United Nations Security Council

Agenda:

Enacting a preventive framework to

moderate the threat of piracy in African
region focusing on the Gulf of Guinea
Greetings,

We applaud each and every one of the delegates involved for their research and hard
work they put into preparing for this committee.

In this meeting of the UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL we will be

discussing agenda which are as follows:

“Enacting a preventive framework to moderate the threat of piracy in African Region

Focusing on Gulf of Guinea.”

Our primary objective is to discuss any this agenda extensively and discussing this
agendum in a dynamic overview for the country policies and how regionalism working in a
committee like World Bank As far as the documentation goes, what can be done is that
depending upon the committee situation the executive board will look for any sort of paper
work. This Executive Board believes that the current agendum is dynamic in nature and when
we talk about how UNSC needs an assessment of piracy in the African region in the Gulf of
Guinea. Thus, The Executive Board will provide the delegates with set of reference links which
will lead to documentations which are related to the agendum.

The executive board requests the delegates to do extensive research on the agenda and
the documents provided by us will suffice as the basic guide for understanding the agenda.
None the less it is expected that the delegates will showcase their diplomatic skills in the
committee by doing extensive research on the agendas.

Please remember that this study guide shall act as a mere roadmap. This guide is not all
inclusive, although we have done our best to cater to all aspects of the agenda given to you.
Please find attached with this document, links that shall help you delve deeper into this topic.

Here’s a few things to keep in mind:

1. We will follow a 100% participation rule- so speak up whenever opportunity beckons.

We will make sure we know what your voice sounds like, by the end of the day.
Needless to say, this is a learning mechanism and nothing shall be done without your
consent.
2. Our intentions regarding procedure shall be intimated to you in the 1st session of this
conference.
 3. Substantiation shall include reports (any United Nations report/ Reuters report and
country-based release, on which we will exercise discretion).
4. Do not make things up. If you get caught (and you will get caught), penalization will
be inevitable.
5. Be confident. Remember this golden rule: What you say is Gospel, let judgmental eyes
seek other pastures. Channelize your inner spirit animal (not giraffes, duh).
6. If another delegate/ANYONE inside or outside committee makes you feel
uncomfortable, talk to us. We will try everything within our capability to help dissipate
your discomfort.
7. A little effort goes a long way and bits of information if read properly, will never fail
to assist you later.
8. Be respectful towards everyone, especially towards logistics members. Bad manners
and ignorance will not sit well with us. Intolerance in any form will not be tolerated.
9. Do not contact us after committee hours asking about your day’s performance. Till the
Awards are disclosed.

10. Good luck!

Arunava Banerjee

Introduction to the committee:

1. History and Founding:
The United Nations Charter established six main organs of the United Nations,
including the Security Council. It gives primary responsibility for maintaining
international peace and security to the Security Council, which may meet whenever
peace is threatened.
According to the Charter, the United Nations has four main purposes:
• Maintain international peace and security;
• Develop friendly relations among nations;
• Cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for
human rights;
• To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.
• The Security Council is the United Nations' most powerful body, with Five
powerful countries sit as Permanent Members along with ten elected members
with two-year terms. Since 1990, the Council has dramatically increased its
 activity and it now meets in nearly continuous session. It dispatches military
operations, imposes sanctions, mandates arms inspections, deploys election
monitors and more.
All members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the
Security Council. While other organs of the United Nations make recommendations to member
states, only the Security Council has the power to make decisions that member states are then
obligated to implement under the Charter.

2. Function and Mandate:

The Security Council is one of the main organs of the United Nations and was
effectively found in accordance with Chapter III article 7 (1) of the UN Charter in 1945.
As a functioning body of the UN Charter the United Nations Security Council is bound
by the charter but also has its own operational mandate and powers. It is described in
Chapters V, VI and VII, and in particular in articles 24 and 25 of the Charter. Most
blatantly, UNSC can enact any number of measures in order to safeguard or restore
international peace and security. However, only decisions that are taken under Chapter
VII of the Charter appeal the powers given in articles 24 and 25 and bind all 15 member
states. Resolutions that have not been enacted under Chapter VII may be considered
similarly to General Assembly resolutions and therefore not binding which it is not
mandatory to follow by all the nations. United Nations

Members:
Countries Regions Membership Status

Belgium West European and Others Non – Permanent

China Asia-Pacific Group Permanent

Dominican Republic Latin America and Caribbean Non – Permanent

Estonia Eastern European Group Non – Permanent

France West European and Others Permanent

Germany West European and Others Non – Permanent

Indonesia Asia-Pacific Group Non – Permanent

 Niger African Group Non – Permanent
Russian Federation Eastern European Group Permanent
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Latin America and Caribbean Non – Permanent

South Africa African Group Non – Permanent

Tunisia African Group Non – Permanent

United Kingdom West European and Others Permanent

United States of America West European and Others Permanent

Vietnam Asia-Pacific Group Non – Permanent

Agenda: Enacting a preventive framework to moderate the threat of piracy in African region
focusing on the Gulf of Guinea.

Background and Escalation:

Firstly, we need to understand that modern generation pirates are not like the ones showed in
Hollywood movies or animations. It is far more dangerous and vicious in terms of actions. According
to the UN Convention on the law of the sea describes piracy as “illegal act of violence and detention”
which usually take in high seas against ships or aircraft. This threat does not only create chaos on the
effected regions but it can also affect the economy of its surrounding nations as the pirates usually raids
the transportation of essential resources being taken to countries.
If we have to mention modern era of piracy, we have to acknowledge piracy in Africa. The
Somali Ministry of Fisheries and the Coastal Development Agency (CDA) initiated a cooperation plan
in the early 1980s, prior to the start of the civil war in Somalia, focusing on the creation of agricultural
and fishery cooperatives for artisanal fishers. At this time the government allowed international fishing
through official licensing or joint venture agreements, establishing two such collaborations in the
projects between Iraqi-Somali Siadco and Italian-Somali Somital. The Somali Navy dissolved after
federal rule failed in the subsequent civil war. With undefended Somali territorial waters, international
fishing trawlers began fishing illegally on the Somali seaboard and ships started burning industrial and
other waste off the Somali coast. This culminated in illegal fishing and populations and local fishermen
started to join together to try to protect their livelihood. An escalation began which led to the use of
arms and tactics such as taking over a foreign ship before a ransom was paid by their owners. This is
how the piracy started in the Somali regions and soon it spread across the whole Africa.
The Gulf of Guinea is situated in North – Eastern part of Atlantic Ocean. The central river of
this gulf is Niger river. But the nations that are under the threat of piracy are mainly Benin, Ghana,
Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea. The beginning of such global concern started
during 2011. The Pirates started to use heavy armed supplies and strategically targeted the oil carrying
cargos through violent methods and extracting other resources from the gulf. According to International
Maritime Bureau during 2012, the number of seafarers reached as high as 966 in one year. The Piracy
in the Gulf is a growing threat against the shipping industry.

Scenarios (Cases):
In this recent April of 2020, It was confirmed that pirates have targeted container vessel Tommi
Ritscher off Cotonou, Benin keeping eight of the crew hostage. According to Dryad Global, an
undisclosed number of people had boarded the Portuguese-flagged box-ship from a speedboat at Zone
3 anchorage, Cotonou. It is known that a naval patrol vessel pursued the Tommi Ritscher after it was
taken aboard and the speedboat fled.

In 2019 there was also another case in Benin where the Pirates kidnapped nine crew members
from a Norwegian shipping vessel from the coast of Benin.
The Vessel was carrying Gypsum. It said that Benin is one of the dangerous pirate hotspots.
Even though piracy has decreased worldwide but still Benin is under the threat and the stakes are so
high that may surpass Somalia.

Preventive Measures
Before moving into the measures to prevent, abate or moderate the threats of piracy, it is of our
utmost priority to understand what the term piracy refers to. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
defines piracy as “illegal acts of violence or detention” committed on the high seas against ships or
aircraft. Piracy is a serious problem and it poses a real threat not only to the safety of vessels and their
crews, but also to the economies of affected countries.
The United Nations Security Council have passed Resolution 2500, 2383, 2125 and on that
note, it is also a necessity to understand that creating frameworks to face the agenda is your task.
However, here are some questions and/or that may help you think more in depth:
1) Checking the Naval petrol system country-wise should be a good place to start the research.
2) Is the current airways and on-sea global and inter-country communication system efficient
enough to allow countries to co-operate to fight such issues?
3) Furthermore, how would the law systems incorporate any of the frameworks you are trying
to introduce?

Current Scenario
In Africa, while piracy in Somalia’s Gulf of Aden is currently on the decline, it has spread to
West Africa. Although most attacks in the region take place in Nigeria’s Niger Delta region, there have
also been attacks in Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea and Togo, among others, according to the UN
Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).
Even in the month of April 2020, when the entire world is being shut down owing to the
worldwide pandemic issued by the World Health Organization (WHO), there have been several reported
cases of piracy around the world.
In the modern era, the pirates are taking advantage of the technological developments around
the world for example there is use of fiber speed boat, eight to 10 meters long, usually sporting colored
flags (mainly red or white), usually motorized by two outboard engines, 150/200 Hp, more than six men
onboard (usually eight to 10), men armed with AK 47, speed boat fitted with an aluminum ladder eight
to 10 meters long. Pirates can operate on one sole speed boat, sometimes in pairs.
The time of the attack varies too and is evolving regularly. In 2018, almost two thirds of the
piracy attacks were conducted by daylight. Currently, piracy attacks within Gulf of Guinea are mainly
conducted at night time and mainly at the beginning or end of the night.
These are examples of how piracy is an ever-evolving problem which needs more attention because
if the security systems, frameworks and laws and regulations are not set according to change, adapt and
overcome the struggles, then travelling on or over the seas would become less and less feasible.

Bloc positions
While the bloc positions for this scenario depend entirely on the country’s pride and concern
regarding their maritime boundaries, ability or willingness to invest onto naval patrols and
communication systems on water and coastal regions and the co-existing laws regarding piracies and
matters on water-bodies, delegates would be encouraged to read more about the existing tensions
between the International Criminal Courts (ICC) and African Union (AU) regarding the maritime
policies set in the region.
QARMA
QARMA refers to the Questions A Resolution Must Answer. For this certain agenda we would be
looking forward to the answers to, but not limited to, questions such as:
● What is the best way of countering armed maritime violence in regions of chronic lawlessness
and anarchy in certain regions of Africa?
● What are the roles that should be played by the government of the countries surrounding the
regions which are at risk of being attacked by pirates?
● How should the developed nations and/or the rest of the world look to contribute to helping
the situation without disrupting the peace in a region and/or raising questions about their
intentions of investing into such matters? Who or which organizations or nations could be
responsible for mediating in a scenario where something may go wrong?
● How can the governments incorporate the frameworks set by the committee into their legal
systems?
● What are the exact frameworks that are to be set to moderate the threat of piracies in Africa?
How exactly is it going to moderate the threat?
● When will the frameworks be ready to be put into action?
● If any other preventive measures are to be stated or incorporated, it is important to mention
details about the use and how exactly is it going to be implemented and from when will that
implementation being.
 Sample Working Paper

Working Paper 1.1

Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee

Agenda: Addressing the concerns over young extremists in the African region

Authors: Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Russian Federation

1. Urges United Nations, under its super vision a multisectoral consultative panel to
help in building robust frameworks for approaching the growing concerns in Africa,
in a collaborative manner, supporting governments in completing national
strategies.
2. Strong Presence of National Government and military in regions with a lack of
proper governance, especially in case of the Sahel region in Africa should be
ensured in order to tackle the presence of violent extremist militants
3. A separate investigation be launched under the United Nations Counter-Terrorism
Office which shall ensure the identification of the sources of financing of terrorist
organizations in the African Continent.
4. Better arms control legislation should be made which shall ensure proper tracking
of illegal weapons trafficking in case of both small arms and large ones.
5. Monitoring the usage of the internet and the social media to limit the number of
extremist groups, in regions with vulnerable youth population.
6. Reformation of educational and religious institutions be established in such a way
in which religious institution shall focus on communal harmony, religious
diversity and multiculturalism.
7. Initiative to block the funding of Terrorist organizations should be taken by
ensuring:
a) By properly tracking effective sorts of transactions.
b) Tracking funding of terrorist organizations through the internet.
c) Proper enhancement of the border security
8. Urges governments to develop new and strengthened partnerships both between
Africa and the international community to tackle the threat of terrorism and violent
extremism
 Sample Draft Resolution

DRAFT RESOLUTION 1.1

Sponsors: Union of Soviet Socialist Republic

Signatories:

The Security Council,

Having heard the statement from the representatives of the Provisional government of
Bangladesh, representatives from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and other related statements
made before the Council.

Stressing the urgent need to achieve a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in the
Indian subcontinent.

Welcoming and encouraging the diplomatic efforts of special envoys from the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republic, the United States of America, Communist People’s Republic of
China and Republic of India

1) Recognizes the multilateral treaty between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic,
Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of India;
2) Commends the decisions taken by the United States of America, Communist Republic
of China and Syrian Arab Republic to economically assist the to-be formed country
called United Socialist States of India;
3) Invites other members of the United Nations to provide aid and support of any and every
kind to support the people in East Pakistan who have just suffered from a war;
4) Approves the formation of United Socialist State of India (Annex-1);
5) Accepts that the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic would be monitoring the formation,
administration and growth of United Socialist States of India for 5 years starting from
January 1st, 1972;
6) Emphasizes on the needs of trying to reduce discrimination between people in the (to-
be formed) United Socialist States of India and giving special attention so that they can
neglect linguistic and religious differences.
ANNEXURE to Clause 4

FORMATION OF UNITED SOVIET STATES OF INDIA:

1) The country would start operating from the 1st of January, 1972.
2) The constitution should declare India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic
republic and should assure its citizens justice, equality and liberty, and endeavor
peace and harmony.
3) The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic would monitor this formation of United
Soviet States of India and would take over power till a democratic election is held.
4) The elections should be held by February 15th, 1972.
5) The elected government would be responsible for setting the constitutional rules by
discussing matters with the government of Union of Soviet Socialist Republic.
6) There will be 450 parliamentary seats, 250 from India, 100 from West Pakistan and
50 representatives from East Pakistan. The rest of the 50 seats would be reserved
for women and people from other ethnic minorities.
7) The country would be entitled to communism at least for the first 5 years.
8) Within its 5 years, the country is expected to show signs of greater equality and
fraternity between its people.
9) For initial control of the state, funds would be raised by countries such as the United
States of America and Syrian Arab Republic.
10) The laws of the country would be set by professional lawmakers of the UN, from
India, Pakistan and Union of Soviet Socialist Republic.
 Sample Position Paper

POSITION PAPER
Country: United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
Committee: United Nations
Security Council
Agenda: Threat to Global Peace
and Security Emphasizing on the
situation in Middle-East

The delegation of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland understands the
importance of enhancing global peace and security and hence appreciates the efforts taken
by the United Nations Security Council to look further into the matter and to discuss and debate
the possibilities of finding feasible solutions for the entire committee.

Understanding how the agenda focuses on the Middle-East, we want to lay out the few
problems United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is involved within the Middle-
East. These include trying to bring justice and rightful leaders to Syria, helping Yemen, sorting
out problems with Iran and also being co-operative in an attempt to understand the struggles
in Israel-Palestine.

We believe that Syria is not under the leaders who are fair to its people and to the
world. As a result, this delegation believes that the people can show their protests against the
leaders. However, we strongly believe that the fighting must stop soon because there is no
need of taking more lives when they only want a better, more suitable leader. This delegation
would like to discuss the possibilities of introducing a permanent ceasefire in Syria while we
are willing to work with European allies like French Republic and Federal Republic of
Germany.

We have been working to help the people suffering in the crisis in Yemen. For example,
we have pledged to provide Yemen in the fiscal year 2019/20 with 200 million Pounds through
our program called UK aid. We hope we can quickly come to conclusions regarding such
matter and finding solutions that can be implemented in a short period of time but till then we
hope our support can provide some sort of relief to the people suffering.

The delegation understands that in the recent times the conflicts within Israel has
escalated, there seems to be an unwelcomed unrest and since its allies, the European
countries are drafting the guidelines towards solving the crisis, we are willing to discuss with
them to understand their view point and we would be taking those into consideration while
deciding what to do.

Drawing the attention to what affected UK the most in recent times, there has a been
massive non co-operative signs shown by Iran in trying to work with UK while it interrogated a
tanker which was believed to have been carrying oil from Iran to Syria which violates sanctions
on Syria. In response, a British-flagged tanker was taken by the Iranians and innocent lives
were affected severely as they were in confinement. We would demand answers for such
actions as well as proper explanations as to why this such incidents took place from the
delegation of Iran who would be present as observer states in the United Nations Security
Council during this conference.

While settling such issues, we are noting the importance of having strong counter
terrorism units. We believe that we need to keep fighting against Daesh in Syria. This
delegation can assure the council that the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland is fully committed in its fight against terrorism.

Pre-ambulatory clauses and Operative clauses

Details:
https://politicalscience.columbusstate.edu/mun/preambulatoryclauses.php
https://www.wisemee.com/preambulatory-and-operative-clauses/

3. Social Media Links

For further details you can find us on Social Media:

Arunava Banerjee,
Serving as your President:
https://www.facebook.com/arunava.banerjee.9887

Anjon Shuvro,
Serving as your Vice-President:
https://www.facebook.com/shuvro.ronnie

Tahmid Hoq,
Serving as your Rapporteur:
https://www.facebook.com/tahmidhoq25
 Thank you note
With everything being said and done, we wish the delegates nothing but the best on
their venture to prepare for a very competitive, fruitful desirable conferences. We hope, though
online, we can improve our communication skills. This is an opportunity to focus on research
and paper works which will help us in many sectors of our life. However, the most important
issue is to model yourselves as diplomats who have a very difficult agenda in hand but as the
part of the highly-esteemed committee, United Nations Security Council, we hope you all will
come up with brilliant and exceptional ideas ready to be implanted and implemented. Till then
if you have any questions, feel free to ask anyone of the Executive Board members!