Review of Related Literatures Provide the Researcher with the Following:

1. It provides the needed information on the theories, concepts and principles that are
essential in developing the conceptual and theoretical framework of the topic.
2. It proves the investigator with information about the past researches related to the topic
understudy.
3. Proof that the current research is filling-in a research gap.
4. There is sufficient reason to pursue the study.
5. Gives the researcher information about the research design, the method used, the data-
gathering instrument, sampling techniques and others.
6. Provides the findings, the conclusions and recommendations offered by the researcher by
which the present researcher could relate.
Related Literature – as a class refers to books, periodicals, magazines, newspapers, legal
reports and other published materials containing facts, laws, theories and other documented
observations.
Related Studies – refer to theses, dissertations and research studies substantially characterized
by the presence of the following parts: objectives, related literature, methodology, findings,
conclusions, recommendations and bibliography.
SYNTHESIS OF THE STATE OF THE ART
- This part of the chapter includes a brief summary of the literature and studies reviewed. It
specifically stresses on the subject matter reviewed.
GAP/S BRIDGED BY THE PRESENT STUDY
- This part identifies the variables which were not explored by other researchers, thus,
became the focus of the investigation.
- Gaps may either be along the subject of the study, the methodology, the scope or
coverage of the study.
Research Design
- Constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of the data.
- Is the plan and structure of the investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research
questions.
- Synonymous with the term methods of research.
Classification of Research Method.
1. Historical –
2. Descriptive –
a) Qualitative –
b) Quantitative –
3. Correlational
4. Ex-post facto
 5. Evaluation
6. Experimental
7. Exploratory
Data
- Collection of numbers, quantities, facts or records used as bases for drawing conclusion
or making inferences.
- What the research is searching for and which are subjected to analysis using statistical
procedures, and interpretation.
SOURCES OF DATA
1. Primary Data – are the data gathered from primary sources. (Individual Person, Groups
such as associations, fraternities, schools and communities, and established practices such
as marriage, religious rites, legal system, economic system)
2. Secondary Data – gathered form secondary sources. (Books including encyclopedia,
dictionaries, almanacs etc., article published in journals, magazines, newspapers,
unpublished theses and dissertations, monographs and manuscripts, second hand sources)
Questionnaire – is commonly used tools to generate data.
- Sometimes called survey form.
- It refers to paper and pencil data gathering method.
1. Personally-administered – confined to local area and the organization is willing and
able to assemble groups of employee to respond to the questionnaire at a workplace.
2. Mailed Questionnaires
Kinds of Questionnaire
1. Open-ended questionnaire – leaves the respondents to answer the question in his own
way.
2. Closed-ended questionnaire – the options or answers are given of enumerated and the
respondents simply check or encircle his answers.
Interview – this is feasible when a personal interaction is available.
- The data is collected through direct verbal interaction between the interviewer and
respondents.
1. Structured interview – the questions are stated specifically in a fixed list (called
interview guide).
2. Unstructured interview – this is more flexible and open. No schedule used. On the
spot.
Observation – researcher watching the research situation. (Catane 2000)
1. Unstructured observation - non-selective method for observation.
- researched able to gain an in depth knowledge about the situation.
- criticized of its reliability, lack of statistical analysis and bias of researcher.
 2. Structured observation – aspects of the group activity are relevant for his purpose.
- is focused on designated aspects of behavior and may take place in field setting in
controlled experiments, within a laboratory setting.
Sample – small group that the researcher wants to observe.
Population – theoretically specific aggregation. Also called Universe.
Study Population – sample is actually selected.
Samples – elements (people) who are actually selected to participate in the study.
Sampling unit – selection in some state of sampling.
Sampling frame – actual list of sampling units.
Variable – set of exclusive attribute.
Parameter – description of given variable in a population.
Sampling error – degree of error of a sample statistics. Max error is 5%
Representative Sampling – sample will be representative which is selected form aggregate
characteristics.
Sampling stratum – group, section or category of elements from which is selection is made.
TYPES OF SAMPLING
1. Probability sampling – sample is proportion of the population.
2. Non- Probability sampling – not a proportion of the population. Selection depends upon
the situations.
TYPES OF NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. Accidental sampling – no system of selection. Meets by chance.
2. Quota sampling – person of certain types is included in the sample.
3. Convenience sampling – picking out people in fasted way. Certainly biased and may
differ from views of another group of respondents.
TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. Pure random sampling – equal chance of being selected.
2. Systematic sampling – every nth name in a list may be selected to be included in sample.
3. Stratified random sampling – selecting randomly from the strata of population used.
4. Purposive sampling – determining the target population, those to be involved in the
study. Respondent chosen based on their knowledge of the study being studied.
5. Cluster Sampling – used when the population is so big or the geographical area is large

Descriptive statistics – using measures that are easily understood by an observer or

reader.
Inferential Statistics – consist of procedures for making generalization about
characteristics of population.

Assumptions – valid, all statistical test

Hypotheses – sets out a test a phenomenon, he formulates first an intelligent guess.