Geography Class 01

Geography-Introduction
Meaning
 Spatial Analysis
 Locational Analysis
Geography-Disciplines
 Physical Geography
 Environmental
 Human Geography
 Social Geography
 Economic Geography
Stars
 White Dwarf
 Neutrinos
 Black Hole
 Red Giant
 Partial & Complete Explosion
Universe/Space/Cosmos(Brief Introduction)
 Outer space
 Milky way
 Solar System
 Planets
 Satellites
 Asteroids
 Meteors
 Comets
Earth
 Latitude
 Longitude
 Hemisphere
 Movement of The Earth
 Galactic movement
 Rotation
 Revolution
Topic For the next Class: Earth Continued

Geography Class 02
Earth Continued
 Revolution
 Duration
 Speed: 29 km/sec
 Impact of Revolution
 Length of Day/Night
 Changing Location of Vertical rays of Sun
 Seasons
Time,Time Zone and Day Light Saving
 Local time of a place
 International Time
 Standard time
 Calculation of time
 North-Eastern states and Issue of One time Zone
Structure Of the Earth
Surface
 Land part
 Continents
 Islands
 Water Bodies
 Oceans
 Fresh water bodies
Internal structure
 Indirect Evidences
 Physical Conditions of Earth Interior
 Sources to study interior of earth
 Pressure,Temperature and Density and their interplay
 Seismology
 Earthquake
 Intensity and Magnitude
 Richter scale
 Modified Mercalli scale
 Factors Effecting Intensity
Atlas-Art of studying it
 Landforms
 Continents
 Islands
 Subcontinents
 Peninsular
 Cape
 Waterbodies
 Oceans
 Seas
 Marginal Seas
 Gulf and Bays
 Creeks and Backwaters
 Straits and Channels
 South America-Political & physical
 Llanos,Orinoco,Angel Falls,Selvas,Mato Grosso Plateau
 Catingas,Parana and Paraguay river,Itaipu,Pampas,Campos,Gran chaco
 Patagonia,Falkland Island,Magellan Strait,Mount Cotopaxi,Ojos Del Salado
Topic For the next Class: Interior of the Earth,Earthquakes,Volcanoes etc.

Geography Class 03
Seismic Waves
 P-Waves
 S-waves
 L-Waves
 Properties of these waves
 Speed (directly proportional to density of medium)
 Nature of the medium
 Motion of Particles in waves
 L-Waves(Most destructive)
 Interior of Earth as revealed by seismology
 Lithosphere(first 100 kms)
 Oceanic & Continental Crust
 Different Thickness of the Crust
 Isostatic Balance
 Asthenosphere/Low Velocity Zone(100-200 kms)
 Mesosphere(200-2700 km)
 Barysphere(2900-6400 kms)
 Discontinuties
 Moho's Discontinuity
 Gutenberg Discontinuity
 Lehmann Discontinuity
 Shadow Zones(Oldham Zone)
 Shadow zone of S-Wave
 Shadow zone of P-wave
Volcanism
 Meaning
 Magma and its sources
 Volcanic Hotspot
 Constitution Of Magma
 Pyroclastic materials
 Lava(95%)
 Gases(water vapour,Carbon dioxide etc)
 Classification of Lava
 Felsic
 Mafic
 Ultramafic
 Ejection-Central & Fissure
 Characteristics of Fissure and Central eruptions
Cooling & Solidification
 Below the Earth Surface(Intrusive)
 Batholith
 Phacolith
 Lapolith
 Locolith
 Sills/Sheets
 Dykes
 Above the earth Surface(Extrusive)
 Volcanic mountains
 Crater,Caldera
 Plug Domes
 Post Vopcanic Phenomenon
 Hot springs,Geysers,Caldera,Plug Domes
Topic for the Next Class: Exogenetic and Endogenetic Forces,Rocks etc

Geography Class 04
 Geomorphic Process and Earth Movement
 Endogenetic
 Derive energy from interior
 Land Creator
 Faults
 Normal fault
 Reverse fault
 Transform fault
 Exogenetic
 Derive Energy from Sun/Atmosphere
 Land Destroyer
Weathering
 In-situ process
 Mechanical weathering
 Biological weathering
 Chemical weathering
Mass movement
 Under Gravity
 Slide
 Creep
 Solifluction
Erosion
 Abrasion & Attrition
 Hydraulic Action
 Deflation
 Plucking
Rocks
 Igneous
 Sedimenrtary
 Metamorphic
Plate Tectonic Theory
 Mainly by W.J .Morgan
 Meaning of Plate Tectonic
 Continental drift Theory by Alfred Wegener
 Jig-saw fit
 Geological Similarities
 Evidence of fossil remains
 Presence of Marsupials
 Pangea-Lauretia and Gondawanaland
 Panthalasa
Topic For the Next Class- Plate tectonic...

Geography Class 05
Convection Current Theory(Arthur Holmes)
 Magma below earth surface
 Convection Current
Sea Floor Spreading
 Hills
 Sea Mountains
 Mid Ocenic Ridge
 Trenches
 Age of Oceanic Crust
 Thickness of Sediments
 Higher thickness near the Trenches
Magnetic Anomaly
 Magnetic North/South
 Interchange of Poles-Magnetic Polarity
 Polar Reversals
 Paleomagnetism
Plate Tectonic Theory
 Meaning of Plates
 Delineation of outer limit of Plate
 Inter-Plate Thining
 Updoming
 Gravity/Density Variation
 Types of Plate Boundries
 Convergent(Destructive Margin)
 Plates move towards each other
 Wave Like Structure
 Subduction Plate
 Ocean-Continent Convergence
 Ocean-Ocean Convergence
 Continent-Continent Convergence
 Divergent (Constructive Margin)
 Formation of Rift Valley
 Deposition of Magma
 Conservative (Passive Margin)
Distribution of Volcanoes and Earthquakes
 On the basis of Depth
 Shallow Foci Earthquake(
 Intermediate Earthquake(60-300 kms)
 Deep Earthquake
 On the basis of Origin
 Anthropogenic
 Volcanic
 Tectonic
 Pacific Ring of Fire
 Mid-Continental Belt
 Mid Oceanic Ridge
 East African Rift Valley
Topic For the Next Class- Climatology

Geography Class 06
Climatology
 Weather and climate
 Thermal lag
Mode of heat transfer
 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation
 Advection
Types of Radiation
 Insolation
 Terrestrial Radiation
 Counter Radiation
Albedo and its properties
Factors effecting insolation
 Angle of Incidnce
 Length of day and night
 Transparency of atmosphere
 Distance between earth and sun
 Frequency of sun spots
Factors effecting temperature
 Latitude
 Land water contrast
 Height above mean sea level
 Prevailing winds and ocean currents
 Nature of surface
 Aspect of slope

Topic of next class: climatology [to be continued...]

Geography Class 07
Temperature inversion
 Conditions required for temperature inversion
 Effects and consequence of temperature inversion
 Impact on Habitation
 On weather condition
Forces affecting the Wind
 Driving Forces
 Horizontal Pressure gradient
 Vertical Pressure gradient
 Gravity
 Steering Forces
 Coriolis force
 Frictional force
 Centripetal Force
 Coriolis force
 Definition
 Geostraphic and gradient wind

Topic of next class -Wind[to be continued..]

Geography Class 08
Pressure Belts
 7 in number
 3- Equatorial Low Pressure & Polar High Pressure
 Cause-Temperature Variation
 4- Sub-Tropical High Pressure & Sub Polar Low Pressure
 Cause-Coriolis Force
 Classification based On Greeks study
 Torrid,Temperate and Frigid
 Hedley Cell
 Ferrel Cell
 Shifting of Pressure Belt-Causes and Consequences
 Changing location of Tropical/Temperate Cyclones
 Change in distribution pattern of rainfall
 Effects the Ocean Current
 Origin of Monsoon etc.
 Discontinuities in Pressure Belts
 Dynamically Induced Pressure Belts
Winds
 On basis of speed
 Breeze,Wind Stream
 Prevailing Winds/Primary Winds/Permannent Winds
 Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
 Doldrums
 Trade winds
 Westerlies
 Horse Latitudes
 Polar Easterlies
 Secondary Winds/Periodic Winds
 Monsoon
 Sea/Land Breeze
 Mountain/Valley breeze
 Katabetic cooling of wind
 Other Local Winds
 Sirocco,Khamsin,Harmattan
 Mistral,Bora,Fohn
 Chinook,Blizzards,St.Ana
Topic For the Next Class- Humidity and Precipitation

Geography Class 09
Temperature and Humidity
 Relative Humdity inversely proportional to Temperature
 Saturation
 Dew Point
 Precipitation
 Rainfalln(Temperature => 4 C)
 Snowfall (Temperature <= 0 C)
 Hailstorm (Mixed Fall)
 Groundconditions
 Condensation Nuclei
 Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate
 Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate
Types of Clouds
 Role of Latent Heat of Condensation
 On the Basis of Height
 High Clouds
 Cirrus, Cirro-cumulus,Cirro-stratus
 Middle Clouds
 Alto-cumulus & Alto-stratus
 Low Clouds
 Stratus,Strato-cumulus,Nimbo-stratus
 Cumulus & Cumulo-Nimbus
 Mackerel sky
 Halo effect
 Types of Rainfall
 Convectional
 Orographic
 Cyclonic
 Distribution Of Rainfall Acrosss the Globe
 Equatorial Low Pressure- Convectional
 Sub-Polar Low- Frontal/Cyclonic
 On-shore winds/ Off-shore winds
 Fog,Mist,Smog,Dew etc
Map of Africa
Topic For the next class- Cyclone etc.

Geography Class 10
Cyclones
 Meaning
 Area of low Pressure
 Tropical Cyclone Vs Temperate Cyclone
 Origin
 Isobaric pattern
 Quantum of Rainfall
 Structural Difference
 Conditions necessary for Tropical Cyclone
 Ocean Temperature Around 27 C
 Coriolis Force
 Low Pressure
 Naming Of Cyclones
 Weather associated with Tropical Cyclone
 Thunderstorm and lightening
 Heavy Downpour etc
Air Mass
 Meaning
 Role in weather phenomenon
 Energy Transfer
 Source Region:Characteristics
 Homogenous surface area
 Anti-cyclonic condition/areas
 Secondary Source Region as well etc
 Modification of Airmass
 Classification of Airmass
 Polar Continental
 Polar maritime
 Tropical maritime/Continental
 Stable/Unstable
Map of Africa(Political)
Topic For the Next Class: Fronts etc.

Geography Class 11
Fronts
 Meaning
 Jetstreams
 Frontogenesis
 4 types of Front
 Stationary Front
 Warm Front
 Cold Front
 Occluded Front
 Frontolysis
 Buy Ballot's Law
 Rossby Wave
 Core of the Rossby wave
 Palmen's Model
Jet streams
 Meandering winds with high velocity
 Types of Jet Stream
 Polar Front Jet Stream
 Subtropical Westerly Jetstream
 Polar Winter night Jet stream
 Tropical Easterly Jet stream
Atmospheric Structure & Composition
 Gases
 Particulate matter
 Hygroscopic Nuclei
 Water vapour
 Ozone/Ozone holes
 Layers of Atmosphere
 Troposphere
 Stratosphere
 Mesosphere
 Thermosphere
 Ionosphere and Exosphere
Topic for the next class- Climatic Classification

Geography Class 12
CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION
 Meaning: Most Important Natural factor affecting human ,its activities and its
sorroundings
 Equatorial Climate: Low Pressure, Temperature Increases,Heaviest rainfall and high
Humidity
 Tropical: Seasonal Variation,Deserts,Trade winds
 Tropical Maritime East Coast
 Sudan Climate
 30-45 Degree: Pressure Belt Shifting,Region of 2 Wind System(Trade Winds &
Westerlies),Summer Dry and Winter is wet
 Mediterranean Climate : Suitable for juicy fruit,Truck farming,Maquis and Chapperel
 China Type and Steppe Climate
 45-55 Degree :
 British Type of Climate: Mild Rainfall etc
 65-75: Sub-Polar Low Pressure Area(Taiga)
 75-90 Degree: Tundra(found exclusively in Northern Hemisphere)
OCEANOGRAPHY
 Scientific Study of Oceans
 Political Zoning of Ocean Water(Measurement done from coast)
 Territorial Water: Base Line to 12 NM
 Contiguous Zone: 12 -24 NM
 Exclusive Economic Zone: 24-200 NM
 Extended EEZ: 200-400 NM
 High Sea: Beyond 400 NM
 Coastline:Maximum entry of ocean water into the continent in normal
circumstances(fixed)
 Shoreline: Contact point of water and continent at any given point of time (dynamic)
 Baseline: Drawn as astraight line leaving behind the zig-zag or undulation of coastal
lands
 Internal Water: Water between coastline and base line
 Difference between Port ,Harbour and Dock
 Geological Zoning of water
 Continental Shelf
 Gently Sloping,200 metres depth
 Photic Zone(Therefore presence of Biotic community),High Sediment
Deposition,Polymetallic Nodules
 Width varies
 Divergence boundary(Atlantic,Morth Sea and Baltic Sea),Convergence
Boundary(Pacific Ocean)
 Banks and Shoal
 Continental Slope
 Steep Slope so deposition is almost nil
 Submarine Canyon:Steeper Convergent boundary & Gentler Divergent Boundary
 Continental Rise
 Gently sloping,receives deposition which has slid over the slope
 Seamounts/Guyots,Abysaal Hills and Islands
 Abyssal Plain/Deep Sea Plain
Topic For the Next Class: Oceanography (continued)

Geography Class 13
 OCEANOGRPHY
 Salinity
 Amount of dissolved solid particles present in the ocean water includes gases
 Constituents of dissolved solid particles:
 Nacl>MgCl2>MgSO4>CaSO4>K2SO4
 Average salinity=3.5%
 Sources of salinity
 Why rivers cannot be main source of salinity?
 Major constituent in river is Calcium Sulphate
 With million of tonnes of sediments deposited in ocean water every year,salinity must
increase on a regular basis
 Mouth of river must have higher salinity,in reality it is the opposite
 Middle of oceans would not have roughly similar salinity level as compared to
continental margin area
 Main Source of Salinity:
 Volcanoes
 Fresh Water availability affects the salinity distribution(Extraction/Addition)
 Addition of Fresh Water: Rainfall,Rivers,Snow Melting
 Factors Affecting Distribution of Salinity
 Temperature
 Consistency of Wind
 Cloudy And Clear Sky
 High Rainfall Region Vs Dry Region
 Smaller Oceans Vs Larger Oceans
 Possibility of Mixing Vs Landlocked waterbody
 Presence of seamount and Mid-oceanic Ridge
 Warm Ocean Current Vs Cold Ocean Current
 River mouths areas
 Possibility of snow melting
 Formation of Icebergs
 Global warming Vs Global Cooling
Global Distribution of Salinity
 Equatorial Region(3.4%):Lower salinity
 Tropical Region(Highest Average salinity):Lake Van>Red Sea>Great Salt lake
 Polar Region (Lower Salinity):Baltic Sea and Hudson Lake has the lowest salinity
 Surface Salinity(Top 100 mts)
 Sub-surface Salinity(100-200 mts)
 Deep Sea Salinity(below 200 mts)Roughly Uniform throughout the ocean
 Thermocline and Thermohaline
 Effect of Salinity on Temperature ,Ocean Current,Sea Level Biodiversity
Ocean Current
 Huge mass of ocean water flowing over a long distance
 Around 25% of Gobal energy Transfer is done by ocean current
 Plays crucial role in balancing the imbalance created by the insolation
 Types of Ocean Current (on the basis of Temperature)
 Warm Current:Equator to Poles
 Cold Current: Poles to Equator
 Types of Ocean Current(speed)
 Stream>Current>Drift
 On the Basis of Depth
 Surface and Sub-surface:most variable
 Deep Sea Current
 Factors Affecting Ocean Currents
 Wind: Creates Frictional Drag(Upwelling/Down welling)
 Coriolis Force:Clock wise in the northern hemisphere and Anti-clock wise in southern
hemisphere
 Shape of the coast
 Gulf Stream : Fastest and the warmest
 Murmansk: Ice-Free Port
 Consequences of Ocean Circulation
 Effects Temperature
 Pressure Areas
 Convergence/Divergence
 Formation of Fog
Map of Africa(Political)
Topic For the Next Class: Tides etc.

Geography Class 14
OCEANOGRAPHY
Coral Reef
 Micro-organisms(coral polyps)
 Coral reef:structure formed by the deposition of reef building
 Reef building corals are line secreting polyps(exclusive to tropical oceans)
 Richest Ecosystem of ocean(Rainforest of ocean)
 Conditions:
 Temperature (Ocean Water):21 Degree Centigrade
 Specific Depth: 90 Fathom
 Average Salinity
 Fresh Water areas are not very suitable for their growth
 Muddy Water is not suitable
 Along the way of river mouth they receive huge amountof food
 Types of Coral Reefs
 Fringing Reef:Close to the continent,Highest in number,seperated from continent by
lagoon
 Barrier Reef: Largest of all varieties,seen parallel to the continent ,seperated by boat
channel,not found in India
 Atoll : circular but irregular in shape(horse-shoe),Ex.Lakshadweep,Funafati etc
 Coral Bleaching
 Dead Zones
Tides
 Movement in the ocean water
 relates to ultimate rise and fall in the ocean water produced because of Gravitational
Pull of the moon
 Complemented and opposed by Gravitational Pull of the Sun
 Conditions Favourable for effecting magnitude of Tide
 Position of 3 Celestial Bodies involved in tide making:
 All in the same line= SYZYGY(extra large /Spring Tide)
 3 Celestial Bodies are located perpendicularly=Quadrature(Every 2nd & 4th
Quarter,extra small high tide or Neap Tide)
 Factors Affecting Magnitude of tide
 Latitude
 Moons Gravitational Pull is invariably higher in between 28.5 Degree N & S
 Shape of the coast: Straight coast generally don't make bigger tides(Bay
like structure make higher tide)
 Significance of Tides
 Tidal Duration
INDIAN GEOGRAPHY
Political Map of India(States)
Topic For the Next Class: Physiography of India

Geography Class 15
INDIAN GEOGRAPHY
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF INDIA
Northern Mountains
 Trans Himalayan mountains
 Karakoram and Ladakh range(India),Kailash(Nepal)
 Himalayan Mountains
 Great Himalaya in North ,Middle Himalaya and Shiwalika(Lower Himalaya)
 Ocean Continent collision
 Indian Plate and Tibetan Plate
Geological History
 Eras:
 Precambraian
 Paleozoic
 Mesozoic
 Cenozoic
 Period
 Cambrian
 Ordovician
 Silurian: Animals with Lungs
 Devonian
 Carboniferous: Coal ,Pangea was broken
 Permian
 Part of Mesozoic:Triassic,Jurassic and Cretaceous(Lava Eruptions)
 Parts of Cenozoic: Tertiary(Young Fold Mountains) and Quartenary(Last Glacial Age)
 Epochs
 Parts Of Tertiary:Paleocene,Eocene,Oligocene,Miocene,Pliocene
 Parts of Quartenary: Pleistocene,Holocene
Himalaya: Divisions
 Kashmir
 Kumaon
 Nepal Himalayas
 Assam Himalayas
 Features of Himalayas
 Syntaxial Bend(Unique to Himalayas) and Arcuate Shape:Collision of Indian Plate
 Eastern Himalayas are higher and steeper than Western Himalayas
 Intensity of Folding decreases from North to South
 Southern Slope of each Range is steeper
 The two most important valleys transformed into Plain are Kathmandu and Kashmir
Valley
 Kashmir Valley: moraine deposited areas(Karewas) suitable for saffron cultivation
 Shiwalik: Duns in western side and Duars in eastern side
 Positive Impacts of Himalayas
 Economical: Vegetations,Medicinal Plants
 Research in Glaciers,Cryogenic technique etc
 Tourism: Adventure sports etc
Map: Physical India
 Karakoram: Highest peak K2,Baltoro,Siachen
 Pangong-Tso(Highest lake of world),Tso-morari,Indus,Mansarovar
lake,Shyok(longest right bank of Indus),Gilgit,Hunza
 Nanga Parbat(Indus makes deepest gorge of the world),Zoji-La and
Burjil,Jhelum,Chenab,Ravi,Beas,Satluj,Wular Lake
 Dhaula Dhar,Pirpanjal,Banihal Pass,Bhakra Nangal dam(Highest Earthen Dam of the
world),Pong Dam,Harike Barrage
 Digboi,Rudrasagar,Sivsagar,Naharkotiya,Morang,Majuli,Naga Hills and Manipur Hills
 Loktak Hills,Keibul Lamjao,Barak,Jamuna and Padma,Meghna,Sunderban
Delta,Dafla,Miri,Mishmi,Abor
Topic For the Next Class: Physiography of India

Geography Class 16
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF INDIA
Peninsular Plateau
 Part of Gondwana land before disintegration of Pangea
 Continental Accretion Nuclei: Forms oldest Part of land(Precambrian)
 3 Major and 1 Minor Nuclei recognised in peninsular
 Major:Chota Nagpur Plateau,Bundelkhand Plateau,Karnataka Plateau
 Minor: Bastar Plateau
 Dharwad Rocks,Cudappah
 During Paleozoic: Huge Coastal Mountain was Formed i.e.Aravallis
 During Disintegration of Pangea: Faulting in Central Plateau region(formed rift
valleys)
 Hills: Mahadev , Maikala etc
 After Disintegration: Journey towards North,Formation of Deccan lava
Plateau(Cretaceous Period)
 Major Event during Tertiary Period: Subsidence of Western flank with following
Consequences
 Formation of Western Ghats
 Change in the tilt of Peninsular Plateau(west to east)
 Extension of the Arabian Sea
 Kodarma(JH),Damodar Valley(largest coal reserve area)
Aravalli
 Extends North East to South West Direction
 Only Fold Mountain in Peninsular Region
 From Aravalli Delhi to Haridwar range
 Northern parts: stands as hills; Southern Part: Broader and Higher
 Western Part: Stair like topography(Bagar)
Deccan Lava Plateau
 Depth of Lava increases towards West
 Most Authentic Proof : Plateau was tilting westward till Cretaceous Period
 Differential Erosion over the Deccan Lava Palteau
 Ex.Ajanta,Balaghat etc
 Western Ghats
 Scarp(Landform with one side steeper slope and other side gentler slope,;Formed
due to subsidence)
 Height increases from North to South(Annamalai ,Anaimudi)
 Till 16 Degree North Latitude it is part of Deccan;South of it is part of Karnataka
Plateau with ancient archean rocks
 Mineral rich Area : Baba Budan Hills
 Kudremukh: Important Iron ore mine of Karnataka
 Bicholim: Goa mine
 Nilgiri: Meeting point of Western and Eastern Ghats
 Javadi,Shevroy: Tin Producing Areas
 Nallamala,Veliconda,Palconda,Seschalam etc
 Neyveli: Largest Lignite coalfield area
Important Rivers and Dams(Mapping)
 Sambhar Lake(Raj),River Luni,Makrana(Marbles),River Sabarmati
 Gulf of Kutch and Khambat, Rann of Kutch,Chambal River,Ken,Betwa
 Rana Pratap Sagar,Jawahar Sagar,Kota sagar,Son,Rihand,Govind Ballabh Pant
Sagar
 Vindhya,Satpura,Tapti,Narmada,Ukai(Tapti),Koyna,Tungabhadra,Ghatprabha,Nagarj
una Sagar Dam
 Kolleru Lake,Godavari Delta,Kaveri River,Vaigai,Stanley Falls,Vembanad,Adams
BridgePalk Strait,Point Calimere
NORTHERN PLAIN
 Special Features
 Bhabhar,tarai,Bhangar,Khaddar
 Produced by the deposition of Sediments brought by rivers
 Earlier a Trough
 One of the largest plain of the world
 Characteristics of Bhabhar
 High porousity
 Disappearance of stream on the surface
 General absence of forest and grassland,few long root trees may be found
 Vulnerable for Landslides
 Characteristics of Tarai
 Reappearance of stream from below
 Called 'Heavens of Hunter': rich biodiversity
 Largest Sugarcane producing area of India
 Characteristics of Khadar and Bhangar
 Bhangar is the old Alluvial and Khadar is the new
 Khadar is the new fertile soil(Diara)
 Flooded almost every year;most fertile
 Dry Point Settlement

Topic For The Next Class: Physiography of India (continued)

Geography Class 17
CLIMATE OF INDIA
Climate
 India: Tropical Monsoon
 July to November: Hot & Wet(Kharif)
 Nov- March: Cold(Rabi)
 March to June: Warm/Dry(Zaid)
Factors Affecting Climate of India
 Latitude(8 Degree to 35 N)
 Presence of Himalayas
 Does not allow The High Pressure to Develop(undulating/high topography)
 Effect on Temperature:Keeps winter warmer in the northern Plain by 3 to 4 Degree
 Early summer(basic characteristics of Tropical
 Affects Winds,moisture,Humidity,Rainfall etc
 Presence of Two Arms of Indian Ocean
 Shape of The Peninsular Plateau
 Conspicuous Change in The Temperature Regime(Temperature and Wind
Pressure)
Monsoon
 Periodic Wind: Characterised by Seasonal Reversal
 Unique Characteristics of Monsoon
 Inconsistencies in the date of onset and withdrawal(effects South West
Monsoon)
 East to west:Duration Decreases
 Burst Of Monsoon
 In the first few days Malabar and North East receives continuous rain
 Breaks in monsoon: Its Frequency and Intensity variation
 Uncertainity in the amount of Rainfall in different Year(Rainfall Variability)
Mechanism of the MOnsoon
Classical Explanation(Arabs)
 Nothing but the extended version of Land Breeze and Sea Breeze
 Summer: Continental Interior experiences high temperature as compared to the
sorrounding ocean(intense Low Pressure)
 Contrarily,Ocean Produces High Pressure(Wind blows from ocean to
continent):Brings Heavy Rainfall
 During Winter: Opposite happens(Wind blowing from continental HP area becomes
off-shore),dry conditions in the winter
Hedley's Model
 Tri-cellular Model
 Monsoon Integral Part of Global Air Circulation(Shifting of Pressure Belts)
 During Northern Hemisphere(Summer): ITCZ comes north of Equator
 Shift exceptionally large over Indian Subcontinent(reaching upto Degree North)
 Extra Large shift(reason): Unique position and size and shape of Indian Subcontinent
 Consequently,South-east Trade wind experiences the maximum ever travel
 SE Trade crosses the equator turns rightward and blows from South-west to North-
East
 Winters:ITCZ gradually re-establishes itself to south of equator
 NOrth-East Monsoon
 As per this explanation ,monsoon is nothing but the changed form of Trade Wind
Components which make up the Monsoon
 Role of Himalayas
 Role of Jet Stream
 Winter: Sub-Tropical Westerly Jet(mediterranean sea)
 Southern Branch flows over the Northern Plain
 Tropical Easterly Jet Stream:Blows from north eastern part of Indian Subcontinent
above Himalayas
 Easterly Jet Stream:Blows Almost East to West and descends near
Madagascar(Mascrenes High),intensifies whole system
 Role Of Tibetan Plateau
 Atmospheric Phenomenon in the Southern Hemisphere
 ITCZ passing over Monsoon is called Trough
 NO Convergence no ITCZ
 SW Monsoon crosses the trough to hit the Himalayas
Topic For the Next Class: El Nino,Rainfall Distribution etc

Geography Class 18
EL-NINO AND THE MONSOON
 Meaning
 ENSO(El-Nino and Southern Oscillation)
 Indian Ocean Dipole
 Impacts of El-Nino
 Biodiversity Loss
 Increase in Floods and Landslides etc
Rainfall Distribution in India
 Pre-Monsoon Shower
 Mango Shower
 Cherry Blossom
 Kal Baisakhi
 South West Monsoon
 Bay of Bengal Branch
 Arabian Sea Branch
 North East Monsoon/Retreat Monsoon
 Western Disturbances
AFRICA
 Part of old Gondwana Land
 Called Geological Wonder
 Rich in metallic resources
 Wankye Coal Mine
Physical Map of Africa
Topic For the Next Class: Drainage System and Pattern etc

Geography Class 19
Monsoon(Continued from Previous Class)
 Breaks in Monsoon
 Location of Monsoon Troughs
DRAINAGE SYSTEM AND PATTERN
 River and River Valley
 Stages of River Formation
 Culverts<Rivulets<Stream<River
 River Basin
 Tributaries and Distributaries
 Stages of River
 Youth-Mature-Old Stage
 Flow Types in River
 Streamline and Turbulent
 Drainage System(Sequent and Insequent)
 River Basin, Watershed, and Water Divide
Insequent
 Antecedent
 Rivers are older than water divide
 Criss-cross the water divide
 Gorges,Canyon,I-Shaped Valley,V-shaped Valley
 Antecedence makes stage of river youthful
 Ex.Himalyan Rivers
 Super-Imposed
 Rivers flow opposite the direction of regional/visible flow
 Pre-cambrian Area
 Very Old Plateau Area
Sequent
 Consequent
 Subsequent
 Obsequent
 Resequent
Drainage Pattern
 Dendritic : Tree like shape,meet by making smaller angle
 Trellis: Meet almost at Right angle
 Radial
 Centripetal
Rivers of India
On the basis of Origin
 Himalayan
 Steep Slope and soft rocks
 Perennial
 Potholes and Riverine island
 Peninsular
 Gentler Slope and Harder Rock
 Seasonal Rainfall
 River Mouth
 Delta and Estuaries
Topic For the Next Class: Water Crisis and Interlinking of River

Geography Class 20
WATER CRISIS
NITI AYOG DATA
More than 60 Cr facing acute water shortage
More than 50% of cities will face water shortage by 2020
Huge Regional Disparity
Reasons
Unscientific Methods of Agriculture
Cropping Pattern dominantly producing Food Grains which require more water
Unscientific Selection of Crops
Lack of Diversification of AGriculture
Eutrophication related Disappearance of Wetlands
Heavy Pumping of Water
Industrialisation
 Urbanisation and related Phenomenon
 Solutions to water crisis
Distribution of Water Resources
 Surface Water
 Ground Water
 Stored Water
 Regional Variation /Intra-regional Variation
 Plain areas has better supply of Ground, Surface and Stored Water
 Availability for human consumption is relatively difficult in mountainous region
 Well,Tubewells and Canals
 Wells and Tubewells are less in number in mountainous region
Inter-Linking of river
 Considered Panacea of all water crisis
 Idea given by Arthur Cotton
 K L Rao: proposed National Water Grid
 Garland Canal System of India: Captain Dastur
 1982: National Water Development Authority of India
 2002-2004: Committee under Suresh Prabhu
 Advantages of Inter-Linking of River
 Hydro-Electricity
 Increasing Irrigation Potential
 Floods and Drought
 Growth of Inland Waterways(Just 2% of the transport sector)
 Water Supply: Decentralisation
 Recreational Facilities
 More Forward and Backward Linkages in Agriculture
 Obstacles/Challenges
 Geographical(Transfer water against Gravity)
 Financial Viability
 Technological Efficency
 Flooding and Flood Plain Zoning
 Political Hurdles
 Agitation and Activism
 Problems of Land Acquisition
 Environmental Hurdles
 Affecting Ecological Succession
 Solutions
 Construction of Lift Canal and Water Tunnels
 Damming the River(may lead to flood proneness,natural productivity of soils)
 Extra-Constitutional Bodies to resolve political hurdles etc
Map of Europe
 Black Sea,Mediterranean Sea,Ukraine(Largest Country of Europe),Greece
 Balkan nations,Spain,Italy,France,Scandinavian Countries,Baltic Countries etc
Topic For the Next Class: Soil etc

Geography Class 21
SOILS
 Meaning
 Most Fundamental of Continental Crust
 Contains Nutrients,Humus etc
 Nutrients in Soil
 Inorganic Nutrients(Sand,Silt,Clay)
 Organic Nutrients
 PROPERTIES OF SOIL
 Texture of Soils
 Sandy: Highly Rough
 Silty
 Clayey
 Loamy:Balanced
 Porosity of Soils
 Highest in Sandy Soil
 Water Holding Capacity
 Holding Capacity poorest in Sandy(Highest in Clay)
 Nutrient Holding Capacity
 Highest in Clayey Soil
 Workability
 Easiest in Sandy(Clayey is toughest)
Organic Nutrients of Soil
 Live
 Dead
 Decomposed(Humus)
 Higher Temperature and more micro-organisms
Classification
 Pedalfers(Aluminum and iron): more in wet regions,Acidic
 Pedocals(Rich in calcium carbonate): more in dry regions,Basic
Soil Profile
Cross section of soil formed of several layers(horizon)
 Unbroken/Impermeable
 Layer C: Regoliths
 Layer B: Zone of Illuviation
 Layer A: Zone of Eluviation
 Organic Layer
 Top:Dead or Litter,Humus
Types of Soil
 Alluvial Soil(Drift Soil,Transported Soil) and associated features
 Riverine Alluvium(Loamy,low humus content,soil profile not well developed )
 Desert Alluvium(sandy)
 Tidal Alluvium(silty)
 Red Soil and associated features
 Iron Content is High(Heavy Nutrient Minerals)
 Found in Older Plateaus
 Variants: Red and Yellow
 Silty,In-situ Soil and has well developed soil profile
 Black Soil and associated features
 Made of Lavas,clayey,also Called Regur Soils
Impact of Water
 High Rainfall Area
 Surface Water Logging
 Soluble mineral will get dissolved and transferred deeper down(Leaching)
 Leaching leads to Laterite Soil
 Seasonal Rainfall
 Capillary Action
 Makes Soil Saline and Alkaline
 Important Notes Regarding Soils(Map)
 Tropical Areas: Silty Soil in Central,Desert Soil in Sub-Tropical High Pressure
 Chernozem:Granary of Earth
 Podzol: Acidic Soil,less humus,Minimum decomposition hence biotic communities
found in litter form,Intense Leaching
 ICAR and categorization of soil(8 categories)
Soil Degradation
 Soil Erosion
 Meaning:Physical Removal of the soil
 Types of Soil Erosion
 Splash
 Shoe-string
 Gully(also called Chos)
 Rill
 Ravines/Badlands
 Soil Impoverishment
 Decrease in Nutrient Fertility
Soil Conservation
 Biological Conservation
 Crop Rotataion
 Strip Cropping
 Relay Cropping
 Stubble mulching
 Fallowing etc
 Mechanical Conservation
 Bund Making
 Terrace Farming(Steep Slope)
 Contour Bunding(Gentle Slope)
 Contour Ploughing(Gentle slope)
AGRICULTURE
 Pre-Independence Phase
 Pre Green Revolution Phase
 First Phase of Green Revolution(1966-77):Wheat Revolution
 Second Phase of Green Revolution(1976-87):Rice Revolution
 Phase of Dry Zone Agriculture(1986-2004)
 Period of Sustainable Agriculture(Green AGriculture),Eco Farming
Infrastructural Factors
 High Yield Variety Seeds
 Irrigation etc
 Storage Functions
Institutional Factors
 Rules,Regulations and Laws
 Modern: Marketing,Research etc
Land Reforms
 Abolition of Zamindari
 Land Ceiling and Redistribution
 Tenancy Reforms
 Consolidation of Land Holdings
 Maintenance of Land Records
Topic For the Next Class: Agriculture and related concepts
Geography Class 22
AGRICULTURE
 First Phase of Green Revolution(1966-1977)Wheat Phase
 Why in Western Uttar Pradesh,Punjab and Haryana?
 Geographical Condition
 Economic Reasons
 Political Reasons
 Why Wheat was more successful than rice?
 Needs moderate rainfall
 Less Prone to flood
 Better Agriculture Infrastructure
 Credit Facilities
 Negative Impact of Green Revolution
 Suggestions for Sustainability of AGriculture in Green Revolution Area
 Organic Farming
 Agriculture Infrastructure
Dry Zone Agriculture
 Rainfed Agriculture
 Crops
 Wheat:Punjab ,Haryana ,Western Uttar Pradesh
 Rice: High Rainfall Area
 Jowar
 Barley
 Cotton
 Tobacco
Increasing Production of Agriculture
 Increasing Net Sown area
 Increasing the productivity
 Increasing the Intensity
Topic For The next Class: Irrigation etc

Geography Class 23
IRRIGATION
 Meaning
 Methods
 Flooding
 Drip
 Sprinkler
 Need for Irrigation
 Need for Crops
 Tropical Type of Climate in India
 Type of Soil: Silty or sandy etc
 Drip Irrigation
 Advantage of Drip Irrigation
 Disadvantages of Drip Irrigation
 Sprinkler Irrigation
 Advantages
Types of Irrigation
 Wells and Tube wells
 Advantages and Disadvantages
 Canals
 Types of Canals
 Advantages/Disadvantages of Canals
 Tanks
FACTORS OF LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES
 Primary
 Secondary Industry
 Tertiary Industry
 Raw Material : Main component of the product
 Weight Loosing
 Weight Gaining Industry
 Footloose Industry
 Three Possible Location
 Raw Material Producing Areas
 Market Based Location
 In Between
 Motive/Objectives of Industry
 Profit Motive
 Social Objective
Topic For the Next Class: Location of Industries

Geography Class 24
LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES
Growth Pole
 Concept by Russian Geographers
 Meaning
 Effect
Factors Affecting Location of Industries
Raw Material
 Involves Transportation Cost
 Ubiquitous/Localised Availability
 Weight Losing Industry
 Near the Raw material Producing Area
 Weight Gaining Industry
 Near the market
Labour
 Types of Labour
 Skilled and Unskilled
 Mobility of Labour
 Skilled Labour has become an important determinant now
 Isodapen: Line or the circle joining places with equal labour cost
 Critical Isodapen: Saving in Labor is equal to expenditure on Transportation
Availability of Water
 Important role as a coolant/cleaning agent
Power
 As a source of Energy
 Used as Raw Material ex.Aluminium Industry
Other Factors
 Climate
 Capital
 Topography
 Availability of Port in the vicinity
 Role of the Government
 Financial and monetary measures
 Red Tape
 Rules and Regulations
 Threshold Population:Number of Person required to sustain a service
 Social Factors
Iron and Steel Industry
 Weight Losing Industry
 Should be located around the raw material producing area
 Raw Material: Coal,Iron-ore
 Bokaro(Russian)
 Rourkela(Germany)
 Durgapur(Britain)
 All 3 are coal based
 Vishakhapatnam(Russia): Port Located
 Imports coking coal from Australia
 Other Important Developments
 Scale down
 Use of scrap iron as Raw material(reduced cost)
 Ahmadabad-Vadodara Belt, Mumbai-Pune Belt
 Bangaluru-Hyderabad Belt
Topic For the Next Class: Location of Industries etc

Geography Class 25
Discussion on Question given in previous class
Paper Industry
 Agriculture-Based Industry
 Can be located anywhere
 Higher women participation
DOUBT SESSION
Forest
 Factors
 Temperature
 High Temperature: Hard Wood
 Lower Temperature: Soft Wood
 Moisture
 Moisture Effectiveness Index
Cotton and Jute Industry
Pharmaceutical Industries
 Located on Western Part of India
 Social factors
 Industrial Culture is well developed in western India
POPULATION
 Demographic Transition Theory
 Features of Different Phases
 Population Growth is almost Zero and Life Expectancy is low
 Population Boom Period
 Demographic Dividend Window
 Take Off Stage etc
 Consequences of Poor Sex Ratio
 Demographic Dividend and Demographic Disaster
MAP OF ASIA(Physical and Political)

Topic For the Next Class: Map and Doubt Dession

Geography Class 26
DOUBT SESSION
 Water Management
 Monsoon
 Wetland
 Urbanization
 Geographical Basis of Federalism
 Sex Ratio: Adverse in prosperous region
WORLD MAP
ASIA
 China
 Tala Makan Desert,Urumqi(Oil Capital of China),Lop Nor
 Qinghai(largest lake of China),Hwang-Ho,Manchurian Plateau
 Mukden Triangle,Amur,Shanghai,Yangtze-Kiang,Hong Kong
 Spratly Island,Paracel Island
 Japan
 Honshu,Hokkaido.Shikoku,Kyushu,Nagoya(Detroit of Japan),Osaka(Manchester of
Japan)
 Japan Sea,Yellow Sea
 South East Asia
 Myanmar,Laos,Singapore,Brunei,East Timor etc
 Irrawady,Salween,ChaoPhraya,Gulf of Tongkin,Kara Isthamus
 Sunda Stait etc
NORTH AMERICA
 Central America
 Panama,Belize,Honduras,Mexico etc
 Yucatan Peninsula(Mexico)
 North America
 Grand Canyon,Sierra Nevada(Largest Block Mountain of the world).Rio
Grande,Colombia Plateau(Lava Plateau)
 Rockies,Elizabeth,Hudson bay,St.lawrence River,lake Superior(Largest lake of the
world),Lake Eerie,Lake Huron
 Soo Canal,Lake Ontario,Niagra,Pittsburg(Iron & Steel Capital of the world),New York
ALL SCHEDULED CLASSES ARE OVER