PEMP

RMD 2501

Steam Turbines

Session delivered by:

Prof Q.H.
Prof. Q H Nagpurwala

13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 1

 PEMP

Session Objectives RMD 2501

This session is intended to discuss the following:

‰ Classification of steam turbines
‰ Compounding of steam turbines
‰ Forces, work done and efficiency of steam turbine
‰ Numerical examples
p

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 Steam
PEMP
RMD 2501

Steam is a vapour used as a working substance in the operation of steam turbine.

Is steam a perfect gas?

Steam possess properties like those of gases: namely pressure, volume, temperature,
internal energy, enthalpy and entropy. But the pressure volume and temperature of
steam as a vapour are not connected by any simple relationship such as is expressed
by the characteristic equation for a perfect gas.
Sensible heat – The heat absorbed by water in attaining its boiling point.
Latent heat
h – The
h heat
h absorbed
b b d to convert bboiling
ili water into
i steam.
Wet steam – Steam containing some quantity of moisture.
Dry steam – Steam that has no moisture content.
content
Superheated steam – Dry steam, when heated at constant pressure, attains superheat
The properties of steam are dependent on its pressure.
pressure

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 Steam Properties
PEMP
RMD 2501

Enthalpy (H) kJ/kg Internal energy (U) kJ/kg

Entropy (S) kJ/kg-K Specific volume (v) m3/kg
Density (ρ) kg/m3 Isobaric heat capacity (Cp)
13 kJ/kg-K © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 4
 Steam Power Plant Process
PEMP
RMD 2501

Thot

Fuel Boiler Turbine Generator

p x
Pump Exhaust Steam
Low Pressure Low Pressure
Water and temp.
p
Cold
Pump x Hot

Tcold
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 Steam Turbine
PEMP
RMD 2501

¾ Steam turbine convert a part of the energy of the steam evidenced by high
temperature and pressure into mechanical power-in turn electrical power
¾ The steam from the boiler is expanded in a nozzle, resulting in the emission of
a high velocity jet. This jet of steam impinges on the moving vanes or blades,
mounted on a shaft. Here it undergoes a change of direction of motion which
gives rise to a change in momentum and therefore a force.
¾ The motive power in a steam turbine is obtained by the rate of change in
momentum of a high velocity jet of steam impinging on a curved blade which
is free to rotate.
rotate
¾ The conversion of energy in the blades takes place by impulse, reaction or
impulse reaction principle.
¾ Steam turbines are available in a few kW (as prime mover) to 1500 MW
¾ Impulse turbine are used for capacity up to
¾ Reaction turbines are used for capacity up to

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 Steam, Gas and Hydraulic Turbines
PEMP
RMD 2501

9 The working substance differs for different types of turbines.

9 Steam turbines are axial flow machines (radial steam turbines are rarely used)
whereas gas turbines and hydraulic turbines of both axial and radial flow type
are used based on applications.
9 The pressure of working medium used in steam turbines is very high,
whereas the temperature of working medium used is gas turbine is high
comparatively.
9 The pressure and temperature of working medium in hydraulic turbines is
lower than steam turbines.
9 Steam turbines of 1300 MW single units are available whereas largest gas
turbines unit is 530 MW and 815 MW

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 PEMP

Merits and Demerits of Steam Turbine RMD 2501

Merits:
• Ability to utilize high pressure and high temperature steam.
• High
Hi h component efficiency.
ffi i
• High rotational speed.
• High capacity/weight ratio.
• Smooth, nearly vibration-free operation.
• No internal lubrication.
• Oil free exhaust steam.
• Can be built in small or very large units (up to 1200 MW).
Demerits:
• ForF slow
l speedd application
li ti reduction
d ti gears are required.
i d
• The steam turbine cannot be made reversible.
• The efficiency of small simple steam turbines is poor.

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 Application PEMP
RMD 2501

• Power generation
• Refinery Petrochemical
Refinery, Petrochemical,
• Pharmaceuticals,
• Food processing,
• Petroleum/Gas processing,
• Pulp & Paper mills,
• Waste to energy
Waste-to-energy

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 Turbine Selection
PEMP
RMD 2501

In all fields of application the competitiveness of a turbine is a

combination of several factors:

¾ Efficiency
¾ Life
¾ Power density (power to weight ratio)
¾ Direct
i operation
i cost
¾ Manufacturing and maintenance costs

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 Rankine Cycle
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RMD 2501

Saturated Rankine cycle Superheated Rankine cycle

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 Reheat on T-s diagram
PEMP
RMD 2501

T
3
Note that T5 < T3. Many wouthi
systems reheat to the qinhi qinlo 5
same temperature
(T3=T5). 4
2 woutlo
Reheat is usuallyy not win 1 qout 6
offered for turbines less
than 50 MW

s
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 Schematic of Rankine Reheat Cycle
PEMP
RMD 2501

qinlo Low
5 Pressure
4 TURBINE
BOILER
w outhi
w outlo
3
High
Pressure 6
2 CONDENSER
TURBINE
qinhi qout
1
win PUMP

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 Steam Turbine Classification
PEMP
RMD 2501

Steam turbines can be classified in several different ways:

1. By details of stage design
• Impulse or reaction.
2 By
2. B steam supply l andd exhaust
h conditions
di i
• Condensing, or Non-condensing (back pressure),
• Automatic or controlled extraction,
• Mixed pressure
• Reheat
3. By casing or shaft arrangement
• Single casing,
casing Tandem compound or Cross compound
4. By number of exhaust stages in parallel:
• Two flow, Four flow or Six flow.
5. Byy direction of steam flow:
• Axial flow, Radial flow or Tangential flow
6. Single or multi-stage
7. By steam supply
• Superheat or Saturated

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 Steam Turbine Stage
PEMP
RMD 2501

9 A turbine stage consists of stationary stator row

(guide vanes or nozzle ring) and rotating rotor
row.
9 In the guide vanes high pressure, high
temperature
p steam is expanded
p resultingg in high
g
velocity.

9 The guide vanes direct the flow to the rotor

blades at an appropriate angle.

9 In the rotor, the flow direction is changed and

kinetic energy of the working fluid is absorbed by
the rotor shaft producing mechanical energy

13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 15