãš (ii) juî mUtkh¡f« (Data Abstraction)
ãuâgÈ¥gâšiy. (iii)
TWÃiyah¡f« (Modularity)
.s
Ãuš : (iv)
gšYUth¡f« (Polymorphism)
#include<iostream>
(v) kuòÇk« (Inheritance)
(i)
ciwbghâah¡f«:
w
juîfisí« bra‰
void display(int x)
TWfisí« xU bghUŸ v‹D« tiuaiw¡FŸ
{
x‹whf¥ ãiz¤Jit¡F« brašE£g« ciw
int a=x*x; bghâah¡f« vd¥gL»wJ.
w
cout<<"\n\nThe Value inside display function (ii)

juî mUtkh¡f« (Data Abstraction):
(a*a):"<<a;
mUtkh¡f« v‹gJ ã‹òy Étu§fis
}
w
bjÇÉ¡fhkš mtáakhd m«r§fis k£Lnk

int main() btË¥gL¤Jtij¡ F¿¡F«. ïd¡FGthdJ
{ mUtkh¡f fU¤JUit tiuaW¡f¥g£l
int a,b; g©ò¡TWfŸ k‰W« m¥g©ò¡TWfË‹
cout<<"\nExample : Function call by value:"; ÛJ brašgL« bra‰TWfis¡ bfh©L
tiuaW¡»wJ.


(iii) TWÃiyah¡f« (Modularity): TWÃiy v‹gJ xU mik¥ig gy brašgh£L¤ bjhFâfshf (TWfŸ)
ãÇ¤J ã‹d® mt‰iw¤ bjhF¤J bgÇa ga‹ghlhf totik¡»wJ.
gšYUth¡f« (Polymorphism) :
(iv) ntWg£l brŒâfS¡F khWg£L¢ brašgL« xU bghUË‹ âwnd
gšYUth¡f« v‹wiH¡f¥gL»wJ.
(v) kuòÇk« : kuòÇk« v‹gJ V‰fdnt ïU¡F« ïd¡FGfË‹ mo¥gilÆš òâa ïd¡FGit (jUÉ¡f¥g£l
m
ïd¡FG) cUth¡F« brašKiwahF«. ïj‹ K¡»a gadhdJ Ãuš F¿Kiw kWgadh¡fkhF«.
(mšyJ)
co
btËpL :
Enter a nuumber 5
The square of 5 is 25
The cube of 5 is 125
s.
38. bra‰F¿ gÂÄF¥ãid eilKiw¥gL¤J« nghJ ã‹tU« tu«bgšiyfis¡ ftd¤âš bfhŸs nt©L«.
(i)
xU bra‰F¿Æ‹ K‹DÇikí«, âir Kf¤ijí« kh‰w ïayhJ.
ok
(ii) òâa bra‰F¿fis cUth¡f KoahJ. V‰fdnt ïU¡F« bra‰F¿fis k£Lnk gÂÄF¡f Koí«.
(iii) xU bra‰F¿Æ‹ mo¥gil braš Kiwia kWtiuaiw brŒa KoahJ. KG v©fŸ T£l¥gL« Kiwia
kh‰¿ mik¡f KoahJ, Mdhš TLjš brašgh£oid mªj bra‰F¿¡F tH§fyh«.
(iv) gÂÄF¡f¥g£l bra‰F¿fŸ K‹Åašò braYUòfis¡ bfh©oU¡fhJ.
(v)
ïUk
o
bra‰F¿fis gÂÄF¡F« nghJ, m¢bra‰F¿Æ‹ ïl¥g¡f« mikí« bghUŸ, mJ
tiuaW¡f¥g£LŸs ïd¡FGÉ‹ bghUshf ïU¡f nt©L«.
ab
(mšyJ)
S.no Error Line Error Correct
No.
ur
1 2 #include<string> #include<string.h>
2 3 Class Employee class employee
3 5 private private:
.s
4 12 class staff : public employee class staff : public Employee

5 16 void get(); void getdata();
6 19 void Employee :: display(); void Employee :: display ()
w
7 35 cin>>exp; cin>>ex;
8 37 void staff :: Display () void staff :: display()
w
9 44 staff s staff s;
10 46 S. getdata() S.getdata();
w
11 50 }; }
12 1 #include<iostream> #include<iostram.h>
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