WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

SYSTEM

Mobile Radio Communication

System

Satellite Communication System

 MOBILE RADIO COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM

Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems

Mobile Radio Propagation: Large Scale Path Loss

Mobile Radio Propagation: Small Scale Path Fading and Multipath

The Cellular Concept

Modern Wireless Communication System

1G-5G

Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications
 Introduction to Wireless
Communication Systems
 Introduction
 History
 Types of Mobile Radio Transmission Systems
 Simplex
 Half-Duplex
 Full-Duplex
 Wireless Communication
 Satellite networks
 Cellular networks
 Fixed Broadband Wireless Access
 Wireless Local Area Network
 Wireless Personal Area Network
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wireless Communication Systems
 Future Trends
 Introduction

 What is wireless?
 Describes devices and technologies that are not connected by a
wire
 Transmitting/receiving voice and data using electromagnetic
waves in open space.

 Why wireless communications?

 Mobility
 Global coverage
 Communication can reach where wiring is infeasible or costly
 e.g.- rural areas, buildings, battlefield @ outer space.
 Types of Wireless Communication
RADIOWAVE TRANSMISSION:- easily generated, travel long distance ,
easily penetrates buildings.

 MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION:- widely used for long distance

communication , relatively inexpensive.
 MILIMETER WAVES:- Widely used for short range
communication , unable to pass through solid objects , used for
indoor wireless LANs , not for outdoors.

INFRARED/LIGHT WAVE TRANSMISSION:- unguided optical signal such

as laser , unidirectional , easy to install , no license required.
 History
 1897: Marconi – Radio transmission to a tugboat over 18 miles path.
 1960’s & 1970’s: Bell laboratories - invented the first mobile radio
system.
 Introduced in 1946
 Improvements made in mid 1960’s
 In 1976, New York City network could support 12 channels, supporting
543 paying customers.
 1983: First analog cellular system deployed in Chicago
 Late 1980s: Explosive growth of 1G.
 1990s: Development of 2G.
 2000s: 3G.
 2010: 4G
 2020: 5G
 History: First Mobile Radio Telephone

Courtesy of Rich Howard

The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the first commercial

car-borne telephony service in 1946, operated by AT & T.
 Mobile Radio Transmission Systems

Simplex
- Communication in one direction (e.g. broadcast radio, TV, paging
systems).
- uses one channel
Half Duplex
- Communication in both direction but not at the same time (e.g. wakie-
talkies or CB-radio).
- uses one channel
Full Duplex
- Simultaneous two-way communication (e.g. telephone or cellular radio).
- uses two channels.
Mobile Radio Transmission Systems…

Simplex

CB Radio: Half duplex

Half duplex

Full duplex

Cellular: Full duplex

 Duplex

 Methods for separating channels of different directions

 Divide forward (downlink) and reverse (uplink) communication
“channels” on the same physical medium
 Two methods:
 FDD: frequency-division duplex, separate outward and return
signals in different frequency band
 TDD: time-division duplex, separate outward and return signals
in different time slots
FDD vs TDD

Uplink Downlink

f
Ch1 Ch2 Ch1 Ch2

Uplink
Downlink

t
 FDD vs TDD
 FDD can be used in both analog and digital system, but TDD can
only be used in digital system.
 FDD is more efficient for symmetric traffics, while TDD is good for
asynchronous traffics (data rates of two directions are different).
 FDD is easier for radio planning since no interference among base
stations. But TDD require complex synchronization among base
stations.
 Downside: FDD needs guard band. TDD needs switching time, has
latency, and is more complex.
 TDD has been used for indoor or small area wireless applications.
 Wireless Communications…

 Type of wireless communication:

 Mobile
 Cellular Phone
 WiMax (IEEE 802.16e)
 Cordless Phones
 Wi-Fi/WLAN (IEEE 802.11b/g/n)
 Bluetooth, UWB (IEEE 802.15.3)
 Fixed
 UNII Band (IEEE 802.11a)
 WiMax (IEEE 802.16d)
 Microwave Point-to-Point
 Satellite
The Wireless Landscape
Wireless Technologies
 Wireless Network Access
WPAN WLAN WMAN WRAN/WWAN
Future
1Gbps Ultra-Wide Band
Giga-bit WLAN High
Data Rate
802.11n
100Mbps
Ultra-Wide Band
802.11a 4G
802.11g
10Mbps Beyond 3G
Wi-Fi
Next Generation
802.11b 802.16e, 802.20, 802.22
Bluetooth
1Mbps 802.11
Bluetooth 3G – WCDMA, CDMA2000

ZigBee 2.5G – GPRS / EDGE

100kbps 2G - GSM
<1m ~10m ~100m ~1km >10km
Desktop Room Building Community City

17
 Satellite Networks

 Used to transmit data over very long distance

 Repeater
 Located in the satellite itself
 Simply “repeats” the same signal to another location
 Used to transmit data from one earth station to another
 Transmission time is approximately 250 milliseconds
Satellite Networks…
 Cellular Networks

 Modern cellular telephone network

 Built around the concept of low power transmitters
 With each “cell” handling a number of users
 Transmission towers are spread throughout a geographical area
 The same radio frequency channels can be reused by another
tower
 Located a few miles away to avoid interference
 Maximizes the use of a limited range of frequency channels
 Cellular Telephone System

Base stations (towers) provide

radio access between mobile
users (MU) or mobile station
(MS) and MSC.

Cellular network

A radio network made up of
many cells each with a fixed
base station to serve a
number of mobile stations.

Advantages: increased
capacity, reduced power,
better coverage

Mobile Switching
Center PSTN
 Notations of Cellular Systems

 PSTN
 Public switched telephone network
 Almost entirely digital now, convergent with Internet
 MSC
 Mobile switching center (MSC) is sometimes called a mobile
telephone switching office (MTSO)
 Manage communication between mobile phones and PSTN
 Functions: deliver calls to subscribers, connecting calls to mobile
subscribers or PSTN, arranging handovers from BS to BS and
from MSC to other MSCs, collecting billing information.
 Base Stations (BS)

 Low-power, multi-channel, two-way

radios in a fixed location
 Handling traffic between MS and MSC
 Many BSs connected to one central
MSC
 The box houses radio transmitters
and receivers that let tower
communicate with phones.
 When the power of a cell tower is
reduced, its coverage area is smaller.
 Cell sizes range from sixth tenths of a
mile to thirty miles in radius.
 Many people have expressed concern
over having cell towers near them,
“not in my backyard,” also called the
NIMBY problem.
 Channel types in cellular system

 Control channel: transmit control information about a

call.
 Forward Control Channel (Downlink): used for transmission from
BS to MS
 Reverse Control Channel (Uplink): used for transmission from MS
to BS
 Traffic Channel: transmit traffic information
 Forward traffic (traffic or information) channel
 Reverse traffic (traffic or information) channel
 Main channels in a cell

RVC
FVC
RCC
FCC
Forward Voice Channel
Reverse Voice Channel
Forward Control Channel
Reverse Control Channel
 Fixed Broadband Wireless: WMAN

 Wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN)

 Covers a distance of up to 35 miles
 Based on the IEEE 802.16 Fixed Broadband Wireless standard
(Fixed-WiMAX)
 Uses small custom antennas on the roof of each building
 Transmission speeds
 75 Mbps at distances of up to 4 miles (6.4 km)
 17 to 50 Mbps at distances over 6 miles (10 km)
Fixed Broadband Wireless (continued)
 Wireless Local Area Networks
 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
 Extension of a wired LAN
 Connecting to it through a device called a wireless access point
 Access point (AP)
 Relays data signals between all of the devices in the network
 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
standards
 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g
 Each computer on the WLAN has a wireless network
interface card (NIC)
 With an antenna built into it
 WLAN STANDARD

802.11g
2.4 GHz – OFDM
54 Mbps
802.11a
5 GHz – OFDM
54 Mbps
802.11b
2.4 GHz – CCK
11 Mbps
802.11
2.4 GHz
1 & 2 Mbps

Jan 99 Jan 00 Jan 01 Jan 02 Jan 03 Jan 04

CCK-Complementary Code Keying

 WLAN Frequency Bands
• Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands
• UNII (Universal National Information Infrastructure) band

Short Wave Radio FM Broadcast

AM Broadcast Television Infrared wireless LAN
Audio Cellular (840MHz)
NPCS (1.9GHz)

Extremely Very Low Medium High Very Ultra Super Infrared Visible Ultra- X-Rays
Low Low High High High Light violet

902 - 928 MHz 2.4 - 2.4835 GHz 5 GHz UNII Band

(802.11) (IEEE 802.11b) (IEEE 802.11a)
26 MHz ISM Band HyperLAN
ISM Band HyperLAN2
ISM Frequency Band

31
Wireless Local Area Networks
Wireless Local Area Networks…
 Bluetooth and Ultra Wide Band

 Wireless standards designed for very short ranges

 Communicate using small, low-power transceivers
 Bluetooth
 Distance: up to 33 feet (10 meters)
 Speed: 1 Mbps
 Ultra Wide Band
 Distance: 150 feet (50 meters)
 Speed: 100 Mbps to 2 Gbps
 Radio frequency identification device (RFID) tags
 Small chips containing radio transponders
 Can be used to track inventory
Bluetooth and Ultra Wide Band…
Bluetooth and Ultra Wide Band…
 Paging Systems

 Paging systems are communication systems that send brief

messages to a subscriber...
 Numeric messages
 Alpha-numeric message
 Voice message
 News headlines
 Stock quotes
 Broadcast short paging message simultaneously from many tall
base stations or satellites, with high power
 Transmitter side: high complexity, high power, good penetration
 Receiver side: low complexity, low power, low cost
 One way transmission (simplex)
 Message broadcast from all base stations
 Overtaken by cellular
Paging Systems: Wide Area System
 Cordless Telephone Systems

 Full Duplex communication systems.

 A telephone with a wireless handset that communicated with a base
station connected to PSTN
 Via RF signal, operate in close range (<100 m).
 Designed for low-cost, low-mobility, to replace phone cord.
 Started around late 1970s.
 CT1: first generation of analog cordless telephone
 A phone handset allows to connect to each base unit
 Coverage was limited to a few rooms of a house or office
 CT2: 1st digital cordless phone (Mid 1990s)
 Extended range, higher voice quality, can place a call but can not receive
calls (no routing support), no handoff
 Cordless Telephone Systems…

 DECT (Digital European Cordless Telecommunications)

 A digital cordless initially used for wireless private branch exchange
 To provide local mobility support inside building
 Support handoff
 32 kbps, 1900 MHz, FDMA/TDMA/TDD, 25~100 meters

 PHS (Personal Handyphone System) (1995)

 The Japan standard for digital cordless telephones
 More like cellular system, support handoff, call routing
 512 kbps (2007), future for 1 Mbps. TDMA/TDD,
 1900 MHz, 100 meters,
Cordless Telephone Systems…

Wireless
Public Switched Fixed link
Telephone Port
Network (Base
(PSTN) Station)
Cordless
handset
 Multiple Access

 Methods for multiple users to share a channel

 Differs from “duplex”: all users send information in the same
direction
 Three main multiple access methods:
 FDMA: frequency division multiple access. Each user is
assigned with a unique frequency band
 TDMA: time division multiple access. Each user is assigned with
a unique time slot
 CDMA: code division multiple access. Each user is assigned
with a unique code
 Applications: FDMA (AMPS), TDMA (GSM, TDMA), CDMA
(CDMA, 3G WCDMA)
FDMA

f 1’ f1
MS #1

f 2’ f2
MS #2

…
…

f n’ fn
MS #n

BS
Reverse channels Forward channels
(Uplink) (Downlink)
 Advantages of Wireless Networking

 Mobility
 Freedom to move about without being tethered by wires
 Permits many industries to shift toward an increasingly mobile
workforce
 Gives team-based workers the ability to access the network
resources
 Easier and less expensive installation
 Installing network cabling in older buildings can be a difficult, slow,
and costly task
 Makes it easier for any office to be modified with new cubicles or
furniture
 Advantages of Wireless Networking…

 Increased reliability
 Network cable failures may be the most common source of network
problems
 Disaster recovery
 In the event of a disaster, managers can quickly relocate the office
 Disadvantages of Wireless Networking

 Radio signal interference

 The potential for two types of signal interference exists
 Security
 It is possible for an intruder to be lurking outdoors with a
notebook computer and wireless NIC
 With the intent of intercepting the signals from a nearby wireless
network
 Some wireless technologies can provide added levels of security
 Health risks
 High levels of RF can produce biological damage through heating
effects
 Wireless devices emit low levels of RF while being used
 Summary

 Wireless communications have become commonplace

 Wireless networks and devices are found in all circles of
life today
 Wireless wide area networks will enable companies of all
sizes to interconnect their offices
 Without the high cost charged by telephone carriers for their
landline connections
 WLAN applications are found in a wide variety of
industries and organizations
 Summary…

 Future Trends
 High data rate
 Multifunction: voice, data
 Roaming
 Globally compatible, inter-operable
Summary…