Question/Task/Exercise

Suppose you start at the orgion, move along the x-axis distance of 4 units in the positive direction, and then move downword
coordinates of your position?
Sketch the points (0,5,2),(4,0,-1),(2,4,6) and(1,-1,2) o a single set of coordinate axes?
which of the points P(6,2,3),Q(-5,-1,4), and R(0,3,8) is closest to the xz-plane? Which point lies in yz-plane?
What are the prjections of the point(2,3,5) on the xy-,yz-,and xz-planes? Draw a rectangular box with the origion and (2,3,5) as
the coordinate planes. Label all vertices of the box.Find the length of the diagonal of the box.
Describe and sketch the suraface in R3 represented by the equation x+y=2.

(a) what does the equation x=4 represend in R2 ? What does it represend in R3? Illustrate with sketches. (b) what does the equ
represent? What does the pair of equations y=3,z=5 represent ? In other words, describe the set of points (x,y,z) such that y=3

Fid the lengths of the sides of the triangle PQR. Is it right triangle? Is it an isosceles trianlge? (a) P(3,-2,-3), Q(7,0,1), R(1,2,1) (b
Find the distance from (3,7,-5) to each of the following. (a) The xy-plane (b) The yz-plane (c) The xz-plane (d) The x-axis (e)The
Determine whether he points lie on a straight line. (a) A(2,4,2), B(3,7,-2), C(1,3,3) (b) D(0,-5,5), E(1,-2,4), F(3,4,2)
Find an equation of the space with center (2,-6,4) and radius 5. Describe its intersection with each of the coordinate planes.
Find an equation of the sphere through the point (4,3,-1) and has center (3,8,1).
Find an equation of the sphere through the origion and whose center (1,2,3).
Show that the equation represent a sphere, and find its center and radius. X 2+y2+z2-6x+4y-2z=11
Show that the equation represent a sphere, and find its center and radius. X 2+y2+z2+8x-6y-2z+17=0
Show that the equation represent a sphere, and find its center and radius. 2x 2+2y2+2z2=8x-24z+1
Show that the equation represent a sphere, and find its center and radius. 3x 2+3y2+3z2=10+6y+12z
A median of a triangle is a line segment joining a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side. Find the lengths of the median o
2,0,5), and C(4,1,5)
Find an equation of a sphere if one of its diameter has endpoints (2,1,4) and (4,3,10)
Find an equation of a sphere with center (2,-3,6) that touch (a) the xy-plane, (b) the yz-plane, (c) the xz-plane.
Find an equation of largest sphere with center(5,4,9) that is contained in the first octant.
Describe in words the region of R3 reperesented by the equations or inequalities x=5
Describe in words the region of R3 reperesented by the equations or inequalities y=-2
Describe in words the region of R3 reperesented by the equations or inequalities y<8
Describe in words the region of R3 reperesented by the equations or inequalities x>=-3
Describe in words the region of R3 reperesented by the equations or inequalities 0≤z≤6
Describe in words the region of R3 reperesented by the equations or inequalities z2=1
Describe in words the region of R3 reperesented by the equations or inequalities x2+y2=4,z=-1
Describe in words the region of R3 reperesented by the equations or inequalities y2+z2=16
Describe in words the region of R3 reperesented by the equations or inequalities x2+y2+z2≤3
Describe in words the region of R3 reperesented by the equations or inequalities x=z
Write inequalites to describe the region. The region between the yz-plane and the vertical plan x=5

Write inequalites to describe the region. The solid cylinder that lies on or below the z=8 and or above the disk in the xy-plane w

Write inequalites to describe the region. The region consisting of all pints between(but not on ) the spheres of radius r and R c
Write inequalites to describe the region. The solid upper hemishere of the sphere of radius 2 centered at the origin.
Vaccine design : Most vaccine protect only against pathogens that within a certain region of atigenic space. Suppose that a vac
a sphere of radious 2 centered at the point(2,1,0) in antigenic space. For each strain, determine whether this vaccine will be eff
antigenic space (b) Astrain located at (1,0,3) in a antigenic space (c) Astrain located at (1,0,1) in a antigenic space (d) Astrain lo
Describe ad sketch a solid with the following properties: When illuminated by rays parallel to the z-axis, its shadow is a circula
shadow is a square. If the rays are parallel to the x-axis,its shadow is an isosceles triangle
Are the following quantities vectors or scalars? Explain. (a) The cost of a theater ticket (b) The current in a river © The initial fl
population of the world
what is the relationship between the point (4,7) and the vector [4,7]? Illustrate with a sketch.
Find a vector a with representation given by the directed line segment AB. Draw AB and the equivlent representation starting
Find a vector a with representation given by the directed line segment AB. Draw AB and the equivlent representation starting

Find a vector a with representation given by the directed line segment AB. Draw AB and the equivlent representation starting

Find a vector a with representation given by the directed line segment AB. Draw AB and the equivlent representation starting
Find the sum of the given vectors and illustrate geometrically. [-1,4],[6,-2]
Find the sum of the given vectors and illustrate geometrically. [-2,-1],[5,7]
Find the sum of the given vectors and illustrate geometrically. [0,1,2],[0,0,-3]
Find the sum of the given vectors and illustrate geometrically. [-1,0,2],[0,4,0]
Find a+b,2a+3b,IaI, and Ia-bI. a[5, -12], b=[-3, -6]
Find a+b,2a+3b,IaI, and Ia-bI. a[4, 1], b=[1, -2]
Find a+b,2a+3b,IaI, and Ia-bI. a[1, 2, -3], b=[-2, -1, 5]
Find a+b,2a+3b,IaI, and Ia-bI. a[2, -4, 4], b=[0, 2, -1]
Find a unit vector that has the same direction as the given vector. [-3, 7]
Find a unit vector that has the same direction as the given vector. [-4, 2, 4]
Find a unit vector that has the same direction as the given vector. [8, -1, 4]
Find a unit vector that has the same direction as [-2, 4, 2] but has length 6.
if v lies in the first quadrant and makes an angle π/3 with the positive x-axis and IvI =4, find v in component form
if a child pulls a sled through the snow on a level path with a force of 50 N exerted at an angle of 38 ̊ above the horizontal, fin
the force.
A quarterback throws a football with angle of elevation 40 ̊ and speed ft/s. Find the horizontal and vertical components of the

The magnitude of a velocity is called speed. Suppose that a wind is blowing from the firection N45 ̊W at a speed of 50 km/h.(
wind blows is 45 ̊west of the northely.) A pilot is steering a plane in the direction N60 ̊E at an airspeed (speed in still air) of 25
plane is the direction of the resultant of the velocity vectors of the plane and the wind. The ground speed of the plane is the m
course and the ground speed of the plane.
A woman walks due west on the deck of a ship at 3 mi/h. The ship is moving north at a speed of 22 mi/h. Find the speed and d
surface of the water.
Find the unit vectors that are parallel to the tangent line to the parabola y=x 2 at the point (2,4)
(a) Find the unit vectors that are parallel to the tangent line to the curve y=2sinx at the point (π/6,1). (b) Find the unit vectors
(c) Sketch the curve y=2sinx and the vectors in parts (a) and (b) all starting at (π/6,1)
(a) Draw the vectors a=[3, 2], b=[2,-1], and c=[7, 1]. (b) Show, by means of a sketch, that there are scalars s and t such that c=s
values of s and t. (d) Find the exact values of s and t.
Suppose that a and b are nonzero vectors that are not parallel and c is any vector in the plane determined by a and b. Give a g
written as c=sa+tb for suitable scalars s and t. Then give an argument using components.
Suppose a is a three-dementional unit vector in the first octant that start at the origin and makes angles of 60 ̊and 72 ̊ with
Express in terms of its components
if r=[x,y,z] and r0=[x0,y0,z0], describe the set of all points (x,y,z) such that Ir-r0I =1.
if r=[x,y] and r1=[x1,y1] and r2=[x2,y2], describe the set of all points (x,y) such that Ir-r1I +Ir-r2I =k,where k>Ir1-r2I.
prove property 5 of vectors algebraically for the case n=3. Then use similar triangles to give a geometiric proof
Use vectors to prove that the line joining the midpoints of two slides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half its length
Which of the following expressions and meaningful? Which are meanningless? Explain (a) (a.b).c (b) (a.b)c (c) IaI(b.c) (d) a.(
Find a.b. IaI =3, IbI = 5 the angle between a and b is 2π/3
Find a.b. a=[-2,3], b=[0.7, 1.2]
Find a.b. a=[-2,1/3], b=[-5, 12]
Find a.b. a=[6,-2,3], b=[2,5, -1]
Find a.b. a=[4,1,1/4], b=[6,-3, -8]
Find a.b. a=[p,-p,2p], b=[2q,q,-q]
Find a.b. a=2i+j, b=i-j+k
Find a.b. a=3i+2j-k, b=4i+5k

Population dynamics : Suppose a population of fish contains a females that are 1 year old, b females between 2 and 4 years ol
During the summer each one-year-old females produces 15 offspring, each female between 2 and 4 years prodoucs 35 off-spr
produces 20 offspring. if a=[a,b,c] and p=[15,35,20], what is the meaing of the dot product a.p?
find the angle between the vectors. (first find the exact expression and then approximate to the nearest degree. ) a=[-8,6]. B=
find the angle between the vectors. (first find the exact expression and then approximate to the nearest degree. ) a=[√3,1]. B=
find the angle between the vectors. (first find the exact expression and then approximate to the nearest degree. ) a=[0,1,1]. B=
find the angle between the vectors. (first find the exact expression and then approximate to the nearest degree. ) a=[1,2,-2]. B
Find, corrrect to the nearest degree, the three angles of the triangle with the given vertices. A(1,0), B(3,6), C(-1,4)
Find, corrrect to the nearest degree, the three angles of the triangle with the given vertices. D(0,1,1), E(-2,4,3), C(1,2,-1)

Determine whether the given vectors are orthogonal, parallel or neither. (a) a=[-5,3,7], b=[6,-8,2], (b) a=[4,6] b=[-3,2] (c) a=[-1
Determine whether the given vectors are orthogonal, parallel or neither. (a) u=[-3,9,6], v=[4,-12,-8,], (b) u=[1,-1,2] v=[2,-1,1] (c
Use vectors to decide whether the triangle with vertices P(1,-3,-2), Q(2,0,-4), and R(6,-2,-5) is right-angled
For what values of b are the vectors [-6,b,2] and [b,b2,b] orthognal
Find a unit vector that is orthognal to both [1,1,0] and [1,0,1]
Find two unit vectors that make an angle of 60 ̊ with v= [3,4]
Find an equation of the plane that passes through the origin and its perpendicular to the vector [1,-2,5]
Find an equation of the plane that passes through the point (-1,1/2,3) with normal vector [1,4,1]
Find the scalar and vector projections of b onto a. a=[3,-4], b=[5,0]
Find the scalar and vector projections of b onto a. a=[1,2], b=[-4,1]
Find the scalar and vector projections of b onto a. a=[2,-1,4], b=[0,1,1/2]
Find the scalar and vector projections of b onto a. a=[1,1,1], b=[1,-1,1]
Show that the vector orthab=b-projacb is orthogonal to a.
if a =[3,0,-1], find a vector b such that compab=2.
Suppose that a and b are nonzero vectors. (a) uder what circumstances is compab=compba? (b) under what circumstances is p

Antigenic evoution : influenza virus from North America and Asia are sampled In two successive years and plotted in two-dime
each are (i) North American viruses: (2,1) for 2013 and (4,3) for 2014, and (ii) Asian: (4,18) for 2013 and (5,17) for 2014. (a) how
compare between the two regions? (b)how does the direction of antigenic change compare between the two regions?
Community exology: Community ecologists study the factors that determine the abundance of different species. the abundan
quatifiued in two different lakes before and after an unusually hot summer. The coordinates of these four samples in R3 are (i)
and after summer, respectively and (ii) Lake B: (23,59,22) and (20,63,15) before and after summeer, respectively. (a) how does
community compare between the two lakes? (b)how does the direction of change in algal community compare between the

Genome expression profiles and drug design: reseracher are trying to design a druq that alters the expression level of the thre
change in expression, written as a vector in V3 is [3,9,-5], where all measurment are dimentionless. suppose two potential dru
profiles that they induce are (A) [2,4,1] and (B) [-2,3,-5]. (a) What is the magnitude of the desired change in expression? (b) US
fraction of this desired change that is induced by each drug. (c) Which drug is closest to having the desired effect?
find the angle between a diagonal of a cube and one of its edges.
find the angle between a diagonal of a cube and a diagonal of one of its faces.
If r=[x,y,z], a =[a1,a2,a3] and b=[b1,b2,b3], show that the vector equation (r-a).(r-b)=0 represents a sphere, and find its center
If c=IaIb+IbIa, where a,b, and c are all nonzero vectors, show that c bisects the angle between a and b

prove property 4 of the dot product . Use either the definition of a dor product(considering the cases c>0,c=0 and c<0 separat

Suppose that all sides of a quadrilateral are equal in legth and opposite sides are parallel. Use vector methods to show that th
Prove the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality: Ia.bI≤ IaI.IbI
Show that if u+v and u-v are orthognal, then the vectors u and v must have the same length.
Suppose A,B and C are 2 ×2 matrices , E,F and G are 3 × 3 matrices, H and K are 2×3 matrices and L and M are 3×2 matrices. Fo
denied, specify the size of the matix that results. (a) A+4C (b) 1/2 K+L (c) 5K+3H (d) 0G+3(E+F) (e) 3A+6(B+M) (f) 12M-L (g) F+G
Suppose A,B and C are 2 ×2 matrices , E,F and G are 3 × 3 matrices, H and K are 2×3 matrices and L and M are 3×2 matrices. Fo
denied, specify the size of the matix that results. (a) AB+C (b) 3GF (c) CK+B (d) CK+H (e) EMC (f) GLH (g) HLG (h) 2EL+5MB

The notation Ak meas the matrix A Multiplied with itself k times (a) For the 2×2 identity matrix I, show that I 2 =I (b)For the n×n
you think the enteries of Ik are?
The notation Ak meas the matrix A Multiplied with itself k times (a) For the n×n diagonal matrices D having enteries dii,tha D 2
n×n diagonal matrices D what do you think the enteries of Dk are?
The notation Ak means the matrix A multiplied with itself k times. Find an example of non zero 2×2 matix whose square is zero
For arbitarary 2×2 matirices A,B and C verify the following properties (a) A(BC)= (AB)C. (b) A(B=C)= AB+AC (c) (B+C)A=BA+CA

Suppose that A and B are arbitarary 2×2 matirices. Is the quantity given always equal to (A+B) 2 (a) A2 +2AB+C2. (b) (B+A)2(c) A(A
For any 2×2 matirices A and B show that (A+B) T=AT+BT
For any 2×2 matirices A and B show that (AB) T=ATBT
If matirx A is called symmetric if A T=A. Verify for all 3×3 matirices B+B T is symmetric
If matirx A satisfies the equation A+ A T=0.What must be true about the enteries of A? Such matrices are called skew-symmetri
An upper triangular matric is square matrix with all zeros below its daignal. A lower triangular matrix is a square matrix with al
upper triangular matirices U, verify that U 2 is also upper triangular
Suppose the matrix representing a system of difference equations contains a row of zeros. What does this imply about the sys
Suppose the matrix representing a system of difference equations contains a column of zeros. What does this imply about the

Construct the matrix diagram for each of the following models. Dispersal: A population of dragon occupies two points. Each da
to the pond B and 30% of the indviduals in a pond B move tpo the pond A. Using A t and Bt to donate the number of individual
0.8At+0.3Bt, Bt+1=0.2At+0.7Bt
Construct the matrix diagram for each of the following models. Mutation: Each generation 5% of the individuals carrying allele
donate the number of individual carrying each allele at time t, we have . X t+1= 0.95Xt, Yt+1=0.05Xt+Yt

Construct the matrix diagram for each of the following models. Drug diffusion:A drug taken orally eventually diffuses into the b
the amount of drug in the stomach at the times t and bt the amount that has been absorbed into the bloodsteam. each time s
stomach into the bloodstream and 80% of the drug in the blood stream is metabolized. we have s t+1= 0.9st, bt+1=0.5st+0.2bt

Construct the matrix diagram for each of the following models. Breading systme: Coorperatively breeding bird species are tho
reproduction to the help others reproduce. therefore the population consists of three kinds of individuals: juveniles,helpers an
denote the number of each kind at time t, a model for the population size of each is j t+1= 2rt, ht+1=0.9st+0.8ht+0.1rt ,rt+1=0.1jt+0.

Construct the matrix diagram for each of the following models. Ecological systme: is a process by which a biological communit
Suppose the community can be either primarily grassland, primarily shrub or primarily forest, and this can change from year to
number of each kind at time t, we have g t+1= 0.9gt+0.001st, st+1=0.1gt+0.799st+0.001ft ,ft+1=0.2st+0.999ft

DNA methylation DNA methylation is a process by which methyl chemical groups are attached to the DNA. Thus each gene in
unmethylated. Suppose that 80% of methylated genes remain methylated and 50% of unmethylated genes remain unmethyla

Mutation Suppose that one of three different alleles is present in each individual in a population. In each generation the follow
allele X mutate to carry allele Y, 3% mutate to allele Z, and the rest remain unchanged; 0.1% of individuals carrying allele Y mu
unchanged; 90% of individuals carrying allele Z mutate to carry allele X and the rest remain unchanged.
Suppose that D is an n × n diagonal matrix with entries d ii. Show that D-1 is an n × n diagonal matrix with entries 1/d ii.
Find all 2 × 2 matrices A such that det A −1 and A = A-1
If A is nonsingular, then (A-1)-1= A. (a) Verify this theorem for 2 × 2 matrices. (b) Prove the theorem for any n × n matrix.
Suppose that A and B are nonsingular matrices. Then AB is also nonsingular. Furthermore, a theorem from linear algebra then
theorem for 2× 2 matrices. (b) Prove the theorem for any n × n matrix

Suppose that A is nonsingular. Prove that its inverse A -1 is unique. [Hint: Show that if there exists two matrices, B and C, such t
If A is nonsingular, then (AT )-1 =(A-1) T . (a) Verify this theorem for 2 × 2 matrices
If A and B are n × n matrices, then det(AB)= det A.det B. Verify this theorem for 2 × 2 matrices.
If A is an n× n matrix, then det A = det A T . Verify this theorem for 2 × 2 matrices.
If D is an n × n diagonal matrix with entries dii, then det D = d 11d22 ∙ ∙ ∙ dnn. Verify this theorem for 2 × 2 matrices.
For which values of k does the system of linear equations have zero, one, or an infinite number of solutions? [Note: Not all thr
+ 2x2= 4
For which values of k does the system of linear equations have zero, one, or an infinite number of solutions? [Note: Not all thr
2x2= k

Suppose that x =p and x =q are both solutions to the inhomogeneous system of equations Ax = b. Show that z =α_x001F_p +(1
_x001F_α is a scalar.
Suppose that x =p and x =q are both solutions to the inhomogeneous system of equations Ax = b. Show that z =α_x001F_p + β
and β are scalars.
Find solution to the system of linear equations. x 1 + 2x2 = 0 , 2x1 + 5x2 = 1
Find solution to the system of linear equations. x 1 - 3x2 = 5 , x1 + x2 = 2
Find solution to the system of linear equations. x 1 = 1 , 2x1 + 3x2 = 6
Find solution to the system of linear equations. 3x 1 + 6x2 = 2 , 9x1 + 12x2 = 1
Find solution to the system of linear equations. 5x 1 + x2 = 0 , 25x1 + 5x2 = 0
Find solution to the system of linear equations. 8x 1 + 4x2 = 4 , 4x1 + 2x2 = 2

Find a second-degree polynomial (that is, an equation of the form y =a + bx + cx 2 d that goes through the three points (0, 1), (1
possibility?

Resource allocation: Each day an organism has 100 J of energy to divide between growth and reproduction. Each millimeter of
costs 5 J. Denote the amount of growth per day by x 1 and the number of eggs produced per day by x 2. (a) Suppose that the org
millimeter of growth that occurs each day, it produces (on average) two eggs. What is the amount of growth and number of e
the organism divides its energy each day so that the total energy spent on eggs is twice that spent on growth. What is the amo
produced on each day?

Vectorcardiography Suppose the voltage vector of a healthy heart is given by [0.3, 20.2]. Cardiac abnormalities result in chang
viewed as a change of a healthy heart voltage vector into a pathological voltage vector through matrix multiplication. For each
matrix that produces the pathological voltage vector from a healthy voltage vector. (a) Left anterior hemiblock: h =[0.3, 0.2], (
(c) Apical ischemia: h =[20.3, 0.2]
(d) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:h =[0.1, 20.0667]
In general, the eigenvalues of a diagonal matrix are given by the entries on the diagonal. Verify this for 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 matrice
In general, the eigenvalues of an upper triangular matrix are given by the entries on the diagonal. The same is true for a lower
× 3 matrices.
The trace of a matrix is given by the sum of its diagonal entries. In general, the trace of a matrix is equal to the sum of its eigen
product of its eigenvalues. Verify this for 2 × 2 matrices.
Suppose that A2 = 0 for some matrix A. Prove that the only possible eigenvalues of A are then 0.
Suppose that an eigenvalue of matrix A is zero. Prove that A must therefore be singular.
Show that the characteristic polynomials of A and A T are the same.
Suppose that A is a nonsingular matrix with an eigenvalue λ_x001F_. Show that 1/λ is then an eigenvalue of A -1 .
Suppose that _x001F_λ is an eigenvalue of A. Show that 2λ_x001F_ is then an eigenvalue of 2A.
Suppose that λ_x001F_ is an eigenvalue of A. Show that λ_x001F_ 2 is then an eigenvalue of A2
Suppose that v is an eigenvector of matrix A with eigenvalue _x001F_λA, and it is also an eigenvector of matrix B with eigenval
of A + B and find its associated eigenvalue. (b) Show that v is an eigenvector of AB and find its associated eigenvalue.
Suppose that A is a matrix with real entries. Show that if λ_x001F_ is a complex eigenvalue of A, then its associated eigenvecto
Suppose that A is a matrix with real entries. If λ_x001F_ is a complex eigenvalue of A with associated eigenvector x, show that
associated eigenvector x ̅ (that is, eigenvalues and eigenvectors of real matrices always come in complex conjugate pairs).
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CH8.5 Biocalculus

CH8.5 Biocalculus

CH8.5 Biocalculus

CH8.5 Biocalculus

CH8.5 Biocalculus

CH8.6 Biocalculus
CH8.6 Biocalculus
CH8.6 Biocalculus
CH8.6 Biocalculus

CH8.6 Biocalculus

CH8.6 Biocalculus
CH8.6 Biocalculus
CH8.6 Biocalculus
CH8.6 Biocalculus
CH8.6 Biocalculus

CH8.6 Biocalculus

CH8.6 Biocalculus

CH8.6 Biocalculus

CH8.6 Biocalculus
CH8.6 Biocalculus
CH8.6 Biocalculus
CH8.6 Biocalculus
CH8.6 Biocalculus
CH8.6 Biocalculus
CH8.6 Biocalculus

CH8.6 Biocalculus

CH8.7 Biocalculus

CH8.7 Biocalculus
CH8.7 Biocalculus

CH8.7 Biocalculus

CH8.7 Biocalculus
CH8.7 Biocalculus
CH8.7 Biocalculus
CH8.7 Biocalculus
CH8.7 Biocalculus
CH8.7 Biocalculus
CH8.7 Biocalculus

CH8.8 Biocalculus
CH8.8 Biocalculus