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,'-" M G -101

project
mercury

INTRODUCTION
TO PROJECT MERCURY
AND SITE HANDBOOK

prepared
for
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Contract No. NAS1-430

September, 1960

WESTERN ELECTRIC COMPANY, INC.


220 Church Street, New York 13, N.Y.
MG-1 01-1

SCOPE OF THE MANUAL

The Introduction to Project Mercury section of this manual presents a brief explanation of
( 1) the mission concept and flight control, (2) the capsule-to-ground communications sys-
tems, and (3) the ground tracking and network system. This information is to acquaint the
reader with the overall content of the Mercury program and the operational modes of the
various capsule and ground instrumentation, but does not include the technical details of
#._.. systems presented in other manuals.
The Site Handbook, also included as a part of this manual, is prepared for those engaged in
the various ground support functions as well as for general purpose information. A brief
description of instrumentation found at the various sites is included, with pertinent drawings
and block diagrams. Other information is included relative to living conditions, geographical
location, health conditions, and passport information that will be of assistance to personnel
assigned to these areas.
it will be noted that each section of this manual has its own page numbering and indexing
system. This is done to facilitate issuance of each section independently of the other, should
this be desirable.

!
_" MG-101-1

INTRODUCTION
to
PROJECT MERCURY
MG-101-1

FOREWORD

The Introduction to Project Mercury presents a brief explanation


of (1) the objectives of the mission, (2) ground monitoring
and control, (3) the flight sequence, (4) the air-to-ground com-
munications system, and (5) the personnel assigned to the mis-
sion. The information is general; it does not include technical
details of systems that are described in manuals specifically _-",
written for those systems.
J

ERRATA

Sec. Page Paragraph Figure Correction


MG-101-1 3 Emergency Change period to a comma at the end of the first
Prov. sentence.
MG-101-2 2-9 2.4 ChangeFigure2-6 to Figure 2-5.
MG-101-2 2-21 2-3 In the "explanation of the figure" example, opera-
tion of key 11 should read operation of key 10
and refers to the "Operations Loop."
MG-101-2 3-22 3-14 Rhokbie should be Rhombic.
MG-101-2 4-16 4-7 This should be figure4-7A.
,_ MG-101-2 4-28 4-15 Under Area 1 of the Legend delete "and Com-
_ munications Area."
In the Communications area: change manual
position 522 to 552.
MG-101-2 6-5 6.4 Figures6-22, -23, -23 Muchea shouldread 6-22,
-23, -2d Muchea.
MG-101-2 7-5 7.2.7 The reference to Figure 7-6 should read Figure
7-8.

MG-101-2 7-11 7-3 This figure should be designatedFigure 7-3A.


MG-101-2 7-12 7-5 This figure should be designatedFigure 7-3B.
MG-101-2 8-12 8-4 This figure should be designated Figure 8-4A.
MG-101-2 8-13 8-4 This figttre should be designated Figure 8-4B.
MG-101-2 8-14 8-5 This figure should be designatedFigure 8-5A.
MG-101-2 8-15 8-5 This figure should be designated Figure 8-5B.
MG-101-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page Title Page


Objectives
of the Mission 1 TheCapsule 5
Ground Monitoringand Control 1 PhysicalDescription 5
NormalMissionDescription 3 CommunicationsSystem 5
EmergencyProvisions 3 Other CapsuleSystems t1
Recovery Provisions 5 Personnel Assignments 11

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Title Page Figure Title Page


1 NetworkStation Distribution viii 5 MissionSequence 7
2 FlightVehicle 2 6 PrimeRecoveryAreas 9
3 Launchand InsertionStages 4 7 The Capsule 10
4 Reentry and Recovery Stages 6

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page Table Title Page


1-.t Master Functional Block Dia- l-2 Subsystem Functional Block
gram Numbering System 1-5 Diagram Numbering System 1-5

vii
MG-101-1

INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT MERCURY

OBJECTIVES OF THE MISSION a. Direct the entire flight in respect to the


Project Mercury is the initial United States mission;
Government program directed toward manned b. Monitor the flight in respect to aeromedical
orbital flight. The major objectives of Project and capsule systems;
Mercury are to:
c. Keep the Astronaut and range stations in-
a. Place a manned space capsule into a pre- formed of mission progress;
scribed orbit around the earth and to success-
fully recover the capsule and its occupant at the d. Coordinate all of the range stations and
conclusion of the mission; maintain a smooth flow of information to all
of the units involved in the operation;
b. Investigate the capabilities of man-in-space
environment, including launch and reentry ac- e. Supply information and alert the recovery
celerations and weightlessness during orbit; forces following the decision to start reentry.
c. [';valuate the engineering and operational In particular, the Control Center is responsible
aspects of flight preparations and inflight moni- for assessing proper insertion of the capsule
toring with emphasis on flight safety and mission into its specific orbit and, normally, for de-
control, ciding whether to abort the mission during
To accomplish these objectives, a series of powered flight. A station in Bermuda acts
manned capsules will be placed in orbit. The mainly as an extension of the Canaveral Control
capsule will make one, two, or three passes Center and confirms that a proper insertion has
around the earth, and then reenter and land in been achieved. Bermuda may also b.e required
a predetermined area in the Atlantic Ocean. A to participate in the reentry operation in case
network of ground tracking and communica- an abort is commanded by the Control Center
tions stations at various points around the earth or communications between Canaveral and
monitors the status of the capsule and maintains Bermuda are disrupted.
communications with its occupant during the
mission. In addition to Cape Canaveral and Bermuda,
there are 14 other network stations at various
The ultimate manned orbital flights will be points along the orbital tracks around the earth
preceded by a series of suborbital (manned and (Figure 1). Twelve of these stations provide
unmanned) and orbital (unmanned) buildup communications to the Astronaut and telemetry
flights to provide for: reception during the mission. The remaining
a. Qualification of the Mercury capsule systems two, located in the continental U.S., only pro-
and structure; vide tracking of the capsule during orbit and
b. Evaluation of all environmental conditions reentry. A central computing and communica-
experienced in launch, powered flight, weight- tions center at the Goddard Space Flight Center,
lessness, reentry, and landing; Beltsville, Maryland, provides the required
orbital and reentry computing operations as
c. Training and operational experience gained well as the communications link between the
by the ground support systems and associated
equipment, remote stations and the Control Center.
These stations are manned by the following
GROUND MONITORING AND two groups.
CONTROL
a. Flight Controllers monitor the flight status
The Mercury Control Center at Cape Canav- of the capsule and overall conduct of the
eraI is the focal point of the entire operation, mission, and advise and assist the Astronaut in
f" The primary functions of the Control Center making decisions as required. The Flight Con-
are to: trollerspreparea summaryreportat the comple-

1
MG-101-1

FIGURE 2. FLIGHT VEHICLE

2
MG-101-1

tion of each pass for transmission to the Control cretion, maneuver the capsule to any desired
Center. position. The capsulecompletesone, two, or
b. Maintenance and operating personnel three orbital cycles as determined from informa-
(M&O) provide technical support in the oper- tion obtained by the Astronaut and the ground
ation of the various tracking, telemetry, and monitors during orbital flight.
communications systems. At the preselected time of retrofiring, which
The unmanned series of Mercury flights are is the initiation of reentry from orbit, the
monitored and controlled by ground command, capsule is maneuvered to the desired retrofiring
The manned Mercury flights have the added angle and, at the precise time, the retrorockets
capability of Astronaut command through his are fired. The capsule is then maneuvered to
own actions or by request from the ground, the desired reentry attitude, and an attitude hold
mode is initiated by the automatic control sys-
NORMAL MISSION DESCRIPTION tem. After a short delay, the retropackage is
The launch vehicle which is shown with the jettisoned. The capsule attitude is maintained
until the capsule begins its atmospheric reentry,
Mercury capsule and escape tower in Figure 2,
at which time the automatic control system
will place the capsule in orbit. The launch will
reverts to a pure damping mode.
be from one of the launch complexes at Cape
Canaveral. The launch azimuth of the vehicle The descent continues to approximately 42,000
will be approximately north-northeast with the feet when a pressure-sensing device causes a
nominal insertion point between Canaveral and drogue chute to be deployed to provide sta-
Bermuda at an altitude of approximately 100 bilization and deceleration. At 10,000 feet,
miles, a large parachute,64 feet in diameter,is de-
The launch and insertion stages are shown in ployed and the capsule continues to descend
Figure 3; the reentry and recovery stages are at approximately 30 feet per second. ( A back-
shown in Figure 4; the mission sequence is up parachute is provided in case of a malfunc-
illustrated in Figure 5. The escape tower re- tion of the main parachute.) At impact, the
mains with the capsule until approximately 15 parachute is released, the various onboard sys-
seconds after staging (booster separation), then tems are shut down, and the recovery aids
the tower is jettisoned. Once the proper velocity activated.
and angle for orbit have been achieved, the
guidance system initiates sustainer engine cut- Emergency Provisions
off and the capsule separation sequence is The capsule can be separated from the vehicle
initiated. After five seconds, during which the by an escape rocket system. If there is a mal-
capsule is in a damping mode, the automatic function of the launch vehicle or the capsule
control system causes the capsule to rotate during the period from imminent launch through
through 180 ° so that the blunt end (heat powered flight. The system consists of a pylon-
shield) faces in the direction of travel. In this mounted rocket configuration that is used up
attitude, the Astronaut travels backwards. At to just beyond staging. From that point up to
the same time, the blunt end is tilted upward sustainer cutoff, the separation is accomplished
to the reentry attitude to allow immediate re- by posigrade (capsule base-mounted) rockets.
entry in case conditions at insertion are judged Firing the rockets can be accomplished on com-
inadequate for at least one orbit or in case an mand (1) from the ground, (2) by the Astronaut,
emergency capsule or Astronaut condition or (3) by a special vehicle automatic abort sens-
exists. After five minutes the capsule is ma- ing system.
neuvered to the normal orbital attitude of 14.5
degrees, which is required so that a device Immediately after insertion, at the end of any
known as the horizon scanner has a full view complete pass, or even during orbit, a reentry
_" of the horizon for navigation and observation, could be commanded by the Astronaut or direct
groundcommand fromcertainof the network
During orbit, the Astronaut may, at his dis- sites.

3
MG-101-1

FIGURE3. LAUNCH AND INSERTIONSTAGES

4
MG-101-1

Recovery Provisions supplied directly to the suit, for breathing and


ventilation, as well as to the cabin compartment.
A number
been ofselected
prime recovery
between areas
Cape (Figure 6) The equipment within the capsule interior is
have Canaveral
arranged so that all operating controls and
and the West African coast to provide access to manual overrides are accessible to the Astro-
the capsule following a landing. If an abort
occurs during any part of the powered flight naut. Cabin equipment basically consists of
(from liftoff through insertion), the capsule is instrument and display panels, navigational
expected to impact along the areas labeled A aids, flight and abort control handles, food and
through A5. Areas B, C, and D will be used water supply, waste containers, etc. Communi-
respectively if a reentry is commanded at the end cations equipment will transmit technical data
on the status of both the capsule and the Astro-
of orbital pass. The recovery teams are pro-
vided with impact prediction data obtained from naut to the ground stations.
the network tracking and associated computing
facilities, as well as the recovery aids in the Communications System
capsule, to accomplish the recovery operation Voice Communications
within a specified time. Although some definite Communications in the capsule consist of:
plan for recovery from a reentry in other (con- a. Two ultra-high-frequency (UHF) trans-
tingency) areas will be arranged, every con-
sideration will be made to avoid impact under mitter/receivers;
those circumstances in view of the extreme b. One high-frequency (HF) (designated
recovery problems expected. MAIN) transmitter/receiver;
c. One HF (designated RECOVERY) trans-
THE CAPSULE mitter/receiver;

PhysicalDescription d. Transmissionof Morse code by keying te-


lemetry carrier;
The Mercury capsule (Figure 7) is basically e. Reception of voice through command re-
a conical structure consisting of a blunt, dish- ceivers.
shaped forebody and an upper or afterbody. The
forebody measures approximately 6 feet at its The Astronaut can operate any one voice trans-
maximum diameter; the afterbody extends ap- mitter at a time. However, simultaneously he
proximately 10 feet from the blunt face. can receive HF, UHF, and voice modulation
on the command receiver in his headset. Each
The forebody is a heat shield designrd to of these inputs has individual volume controls.
protect the capsule from extreme thermal con-
ditions during reentry flight. It is also designed The primary voice system is UHF and era-
to prevent capsule damage on landing impact, ploys amplitude modulation (AM). This
Attached to the heat shield are two sets of system is available to the Astronaut from launch
rocket assemblies. The posigrade set provides through recovery. He can select either of two
for capsule separation from the missile; the UHF transmitter/receivers. They are indentical
retrograde set produces a decrement in orbital except that one transmitter, designated HIGH
velocity for reentry at the end of the mission. POWER (approximately two watts), employs
an additional power amplifier to increase the
The afterbody consists of a truncated, cone- output; the second transmitter, designated LOW
shaped structure that contains the Astronaut's POWER (approximately half a watt), uses the
pressurized compartment. Above this is a 30- basic transmitter alone.
inch diameter cylindrical section containing the If adequate communications cannot be ob-
landing
and the parachute, onboard recovery
antenna. systems, tained with UHF, the Astronaut can select a
main communications
secondary system, which is in the HF range.
/---- The Astronaut rides strapped to a form-fitting This system consists of a transmitter/receiver
couch in a fully pressurized suit. Oxygen is designated MAIN HF (five watts).

5
MG-101-1

FIGURE 4. REENTRY AND RECOVERY STAGES


MG-101-1

:!

;i : : |
'(; f i: i |
......... ;REENTRY
_ ATTITUDE

: I

STAGING • : DROGUE
!
DEPLOY

f'_ I __J_
/
I :
I I
I I
I I

• x: :

MAIN
: CHUTE
DEPLOY

RECOVERYI
..... RADIO
ANTENNA i.

FIGURE 5. MISSION SEQUENCE

7
MG-101-1

There is a problem of antenna dielectric break- ignated A and B, transmit simultaneously for
down whenever the capsule HF voice trans- increased reliability. The systems conform es-
mitter is operated between 200,000 and sentially to Inter-Range Instrumentation Group
300,000 feet. At these altitudes, the aero- (IRIG) standards, differing only in modulation
dynamic heating effects ionize the air. For this index and in commutator format. Four chan-
reason, the HF transmitters are not used until nels are used for the Mercury mission. Chan-
the capsule reaches approximately 400,000 feet. nels 5, 6, and 7 continuously transmit heart
The MAIN HF is then available, as required, and respiration data. Channel 12, using PAM/
until reentry. During reentry, at approximately FM/FM (PAM indicates pulse amplitude
10,000 feet when the antenna fairing is modulation), transmits other aeromedical, en-
jettisoned to allow deployment of the para- vironmental, systems status, and events data. A
chutes, HF communication is lost. But after total of approximately 70 commutated channels
landing, an HF rescue antenna and transmitter- are used. Both telemetry transmitters transmit
receiver (one watt) are activated, the same quantities for real-time display pur-
Besides the voice systems, the Astronaut can poses; however, a few of the other transmitted
key the low-frequency transmitter (designated quantities
different onbeing recorded
systems.on Telemetry
the groundtrans-
are
the two
TELEMETER CHANNEL A) by flipping a mitter A can be keyed by the Astronaut, which
switch
Morse on the over
control
the panel.
UHF Heand can
HF receive will result in an interrupted signal or negative
code voice
channels, keying.
Beacons
CommandSystem Beacons are provided to permit tracking by
For reliability, there are two independent, ground stations. An S-band beacon is provided
simultaneously operating command systems, for cooperative use by the ground Verlort radar _"
Each is a frequency modulated (FM) receiver
that feeds a decoder section (tuned filters and and FPS-16
the a C-band beacon is provided {or use with
radar.
relays), which in turn provides a number of
command channels for various capsule control Both the C- and S-band radar beacons have
functions. Each command channel is activated receivers for accepting interrogation pulses from
by a subcarrier tone on the FM carrier. Sep- the appropriate tracking radar. To avoid re-
arate power sources are provided for each unit sponse to unintentional radar signals, a double-
and an emergency FM voice channel is also pulse code may be used. After a short delay,
available, the beacon transmittersactively respond with
Command functions, which may be initiated a pulse to the interrogating radar.
from the ground transmitters or by the Astro- A recovery beacon that contains both HF and
naut, are: UHF portions is also provided. The HF oper-
a. Abort; ates on the internationaldistresssignal. The
UHF is a Search and Range and Homing
b. Firing the retrorockets to initiate reentry; (SARAH) type of double-pulse homing beacon
c. Resetting the clock in the capsule, operating on the international rescue frequency.
In addition, a programer in the capsule will, Audio System and Control Panel
on command from the ground, transmit over The audio center provides audio mixing, filter-
the telemetry channels, calibration voltages of ing, and amplification for the microphones and
zero and three volts for three seconds each. earphones, and includes a voice-operated relay
Also, for unmanned flights, the programer will circuitry for transmitter keying.
transmit prerecorded tape messages, over the
voice channels, for communications evaluation. The control panel contains volume controls
for three voice reception channels, the emer- _-
Telemetry System gency telemetry key switch, and the direction-
Two separate FM/FM telemetry systems, des- finding voice communications selector switch.

8
MG-101-1

LEGEND
A, A5 ABORT AT INSERTION _ RETROFIRING POINT
B, B1 FIRST PASS AND • RECOVERY AREA
CERTAIN LAUNCH ABORTS 1st ORBIT
C, C1 SECOND PASS .................. 2nd ORBIT
D, D1 THIRD PASS 3rd ORBIT

FIGURE 6. PRIME RECOVERY AREAS


MG-101-1

FIGURE 7. THE CAPSULE

10
MG-101-1

Antennas.--All communications systems except At the Mercury Control Center at Cape Ca-
the radar beacons are multiplexed to a single naveral, key positions have been assigned to
antenna, which is formed by electrically insulat- carry out the specific duties associated with the
ing two portions of the capsule. The resulting mission. These positions are: Operations Direc-
structure resembles an antenna consisting of a tor, Network Commander, Recovery Task Force
disk attached to the vertex of a cone. This is Commander, Flight Director, Network Status
commonly known as a discone antenna. Monitor, Recovery Status Monitor, Flight
During reentry, at i0,000 feet, the main an- Dynamics Officer, Retrofire Controller, Capsule
tenna is released and a fan monopole descent Systems Monitor, Capsule, Communicator,
antenna erects. The UHF voice, telemetry, and Flight Surgeon, Vehicle Telemetry Monitor,
command systems are multiplexed to this an- Range Safety Observer, and Capsule Environ-
tenna, mentMonitor.
Immediately after landing, an antenna is raised The countdown and prelaunch operations will
to which the HE rescue and the HF portion of be coordinated at the Cape Canaveral Block-
the recovery beacon are duplexed, house. Until liftoff, this staff will be in close
communication with the staff at the Control
Radar beacon antennas, three for each band, Center.
are situated around the upper conical section The staff at Bermuda has responsibilities sim-
at 120-degree intervals to provide circular po- ilar to those at the Control Center. Personnel
larization, consist of: Flight Supervisor, Flight Surgeon,
Capsule Environment Monitor, Capsule Systems
Other Capsule Systems Monitor, Flight Dynamics Officer, and Capsule
Other systemsinclude: Communicator.
a. Environmental control system; The Flight Monitoring Staff (Flight Control-
b. Stabilizing control system; lers) at remote stations include: Capsule Com-
municator, Aeromedical Monitor, and Capsule
c. Sequencing system for various capsule Systems Monitor.
events;
d. Rocket systems for escape, separation, and The M&O Chief at each remote site (called
reentry, the SupportControl Coordinatorat Cape Can-
averal) coordinates technical activities con-
Telemetry data and voice communications, cerned with maintenance and operation of the
which are recorded onboard the capsule, are the ground support systems. He acts as liaison be-
basic real-time information link between the tween the Flight Controllers and M&O per-
Astronaut and the ground stations, for flight sonnel and keeps the Flight Controllers informed
monitoring and control, about any equipment irregularities that may
The ground tracking and instrumentation sys- affect flight control.
tern consists of 16 ground stations in addition The Communications Coordinator at each
to the Goddard Space Flight Center. Five of station coordinates and is responsible for all
of the stations are located on existing ranges, incoming and outgoing range message traffic,
There is one additional station in the continental both teletype and voice, where available. Dur-
United States. Two of the stations are on ship- ing a mission operation, he is integrated into
board and the eight remaining stations are on procedural activities to offer maximum corn-
foreign territory, munications support to the control personnel.
PERSONNEL ASSIGNMENTS An M&O team is assigned to each ground
support system at each site. Each team is re-
A basic operational organization has been es- sponsible for the proper operation of the system
tablished to control and coordinate efficiently to which it is assigned and for providing Flight
'_" all activities contributing to the Mercury mis- Controllers with the best available source of
sion. data.

11
MG-101-2

C-"

SITE HANDBOOK

e----
MG-101-2

FOREWORD

The Site Handbook contains information on the functions,


equipment, facilities, and environment of the sites. Functional
block diagrams, simplified schematics, charts, and maps show
the interrelationship and locations of the systems at each site,
as well as its administrative organization. Sites that have the
same or nearly similar system configurationsare combined into
a single section.
MG-101-2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Title Section Title

1 INTRODUCTION CHEA, WOOMERA, GUAY-


2 CAPE CANAVERAL MAS, AND CORPUS CHRISTI
7 KAUAI
3 GRAND BAHAMA AND GRAND
TURK ISLANDS 8 POINT ARGUELLO
4 BERMUDA 9 WHITE SANDS AND EGLIN
5 ATLANTIC AND INDIAN 10 CANTON ISLAND, KANO, AND
OCEAN SHIPS ZANZIBAR
6 GRAND CANARY ISLAND, MU- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

(-
MG-101-2

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Title Page Figure Title Page


Front. Composite Mercury Site with 3-6 Functional Block Diagram,
Complete Instrumentation 1-ii Air-Ground Communications
Grand Bahama Island and
1-1 SiteFunctions 1-iv GrandTurk Island 3-14

1-2 Typical Intercommunications 3-7 Area Map -- Grand Bahama


Network 1-3 Islands 3-15

1-3 Intersite Ground Communica- 3-8 Area Map- Grand Bahama


tions 1-4 Island 3-16
3-9 Transmitter Site Grand Ba-
1-4 Passport, Visa, Immunization, hama Island 3-17
and Photograph Requirements 1-6
3-10 Receiver Building--Grand Ba-
2-1 Master Functional Block Dia- hama Island 3-18
gram---Cape Canaveral 2-17/18 3-11 Floor Plan, Telemetry Area
2-2 Simplified Intercommunication Grand Bahama Island 3-19
System--Cape Canaveral 2-19 3-12 Floor Plan, Transmitter Area...
2-3 Site Intercommunications Flow Grand Bahama Island 3-20
. Chart--Cape Canaveral 2-21 3-13 Area Map---Grand Turk Island 3-21
2-4 Radar Data Processing--Cape 3-14 Transmitter Area--Grand Turk
Canaveral 2-23 Island 3-22

2-5 Site Location--Cape Canaveral 2-24 3-15 Receiver Area--Grand Turk Is-
land 3-23
2-6 Floor Plan, TEL-3 Building--
Cape Canaveral 2-25 3-16 Floor
Grand Plan, Telemetry Area--
Turk Island 3-24
2-7 Site Administration Cape Ca-
naveral. 2-27 3-17 Floor Plan, TransmitterArea--
Grand Turk Island 3-25
3-1 Master Functional Block Dia-
gram--Grand Bahama Island 3-7 3-18 Site
hamaAdministration--Grand
Island and Grand Ba-
Turk
3-2 Master Functional Block Dia- Island 3-27
gram---Grand Turk Island 3-8 4-1 Master Functional Block Dia-
3-3 Transmit and Receive Antenna gram Bermuda 4-9
System---Grand Bahama Island 4-2 Site Equipment Block Diagram,
and Grand Turk Island 3-9 Intrasite Intercommunication
3-4 Functional Block Diagram, Ac- System--Bermuda 4-10
quisition Aid Equipment -- 4-3 Functional Block Diagram,
Grand Bahama Island and Timing System--Bermuda 4-11
Grand Turk Island 3-11
4-4 Functional Block Diagram,
3-5 Functional Block Diagram, Te- Acquisition System--Bermuda 4-12
lemetry System Grand Ba-
_' hama Island and Grand Turk 4-5 Functional Block Diagram,
" Island 3-13 Telemetry System Bermuda 4-13/14

V
MG-101-2

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)

Figure Title Page Figure Title Page


4-6 Functional Block Diagram, 5-4 Functional Block Diagram, Ac-
Transmitting and Receiving An- quisition System Atlantic Ship
tennas ,Bermuda 4-15 and Indian Ocean Ship 5-12
4-7 Functional Block Diagram, Air- 5-5 Functional Block Diagram, An-
Ground Communications--Ber- tenna System, ,Atlantic Ship
muda 4-16/17 and Indian Ocean Ship 5-13

4-8 Functional Block Diagram, Ra- 5-6 Functional Block Diagram, Te-
dar Data and Teletype---Bet- lemetry System Atlantic Ship
muda 4-18 and IndianOceanShip 5-14
4-9 Floor Plan, Verlort Radar Van 5-7 Functional Block Diagram, Air-
Bermuda 4-19 Ground Communications----At-
lantic Ship and Indian Ocean
4-10 Functional Block Diagram, Ship 5-15
Ground Radio and Teletype-
writer--Bermuda 4-21 5-8 Area Map--Ariantic Ship and
Indian Ocean Ship," 5-17
4-11 Block Diagram, Command
Transmitter Equipment--Ber- 5-9 Antenna and Equipment Place-
muda 4-23 ment AtlanticShipand Indian
Ocean Ship -_ 5-19
4-12 Functional Block Diagram, Dis-
play Equipment Bermuda 4-25 5-10 Telemetry Room Atlantic
4-13 Functional Block Diagram, Ship and Indian Ocean Ship 5-20
Computer--Bermuda 4-26 5-11 Transmitter Equipment Area--
Atlantic Ship and Indian Ocean
4-14 Area Map Bermuda 4-27
Ship 5-21
4-15 Floor Plan, Telemetry and Con- 5-12 Site Administration -- Atlantic
trol Building--Coopers Island 4-28
Ship and Indian Ocean Ship 5-22
4-16 Floor Plan, FPS-I6 Building 6-1 Master Functional Block Dia-
CoopersIsland 4-29
gram---Muchea and Guaymas 6-15
4-17 Floor Plan, Receiver Building 6-2 Master Functional Block Dia-
---TownHill 4-31
gram, Grand Canary Island 6-16
4-18 Site Administration--Bermuda 4-32 6-3 Master Functional Block Dia-
5-1 Master Functional Block Dia- gram--Woomera, Australia 6-17
gram---Atlantic Ship and Indian 6-4 Master Functional Block Dia-
OceanShip 5-9
gram--Corpus Christi, Texas 6-18
5-2 Functional Block Diagram,
Intrasite Intercommunications 6-5 Ground Communications, Tele-
System--Atlantic Ship and In- typewriter Line-Sharing Layout 6-19
dian Ocean Ship 5-10 6-6 Block Diagram, Typical Timing
5-3 Functional Block Diagram, System 6-21
Timing System Atlantic Ship 6-7 Block Diagram, Acquisition
and IndianOceanShip 5-11 System 6-22

vi
iS MG-101-2

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)

Figure Title Page Figure Title Page


6-8 Functional Block Diagram, Te- 6-24 Transmitter Van Muchea and
lemetrySystem Grand Canary Guaymas 6-40
Island,
ChristiWoomera and Corpus 6-25 Site Plan--Woomera, Australia 6-41
6-23
6-26 Hoor Plan, Telemetry and Con-
6-9 Functional Block Diagram, Te- trol Area--Woomera 6-42
lemetry System- Muchea and
Guaymas 6-24 6-27 Transmitter Van--Grand Ca-
nary Island, Woomera, Point
6-10 Air-Ground Communications Arguello, and Corpus Christi 6-43
Facilities--Grand Canary Island 6-25
6-28 Area Map---Guaymas 6-44
6-11 Air-Ground Communications
Facilities--Muchea 6-26 6-29 Site Plan--Guaymas 6-45

6-12 Air-Ground Communications 6-30 Floor Plan, Telemetry and Con-


Facilities---Woomera and Cor- trol Area--Guaymas 6-46
pus Christi 6-27 6-31 Area Map CorpusChristi 6-47
6-13 Air-Ground Communications 6-32 Rodd Field, Showing Mercury
Facilities Guaymas 6-28 Areas 6-48

6-14 Functional Block Diagram, Ra- 6-33 Telemetry and Control Area
dar System--Grand Canary Corpus Christi 6-49
Island 6-29 6-34 SiteAdministration 6-50
6-15 Functional Block Diagram, Ra- 7-1 Master Functional Block Dia-
dar System--Muchea, Guaymas gram Hawaii 7-9
and Corpus Christi 6-30 7-2 Functional Block Diagram, Ae-
6-16 Functional Block Diagram, Ra- quisition System Hawaii 7-10
dar System Woomera 6-31 7-3 Functional Block Diagram, Air-
6-17 Area Map--Grand Canary Is- Ground Communications
land 6-33 Hawaii 7-11 / 12
7-4 Transmitter Van--Hawaii; Zan-
6-18 SitePlan Grand Canary Island 6-34 zibar; Canton Island; Kano,
6-19 Floor Plan Grand Canary ls- Nigeria 7-13
land 6-35 7-5 Floor Plan, UHF Command
Transmitter Vans Hawaii 7-15
6-20 Verlort Radar Van Grand Ca-
nary Island, Guaymas, Kauai, 7-6 Functional Block Diagram, An-
and Corpus Christi, Texas 6-36 tenna System Hawaii 7-16
7-7 Functional Block Diagram, Ra-
6-21 Area Map Muchea and Woo- dar System--Hawaii 7-17
mera 6-37
7-8 Command Transmitter System
6-22 SitePlan Muchea 6-38 ---Hawaii 7-19

6-23 Floor Plan, Telemetry and Con- 7-9 Area Map Hawaii 7-20
trol Area Muchea 6-39 7-10 Project Mercury--Hawaii 7-21

vii
MG-101-2

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)

Figure Title Page Figure Title Page


7-11 Location Map , Hawaii 7-22 8-15 Equipment Location, Telemetry
7-12 Site Plan, S-band Radar Area-- Building Point Arguello 8-26
Hawaii 7-23 8-16 Verlort Radar Van Point Ar-
7-13 Site Plan, Telemetryand Con- guello 8-27
trol Area--Hawaii 7-24
8-17 Site Administration Point Ar-
7-14 Floor Plan, T_itietry and Con- guello ............. 8-28
trol Area--Hawaii 7-25
9-1 Master Functional Block Dia-
7-15 Site Administration---Hawaii 7-26 gram--White Sands 9-7
8-1 Master Functional Block Dia-
gram Point Arguello 8-9 9-2 Master Functional Block Dia-
gram--Eglin 9-8
8-2 Functional Block Diagram,
Timing System--Point Arguello 8-10 9-3 Functional Block Diagram,
Timing System- White Sands
8-3 FunctionalBlockDiagram,Ac- and Eglin 9-9
quisition System--Point Arguello 8-11
8-4 Functional Block Diagram, Te- 9-4 Functional Block Diagram, Ac-
lemetry System -- Point Argu- quisition System--White Sands 9-11
ello 8-12/13 9-5 FunctionalBlock Diagram,Ac-
8-5 Functional Block Diagram, quisition System--Eglin 9-13
Capsule Communications Sys- 9-6 Functional Block Diagram, Ra-
tem--Point Arguello 8-14/15 dar System--White Sands 9-14
8-6 Functional Block Diagram, Ra-
9-7 Functional Block Diagram, Ra-
dar System--Point Arguello 8-16
dar System--Eglin 9-15
8-7 Capsule Command Transmitter
System--Point Arguello 8-17 9-8 Area Map White Sands 9-17
8-8 Area Map Point Arguello 8-18 9-9 Equipment Location- White
Sands 9-18
8-9 Site Location--Point ArgueUo 8-19
9-10 Area Map--Eglin 9-19
8-10 Transmitter Building -- Point
Arguello 8-20 9-11 Equipment Location--Eglin 9-20
8-11 Floor Plan, UHF Command 9-12 Site Administration White
TransmitterVans--Point Argu- Sands and Eglin 9-21
ello 8-21 10-1 Master Functional Block Dia-
8-12 Room 224, Range Operations gram--Canton Island 10-11
Building--Point Arguello 8-23 10-2 Master Functional Block Dia-
8-13 LA-24 Building, Acquisition gram--Kano, Nigeria 10-12
Aid Equipment--PointArguello 8-24 10-3 Master Functional Block Dia-

8-14 Equipment Location, Range gram--Zanzibar 10-13


Operations Building -- Point 10-4 Intercommunication Functional
Arguello 8-25 BlockDiagram--Canton Island 10-14

viii
MG-101-2

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)

Figure Title Page Figure Title Page


10-5 Intercommunication Functional 10-13 Floor Plan, Transmitter Van 10-24
Block Diagram
and Zanzibar Kano, Nigeria, 10-15 10-14 Site Location Kano, Nigeria 10-25
10-15 Area Location--Kano, Nigeria 10-26
10-6 Functional Block Diagram, Ac-
quisition System Canton Is- 10-16 Receiver Installation -- Kano,
land; Kano, Nigeria; Zanzibar 10-16 Nigeria 10-27
10-7 Functional Block Diagram, An- 10-17 Transmitter Area-- Kano, Ni-
tenna Systems--CantonIsland; geria 10-28
Kano, Nigeria; Zanzibar 10-17
10-18 Floor Plan, Telemetry and Con-
10-8 Functional Block Diagram, Te- trol Area Kano, Nigeria, and
lemetrySystem--CantonIsland; Zanzibar 10-29
Kano, Nigeria; Zanzibar 10-18 10-19 Site Location Zanzibar 10-30
10-9 Functional Block Diagram, Air-
Ground Communications-- 10-20 Tunguu Receiver Site--Zanzi-
bar 10-31
Canton Island; Kano, Nigeria;
Zanzibar 10-19 10-21 Chwaka Transmitter Site--Zan-
10-10 Location, Project Mercury zibar 10-32
F-. Components--Canton Island 10-21 10-22 Site Administration--Kano, Ni-
l0-11 Area Locations--Canton Island 10-22 geria, and Zanzibar 10-33
10-12 Floor Plan, Telemetry and Con- 10-23 Site Administration Canton Is-
trol Area--CantonIsland 10-23 land 10-34

ix
MG-101-2

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page Table Title Page


1-1 Master Functional Block Dia- 5-1 Equipment Allocations---Arian-
gram Numbering System 1-5 tic and Indian Ocean Ships 5-5

1-2 Subsystems Functional Block 6-1 Equipment Allocations--Grand


Diagram Numbering System 1-5 Canary Island; Muchea, Aus-
tralia; Woomera, Australia;
2-1 Communication Circuits Re- Guaymas, Mexico; Corpus
quired of Existing Site Facilities 2-3 Christi, Texas 6-6
2-2 Equipment and Services Sup- 7-1 Equipment Allocations--Kauai,
pliedby ExistingFacilities 2-10 Hawaii 7-6

2-3 Equipment Not Supplied by Ex- 8-1 Equipment Allocation-- Point


isting Facilities (Major Items) 2-12 Arguello 8-6
9-1 Equipment Allocations---White
3-1 Major Equipments Grand Ba- Sands, New Mexico, and Eglin,
hama Island and Grand Turk Florida 9-3
Island 3-3
10-1 Equipment Allocations--Zanzi-
4-1 Equipment Allocations- Ber- bar; Canton Island; Kano, Ni-
muda 4-5 geria 10-5
f

xi
M6-101-2

Section 1

INTRODUCTION

F"
MG-101-2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraph Title Page Paragraph Title Page


1.1 Purpose of the Site 1-1 1.5 Site Administration 1-5
Ground Communications System 1-1 1.6 Geographic and Climatic Data 1-5
TimingSystem 1-1
Acquisition System 1-1 1.7 Transportation and Communica-
Telemetry System 1-1 tions 1-5
Capsule Communications 1.8 Site Personnel Facilities and Serv-
System 1-1 ices (Housing,MedicalFacilities,
Radar System 1-1 Recreational Facilities,Mail Serv-
Command Control System 1-1 ice, Religious Facilities, Clothing,
Computer System 1-1 andFood) 1-5
1.2 Systems 1-1 1.9 Miscellaneous Information
(Money, Taxes, Passport, Visa,
1.3 Illustrations 1-1 Immunization, and Photograph
1.4 EquipmentAllocations 1-2 Requirements) 1-6

f_

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Title Page Figure Title Page


Front. Composite Mercury Site with 1-3 Intersite Ground Communications 1-4
Complete Instrumentation 1-ii
1-1 Site Functions 1-iv 1-4 Passport, Visa, Immunization, and
1-2 Typical Intercommunications Net- Photograph Requirements 1-6
work 1-3

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page Table Title Page


1-1 Master Functional Block Diagram 1-2 Subsystems Functional Block Dia-
Numbering System 1-2 gram Numbering System 1-5

1-i
MG-101-2
r,,"_

1-ii
MG-101-2

COMPOSITE MERCURY SITE

WITH COMPLETE

INSTRUMENTATION

1 -iii
MG-101-2

STA STA COVERAGE RADAR TELEMETRY COMMUNI-. COMMAND ACQUISI- GROUND COMM
NAME CATION TION SSB TIMING
ABB NO. PASSES S C RECEPTION (CAPSULE) CONTROL FA SA M VOICE TTY RADIO

CNV 1A CANAVERAL I, 2, & 3 (X) X X X X X (X) X X X

GBI 1B GRAND
BAHAMA 1,2,&3 (X) X " X X X X AMR

GTI 1C GRAND TuRK J, 2, & 3 X X X X X AMR

BDA 2 !BERMUDA 1,2,&3 X X X X X X X X X

ATS 3 ATLANTIC SHiP 1, 21 & 3 X X X X X X

CY! 4 GRAND CANARY


iSLAND , 1 & 2 X X X X X X X

KNO 5 ! KANO, NIGERIA 1 & 2 X X X X X X

ZZB 6 ZANZIBAR 1&2. X X X X X X

lOS 7 INDIAN OCEAN


SHIP 1,2,&3 X X X X X " X

MUC !8 MUCHEA,
AUSTRALIA I, 2, & 3 X X X X X X X X X

WOM "9 WOOMERA,


AUSTRALIA 1 & 2 X X X X X X X

CTN 11 CANTQ_II_AND 1 & 2 X X X X X

HAW 12 KAUA! ISLAND,


HAWAII 2&3 X X X X X X X X x

CAL 13 PT. ARGUELLO,


CALFORNI_ 2&:3 X X X X X X X - X X

GYM 14 GUAYMAS,
MEXICO I, 2, & 3 X X X X X X X X

WHITE SANDS,
WHS 15
NEW MEXICO 1, 2, & 3 X X X X X

CORPUS CHRISTI,
TEX ! 16 TEXAS " 1, 2, & 3 X X X X X X X .

EGL 17 EGLIN,
FLORIDA 1, 2, & 3 * X X X X X

GODDARD SFC GROUND COMMUNICATIONS X

SITE FUNCTIONS: FA _ FULLY AUTOMATIC SA = SEMI AUTOMATIC M _ MANUAL SSB _ SINGLE SIDE BAND

*MPQ-31

FIGURE I-I. SITE FUNCTIONS

1 -iv
MG-101-2

SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE OF THE SITE 1.1.5 Capsule Communications System


Sites are classified as to common purposes This system provides two-way communications
according to their systems, listed in Figure 1-1. with the capsule.
Additional unique purposes are noted in the
section of this handbook pertaining to the site. 1.1.6 Radar System
The Mercury ,;ystems, with a definition of their Radar tracks the capsule. A radar supplies
purposes at a site, are given in the following information on slant range and on azimuth and
paragraphs, elevationangles of the capsule with respect to
the radar. This can be converted to absolute
1.1.1 Ground Communications System height, ground plane distance, and velocity or
Sites are required to forward their data to speed of the capsule.
the Mercury Control Center at Cape Canaveral
and to the computing and communications 1.1.7 Command Control System
center (Goddard Space Flight Center) at Belts- A very important purpose of sites having this
ville, Maryland, for evaluation and processing, system is the control of programmed events
They must also be able to receive information within the capsule. This includes actuating
and instructions from the Control Center. In normal reentry of the capsule or aborting the
addition, each site must have an effective inter- capsule flight on an emergency basis.
communications system (Figure 1-2). Diagrams
F-_ for Cape Canaveral and Bermuda are shown 1.1.8 Computer System
in the sections describing these sites. In addi-
tion, some sites may relay information for other Sites equipped with computers rapidly supply
sites. This function is discussed in the section information about the flight. Evaluation of
describing the individual sites where it applies, input data can verify the actual versus the
OveraU ground intersite communications are predicted flight path, predict the coordinates and
shown in Figure 1-3. the time at which the capsule will be contacted
(or acquired) by the sites, and predict the point
of impact of the capsule on its reentry into the
1.1.2 Timing System atmosphere at the end of a flight.
This system relates all information obtained at
a site to a connnon time base that is applicable 1.2 SYSTEMS
to all sites. These are describedwith particular emphasis
on site equipment locations, backup provisions
1.1.3 Acquisition System in case of failures, and unique circuit configura-
tions at a site. Technical language is minimized
This system acquires signals from the capsule to present a more informal functional descrip-
for the various associated site systems. It causes tion of the systems than the systems manuals or
various steerable antennas at the site to be equipment manuals, which contain detailed
pointed at the capsule, information.

1.1.4 Telemetry System 1.3 ILLUSTRATIONS


This system n_tonitors the capsule environmen- Drawings of the sites show the general area in
tal conditions and the physical condition of which the site is located, the specific location
,_ the occupant. This is accomplished by signals of the systems on the site, and a floor plan of
transmitted from the capsule and received by the control area. Master functional block
the system, diagramsshow the completeinstrumentationof

1-1
MG-I01-2 ......

TABLE I-I

MASTER FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM NUMBERING SYSTEM

DrawingNumber SiteNumber Site Abbreviation

T6G-01 1 Cape Canaveral CNV


T6G-01-2 la Grand Bahama Island GBI
T6G-01-3 lb GrandTurkIsland GTI
T6G-02 2 Bermuda BDA
T6G-03 3 Atlantic
Ship ATS
T6G-04 4 GrandCanaryIsland CYI
T6G-05 5 Kano,Nigeria KNO
T6G-06 6 Zanzibar ZZB
T6G-07 7 IndianOceanShip IOS
T6G-08 8 Muchea,Australia MUC
T6G-09 9 Woomera,Australia WOM
T6G-10 ...... SiteCancelled - "
T6G-11 11 CantonIsland CTN
T6G-12 12 Kauai,
Hawaii HAW
T6G-13 13 Point Arguello CAL
T6G-14 14 Guaymas,
Mexico GYM
T6G-15 15 WhiteSands,New Mexico WHS
T6G-16 16 CorpusChristi,Texas TEX
T6G-17 17 Eglin,Florida EGL

Note: Reference to the specific system functional block diagram appears in the associated block
of the master functional block diagram for each site. Example--T6G-01-1 is the master
functional block diagram of Cape Canaveral; T6G-01-10 is the Canaveral antenna system.

each site, followed by other functional block Table 1-2 indicates the numbering system for
diagrams that show the instrumentation of each the diagrams of the individual systems at any
system. A diagram for sites having the same site. Additional figures are supplied to illustrate
circuit configurations for any system appears
only once in this section. These functional block unique circuits. Simplified schematics are used
diagrams are derived from the series issued by for this purpose and should not be considered
Western Electric Company, Inc., for each site. as replacements for the actual maintenance
An explanation of the numerical designations schematic diagrams.
used by Western Electric for these diagrams is
given in tabular form to assist in cross-referenc- 1.4 EQUIPMENT ALLOCATIONS
ing the figures in this manual to the diagrams
located in the central file at each site. The major components of systems at a site are
Table 1-1 indicates the numbering system for listed in tabular form in the sections of this
the master diagram for each site. handbook describing the site.

1-2
MG-101-2

TABLE 1-2

SUBSYSTEMS FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM NUMBERING SYSTEM

Drawing Number System Equipment

T6G- (Site No.)- 10 Pedestal--Antennas Ground-to-Air


- 11 Telemetry
-12 Telemetry Display Control Area Console
-13 Voice Equipment--Capsule Air-Ground Communications Conmland
Control Radio
-14 Timing Standard System
-15 Acquisition Aid Detection & Tracking
-16

-17 Ground Radio & Teletype


-18 PBX and Site Intercom
-19 Radar Data & Teletype, Plot Board, and Converters
-101/104 Floor Plans for Equipment Areas

S_

Note: The above system is modified for use at Cape Canaveral, due to the complexity of the
systems at this site and the consequent use of multiple drawings to illustrate subsystems.
These subsystem drawings (and explanation of their numbering system) are excluded from
this manual, inasmuch as their inclusion would complicate this manual beyond its intended
purpose. Reference to the required number for any of the Cape Canaveral subsystem draw-
ings can be found in the key drawing for the site that lists these items by title and reference.

1.5 SITE ADMINISTRATION 1.7 TRANSPORTATION AND


A figure is provided which shows responsibili- COMMUNICATIONS
ties and theassignments
lines of organization
are divided atinto:
the sites. Transportation facilities to the site locations
Personnel (1)
operational (pertaining to the actual mission), and local site transportation facilities are de-
(2) technical maintenance and operation of the scribed in this section. Communications are
systems and equipment, and (3) general logistic mentioned, if pertinent.
support.
1.8 SITE PERSONNEL FACILITIES
1.6 GEOGRAPHIC AND CLIMATIC AND SERVICES
DATA

Included in this section is specific information 1.8.1 Housing


covering temperatures, humidity, rainfall, and
general location. Reference is made to asso- Housing includes furnished and unfurnished
ciated figures, which show the general area and houses, apartments, and hotels, as well as spe-
("-', specific locations of the sites, as well as their cial facilities provided for site personnel. Aver-
systems, age rental costs are quoted where possible,

1-5
MG-101-2 MG-101-2

1.8.2 Medical Facilities apply at the time of issuance of this handbook


Availability of hospital, medical, and dental and should be verified through lines of organi-
facilities in the site areas, including any unusual zation before departure for the site.)
arrangements provided for Mercury personnel, 1.9 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
are described. Specific preventive medicines
and sanitary precautions are suggested where 1.9.1 Money
necessary. Included are the rate of exchange, where ap-
1.8.3 Recreational Facilities plicable, and local banking facilities.
Self-explanatory. 1.9.2 Taxes
Unusual items are stressed, but other tax in-
1.8.4 Mail Service formation is included, where available, for real
Availability and elapsed time for airmail to estate and income taxes.
New York City are discussed.
1.9.3
Passport, Visa, Immunization, and
1.8.5 Religious Facilities Photograph Requirements
Denominations represented in the area are dis- These items are summarized for all sites in
cussed. Figure1-4.
1.8.6 Clothing Certain requirements appearing in the figure
Recommendations are made in accordance with are based on requirements of other than the
geographic and climatic conditions in the area, government or area under which they appear.
as well as the availability and relative cost of A passport is required for Canton Island, for
theseitems, example,because air transportationback to the
United States is by way of a British possession.
1.8.7 Food Minimum, recommended, and desirable ira- _")
Quality, variety, availability, and cost are dis- munizations for personnel are checked in the
cussed where possible. (Specific figures quoted figure.

u _ z =Eu
IMMUNIZATIONS _ _ _ O_ --
z _ _ _ _ _

MALLFOX® ® 6) ® ® ® ® ® ® x ® ® ®
TETANUS X X X (_ X X X X X X X X X

TYPHOID X X X (_ [] [] X X X X X X X
FOLIO X X X X X X X X X X X X X

TYPHUS X X X (_) X X X X X X X

YELLOW FEVER (_) [] X

CHOLERA [] [] X
DIPHTHERIA (_

BIRTH
CERTIFICATE X X X X X X X X X X X X X

PHOTOGRAPHS X X X X X X X X X X X X X

VISA X X X X X X X

PASSPORTS X X X* X X X X X X X

C) REQUIRED FOR TRAVEL AND PASSPORT *ONLY FOR NATURALIZED CITIZENS INNOCULATIONS NOT IN A BOX

] RECOMMENDEDBY LOCALGOVERNMENT OR CIRCLEARECONSIDEREDADVISABLE _)


FIGURE 1-4. PASSPORT, VISA, IMMUNIZATION, AND PHOTOGRAPHIC REQUIREMENTS

1-6
M6-101-2

I"11

Section 2

CAPE CANAVERAL
MG-101-2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraph Title Page Paragraph Title Page


2.1 Purpose of the Site 2-1 2.4 Equipment Locations 2-9
2.2 Systems 2-1 2.5 Site Administration 2-9
Ground Communications
System 2-1 2.6 Geographic and Climatic Data 2-9
Timing System 2-2 2.7 Transportation and Communica-
AcquisitionSystem 2-5 tions 2-14
Telemetry System 2-5 2.8 Site Personnel Facilities and
Capsule Communications Services (Housing, Medical Fa-
System 2-5 cilities, Recreation Facilities,
Radar Tracking System 2-6 Mail Service, Religious Facil-
CommandTransmitter ities, and Clothing) 2-14
System 2-7 2.9 Miscellaneous Information
Displays 2-8 (Money, Passports, Immuniza-
2.3 EquipmentAllocations 2-9 tion, and Taxes) 2-15

2-i
MG-101-2

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Title Page Figure Title Page


2-1 Master Functional Block Diagram 2-4 Radar Data Processing-- Cape
Cape Canaveral 2-17/18 Canaveral 2-23
2-5 Site Location--Cape Canaveral 2-24
2-2 Simplified Intercommunication
System--Cape Canaveral 2-19 2-6 Floor Plan, TEL-3 Building
Cape Canaveral 2-25
2-3 Site Intercommunications Flow 2-7 Site Administration- Cape Can-
Chart-- CapeCanaveral 2-21 averal 2-27

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page Table Title Page


2-1 Communication Circuits Required 2-3 Equipment Not Supplied by Exist-
of ExistingSite Facilities 2-3 ing Facilities (Major Items) 2-12 ",,
2-2 Equipment and Services Supplied
by Existing Facilities 2-10

2-ii
MG-101-2
f

SECTION 2. CAPE CANAVERAL

2.1 PURPOSE OF THE SITE a. Acquisition data at Cape Canaveral (CNV)


to point the radar antennas for initial location
Cape Canaveral is the control center for the (acquisition) of the capsule during orbital
Mercury mission. In addition to the functions passes, after a successful launching, transmitted
noted in Figure 1-1 of this manual, this site: by teletype from the Goddard computer.
a. Supervises preflight activities at all sites; b. Radar tracking data from the existing radars
to permit accurate orbital computations by the
b. Launches the capsule-bearing rocket; Goddard computer. Data from any of the sta-
c. Determines the early success or failure of tions (CNV and GBI FPS-16 radars) is con-
the flight; verted to teletypedata and sent to the Goddard
computer. Raw radar data is transmitted via the
d. Initiates corrective or abortive steps neces- IP709 complex during orbit and reentry.
sary due to abnormal rocket and/or capsule per-
formance; c. Recovery communicationscircuits connect-
ing to the recovery area of the Control Center.
e. Evaluates reports received from other Mer- d. Telemetry summaries consisting of pertinent
cury sites; data on the conditionof the Astronautand the
f. Initiates and supervises rescue and recovery capsule, required at the Mercury Control Center
f activities, from the other Mercury sites. This information
is obtained by telemetry display interpretation
Down-range stations operate as accessories to at these sites and conversion of this information
the Canaveral complex. Grand Bahama Island into a short teletype message. The message is
(GBI) and Grand Turk Island (GTI) are sent to the Goddard computing and communica-
used in this way for Project Mercury. Re- tion center where it is relayed to the Mercury
sponsibility for continuing the flight or aborting Control Center at Cape Canaveral.
is passed to Bermuda if a final decision is im- e. Order-wire traffic, consisting of general ad-
possible before the capsule passes out of range, ministration, mission hazard, malfunction of
These systems are described in the following equipment, station status, and request for in-
paragraph. . formation messagesis routed to the Mercury
Control Center when applicable. Separate tele-
type facilities and equipment are required to
2.2 SYSTEMS handle such traffic in order that operational
Figure 2-1 is a functional block diagram of all traffic, such as radar tracking and acquisition
systems at the site. Block diagrams of each sys- data, are not delayed or interrupted. These cir-
tern at this site are not included in this manual, cuits remain in service at all times.
Refer to the appropriate systems and equipment f. Priority circuits (separate circuits) and
manuals for further specific information, equipment are provided between the Mercury
Control Center and Goddard to permit hand-
2.2.1 Ground Communications System ling messages involving orders to set retro-
timer, etc., with maximum reliability and speed.
Figure 1-3 is a map of the intersite circuit ar-
rangements. Communicationsbetween the Mercury Control
Center and Bermuda are normally routed by
r- 2.2.1.1 Intersite Communications--Teletype way of Goddard. This teletype circuit is backed
Teletype communications requirements are as up by alternate routing to Bermuda (Figure
follows. 1-3).

2-1
MG-101-2

2.2.1.2 lntersite Communications--Voice Control Center at TEL-3. Two additional cir-


Voice communications are provided between cnits (from the Pad 14 Blockhouse) to the
Goddard and U.S. stations, Bermuda, Hawaii, Mercury Control Center are required for firing
and Australia. Direct point-to-point personal and liftoff display signals.
communications are required for passing infor-
mation on Astronaut condition, teletype net- 2.2.2 Timing System
work supervision and control, and other Met- A special Mercury timer is provided to time-
cury project supervisory functions. Connection tag radar data and telemetry data in the Mere-
of the above points to the Mercury Control Cen- ury Control Center. The time reference used
ter is provided by a number of voice circuits is that of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) ex-
between the Control Center and Goddard (Fig- pressed in hours, minutes, and seconds.
ure 1-3).
Countdown indications and time tags in areas
Voice communications provide assistance to other than the Mercury Control Center are pro-
radar operators during capsule radar beacon vided from the existing range timing equipment.
handover between successive stations having
overlapping radar coverage. This capability is Time signals broadcast from the Bureau of
required at all radar tracking stations from Standards radio station WWV are received at
Hawaii to Bermuda, including all continental the site on receivers provided for this specific
radar stations. The radar beacon handover voice purpose. These signals are used as a reference
party line is continuously monitored at Can- standard against which a stable one-megacycle
oscillator is compared and adjusted. Successive
averal, frequency division circuits supply frequencies
2.2.1.3 Intrasite Communications from one kilocycle to one pulse per minute.
Voice intercommunications are required be- During this procedure, adjustments are made
tween various functional groups at the Mercury as necessary to synchronize the frequency of
Control Center and existing range operational the locally generated signal with the frequency
groups. This requirement is met by a special- of the received signal; A check of the system
ized communications system which was devel- is provided by a visual comparison on an os-
oped by Western Electric in cooperation with cilloscope of the one-pulse-per-second output
existing range personnel and National Aero- of the timing System and the once-per-second
nautics and Space Administration (NASA). tone burst from WWV.
This system is compatible with the present sys- The outputs of this system are as follows.
tem in that each Mercury control center opera- a. An output representing GMT in hours,
tor has the
bothcapability of switching
external toto the
conference minutes, and seconds. This is used in the data
circuits within and Control
processing and data conversion equipment to
Center. See Figure 2-2 and Figure 2-3. time-tag the radar data and drive certain con-
Table 2-1 lists the communications circuits re- trol center displays.
quired of the existing facilities by Project Mer- b. A pulse from the timing equipment every six
cury. secondswhichcausesradar data to be read out.

A recorder connection provided at each control c. A pulse train with serial time of day (based
room console records all voice communication on GMT) is supplied for use with the telemetry
from and to the console operator on a multi- data.
channel tape recorder.
NOTE
Control circuitry is required from flight con-
troller (Aeromedical Officer and Flight Di-
rector) consoles to the Pad 14 blockhouse se- The permissible time deviation from
quencer circuitry. Similarly a reciprocal circuit WWV time by existing range time
is required for display purposes at the Mercury equipment is -----3milliseconds.

2-2
MG-101-2
f

TABLE 2-1
COMMUNICATIONS CIRCUITS REQUIRED OF EXISTING SITE FACILITIES

Circuit
NASA Circuit Requirements
Origin Termination

Telephone Central Mercury Control 3 -- 3-kc auxiliary telephone circuits


1 -- Circuit for recovery operations
Pads 5 and 6 Mercury Control 2 -- 3-kc circuits for command control coding data
Pad 12 Pad 14 1 Videocircuitfor TV cameraat Pad 12

Flight Monitor Mercury Control 2 3-kc command control data circuits


Trailer

G.E./Burroughs Bell System Term. 2 3-kc circuits for digital data to Goddard
Building
IP-709 Building Bell System Term. 2 3-kc circuits for digital data to Goddard
TEL-2 Building Mercury Control 2 25-kc telemetry composite
1 -- 3-kc signal strength multiplex
s 8 Atlastelemetered quantities
1 -- 3-kc voice circuit (UHF A/G receiver)
9- Control circuits (UHF A/G receiver)
2- Control circuits (UHF test signal control)

Range Central Mercury Control 22 -- Circuits countdown indication


1 -- 3-kc circuits secondary radar data (CADDAC)
2 -- 3-kc circuits digital synchro data to CADDAC
30 -- 3-kc voice intercom circuits
1 --Circuit to recovery
4 3-kc circuits for command control data
4 -- 3-kc circuits (command control)
2 -- DC hold-proceed control circuits
1 --Hold-proceed indicator circuit
1- Circuit liftoff signal
1 -- Firing signal circuit

Mercury Control Grand Bahama 1- Split channel voice circuit (G/A) (trans.
through and Grand Turk modulation)
Range Central 1 --Full-channel voice (UHF and HF A/G receiver)
23 -- Narrow-band selection and keying circuits (G/A)
1 -- 25-kc telemetry composite (up-range)

(Continued)

2-3
MG-101-2

TABLE2-1. COMMUNICATIONS CIRCUITSREQUIRED OF EXISTING SITE FACILITIES(Confinuecl)

Circuit
NASA Circuit Requirements
Origin Termination

Command Control Mercury Control 12 -- DC control circuits (remote control G/A voice)
Building 8 -- 3-kc circuits G/A voice
2- 3-kc circuits FRW-2 voice modulation
4 -- 3-kc circuits digital synchro data (ant.)

Bell System Term. Mercury Control 4 3-kc voice circuits ( 1 order-wire, 3 supervisory)
1 --Circuit for recovery operations
4 -- 3-kc digital data circuits (to Goddard)
5- 3-kc digital data circuits (simulation & control
to Goddard)
8 -- Full-duplex TTY circuits
2 _Simplex TTY circuits

GE/Burroughs Mercury Control 3 _3-kc digital data circuits .......


Building 1 4-ke digital T/M data (to high-speed buffer)

1P-709 Building Mercury Control 1 -- 4-kc digital T/M data (to high-speed buffer)
3 --3-kc radar data (from IP-709 building)

Pad 14 Mercury Control 2 -- Video circuits (TV launch display)


10- DC control circuits (TV camera select.)
2 .3-ke command control coding

2-4
MG-101-2
f

2.2.3 Acquisition System of signal combining equipment, and switching


options ensure system reliability. All sources of
An acquisition data console located in the information are recorded, both at the receiver
TEL-3 Building controls the steerable antenna locations and in the Telemetry and Capsule
systems in conjunction with the normal range Communications Equipment Room of TEL-3.
acquisition facilities. These facilities are the
In addition to this equipment, pen recorders and
TLM-18 system and the Central Analogue an oscillographic recorder provide quick-look
Data Distributing and Computing System presentations.
(CADDAC).
Grand Bahama Island determines which down-
Input information to the acquisition data con- range telemetry information is received in Cape
sole is as follows. Canaveral. Either Grand Bahama or Grand
a. From manual synchro input. The console Turk telemetry is forwarded according to its
operator positions elevation and azimuth syn- relative strength. Tape records are kept of the
chro generators and indicators in accordance received signals at both locations, however, to
with information from the computing center, allow postmission examination. The down-
b. From the TLM-18 system in the Central range
control telemetry
and sent composite
via intrasiteis received at range
cable facilities to
Control Building. the TEL-3 Building.
e. From the CADDAC system, in the Central
Control Area. The local FPS-16 and down- 2.2.5 Capsule Communications System
range radar supply positional data to this system.
Two amplitude modulation systems are used in
Positional data supplied to the acquisition data capsule communication, both for transmitting
/f console is used to aim the steerable radar an- and for receiving. These systems operate in the
tennas by Canaveral personnel as well as con- high-frequency (HF) and ultra-high-frequency
trolling the ground-air radio communications (UHF) bands, providing direct voice communi-
antennas. Acquisition data for manual pointing cations between the capsule and three flight con-
of the Grand Bahama and Grand Turk anten- troller console positions in the Mercury Com-
nas is supplied to these stations via the existing mand Post (TEL-3 Building) :
communications network to these points from
Cape Canaveral. a. FlightDirector;
b. Flight Surgeon;
2.2.4 Telemetry System c. Capsule Communicator.
The telemetry system at Cape Canaveral pro-
vides telemetry signals from equipment at the In addition to the above systems, the command
transmitter system may be used for voice trans-
TEL-2 and TEL-3 buildings plus signal inputs
from telemetry receivers, demodulators, and mission to the capsule from the site. This is an
data transmission equipment at Grand Bahama emergency
cussed in theform of communication, and is dis-
paragraph Command Transmitter
and Grand Turk. System2.2.7. Transmissionfrom capsule to the
The installation at Cape Canaveral includes site utilizes the telemetry system on a keyed
two TLM-18 antennas, which supply the sys- interrupted continuous-wave (ICW) basis.
tern _consisting of receivers, combiners, and a
recorder at the TEL-2 Building as well as the A communications technician console is located
complete telemetry, demodulation, decommuta- in the Telemetry and Capsule Communications
tion, and monitoring equipment in the TEL-3 Equipment Room of the TEL-3 Building.
Building. A patch panel and a signal control Inputs to this console include:
panel (also TEL-3) allow selection and dis- a. Local HF and UHF receiver audio;
play of any of the above signal sources. Two
capsule-to-ground transmitting frequencies, b. Down-range HF/UHF receiver audio from
multiple receivers, antenna space diversity, use Grand Bahama or Grand Turk;

2-5
MG-101-2

c. Audio from the flight controller consoles, Two UHF transmitters are located in the trans-
which are equipped for capsule communication, mitrer van, under control of the Communica-
Outputs from this console include the following, tions Technician. Transmitter power output is
250 watts in the frequency range of 2-26 me
a. Audio modulation for HF and UHF trans- and 225 watts at 32 me. A steerable quad-
mitters (local or down-range equipment), helix antenna, mounted on an antenna pedestal
b; Keyed control of test signals for both local designated T&C, is supplied. It can be used
receiversystems, with either of the above UHF transmitters.
Antenna switchover is accomplished in the
c. Supe_rvisory control functions to select local transmitter van.
and/or down-range transmitters. Down-range
transmitter selection is via the existing super- All air-ground communications are tape re-
visory control system, corded. Keying of HF and UHF transmitters at
d. Audio traffic to tape recording facilities. Cape Canaveral and down range is recorded on
a 100-channel events recorder.
The Communications Technician monitors all
Cape Canaveral receivers and selects either the Signal generators are provided with associated
HF or the UHF receiving system, and the better antennas for testing receiver operation. Both
signal of the system selected. HF and UHF signals are available from the
communications console in the TEL-3 Building.
2.2.5.1 High-frequency System A UHF/HF signal generator is located in the
Two fixed receiving dipole antennas employing TEL-2 Building. Only the UHF section of the
space diversity are connected to receivers lo- TEL-2 signal generator equipment is used for
cared in the Telemetry and Capsule Communi- Project Mercury purposes. All signal generators
cations Equipment Room (in TEL-3). Receiver are under control of the Communications Tech-
audio output is also recorded on the 14-track nician in TEL-3.
instrumentation tape recorder. Down-range HF
receiver signals are sent from Grand Bahama 2.2.6 Radar Tracking System
and Grand Turk after demodulation to the
communications technician console by way of Radar tracking data is required from existing
the Central Control Building. facilities for launch, orbital, and reentry calcu-
lation. This data enters the IBM 709 Impact
A dipole antenna, mounted on the same steer- Predictor Computer at 10 samples per second,
able transmitting and command (T&C) ped- via existing transmission facilities. During the
estal which supports the quad-helix transmitting orbital and reentry phase, this radar data also
antenna, is used for high-frequency transmit- enters the Goddard computers at a rate of one
ting. The source of energy for this antenna is sample per six seconds over a teletype link.
either of two transmitters located in a trans- Switching options allow radar and data proc-
mitter van. Switching this antenna between essing equipment flexibility to increase reliability
transmitters is done in a transmitter van located of the data handling system. A brief deserip-
close to the Command Transmitter Building. tion of the system and its options follows (Figure
Transmitter power is 100 watts. 2-4).

2.2.5.2 Ultra-high-frequency System The IBM 709 Impact Predictor Computer


Two TLM-18 antennas (also used for telemetry makes available processed data from either the
signals) are used for receiving in conjunction AZUSA or FPS-16 radars depending upon
with preamplifiers and receivers. A spare re- which tracking data is being used by the com-
ceiver is supplied for standby use. As in the puter during the launch phase. Selection of
telemetry system, one of the receivers (along which tracking data is used by the computer is
with a UHF signal generator) is located in the under control of the program operator. This
TEL-2 Building. The remaining UHF receiver data is made available on the basis of noninter-
and standby unit are in the TEL-3 Building. ference with range safety functions.

2-6
MG-101-2

If the IBM 709 data output from Canaveral internally programmed capsule events. Under
fails, manual switching allows the raw data from emergency conditions, the command control
the FPS-16 to be sent to Goddard over the same system can be used to furnish a ground-to-
facilities. A simultaneous input to the two 7090 capsule voice communications link.
computers at Goddard from the GE/Burroughs
tracking system, as well as from the Canaveral Commands can be initiated from several loca-
IBM 709 data input, ensures reliability, tions, as follows:
Certain signals derived from both the capsule a. No. 1 Launch Vehicle Blockhouse (Abort) ;
telemetry and the vehicle telemetry are time b. No. 2 Launch Vehicle Blockhouse (Abort);
multiplexed onto both sets of high-speed data
transmission lines carrying tracking data to the c. No. 2 Launch Vehicle Flight Monitor Cen-
Goddard computers. Both Goddard computers ter (Abort, Fire Retrorockets);
simultaneously compute data quality plots for d. Mercury control center consoles (Abort,
each set of input tracking data. They also corn- Change Retrotimer, Fire Retrorockets).
pute a complete set of display data for either
AZUSA/FPS-16 or GE/Burroughs input data. The Canaveral remoting system (frequency
The selection of the desired data input is made shift tone keyers) is used to connect the source
at the Control Center and remoted to Goddard. of commands to the Mercury coder control when
In addition, data is remoted directly from the these sources are external to the Mercury Con-
GE/Burroughs system to the Mercury Control trol Center. Sources within the Control Center
Center. are connectedto the codercontrolby cable.The
The Data Selection Room Observer selects either coder control in the Mercury Control Center
AZUSA/FPS-16 derived or GE/Burroughs de- transmits coding data via the same remoting
rived data from Goddard to drive the main Met- system to an existing KY-171 coder unit located
cury control center displays. The selector switch in the Command Transmitter Building. The out-
signals the Goddard computer through the put of this unit modulates the existing command
telemetry transmitter buffer to send either transmitter (AN/FRW-2), which feeds the
AZUSA/FPS-16 or GE/Burroughs derived data command antenna through a 10-kw amplifier
for the Mercury control center operation room (240D-2 by Collins-Alpha).
displays. The Data Selection Room Observer During launch phase, the existing range com-
has the additional option of selecting certain mand antennas are used. For subsequent passes
locally processed direct GE/Burroughs display and reentry, the Mercury quad-helix steerable
data in place of Goddard display data, but re- transmitting antenna is used. Antenna patch-
gardless of the observer's selection of data for ing facilities are provided in the Canaveral Corn-
operation of the main Mercury control center mand Control Building by which the 10-kw
displays, his data quality monitoring plots con- command control system can be transferred
tinue to operate through the launch phase to from the Canaveral fixed antenna to the steer-
indicate quality of data from both sets of God-
dard data and from the direct GE/Burroughs able antenna on the T&C pedestal. This is under
direction of the Mercury Command Post.
link.

During the launch phase, the Goddard com- Signals from the existing output monitoring
puters compute and transmit acquisition data to system of the FRW-3 receiver in the Central
Bermuda based on data supplied by the Can- Control are connected to the Mercury Control
averal equipment. Center for monitoring and recording purposes.
The emergency voice communications backup
2.2.7 Command Transmitter System are provided by the addition of a voice modu-
p Radio command control of rocket and capsule lator at the Command Control Building, a patch
is required from prelaunch to flight completion, panel, and a modulator lookout device (a key-
to furnish ground command backup of certain locked switch), controlled from the assistant

2-7
MG-101-2

range safety officer console. Voice modulation b. Orbit number;


is accomplished by frequency modulation of the
UHF command carrier, when permitted by the c. Countdown time in hours, minutes, and
Range SafetyOfficer. seconds;
d. Elapsed time in hours, minutes, and seconds;
When fuel cutoff is initiated as a range safety
function, the fuel cutoff command is transmitted e. Time to retrofire in hours, minutes, and
directly to the FRW-2 transmitter through the seconds;
existing command control remoting system, but
not through the Mercury coder control unit. " f. A hold indication, located between the orbit
number display and the countdown display,
System reliability is ensured by duplication of which is illuminated when the countdown is in-
equipment for each of the command systems, terrupted.
A high-power command system employs a 10- Rectangular displays are located on the lower
kw final amplifier driven by the FRW-2 unit
(the latter unit is usually employed as a 500- left and upper right of the world map, which are
watt, nominal rating transmitter). An identical connected by dotted lines to the range stations.
10-kw system is automatically switched into Rings of red, yellow, and green light up around
service on failure of the basic unit. each station on these displays, which are under
control of the Network Status Monitor, indi-
A low-power command transmitting system is cating the overall status of the station. A flash-
also supplied employing both normal and stand- ing light ring indicates contact between any sta-
by FRW-2 transmitters. Both transmitters are tion and the capsule.
normally energized, but only one is connected Completing the operations summary display are
to the existing range antenna at a time. Ampli- trend charts to the left and right of the world
tier switching is done at the Range Command map. Physical condition of the Astronaut and
Control Building. environmental conditions of the capsule are dis-
played here on indicators, which are under con-
2.2.8 Displays trol of two operators located behind the wall
map. The indications are based on data col-
An area of the Mercury Command Post, which lected from telemetry summary messages re-
is located in the TEL-3 Building (Figure 2-5) ceived from the range stations. The indicators
is provided for the Flight Controllers, observers, are manually controlled.
and visitors to witness the operations during a There are four plotboards located in front of
mission. This area is at the front of the Mercury flight controller positions numbered 13 and 14
Command Post and contains a group of displays in Figure 2-5. Arbitrarily numbering these
designated the operations summary display. The boards from left to right, their functions are as
main section of this display contains a large map follows.
of the world, illustrating the location of all Mer-
cury range stations and the track of the capsule, a. To display predicted landing points and
As the mission progresses, a miniature capsule landing recovery area.
moves along the track indicating the actual posi- b. To plot range versus altitude in nautical
tion of the capsule. A small circle ahead of the miles.
capsule indicates the capsule landing point if
the retrorockets are fired at that instant, c. To plot gamma, which is defined as the
A number of time-data indicators are placed angle the capsule-velocity vector makes with
along the top of the map. Reading from left to the local horizontal velocity ratio. (Velocity
right across the top of the map, these displays ratio is the ratio between the present capsule
are: velocityand the desiredcapsulevelocity.)This .......
plotboard is marked with the outside limits for
a. GMT in hours, minutes, and seconds; an acceptable orbit. After insertion, the axes of

2-8
MG-101-2

the orbit and the radius of the earth are related are located at complex No. 14, and one camera
as a function of elapsed mission time in hours by is located at complex No. 12.
this plotboard, as well as the capsule altitude
versus elapsed mission time. Additional displays provided in the TEL-3
Building, external to the Mercury Command
d. To display, during the powered portion of Post, for the use of maintenance and operating
the flight, the telemetered longitudinal accel- personnel are as follows:
eration at the top of this board and the com-
puted inertial velocity at the bottom of the a. Telemetry coarse monitor;
board, as a function of elapsed time, until sus- b. Telemetry fine monitor;
tainer engine cutoff. At an elapsed time of 175 c. Telemetry signal strength multiplexer and
seconds after liftoff this plotboard displays the display monitor;
predicted altitude of capsule insertion into orbit d. Acquisition data console.
and a velocity component. These quantities are
produced by the GE/Buroughs guidance corn- 2.3 EQUIPMENT ALLOCATIONS
puter, and verify performance of the capsule
guidance system and that the capsule flight has Equipment and systems used in Project Mercury
the desired traiectory. After insertion this plot- are, in part, unique to Project Mercury and are
board displays the eccentricity and orientation supplied, in part, by the existing range. These
of the orbit with respect to the earth, related to items are shown separately in the following
the elapsed mission time in hours. This infor- tables:
mation is essential in determining when capsule Table 2-2 Equipment and Services Sup-
reentry can be safely initiated, plied by Existing Facilities.
_- In addition to the displays described above,
there are 14 flight controller positions located Table 2-3---Equipment Not Supplied by
in the Mercury Command Post. The functions Existing Facilities (Major Items).
and the capabilities of each of these manned 2.4 EQUIPMENT LOCATIONS
positions are described in detail in MO-118C,
Flight Controller-Cape Canaveral. Figure 2-5 is a map of Cape Canaveral showing
the location of the various buildings associated
The designations of the personnel and their with Project Mercury. Equipments to be found
functions are as follows: in each building are listed in Figure 2-6.
a. Operations Director;
b. FlightDirector; 2.5 SITE ADMINISTRATION
c. Flight DynamicsOfficer; See Figure 2-7.
d. Capsule Communicator;
e. Flight Surgeon; 2.6 GEOGRAPHIC AND CLIMATIC
DATA
f. Capsule Environment Monitor;
g. Capsule Systems Monitor; Cape Canaveral is on the east coast of Florida
h. Retrofire Controller; at 28°28 ' N, 80034 ' W. It is approximately 60
miles southeast of Daytona Beach and 60 road
i. Recovery Status Monitor; miles east of Orlando. Cape Canaveral is on a
j. Vehicle Telemetry Monitor; fiat peninsula bounded on the east by the Ar-
k. Network Status Monitor; lantic Ocean and on the west by the Banana
1. Range Safety Observer; River. Merritt Island is between the peninsula
m. Network Commander; and the mainland. Temperatures range from
n. RecoveryDirector. 30 ° F to 100° F in winter and summer respec-
tively. The average temperature in summer is
Television monitors are provided for observa- 80.6 ° F, in winter 64.7 ° F. Rainfall averages
tion of the launching operations. Three cameras 20 inches per year.

2-9
MG-101-2

TABLE 2-2
EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES SUPPLIED BY EXISTING FACILITIES

Item Location

Target Acquisition and Antenna Control System Central Control


(Reference Drawing T6G-01-32)

1. Synchro circuits between the TLM-18 at TEL-3 and the


MercuryControlCenter CentralControl
2. CADDAC with provision for additional 2 inputs and 1
output (including switching equipment)
Telemetry System
(Reference Drawing T6G-01-33,-34,-35) TEL-3
1. TLM-18antennaand trackingsystem TEL-3
2. TLM-18 preamplifiers
3. TLM-18 multiplex TEL-3
4. Terminal equipment for down-range T/M composite and
signal strength TEL-3
5. Terminal equipment for Atlas T/M, 2 T/M composites,
andsignalstrengthfromT-2 TEL-3
6. TLM-18routinetestequipment TEL-3
7. TLM-18antennaand trackingsystem TEL-2
8. TLM-18preamplifiers TEL-2
9. TLM-18
multiplexers TEL-2
10. Signal strength subcarrier oscillators TEL-2
11. Tape recorder/reproducer (6 tracks plus timing) TEL-2
12. Line terminal equipment consisting of two wide-band ter-
minals for T/M composites and one terminal amplifier
system for multiplexed signal strength transmission TEL-2
13. Routinetest and calibrationequipment TEL-2
14. Equipment for transmission of eight Atlas T/M quantities
from T-2 to T-3 with DC analog output at T-3 TEL-2
15. Telemetryfunctionpatchpanel TEL-2
16. Tape recorder/reproducer (6 tracks plus range timing) GBI/GTI*
17. Signal strength subcarrier oscillators GBI/GTI
18. Line terminal equipment (submarine cable) GBI/GTI
Central Control
19. Tape patch panel GBI/GTI
20. Routine test and calibration equipment GBI/GTI

* GBI/GTI = Grand Bahama Island/Grand Turk Island

(Continued)

2-10
MG-101-2
./-

TABLE 2-2. EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES SUPPLIED BY EXISTING FACILITIES (Continued)

Item Location

Radar Data Handling System


(Reference Drawing T6G-01-32) Terminated at TEL-3
1. Radar data source (nonprocessed serial data from Cape
FPS-16, GBI, and San Salvador)

Command Control System


(Reference Drawing T6G-01-45)
1. AN/FRW-2 system Command Control Building and GBI
2. Two 10-kw amplifiers Command Control Building
3. Fixed-positionantennas CommandControl Building
4. Antenna patch panel at command control Command Control Building
5. Voice modulationprogrampanel Command Control Building
6. Tone remoting equipment TEL-3 and other existing facilities
7. Circuits external to Mercury Control Center
8. AN/FRW-3 monitor receiver, decoder, and antenna at
F- Range Central Control (remoted to T-3) Central Control
9. Space for antenna tower adjacent to Command Trans-
mitterBuilding CommandControlBuilding
Air Ground Communications System
(Reference Drawing T6G-01-38 and T6G-01-39)
1. UHF (voice channel) coaxial cable from TLM-18 antenna
system to the TEL-2 UHF receiver
2. Receiver audio and control circuits to TEL-3
3. UHF (voice channel) coaxial cable from the TLM-18
antenna system to the receiver system TEL-3
5. Connections to the existing remote control system Central Control
6. Utilities from Command Control Building to transmitter
shelter Command Control Building
7. Communications and control circuits between transmitter
shelter and TEL-3
8. Connections to the existing remote control system (super-
visory control) GBI/GTI
9. Services, materials, and installation work GBI/GTI
10. Tone remoting equipment between subcable terminal and
Receiver Building GBI

(Continued)

2-11
MG-101-2

TABLE2-2. EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES SUPPLIEDBY EXISTING FACILITIES (Continued)

Item Location

Ground Communications
1. Communication circuits

2. One existing intercommunication system end instruments TEL-3


3. Twenty-eight existing communication system line amplifiers TEL-3
4. Line amplifier equipment for TV remoting TEL-3

Timing and Firing


(Reference Drawing NASA LD-1880-32)
1. Countdown signals to TEL-3 Control Center

2. Existing timing system outputs Canaveral complex, GBI, and GTI


3. Two HOLD-PROCEED control circuits and one HOLD-
PROCEED indicator circuit Blockhouse 14
4. FIRING AND LIFTOFF signals Blockhouse 14

TABLE 2-3

EQUIPMENT NOT SUPPLIED BY EXISTING FACILITIES (MAJOR ITEMS)

System Equipment Type or model Supplied by

Acquisition Activeacquisition
aid Cubic
Acquisition
dataconsole BendixRadio

Telemetry Preamplifier PR-203 Nems-Clarke


Receiver 1412 Nems-Clarke
Receiver 1434 Nems-Clarke
Diversitycombiner DCA-500 Nems-Clarke
Decommutators TDS-90 Arnoux
Discriminators TDA-102 Bendix
Taperecorder FR-114 Arpex

Radar (existing range facility)


Ground Corn- This unit connects to the existing intercommunications system. Added to the present
munications system are:
End instruments
Line amplifiers

(Continued)

2-12
MG-101-2
f

Table 2-3. EQUIPMENT NOT SUPPLIED BY EXISTING FACILITIES (MAJOR ITEMS) (Continued)

System Equipment Typeormodel SuppliedBy

Capsule Command Coder controller C-1669


Coder KY-171
Air-Ground Corn- HF transmitter (2) CMG-1 CS-2029 Gates
munications Trans. T282/GR
UHF transmitter (2) AN/GRT-3 (MOD Radio Receptor
MD141 A/GR)
UHF receivers (2) R-278B/GR Collins
Distribution panel J-390/GR Collins
HF receivers (2) R-390A/URR G.F.E. (Collins)
HF/UHF signal generator (2) BXR-66300 Bendix
Communications technician
console assembly BXR-CTC 500 Bendix
Diversitycombiner BXR-DDU 100 Bendix
(microphoneamplifiers) M5167 Gates
Antennas Pedestal, command, and transmit Canoga Cubic
UHF quad-helixwithcommand CanogaCubic
antennas
HF signal generator TMC-VRA-2
UHF signal generator antenna TACO-AS-390A/SRC
F- Timing Timestandardrack assembly BendixRadio
Data Processing Analog-to-digital transmitter (2) 4005T Milgo
Analog-to-digitalreceiver (2) 4005R Milgo
Bufferdual-datatransmitter 4008T Milgo
Dual-datareceiver 4008R Milgo
Digitaldatatoteletype 165 Milgo
converter
Cartesian/polar converter 4003 Milgo
Plotboard 3010 Milgo
Displays OperationDirector Console Stromberg-Carlson
FlightDirectoror Flight Console Stromberg-Carlson
DynamicsOfficer Console Stromberg-Carlson
Capsule Environment Monitor Console Stromberg-Carlson
Capsule System Monitor Console Stromberg-Carlson
Flight Surgeon (astrophysical Console Stromberg-Carlson
display)
CapsuleCommunicator Console Stromberg-Carlson
Recovery Status Monitor Console Stromberg-Carlson
Recovery Director Console Stromberg-Carlson
Missile Telemetry Monitor Console Stromberg-Carlson
Range Safety Observer Console Stromberg-Carlson
Range Status Monitor Console Stromberg-Carlson
Network Commander Console Stromberg-Carlson
TV monitors Console RCA/Western
Electric

(Continued)

2-13
MG-101-2

TABLE 2-3. EQUIPMENT NOT SUPPLIED BY EXISTING FACILITIES (MAJOR ITEMS) (Continued)

System Equipment Type or model Supplied By

Wall displays:
Mercator world map Nominal and actual cap- Stromberg-Carlson
sule track plus pre-
dicted impact point
Countdown indicator Minutes and seconds to Stromberg-Caflson
launch
Orbit number indicator 2-digit display Stromberg-Carlson
Time displays a. GMT Stromberg-Carlson
b. GMT at time of lift- Stromberg-Carlson
off Stromberg-Carlson
c. Mission elapsed time Stromberg-Carlson
d. Time to retrofire Stromberg-Caflson
Field station status board

GroundCom- Teletype 28ASR (send-receive) TeletypeCorp.


munications 28RO(receiveonly) TeletypeCorp.
28ROTR (receive only Teletype Corp.
--typing reperforator)

2.7 TRANSPORTATION AND with the seasons. They are generally highest
COMMUNICATIONS from February through March, somewhat re-
Rail transportation is not provided to Cape duced in April and May, and lowest during
Canaveral because of the excessive number of remaining months of the year. A lower-cost
bridges required for trains in this type of terrain, example of current furnished apartment rental
Freight and passenger rail traffic terminate 14 varies with the season from $200.00 to $250.00
miles from Canaveral at the Roekledge Station, monthly, and is for a unit consisting of living
via the Florida East Coast R.R. room, bedroom, bath, and etficiency kitchen.
Eastern Airlines provides service to Orlando Hotel rates vary from a minimum of $8.00 per
and to Melbourne, which is 25 road miles from day to approximately $20.00 per day, exclud-
Canaveral. Rental car service is available at ing meals. New two- and three-bedroom homes
the Orlando Airport and at Cocoa Beach. Due are advertised in nearby towns. Prices for one
to the distances between the surrounding towns, representative group of homes range from
rental cars are considered more economical $9,500 to $11,800. Food and clothing costs
than taxis. Greyhound Bus Line serves U.S. are considered similar to those of metropolitan
Route 1, which passes through Cocoa. New York.
Rockledge and Ean Gallie cable and telephone The Weusthoff Hospital under construction
facilities are available. (March, 1960) in the Cocoa Beach area, will
supply modern, adequate facilities. Brevard
2.8 SITE PERSONNEL FACILITIES Hospital is now serving Eau Gallie and vicinity.
AND SERVICES New York, New Jersey, and other states' hos- _
Personnel assigned to Cape Canaveral live in pitalization service plans are honored by the
offsite housing. Apartment rental rates vary local hospitals. It is suggested that you verify
2-14
MG-101-2

the status of your hospitalization plan in this Merritt Island: Baptist, Christian Church,
area with both interested parties. Doctors, Episcopal, Methodist, and other denom-
dentists, and pharmacies are located in corn- inations.

munities near the site. Cocoa Beach: Baptist, Catholic, Episcopal,


Sheltered harbors, the Indian River, and the Jewish, Methodist, and other denomina-
Banana River waterways encourage boating and tions.
fishing. Swimming, golf, shuffleboard, tennis, A variety of clothing will be necessary due to
and bowling facilities can be found in and near the temperature variations throughout the year.
the neighboring communities. Temperature averages for the seasons, noted in
paragraph 2.6 of this text should be considered
A Civic Center in nearby Eau Gallie is avail- in making wardrobe selections. Local stores
able for music, art, dramatics, and sports. Varied supply a wide variety of clothing and other con-
presentations ranging from light opera, band sumer commodities.
and symphony concerts, to hobby and scouting
shows, make a diversified recreation program 2.9 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
available for all. Library facilities are also avail-
able in Eau Gallie. Local banks offer complete banking services.
Passports are not necessary at the Canaveral site.
Airmail service to New York requires two days.
Immunizations are not required at the Canaveral
The following denominations are found in towns site.
listed. The list is not complete but serves as a Florida has no income tax. There is a sales tax
guide, of3 percent.
#--- Cocoa: Baptist, Episcopal, Methodist, Mor- A homesteaders reduction of $5,000 from the
mon, Presbyterian, and other denomina- assessed valuation of property purchased in the
tions, state is availableto those who occupythe prop-
erty as their legal permanent residence. The
Rockledge: Adventist, Catholic, Jehovah's real estate tax rate is determined by county,
Witnesses, Lutheran, and Presbyterian. city, and school department costs.

F.

2-15
i
MG-101-2

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FIGURE 2-2. SIMPLIFIED INTERCOMMUNICATION SYSTEM--CAPE CANAVERAL

2-19
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CAPE CANAVERAL GODDARD

FIGURE2-4, RADAR DATA PROCESSING--CAPE CANAVERAL

2-23
MG-101-2

FIGURE 2-5. SITE LOCATION--CAPE CANAVERAL

2-24
MG-101-2

I SITE MANAGER

I
LOGISTICS CONTROL DIRECTOR
SERVICES COORDINATOR*

CLERK(1)** CAPE CANAVERAL I CONTROL CENTER NETWORK


OFFICER

AND DISPLAYS COMMANDER


RECOVERY
DIRECTOR
m JANITOR AND SITEENGINEER
I -- CONTROL
CONSOLES
GENERALUTILITY (1)_*
-- TELEMETRY -- DATA ANALYST

MECHANICAL -- FLIGHT
DIRECTOR
- AND ELECTRICAL
MAINTENANCE (1) -- RADAR MOD _ DATA ENTRY
OPERATOR _ ASSISTANT
FLIGHT DIRECTOR

DATA SELECTION
S . -- RADAR FPS-16 _ OPERATOR -- FLIGHT SURGEON
e_ASSISTSIN MESSENGER
SERVICEAND MONITORING
TELETYPESETS DATA PROCESSING
m AND TIMING _ TRENDPLOTTER CAPSULE
FUNCTIONS -- ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITOR

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SYSTEMSMONITOR

ACQUISITION AID _ CAPSULE


AND CONSOLE COMMUNICATOR

FLIGHT DYNAMICS
CAPSULEVOICE TRANSMITTERS OFFICER
CAPSULEVOICE RECEIVERS

RANGE STATUS
COMMUNICATIONS MONITOR
TECHNICIAN CONSOLE

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MONITOR
-- COMMAND TRANSMITTER

RANGE SAFETY
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VEHICLE TELEMETRY
MONITOR

eOPERATESTECHNICIANS 1NTERCOMPOSITION
(f-
FIGURE 2-7. SITE ADMINISTRATION--CAPE CANAVERAL

2-27
M (3-101 -2

Section 3

GRAND BAHAMA
tn

r-_ AND 8
GRAND TURK ISLANDS .z
MG-101-2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraph Title Page Paragraph Title Page


3.1 Purpose of the Sites 3-1 3.6 Geographic and Climatic Data 3-3
3.2 Systems 3-1 Grand Bahama Island 3-3
Ground Communications Grand Turk Island 3-4
System 3-1 3.7 Transportation and Communi-
Intercommunication
System 3-1 cations 3-4
Grand Bahama Island 3-4
TimingSystem 3-1
Grand Turk Island 3-4
Acquisition System 3-1
3.8 Site Personnel Facilities and
Telemetry System 3-2 Services (Housing, Medical Fa-
Capsule Communications cilities, Recreational Facilities,
System 3-2 Mail Service, ReligiousFacil-
ities, Clothing and Food) 3-4
'/_ Radar System 3-2 Grand Bahama Island 3-4
3.3 Equipment Allocations 3-3 Grand Turk Island 3-5
3.4 Equipment Locations 3-3 3.9 Miscellaneous Information --
Grand BahamaIsland 3-3 Grand Bahama Island and
Grand Turk Island (Money,
Grand Turk Island 3-3
Passports, Immunization, and
3.5 SiteAdministration 3-3 Taxes) 3-5

3-i
MG-101-2

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Title Page Figure Title Page

3-1 Master Functional Block Diagram 3-9 Transmitter Site Grand Bahama
--Grand BahamaIsland 3-7 Island 3-17

3-2 Master Functional Block Diagram 3-10 Receiver Building Grand Ba-
--Grand Turk Island 3-8 hamaIsland 3-18

3-3 Transmit and Receive Antenna 3-11 Floor Plan, Telemetry Area--
System- Grand Bahama Island Grand Bahama Island 3-19
and Grand Turk Island 3-9 3-12 Floor Plan, Transmitter Area--
3-4 Functional Block Diagram, Ac- Grand Bahama Island 3-20
quisition Aid Equipment--Grand 3-13 Area Map--Grand Turk Island 3-21
Bahama Island and Grand Turk
Island 3-11 3-14 Transmitter Area--Grand Turk
Island 3-22
3-5 Functional Block Diagram, Tele-
metry System- Grand Bahama 3-15 Receiver Area Grand Turk Is-
Island and Grand Turk Island 3-13 land 3-23

3-6 Functional Block Diagram, Air- 3-16 Floor Plan, Telemetry Area--
Ground Communications -- Grand Turk Island 3-24
Grand Bahama Island and Grand
Turk Island 3-14 3-17 Floor Plan, Transmitter Area--
Grand Turk Island 3-25
3-7 Area Map---Bahama Islands 3-15 3-18 Site Administration---Grand Ba-
3-8 Area Map Grand Bahama Is- hama Island and Grand Turk
land 3-16 Island 3-27

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

3-1 Major Equipments Grand Ba-


hama Island and Grand Turk
Island 3-3

3-ii
MG-101-2

SECTION 3. GRAND BAHAMA ISLAND AND GRAND TURK ISLAND

3.1 PURPOSE OF THE SITES 3.2.2 Intercommunication System


In addition to the functions and systems noted Refer to the Project Mercury ground corn-
in Figure 1-1 these sites are important to munications plan for the appropriate drawings.
Project Mercury for the following reasons.
3.2.3 Timing System
a. The geographical location of Grand Bahama
Island (GBI) makes this site a vital link in Timing information is supplied to both sites
the launch phase of the missile because of look- in decimal serial data form by Cape Canaveral.
angle problems and associated capsule antenna This time reference is then retransmitted to
patterns. Cape Canaveralas a part of the real-timetelem-
b. Capsule impact will occur in the Atlantic etry data.
Ocean in the vicinity of Grand Turk Island 3.2.4 Acquisition System
(GTI). This site is needed to provide cover-
age during the final phase of reentry when See Figures 3-3 and 3-4. An acquisition data
altitude limits the range of other sites, console, located in the Receiver Building at
both sites, provldes the Acquisition Data Con-
Communications with Mercury Control Center sole Operator with:
(MCC) are by the existing submarine cable
carrier system, a. The azimuth and elevation of the receiving
and transmitting antennas;
" 3.2 SYSTEMS b. Receivedsignal strength indicationsfrom
See Figure 3-1 for a master functional block the two telemetry receivers.
diagram of the GBI instrumentation. See Fig- The Acquisition Data Console Operator can
ure 3-2 for a master functional block diagram control site antenna pointing by manual op-
of the GTI instrumentation, erafion. Two handwheels on the console con-
trol the elevation and azimuth respectively, of
3.2.1 Ground Communications System all site antennas directed by the console. Con-
Communications with MCC are by way of sole indicators show the azimuth and elevation
the existing submarine cable system. A tele- coordinates selected by the handwheels.
phone system allows the technician at the corn- Radars, present at these sites, are not con-
munications technician console to perform the nected to the Mercury acquisition system, neces-
following functions: sitating use of the manual mode for Mercury
a. Communicate up-range to Cape Canaveral; operations.
Acquisition information, in terms of azimuth
b. Communicate with the capsule directly from and elevation coordinates, is received at both
the console in case of line failure; sites by the console operator who points the site
c. Monitor air-ground communications pass- antennas, using the manual mode. Signal
ing through the console; strength indications are then observed to assist
in manually slewing the antennas during the
d. Split the line for communication with either capsule pass.
the MCC or the capsule. Synchro line amplifiers are added to the sys-
The same telephone equipment is supplied for tem between the console and transmitter an-
both sites. The cable is routed from Canaveral tenna at GTI because the distance exceeds 1.5
f-- to GTI by way of GBI. Connection to existing miles. Synchro remoting equipment is neces-
cable facilities is made through an appropriate sary at GBI because of distances greater than
line termination and is line amplified, those at GTI.

3-1
MG-101-2

3.2.5 Telemetry System Similarly, there are two HF and two UHF
The two telemetry receiver outputs and signal transmitters, selection and utilization of which
strength indications are frequency multiplexed is determined by the Communications Techni-
and are transmitted to the MCC via the sub- cian at the Canaveral communications tech-
marine cable carrier system (Figure 3-5). At nician console. Selection of the transmitting
MCC, the best signal source, as determined by equipment is accomplished by the down-range
the signal strength indications from the two supervisory control system.
TLM receivers, is selected for processing. 3.2.7 Radar System
Switching facilities, available at GBI, permit The radar system at Grand Bahama Island
either local or remote (GTI) telemetry trans- consists of an FPS-16 C-band radar. Two
mission to reach MCC by the submarine cable. MOD iI radars are also available on the island,
but will not be used in the Mercury project.
3.2.6 Capsule Communications System S-band radar is not used at Grand Turk Island
although present as part of the sites instrumen-
The air-to-ground communications facilities ration.
at these sites (Figure 3-6) consist of high-fre-
quency (HF) and ultra-high-frequency (UHF) The Grand Bahama radar installation is oper-
ated in accordance with its usual practices.
amplitude modulation (AM) voice receiving The input to the Cape Canaveral computer is
and transmitting equipment housed in the re-
spective receiving and transmitter buildings, shown in the Cape Canaveral functional block
Antenna positioning is controlled by the Acqui- diagram, Figure 2-1.
sition Data Console Operator as discussed in The narrow beamwidth of the FPS-16 an-
paragraph 3.2.4, or locally at the antenna tenna aids in providing precise tracking infor-
servo rack. mation to MCC over a range of approximately
500 miles. The radar is capable of beacon or
Communications receiver selection is controlled skin tracking. Three possible modes of opera-
from Cape Canaveral, utilizing the existing su- tion are automatic, acquisition, and manual.
pervisory control system. Similarly, transmitter The automatic mode is a self-contained capabil-
selection and transmitter keying is controlled ity permitting the radar to track automatically
at the MCC Technician.
at Cape Canaveral by the Corn- in range, azimuth, and elevation.
munications
The acquisition mode requires target-position
GBI and GTI share existing cable facilities, signals to the radar angle tracking section from
Switching requirements are provided at GBI for an external source. The source in this case is
selection of either GTI or GBI communications the Central Analog Data Distributing and Com-
transmission to Cape Canaveral. puting System (CADDAC).
In the manual mode, the antenna is posi-
Greater reliability in communications recep-
tioned through a manually controlled synchro
tion is obtained by using two receiving systems,
one system operating in the UHF region and system by manipulation of the AZIMUTH
MANUAL
ELEVATION and MANUAL
the other system operating in the HF region.
Two receivers are provided for each system, handwheels on the range indicator panel of
The second receiver in each system serves as a the operator console.
standby unit. The Communications Technician A digital data processing system is incorpo-
at MCC selects the communication system at rated into the FPS-16 radar and converts
either GBI or at GTI, selection being deter- range, azimuth, and elevation coordinate infor-
mined by quality of reception. The technician mation simultaneously to digital form. The
at MCC cannot select between UHF and HF three-coordinate digital data is transmitted
receivers at these sites. Local control at GBI through the digital data system to an external
and GTI determines whether UHF or I-IF system where it is converted for teletype trans-
equipment is used at these sites, selection being mission to Canaveral. Radar data is also dis-
determined by the quality of reception, played visually on numerical indicators.

3-2
MG-101-2

TABLE 3-I
MAJOR EQUIPMENTS--GRAND BAHAMA ISLAND AND GRAND TURK ISLAND

System Equipment Type or Model SuppliedBy

Acquisition ActiveAcquisition
Aid Cubic
Acquisition
DataConsole BendixRadio

Radar* C-band FPS-


16 RCA

Telemetry Preamplifier PR-203 Nems-Clarke


Receiver 1412 Nems-Clarke
Receiver 1434 Nems-Clarke
Discriminator, Dual-Channel TDA-102 Bendix

Air-Ground HF Transmitter (2 at Grand Turk Island) CS2029 Gates


Communi- HF Receiver (2) R-390A/GR Collins
cations UHF Transmitterconsistingof: GRT-3
UHF Transmitter T-282/GR Radio Receptor
Modulator Power Supply MD-141A/GR Radio Receptor
UHF Receiver (2) 278B/GR Collins
Power Modulation Monitor SG41.1 & SG41.2 M.C. Jones
Tape Recorder P-75BACX Magnacord
_- Sidetone Line Amplifier BXR-LA 200 Bendix Radio
Microphone Amplifier (2 at Grand Turk
Island) M-5167 Gates
Preamplifier PR-2035 Nems-Clarke
Communications Technician Console BXR-CTC 500

* Grand Turk Island not equipped with radar lor Project Mercury

3.3 EQUIPMENT ALLOCATIONS 3.6 GEOGRAPHIC AND CLIMATIC


See Table 3-1 for a list of the major equip- DATA
ments at the sites. 3.6.1 Grand BahamaIsland

3.4 EQUIPMENT LOCATIONS The Bahamas consist of a scatterd archipelago


of some 700 islands (Figure 3-7), of which
3.4.1 Grand Bahama Island 20 are inhabited covering an area nearly 800
Grand Bahama equipment locations appear in miles in length. GBI is at latitude 26036 ' N,
Figures 3-8 through 3-12. longitude 78o25 ' W. The site is located ap-
3.4.2 Grand Turk Island proximately 22 miles east of the town of Free-
port and is described as a large construction
Grand Turk equipment locations appear in camp with one general store. GBI is a coral
Figures 3-13 through 3-17.
island with a maximum elevation of 25 feet and
i 3.5 SITE ADMINISTRATION semitropical vegetation. The population in
This appears in chart form in Figure 3-18. 1953 was 4,095.

3-3
MG-101-2

The average winter temperature is about 70 ° There is a 6300-foot asphalt runway, located
F., the winter rainfall is slight, and cool approximately 3A mile from the site. This run-
breezes prevail. In July, August, and Septem- way can accommodate a C-124 Globemaster.
ber, the temperature ranges from 75 ° F. to 90 ° Two other runways on GBI are a 2800-foot
F. Because the diurnal change of temperature coral airstrip at Marco City and a 2600-foot
is so small, some people find the humidity dur- asphalt airstrip at West End.
ing the summer months trying. Rainfall aver- GBI has good two-lane secondary roads on
ages 50 inches per annum, falling chiefly dur- the island and a complete road net of asphalt-
ing June and October. paved roads to all range installations.
Health conditions on the island are good. No
special precautions are deemed necessary. 3.7.2 Grand Turk Island

3.6.2 Grand TurkIsland Grand Turk Island has an airfield with a


runway 5043 feet long. There are 500-foot over-
Grand Turk is a member of the Turks and runs at each end. The coral and asphalt runway
Caicos Islands. This group is located in the is 150 feet wide, with stabilized shoulders 50
British West Indies and is geographically a part feet wide extending the length of the runway,
of the Bahamas but politically a dependency of and is capable of handling a C-124. Bahama
Jamaica. The soil is limestone and coral. The Airlines schedules one flight per week and land-
area is about 166 square miles, and the popu- ing is limited to Visual Flight Requirements
lation is about 6,700. The temperature ranges (VFR). The airfield also has a homer beacon
from a maximum of 86 ° F in August to a identifier operating on a frequency of 232 kc.
minimum of 71 ° F in January. The mean
temperature is 80 ° F and the humidity is Docking facilities are available and are capable
65 to 85 percent, but because of the prevail- of handling landing ship-miscellaneous (LSM)
ing trade winds the climate is not oppressive, types of vessels operated by the transport group
The annual rainfall is 15.33 inches. The water supplying the island.
table is 10 feet mean sea level. There are oc- Secondary asphalt roads connect site buildings
casional hurricanes, typhoons, and monsoons, and are adequate for handling normal size and
During these periods, winds may vary between weight limits. Vehicles, other than military,
70-90 miles per hour, although maximum are not available, and no railroad facilities
velocities of 150 miles per hour have occurred, exist on GTI.
Salt raking is the staple industry. Conchs and
crayfish are also exported. 3.8 SITE PERSONNEL FACILITIES
AND SERVICES
Grand Turk, the seat of government, is an
important cable junction, with cables to
Jamaica, Bermuda, and Barbados. There is 3.8.1 Grand Bahama Island
frequent shipping and air service to Kingston, There are no offsite housing facilities. Current
Jamaica. The site is located approximately 3 base population consists of 6 to 8 range per-
miles from Cockburn Town (estimated popula- sonnel and 270 permanent civilian English-
tion lessthan 1,000). speakingpersonnel.
3.7 TRANSPORTATION AND Personnel trained in first aid treat minor cases.
COMMUNICATIONS Major cases are flown to mainland hospital
facilities. No dental facilities are available.
3.7.1 Grand Bahama Island One general hospital is located in New Provi-
The U.S. Government has its own docks which dence.
service the range station. Commercial ship- Mail is flown in daily except weekends.
ping companies operate vessels to this island
out of Port Canaveral, Florida, making cargo Catholic and Protestant services are held at
runs approximately every 5 days. the airfield.

3-4
MG-101-2

During the winter fairly warm clothing is 3.9 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION


needed. In the summer, lightweight washable --GRAND BAHAMA ISLAND AND
clothes are worn. It is advisable to bring an GRAND TURK ISLAND
adequate supply inasmuch as most items are The currency of the colony is sterling, but
imported; costs are quite high and supplies are U.S. currency is often used. As of March 1,
limited. 1960, the pound (£) exchangedfor $2.80.
The shilling (s) equals approximately 14 cents.
3.8.2 Grand Turk Island
Passports or visas are not required for U. S.
No offsite housing facilities are available, citizens who possess a return ticket and suffi-
No medical facilities are available, cient living funds.

Boating, fishing, and swimming are the pri- It is essential to hold a certificate of vaccina-
mary sources of entertainment, tion against small pox issued within the last
three years.
All mail is handled by the range logistics There is no income tax or tax on undeveloped
group, property,but there is a probateduty of 4 per-
Lightweight washable clothing is sufficient, cent on personal effects within the colony.

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MG-101-2

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FIGURE 3-4. FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM, ACQUISITION AID EQUIPMENT--GRAND


BAHAMA ISLAND AND GRAND TURK ISLAND

3-11
MG-101-2

'( _ _ CAPE CANAVERAl.

1 _' i
' _ , ATLANTIC OCEAN

\ FLORIDA !

I / N
,_ GRAND BAHAMA IS.

j_

MIAMI •
GREAT ABACO IS.

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• GREAT INAGUA IS.


GRAND TURK IS.

FIGURE 3-7. AREA MAP--GRAND BAHAMA ISLANDS

3-15
MG-101-2

_,..-o.,, H

GRAND BAHAMA ,-_ _ .__ _

NORTH-SOUTH ROAD AIRSTRIP FPS-16/XN-2 RADAR

.__ TRA"SMITTER
SiTE
/

_ .! '.'A'..._ES,TE
P.O.L. AREA LONG 78"22' 21.359"
DOCK FACILITIES
HIGH POWER COMMAND/DISTR

SCALE1" = 3 MILES

FIGURE 3-8. AREA MAP--GRAND BAHAMA ISLAND

3-16
MG-I01-2

_J

BORESIGHT
TOWER

DISCONEANTENNA

COAX

)' TRI-HELIX ANTENHA STRUCTURE EQUIPMENT


HF TRANSMITTEREQUIPMENT
UHF TRANSMITTEREQUIPMENT
TRANSMII"rER TAPE RECORDER
_' EUILDING

TRANSMITTER
TOWER
_ND ANTENNA

SCALE
0 50' 100' 150'

.... ROAD

FIGURE3-9. TRANSMITTER
SITE--GRAND BAHAMA ISLAND

3-17
MG-101-2

TOWER
J ANTENNA

I
TELEMETRYROOM
m

J EQUIPMENT

I
RECEIVERBUILDING
TLM EQUIPMENT
HF RECEIVER
UHF RECEIVERS

I MONITOR EQUIPMENT

TELEMETRY
ANTENNA

TO ROAD

FIGURE3-10. RECEIVERBUILDING--GRAND BAHAMA ISLAND

3-18
MG-101-2

CO B RNTOWN,

GRAND TURK

RECEIVER
AREA ' : N
\
, . \

AIRSTRIP

DIRT ROAD
TOWER

,/ / t

TRANS ' ',


AREA

, / /
MAIN
BASE /
SITE /
/

SCALE1"z 1150 FEET

FIGURE 3-13. AREA MAP--GRAND TURK ISLAND

3-21
MG-101-2

TO RHOKBIC
EQUIPMENT

HFTRANSMITTERS
UHF TRANSMITTERS
TAPERECORDER

VHF

TRANSMITTERTOWER (25 FT)

WWV
ANTENNA

HOUSING AREA
SCALE
O 50' 100'

FIGURE3-14. TRANSMITTERAREA--GRAND TURKISLAND

3-22
MG-101-2

z:

EQUIPMENT
TLM
EQUIPMENT
UHF RECEIVERS
MONITOR EQUIPMENT VHFANTENNA

HFDISCONE
AN

UHF ANTENNA
o
.j HE RECEIVER T_

RECEIVERBUILDIN_

SCALE

0 50' 100' 150' O


LOCATION OF
ANTENNA TOWER (45 FT)

FIGURE3-15. RECEIVERAREA--GRAND TURKISLAND

3-23
MG-101-2

r I
DATA
CONSOLE

"_" "AMPLIDYNES
RECEIVER

VOICE
i o..
I
I CONSOLE

TECHNICIAN

I
CONT MOD C

ACQ

IO1G
POWER

FIGURE3-16. FLOOR PLAN, TELEMETRY


AREA--GRAND TURKISLAND

3-24
MG-101-2

[ 7
I SITE
MAT
ANAGER
I
I CANAVERAL I
I _J

M&O CHIEF
r AT
GRAND BAHAMA

r -I
SITEENGINEERATJ
J CANAVERAL I
I_ J

COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNICIAN CONSOLES

GRAND
> TURK

GRAND
BAHAMA _ TELEMETRY
RECEIVERS

CAPSULEVOICE TRANSMII"rERS
CAPSULEVOICE RECEIVERS

FPS.16RADAR

FIGURE 3.18. SITE ADMINISTRATION--GRAND BAHAMA ISLAND AND GRAND TURK ISLAND

3-27
MG-101-2

Section 4

BERMUDA

nl
r_

Z
MG-101-2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraph Title Page Paragraph Title Page


4.1 Purpose of the Site 4-1 4.3 Equipment Allocations 4-4
4.2 Systems 4-1 4.4 EquipmentLocation 4-4
Ground Communications 4,5 Site Administration 4-4
System 4-1
Timing System 4-1 4,6 Geographic and Climatic Data 4-6
Acquisition System 4-1 4.7 Transportation and Communi-
cations 4-7
Telemetry System 4-1
Capsule Communications 4,8 Site Personnel Facilities and
System 4-3 Services(Housing,MedicalFa-
cilities, Recreation Facilities,
Radar Systems 4-3 Mail Service, Churches, and
Capsule Command Trails- Clothing) 4-7
mitringSystem 4-4
Displays 4-4 4.9 MiscellaneousInformation
"_ (Money, Passports, Immuniza-
Computer 4-4 tion, and Taxes) 4-7

4-i
MG-101-2

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Title Page Figure Title Page


4-1 Master Functional Block Dia- 4-9 Floor Plan, Verlort Radar Van
gram--Bermuda 4-9 --Bermuda 4-19
4-2 Site Equipment Block Dia- 4-10 Functional Block Diagram,
gram, Iutrasite Intercommuuica- Ground Radio and Teletype,--
tion System--Bermuda 4-10 Bermuda 4-21
4-3 Functional Block Diagram, 4-11 Equipment Block Diagram,
Timing System Bermuda 4-11 Command Transmitter -- Ber-
muda 4-23
4-4 Functional Block Diagram, Ac-
quisition System--Bermuda 4-12 4-12 Functional Block Diagram, Dis- 4-25
play Equipment--Bermuda
4-5 Functional Block Diagram, Te- 4-13 Functional Block Diagram,
lemetry System--Bermuda 4-13/14 Computer Bermuda 4-26
4-6 Functional Block Diagram, 4-14 Area Map--Bermuda 4-27
Transmitting and Receiving An-
tennas--Bermuda 4-15 4-15 Floor Plan, Control Building--
CoopersIsland 4-28
4-7 Functional Block Diagram, Air-
Ground Communications--Bet- 4-16 Floor Plan, FPS-16 Building--
muda 4-16/17 Coopers Island 4-29 C
4-17 Floor Plan, Receiver Building--
4-8 FunctionalBlockDiagram,Ra- TownHill 4-31
dar Data and Teletype---Ber-
muda 4-18 4-18 SiteAdministration 4-32

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page


4-1 Equipment Allocations -- Ber-
muda 4-5

,4-ii
MG-101-2

SECTION 4. BERMUDA

4.1 PURPOSE OF THE SITE dial private branch exchange (PBX) with an
associated 552A manual switchboard. An ex-
In addition to the functions and systems noted isting cable, supplemented by additional cable
in Figure 1-1, this site is important to Project where necessary, interconnects Town Hill and
Mercury for the following reasons. Coopers Island control, telemetry, and acqui-
a. It determines if a satisfactory orbit is sition aid circuits. Existing cables now con-
achieved by the capsule, nect the Kindley airfield, Harrington central
b. It can abort the mission if abnormal flight office, and Prospect
the PBX localities.
at Coopers Circuits areKind-
pro-
vided from Island to
conditions warrant if Cape Canaveral does not. ley airfield and to the Harrington central office.
c. Computer facilities at Bermuda can be used
to predict the capsule point of impact upon 4.2.2 Timing System
immediate or scheduled reentry into the at- A special Mercury timer is provided to time-
mosphere, tag radar and telemetrydata.
With the exception of Cape Canaveral, Ber- Time signals from the Bureau of Standards
muda is the most complex of the Mercury sites, radio station WWV are received at the site on
It is the secondary Mercury control center and receivers provided for this specific purpose
has the responsibility for continuing or aborting (Figure 4-3). These signals are used as a refer-
the mission as the capsule leaves the range of ence standard against which a stable one-mega-
the Cape Canaveral complex, cycle oscillator is compared and adjusted, so
that the locally generated signal agrees in fre-
4.2 SYSTEMS quency with the received signal. A check of
See Figure 4-1 for a master functional block the system is provided by a visual comparison
diagram of the site. on an oscilloscope of the one-pulse-per-second
output from the timing system and the once-
4.2.1 Ground Communications System per-second tone burst from WWV. The outputs
from the timing unit include the following
These circuits are terminated at the Bermuda timing signals.
site over local telephone company facilities from
the Bermuda end of the leased Bermuda-New a. An output representing the Greenwich
York circuits to the Harrington telephone cen- Mean Time (GMT) in hours, minutes, and
tral office. New cable facilities from the Har- seconds. This is used in the data processing
rington central office connect to an existing air- and data conversion equipment to time-tag
field cable. Voice circuits pass frequencies be- the radar data and to drive certain control
tween 280 and 2800 cycles per second. Tele- center displays.
type circuits are capable of transmitting 60 b. A pulse from the timing equipment every
words per minute in both directions simuI- six seconds, which causes radar data to be read
taneously. These communications are used for out.
administrative, command and instruction, ac- c. A pulse train with serial time of day (based
quisition, telemetry summary, and digital track- on GMT) for use with the telemetry data. This
ing messages. Figure 1-3 shows the intersite unit also operates the clocks showing Green-
communications network. Figure 4-2 shows with time and elapsed time when required.
the intrasite communications network.
Intrasite communications are made possible 4.2.3 Acquisition System
by two systems, an intercommunication system The acquisition aid system at Bermuda, which
connecting Mercury operations positions, and is equipped with two active acquisition aids,
a general purpose system consisting of a 740E automatically orients the radar, radio, com-

4-1
MG-101-2

mand, and telemetry antennas (Figure 4-4). tions appear only on the Town Hill active ac-
Optional manual control of the system allows quisition aid console. Azimuth and elevation
the antennas to be pointed simultaneously by error-voltage displays also appear on this con-
the Acquisition Aid/Data Console Operator. In- sole.
dependent manual antenna-control by the oper- b. The acquisition data console monitors the
ator of an equipment which can be slaved to
the acquisition system is also possible, control mode and the position of the various
steerable antennas other than those of the
Positional information received by teletype is active acquisition aid. Control of these associ-
used by the system operator to initially aim the ated antennas is also possible on a manual, auto-
acquisition system antennas, marie, or slaved basis.

Telemetry signals, which are transmitted on In the Bermuda installation, there is mutual
two frequencies by the capsule, are used by control between the consoles at Town Hill and
the acquisition aid for tracking. The Acquisi- at Coopers Island. Control data is exchanged
tion Aid Console Operator, using the console between consoles. Because of cable distances
signal strength meters, selects the stronger of between the sites, applique circuits are necessary
the two signals from the AR-pedestal at Town to transmit this information without affecting
Hill or the A-pedestal at Coopers Island for system operation. These circuits appear in vari-
automatic control, ous parts of the circuit configuration and are
eaUed synchro remofing equipment and syn-
Automatic tracking is made possible by the ehro line amplifiers.
directional-sensing ability of a quad-helix an-
tenna array (on the AR-pedestal at Town Hill Signals associated with systems or equipments
or on the A-pedestal at Coopers Island), asso- appear on the acquisition consoles as follows.
ciated hybrid, and acquisition aid receiver. A a. Town Hill consoles. ___'
telemetry signal, after proceeding through this (1) Active acquisition aid control con-
equipment, is converted into positioning volt- sole.
ages for controlling all antennas under control (a) Signals from the telemetry sys-
of the acquisition system. As the radars at the tern: Frequencies TM1 and TM2 for signal
site track the capsule in the narrower beam- strength metering and signal selection.
widths of their antenna systems, control of an- (b) Signals from the active acqui-
tenna pointing is given through the acquisition sition aid receiver:
data console to the radar equipment having the i. Error-voltage indications to
best signal. The acquisition system (AR- and the console;
A-pedestals) continues to track the capsule in- 2. Sum (signal strength) volt-
dependently of radar system control. This is for ages to the console;
site radar reacquisition, should the radars lose 3. Cablewrap.
the target. (2) Acquisition data console.
Two types of consoles are used in this system. (a) Active acquisition aid console
One of each type is located at Town Hill and status: Azimuth, elevation, and control mode
also at Coopers Island. indications, including eablewrap.
a. The active acquisition aid console controls (b) Town Hill R-pedestal status:
the operation of the active acquisition aid Azimuth, elevation, and control mode indica-
(essentially an automatic direction finder). It tions, including cablewrap.
does this by manual (handwheel operation (c) Coopers Island acquisition bus
with visual position indicators), automatic, or status: Azimuth and elevation indications.
slaved operation of the acquisition aid antenna, b. Coopers Island consoles.
Signal strength indications aid in the evalua- (1) Active acquisition aid control con-
tion and selection of the best telemetry signals sole: Active acquisition aid (azimuth, eleva- I
for tracking. However, signal strength indiea- tion, signal strength metering) and eablewrap.

4-2
MG-101-2

(2) Acquisition data console, diagram of ab-ground antennas. SeeFigure 4-7


for a functional block diagram of air-ground
(a) Active acquisition aid status:
Azimuth, elevation, and control mode indica- transmitters and receivers.
tions, including cablewrap. Effective receiver system reliability is ensured
(b) Verlort radar status: Azimuth, by two frequency bands, antenna space di-
elevation, and control mode indications, versity, two receivers per frequency, diversity
(c) FPS-16 radar status: Azimuth, combiners,
ments at the and versatile switching
communications technician arrange-
console
elevation, and control mode indications, to make use of the most satisfactory signal. Test
(d) Town Hill acquisition bus signal generators for both frequencies are lo-
status: Azimuth, elevation, and control mode cared at Town Hill under remote control from
indications. Coopers Island. Transmitting system reliability
(e) Transmit and command an- is ensured by providing standby transmitters for
tenna No. 1 status: Azimuth, elevation, con- both frequencies. Manual switchover to standby
trol mode indications; eablewrap indication, equipment is provided in case of transmitter
(f) Transmit and command antert- failure. Switching allows transmitting on either
na No. 2 status: Azimuth, elevation, control or both frequency systems. Patching also allows
mode indications; eablewrap indication, ready use of standby transmitting antenna as-
semblies.
4.2.4 Telemetry System
Output of the system appears as displays, NOTE
which are monitored by specialists (Figure 4-5).
These specialists (Flight Controllers) advise Emergency forms of communication
the Flight Director and/or the Mercury Con- with the capsule are available at eom-
trol Center of abnormal conditions. After each mand sites such as Bermuda. The
pass of the capsule a teletype summary of the telemetry transmitter in the capsule
telemetered information is sent to the IBM can be keyed for interrupted con-
Space Computing Center and Mercury Control tinuous-wave (ICW) transmission to
Center at Cape Canaveral. Capsule clock set- the s_te, and the command trans-
tings and notation of posigrade rockets and mitter can be voice modulated for
retrorocket firings also are sent to the computer transmission to the capsule.
at Bermuda to assist in computing the impact
point i_ the flight is terminated in this area. 4.2.6 Radar Systems
Bermuda uses Verlort (S-band) and FPS-16
4.2.5 Capsule Communications System (C-band) radar systems.
High-frequency (I-IF)and ultra-high-frequency ,
(UHF) amplitude modulation (AM) receivers 4.2.6.1 Verlort Radar
and transmitters are used for voice communi-
Verlort radar, located at Coopers Island (Fig-
cations with the capsule. Transmitting antennas ure 4-9), has a nominal range of 700 miles,
and equipment, receiver line amplifiers, remote and supplies precise tracking data (Figure 4-8).
controls, tape recorder, and flight controller
consoles are at Coopers Island. The UHF After the tracking data has been processed by
receiving antennas (which are also used to data conversion equipment, it is sent by tele-
receive telemetry and acquisition aid informa- type to the Goddard computing center. In
tion), triplexers, preamplifiers, receivers, and addition to its basle function, Verlort radar
diversity combiners are at Town Hill. Separate supplies data to the acquisition system for site
dipole antennas are affixed to the UHF quad- antenna positioning when in a valid tracking
helix antennas for the I-IF receivers (and trans- mode. The antenna can also be trained on the
mitters). See Figure 4-6 for a functional block target (capsule) by the acquisition system.

4-3
MG-101-2

4.2.6.2 FPS-]6 Radar c. Failure of the FRW-2 (500-watt) master


The FPS-16, also at Coopers Island (Figures unit results in automatic switchover to the
4-10, 4-16), has a narrower beamwidth in its remaining FRW-2 (500-watt) standby unit as
antenna system, providing more precise tracking the command transmitter.
information over the nominal 500-mile range d. Switches are provided to allow transmis-
of the unit. Data handling requirements for sion on either of two antennas at Coopers
conversion to teletype format apply. This unit Island (Figure 4-7). Excluding antenna switch-
is incorporated into the acquisition system both ing possibilities, therefore, there are four pos-
as a directed and as a directing unit, as is the sible methods of transmitting command infor-
Verlort radar, marion. Reception of the commands is verified
Data from both radar systems is also fed to a by responses received by the telemetry system.
computer at Bermuda. Rapid computations The antenna system is steerable and is under
immediately after launch determine if the cap- primary control of the acquisition data console
sule orbit is within acceptable limits, or whether on Coopers Island.
the flight should be aborted. After normal
launch, the radar systems function as a data 4.2.8 Displays
source for the Goddard computer, as do the Displays in the Coopers Island control build-
radars at other sites, ing (Figure 4-12) indicate the position of the
Figure 4-8 shows a functional block diagram capsule and a predicted landing point if the
of the radar system and radar data processing retrofire rockets are fired in the Bermuda area.
system. Figure 4-10 shows a functional block Other console displays assist Flight Controllers
diagram of the radar data inputs to the teletype in their decision to abort or continue the mis-
equipment and ground radio facilities. The sion, and also assist in capsule location and
Verlort van floor plan is shown in Figure 4-9. recovery at the end of the mission. Other dis- Q
4.2.7 Capsule Command Transmitting plays are discussed under their associated sys-
System terns,e.g., the displaysassociatedwith the ac-
Bermuda is one of six sites provided with quisition system.
facilities for commanding emergency return of
the capsule (Figure 4-7). A 10-kw amplifier, 4.2.9 Computer
added to the usual UHF 500-watt command See Figure 4-13 for the interconnection be-
transmitter, ensures reception of commands by tween the type 709 computer and the other
the capsule regardless of its attitude or inability equipment at this site. A summary of Bermuda
of the Astronaut to operate his controls. An computer results is sent to Goddard for corn-
additional 500-watt FRW-2 amplifier is supplied parison.
for backup.
Reliability of the system is increased by pro- 4.3 EQUIPMENT ALLOCATIONS
viding spare equipment, and monitoring and Table 4-1 lists major equipments, grouped by
switching facilities as follows (Figure 4-11). system, and the manufacturer or source from
a. An automatic monitor and switchover sys- whom the equipment is obtained.
tem detects failure of the regular FRW-2 (500-
watt) amplifier, which is used in conjunction 4.4 EQUIPMENT LOCATION
with the 10-kw final amplifier. An automatic
switchover then replaces the master FRW-2 The Mercury equipments are located at Town
unit with the standby unit. Hill and Coopers Island, as shown in Figures
4-14 through 4-17.
b. Failure of the 10-kw amplifier is detected
by the monitor and switchover system. Coaxial 4.5 SITE ADMINISTRATION
switches are then actuated to bypass the 10-kw
amplifier and to use the FRW-2 (500-watt) Site administration is shown in chart form in
master unit as a low-power transmitter. Figure 4-18.

4-4
MG-101-2

,j
TABLE 4-1

EQUIPMENT ALLOCATIONS-- BERMUDA

System Equipment Type or Model Supplied By

Acquisition Active Acquisition Aid Cubic

Acquisition Data Console (includes the Ac-


quisition AidConsole) Bendix
Radio

Radar S-band Verlort Reeves


C-band FPS-16 RCA

Telemetry Preamplifier PR-203 Nems-Clarke


Receiver 1434 Nems-Clarke
Receiver 1412 Nems-Clarke
Diversity Combiner DCA-500 Nems-Clarke
Decommutators, 90-Channel TDS-90 Arnoux
Discriminators TDA-102 Bendix
Tape Recorder FR-114 Ampex

Ground Corn- Dial Private Branch Exchange 740E Western Electrie


munications ManualSwitchboard 552A WesternElectric
Teletype:
Receive only 28RO Teletype Corp.
Auto. send and receive 28ASR Teletype Corp.
Receive only--Typing
Repefforator 28ROTR Teletype Corp.

Air-Ground Preamplifier PR-203 Nems-Clarke


Communi- HF Transmitter CS-2029 Gates
cations HF Receiver R-390A/URR Collins
UHF Transmitter, consisting of: AN/GRT-3 Radio Receptor
UHF Transmitter T282/GR Radio Receptor
Modulator Power Supply MD-141A/GR Radio Receptor
Microphone Amplifier M5167 Gates
UHF Receiver 278B/GR Collins
Power Modulation Monitor SG 41.1 and Jones
SG 41.2

TapeRecorder 728 Magnacord


Sidetone Line Amplifier BXR-LA 200 Bendix Radio
Communications Technician Console BXR-CTC 500 Bendix Radio
Dual Diversity Combiner BXR-BDU I00 Bendix Radio

.-1 (Continued)

4-5
MG-101-2

TABLE 4-I. EQUIPMENT ALLOCATIONS_BERMUDA (Continued)

System Equipment Typeor Model SuppliedBy

Radar Track- Polar/Cartesian Coordinate Converter 4003 Milgo


ing--Data Plotboard 3010 Milgo
Processing

Timing Time Standard Rack Assembly Bendix Radio


System

Computing Computer 709 IBM

Displays TimeDisplay BendixRadio


Countdown Indicator BendixRadio
FlightDynamicsOfficer Stromberg-Cadson

Capsule Environment Monitor Stromberg-Carlson

CapsuleSystemMonitor Stromberg-Carlson

FlightSurgeon Stromberg-Cadson

Capsule Communicator Stromberg-Carlson _-/

Flight Supervisor Stromberg-Carlson

Capsule Power Amplifier (10-kw) 240 D2 Alpha


Command Transmitter (500 watts) AN/FRW-2 Alpha
Transmit- Monitor Receiver R669/URW Alpha
ring Audio Decoder KYI72/URW Alpha
Powerand VSWRMonitor SG 23.16 M.C. Jones
Powerand VSWRMonitor SG 33.17 M.C. Jones
SwitchoverControland StatusPanel Alpha
Audio Coder KY171 Alpha
100 Channel Events Recorder 429988-910 Brush
Coder Control Equipment Bendix, Cincinnati

4.6 GEOGRAPHIC AND CLIMATIC The climate is mild with an average tempera-
DATA ture of 78 ° F in the summer and 64 ° F in
Bermuda is a group of closely spaced, emer- the winter. The average rainfall is 58 inches,
gent limestone islands located about 750 miles occurring mainly between July and October.
southeast of New York City at 32°36 ' N, High and lowtemperatures and average humid- _._
64°66 ' W. ity figures are:

4-6
MG-I01-2

Average showers usually use salt water. (Fresh water


High Low Humidity showers are available at the Castle Harbour
Summer 99"F 58°F 77% Hotel.)

Winter 81°F 400F 75% Furnished apartments range from $170.00 a


Between 1926 and 1955, Bermuda experienced month, but rental and leasing arrangements
six hurricanes. There is an average of 37 gale- must be approved by local rent and price con-
trol authorities. Apartments which meet these
wind days per year. Structures are designed price vs. accommodation specifications are not
for a wind velocity of 125 mph. easily found.

4.7 TRANSPORTATION AND A modem, well-equipped hospital (King Ed-


COMMUNICATIONS ward VII Memorial Hospital) is available with
Air travel is the most popular method of travel various specialists in attendance. Medical and
between the U.S. and Bermuda. BOAC, Pan dental fees are considered above U.S. averages.
American, Eagle, Eastern, and TCA airlines Boating, fishing, tennis, golf, and riding are
provide connecting flights between New York available. British and American films are shown
and Bermuda. Steamship travel is also avail- at several indoor and outdoor locations. Hotels
able on Royal Mail Line, Cunard, Fnmess, provide entertainment for their guests. There
and Grace Line. Ferry services are available be- is a public library for which subscription is
tween the islands, levied. A free reference library is located in
Hamilton with a branch in Somerset. Radio
Bus transportation to site facilities is non-
existant from offsite locations. Transportation programs are broadcast daily. There is also a
arrangements should be verified through lines television station that broadcasts each evening.
of organization prior to departure for Bermuda. Airmail service to New York requires one day.
Taxis are available at rates comparing favor-
ably with those of the U. S. Size limitations are Services for all denominations are available
in effect on motor vehicles (166 inches long, at Kindley airfield. Local churches are mostly
64 inches wide), and customs duties on ineom- Anglican.
ing vehicles are high. British cars may be par-
chased locally in a price range of from $1450 Since the temperature extremes are 99 ° F in
to $2350 at the current rate of exchange. Gaso- summer to 40 ° F in winter, a variety of cloth-
line is approximately 51 cents per gallon, ing is necessary for comfort. Localstoressupply
Operators' licenses may be applied for after both cottons and woolens. Cottons are avail-
30-days residence. Application and examina- able in a variety of grades and prices. Variety
tion cost $1.40; the license also costs $1.40, is somewhat restricted in woolen goods, how-
plus medical fees for a physical fitness eer- ever, so that it may be desirable to bring this
tificate, typeof clothing.

Telephone and cable services are available for


local and foreign service. 4.9 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION

U.S. dollars or the British pound sterling is


4.8 SITE PERSONNEL FACILITIES used. As of March 1, 1960, the pound (&_)
AND SERVICES was valued at $2.80. A shilling (s) is 1/20 of a
Personnel assigned to Bermuda live in offsite pound (14¢); a penny (d) is 1/12 of a sbilllng.
housing. Hotel rates range from $I0.00 a day The following information applies generally to
_-_ usually to $23.80 a day on the modified Amer- Bermuda visits. Current and specific informa-
lean plan (room and two meals a day). Hotel t.ion relating to immigration regulations should

4-7
MG-101-2

be obtained through lines of organization prior side of Bermuda. Permission to land must be
to departure, obtained from the Board of Immigrationif
traveling on a one-way ticket.
Passports are not required for visiting. Visitors
may remain in the colony for six months with- Everyone going to Bermuda must have been
out a permit, but Board of Immigration vaccinated against smallpox within three years
(Hamilton) permission must be obtained to of the visit and must have a certificate to this
extend the visit beyond this time. On arrival, effect in his possession.
visitors must produce positive evidence of their There are no local income taxes or death duties.
intention to depart, in the form of a ticket A head tax of one pound is levied at the time
to their point of origin or to a destination out- of departure from the island.

k_:

4-8
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_ N_ O_ T/M-I SIG STR


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TRACKING DATA

BUS STATUS

TRACKING
BUS i.

-8
I
I
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8_ ,,.
_0 _ _0 _ _
T --F---7
MG-101-2

HV RECTIFIER
AMPLIDYNE FOUR- AND RELAY
AND CHANNEL AUXILIARY
DEHYDRATOR RECORDER CABINET RACKS
t r /

!OZ


Z 0
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CONSOLE
MASTER
ire ' rqp] RSRO _ _,
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I_ m AUXILTARY TAPE Z
CONSOLE PRINTER O

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X , [1

TRAVELING WAVE f
" r_ • TUBE ASSEMBLY
JUNCTION BOX E XMTR AND RCVR
ASSEMBLY
MODULATOR

FIGURE4-9. FLOORPLAN, VERLORTRADAR VAN--BERMUDA

4-19
MG-101-2

SRAHSMITANB COMMAND ANIBNNAS

. I NO_

IAONITOR
. AUTOMATIC
AND

_ SYSTEM

I SWITCHOVERI , 1
AMPLIFIER
"1 IO-KW POWER

COAXIAL
SWITCH COAXIAL
SWITCH

AU.OMAT,C AUTO.AT,C
_ 1

TRANSMITTER TRANSMITTER
500-W 500-W
(STANDBY) (h*d_,STER)

t I
I CODE,
I I CODER
I
[ I
1 I
CONTROLLER
CODER I

I
i C°_E°L_I
C FIGURE4-71. BLOCK DIAGRAM, COMMAND TRANSMITTEREQUIPMENT--BERMUDA
4123
m i

_ _ _ z_

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MG-101-2

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WORK BENCH

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® INPUT
REC
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DATA
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L,I EQUIP.

V2
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FIGURE4-17. FLOOR PLAN, RECEIVERBUILDING--TOWN HILL

4-31
MG-101-2

SITE MANAGER

1 SUPERVISOR M &0
/

|
]
FLIGHT

SERVICES
LOGISTICS CHIEF* J SUPERVISOR

-- CLERK** SITE ENGINEER _ SURGEON


"_ l FLIGHT

JANITOR AND CAPSULE


-- GENERAL -- TELEMETRY -- ENVIRONMENT
UTILITY** MONITOR

MECHANICAL CAPSULE
-- AND ELECTRICAl. -- VERLORT RADAR -- SYSTEMS
MAINTENANCE MONITOR

+
-- FPS-16 RADAR -- CAPSULE
COMMUNICATOR

DATA PROCESSING -- FLIGHT DYNAMICS


-- AND TIMING OFFICER
FUNCTIONS

-- COMPUTERS

ACQUISITION AID EQUIP-


- MENT AND ANTENNA
CONTROL CONSOLE

-- CAPSULE VOICE TRANSMITTERS


CAPSULE VOtCE RECEIVERS

__ COMMAND
TRANSMITTER

-- COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNICIAN CONSOLE

-- TELETYPE

-- PBX AND SWITCHBOARD

"OPERATES TECHNICIANS tNTERCOM POSITION


"'DURING FLIGHT OR DRILL, ASSISTS IN
MESSENGER SERVICE AND MONITORS
RECEtVE-ONLY TELETYPE EQUIPMENT

FIGURE 4-18. SITE ADMINISTRATION--BERMUDA "-_

4-32
M (3-101 - 2

Section 5

ATLANTIC AND INDIAN OCEAN SHIPS


J

rrl

J 5
Z
MG-10i -2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraph Title Page Paragraph Title Page


5.1 Purpose of the Sites 5-I 5.6 Geographic and Climatic
5.2 Systems 5-1 Data 5-4
Ground Communications 5.7 Transportation and
System 5-1 Communications 5-4
Timing System 5-1 5.8 Site Personnel Facilities and
Acquisition System 5-2 Services (Housing, Medical
Telemetry System 5-3 Facilities, Recreation Facili-
ties, Mail Service, and Clo-
Air-Ground Communi- thing) 5-6
cations System 5-3
Radar System 5-4 5.9 Miscellaneous Information
(Money, Passports, and Ira-
Capsule Command munization Requirements) 5-6
Transmitting System 5-4
5.3 Equipment Allocations 5-4 5.10 Information
Call about Ports of 5-6
5.4 EquipmentLocation 5-4 Mauritius 5-6
5.5 Site Administration 5-4 Trinidad 5-7

_J

J
J

5-i
MG-101-2

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Title Page Figure Title Page


5-1 System Functional Block Dia- 5-7 Functional Block Diagram, Ah'-
gram--Atlantic Ship and Indian Ground Communications- At-
Ocean Ship 5-9 lantic Ship and Indian Ocean
5-2 FunctionalBlock Diagram,In- Ship 5-15
trasite Communications System--
Atlantic Ship and Indian Ocean 5-8 Area Map---Atlantic Ship and In-
Ship 5-10 dianOceanShip 5-17
5-3 Functional Block Diagram, Tim- 5-9 Antenna and Equipment Place-
ing System--Atlantic Ship and ment--Atlantie Ship and Indian
IndianOceanShip 5-11 OceanShip 5-19
5-4 Functional Block Diagram, Ac-
quisition System--Atlantic Ship 5-10 Telemetry Room--Atlantic Ship
and Indian Ocean Ship 5-12 and Indian Ocean Ship 5-20

5-5 Functional Block Diagram, An- 5-11 Transmitter Equipment Area--


tenna System--Atlantic Ship and Atlantic Ship and Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean Ship 5-13 Ship 5-21 F
5-6 Functional Block Diagram, Te- '_
lemetry System--Atiantic Ship 5-12 Site Administration- Atlantic
and Indian Ocean Ship 5-14 Ship and Indian Ocean Ship 5-22

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page


5-1 Equipment Allocations--
Atlantic Ship and Indian Ocean
Ship 5-5

C.

5-ii
MG-101-2

jl
J

SECTION 5. ATLANTIC SHIP AND INDIAN OCEAN SHIP

5.1 PURPOSE OF THE SITES band system (SSB) is used for transmitting and
In addition to the functions and systems noted receiving.
in Figure 1-1 of this manual, these two sites are An intercommunication system is provided for
necessary because there are times when the operational and administrative messages be-
capsule is beyond the range of land-based Met- tween Mercury personnel (Figure 5-2). Fune-
cury sites, and it is essential to keep periods of tions of particular interest in this system are the
no communication to a minimum. These ships ability to:
also provide possible alternate routing for the a. Talk or monitor on the ground-air radio
point-to-point ground communications network, circuit;
The ships will be positioned to contact the cap-
sule during all three passes, b. Talk or monitor on local conference cir-
cuits;
5.2 SYSTEMS e. Talk to the various technicians, independ-
ently of operational circuits used by the Flight
See Figure 5-1 for a functional block diagram Controllers.
of the equipment on these ships.
The ships' existing intercommunications system
5.2.1 Ground Communications System is used for routine communications.
Point-to-point high-frequency radio systems are NOTE
used for communication from the ships to
Goddard Space Flight Center and Cape Ca- The operational teletype summary
naveral Control Center via intermediate land from the Indian Ocean Ship passes
_-_ receiving stations (Figure 1-3). A type of through line-sharing equipment at
transmission known as frequency shift carrier Muchea, Australia, Woomera, Aus-
teletype is used. Transmitter output power is tralia, and via submarine cable to
10 kw. Radiation is by means of nondirectional Vancouver. A sketch of this routing
appears in Figure 6-5 along with a
vertical antennas, descriptionof line-sharingequipment.
Messages from the Atlantic Ship are normally
sent directly to the RCA Communications sta- 5.2.2 Timing System
tion in New York for relay to Goddard and
Cape Canaveral by leased facilities. The At- The timing system provides time correlation
lantic Ship also acts as a relay station for the of data collected from the telemetry systems and
a driving source for the control area time dis-
Canary Island site or, if necessary, the Canary plays. The time reference used is that of Green-
Island site relays messages for the Atlantic Ship. wich Mean Time (GMT) expressed in hours,
Transmission from the Indian Ocean Ship nor- minutes, and seconds (Figure 5-3).
maliy is to Perth, Australia. Both ships pro- A receiver is tuned to the frequency of WWV
vide operational data and administrative in-
formation via teletype. The Atlantic Ship is (the Bureau
received fromofthis
Standards radio
station are station).
used Signals
as a reference
equipped with dual equipment for transmission
of the above information over the primary path standard against which a stable one-megacycle
oscillator is compared and adjusted, so that the
to New York and over an alternate path by way locally generated signal agrees in frequency with
of Grand Canary Island. The Indian Ocean the incoming signal. The timing system of this
Ship is equipped for communications only over site supplies various output frequencies from
the primary path to Perth, Australia. 1 ke to one cycle per minute by frequency divid-
The receiving system for both ships uses fre- ing circuits. A check of the system is provided
quency and polarization diversity. A single side- by a visual comparison on an oscilloscope of

5-]
MG-101-2

the one-pulse-per-second output of the timing also differs in that additional equipment is re-
system and the once-per-second tone burst of quired to correct for the varying position of the
WWV. ship's antennasas the ship'scourseis changed.

Important outputs of this system are as fol- Two types of consoles are provided for system
lows. operationat thissite.
a. An output representing the GMT in hours, a. The active acquisition aid control console
minutes, and seconds is used in the data proc- controls the operation of the active acquisition
essing and data conversion equipment to time- aid and the manual or automatic operation of
tag the telemetry data, and to drive certain the acquisition aid antenna. These types of
time displays, operation are as follows.
b. The telemetry data is time-tagged for tele- (1) Manual operation is the control of
type transmission. The time reference is GMT, antenna position with handwheels on the con-
and delivered in what is known as serial form sole. Visual indications are provided to show
(sequential rather than simultaneous) in a the azimuth and elevation coordinates selected
ten-pulse-per-second pulse train, with handwheels provided on this unit.

5.2.3 Acquisition System (2) Automatic operation is the control


of antenna position by the active acquisition aid
The purpose of the acquisition system (essen- receiver without manual assistance. Control is
tinily an antenna pointing device) is to aid the accomplished by the directional-sensing capa-
antennas associated with the site subsystems bilities of a quad-helix antenna array (on the
to acquire signals emanating from the capsule. AR-pedestal amidship), associated hybrid, and
Figure 5-4 is a functional block diagram of a acquisition receiver. A telemetry signal is con-
typical system used on the ships. Figure 5-5 vetted into antenna positioning voltages after
shows the antenna system interconneetions, processing through this equipment.
Proper functioning of the system depends on
error voltages. These voltages are developed by Signal strength meters provided on this con-
measurement of the time difference at which the sole aid selection, for tracking purposes, of the
signal transmitted by the capsule arrives at the stronger of the two telemetry frequencies trans-
different elements of a special antenna provided mitted by the capsule. The strength of the
for this purpose. The magnitude of these error signal received through the acquisition aid re-
voltages is greater as the antenna points away ceiver is also indicated by a signal strength
from the capsule, and least when the antenna meter. Error voltages, which indicate the cot-
is aimed directly at the source of the signal, reetion voltages currently applied to the ac-
quisition aid antenna pedestal, are displayed
The difference in arrival time of the signal on this console.
at the antenna elements (phase difference) is
measured by a specially designed receiver, called b. The acquisition data console indicates the
the acquisition aid receiver. Error voltages de- control mode (manual or automatic) in use by
veloped by this system are amplified and dis- the system, and the azimuth and elevation of
played on appropriate meters to aid an operator the various steerable antennas at the site.
in manually correcting antenna position until Two azimuth indicators are supplied in this
antenna pointing error has been minimized, console for each of the two antenna pedestals.
When antenna pointing is done automatically The first indicator is designated AZ TRUE
by the system, the error voltages are applied (azimuth true). It is coupled to a device known
directly to the antenna pedestal, repositioning as a differential synchro which combines posi-
the antenna to keep it pointed at the target, tional information from the pedestal with posi-
Operation of the system is somewhat different tional information from the ship's gyro compass
from the acquisition systems used at other and gives a resultant positional indication that
Mercury sites. Equipment used in the system indicates antenna position in relation to true _--

5-2
MG-101-2

_J north. The second azimuth indicator is desig- 5.2.4 Telemetry System


nated AZ REL (azimuth relative) and indicates
the antenna position in relation to the fixed Two quad-helix antenna arrays, each on a
position of the antenna base on the ship. One separate pedestal, are used to obtain both height
indicator per pedestal indicates antenna pedestal and space diversity (Figure 5-5). Four receivers
elevation, are arranged in two pairs (Figure 5-6), with
each pair tuned to one of two selected fre-
Cablewrap indicators (lamps on the console) quencies in the 225-260 megacycle band. The
are also supplied to indicate when the antenna outputs of each pair of receivers are fed into a
rotation is either clockwise or counterclockwise diversity combiner, a device which effectively
from its resting point, and towards rotational adds the signals and improves the apparent
limits, which are established because of the signal-to-noise ratio. The outputs of the diver-
permanent connection of antenna cable to the sity combiners (two at each site), plus the four
antenna, basic output signalsfrom the above receivers,
provide six possible sources of information.
During system operation, the operator re- These are fed to the telemetry demodulation
ceives an acquisition message which gives the equipment where a manual selection is made of
expected coordinates (azimuth and elevation)
and the expected time of arrival of the capsule the signal to be demodulated. A spectrum
at the ship's geographical location. Additional analyzer is employed in selecting the best
messages are also sent to these sites indicating source of information obtained from the above
the expected coordinates along the orbit, at equipment. These system refinements add
one-minute intervals after the time of the cap- greatly to the overall system reliability.
sule's arrival. The operator positions his hand- The received signal is complex in nature,
wheels until the appropriate indicators (AZ containing three channels of frequency modu-
s' TRUE) show that the antennas are pointed to- lated information, plus a fourth channel that
ward the coordinates given in the acquisition is modulated on what is termed a commutated
message.
tion, any While in the manual
ship mode
from ofits opera- basis, in which various information obtained
deviation of the course
requires readjustment of antenna position so by sensors in the capsule is sampled on a se-
the AZ TRUE indicator continues to show the quential basis.

desired coordinates. When the capsule signals Selected data from the above equipment is
are received by the active acquisition aid and routed to various displays for monitoring dur-
manual corrections of antenna position have ing the capsule pass, and the output of each
been made to obtain minimum error voltage receiver and diversity combiner is recorded so
indications on the aidappropriate
active acquisition is placed meters, the
in AUTO- that a permanent record is available. Approxi-
MATIC operation, and the antennas follow the mately 20 quantities and notations, derived
capsule position regardless of the deviations in from the telemetry signals observed during the
the ship's course. In the AUTOMATIC mode, capsule transit, are incorporated into a standard
the active acquisition aid continues to auto- format and transmitted by teletype to the God-
matically track the capsule and point the an- dard Space Flight Center after the capsule has
tennas during the time that the capsule remains passed.
within radio range of the ships.
5.2.5 Air-Ground Communications System
Since the beamwidth of the acquisition sys-
tem antenna is 20 degrees, the active acquisi- The air-ground communications facilities at
tion aid is capable of acquiring the capsule these sites use high-frequency (I-IF) and ultra-
in the early stages of its pass, and of rapidly re- high-frequency (UHF) amplitude modulated
fining the antenna position so that maximum (AM) voice receiving and transmitting equip-
quality transmission is realized between the ment (Figure 5-7). Equipment locations are
capsuleand the ships, indicatedon area drawingsfor the sites.

5-3
MG-101-2

Receiving antennas are mounted on two steer- 5.2.7 Capsule Command Transmitting
able pedestals under control of the acquisition System
system, as described in paragraph 5.2.3. The Since the ships are not equipped with this sys-
UHF signals are received on the same quad-helix
antenna arrays used for telemetry signal recep- tem, this does not apply.
tion. However, HF signals are received by sep- 5.3 EQUIPMENT ALLOCATIONS
arate dipole antennas mounted on the same
pedestal. The antennas mounted on the rear Table 5-1 lists major equipments, grouped by
pedestal are used on a switching basis as trans- system, and the manufacturer or source from
mitting antennas for the HF and UHF transmit- whom the equipment is obtained.
ter under control of the intercom transmitter
push-to-talk switch. 5.4 EQUIPMENT LOCATION
The UHF receiver outputs are fed to a diver- Mercury equipment locations are designated
sity combiner where the signals are combined in Figure 5-8 through Figure 5-11.
to add their output strength and minimize noise.
Three output signals are therefore available, re- 5.5 SITE ADMINISTRATION
ceiver #I, receiver #2, and the composite signal Site administration is shown in chart form in
derived from the diversity combiner. These
signals are then fed to the communications Figure 5-12.
technician console I-IF-UHF selector switch for 5.6 GEOGRAPHIC AND CLIMATIC
selection of the best signal for application to the DATA
site intercom.
The two ships operate in areas approximately
The HF receiver outputs are normally proc- the same distance from the equator. The climate
essed by a diversity relay actuator, which auto- is expected to vary from moderate to hot with ,_
maticaUy selects the stronger of the incoming periods of high humidity. Figure 5-8 shows the
signals. This signal can then be compared with approximate location of both ships when at their
the UHF signal at the communications techni- Mercury stations.
cian console, where the better signal is selected
for application to the flight controller air-ground 5.7 TRANSPORTATION AND
receiving network. The I-IF receiver outputs COMMUNICATIONS
are also brought out directly to the communica-
tions technician console, bypassing the HF di- The Atlantic Ship uses Trinidad for refueling
versity relay actuator, where either receiver out- and reprovisioning. Transportation to this
put can be selected as described above, point is provided by planes operating from
an airfield associated with the range at Cape
All voice communication with the capsule is Canaveral, Florida.
recorded for future reference.
The Indian Ocean Ship uses as a home port,
The transmitting antennas are mounted on Port Louis, Mauritius, a British colony located
steerable antenna pedestals under direction of off the east coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean.
the acquisition system as described above. Both Air service is provided on a regular biweekly
HF and UHF transmitters are keyed (or oper- basis via Paris and Nairobi. A weekly service
erated) individually or simultaneously. All of is also provided from South Africa by South
these transmitters have an output power of ap- African Airways and Qantas Airways.
proximately 100 watts. Communications aboard ship depend upon ad-
ministrative circuits, which provide emergency
5.2.6 Radar System communicationsto the United States for Mer-
The ships are not equipped with"radar, there- cury personnel. The usual shipboard radio
fore, this section does not apply to these units, facilities are also present.

5-4
MG-101-2

TABLE 5-1

EQUIPMENT ALLOCATIONS--ATLANTIC SHIP AND


INDIAN OCEAN SHIP

System Equipment Type or Model Supplied By

Ground Corn- SSB Transmitter GPT-10K-H Tech. Mat. Corp.


mnnieations SSB Receiver GPK-90X Mod. Teeh. Mat. Corp.

Teletypewriters
28RO Receive only
28KSR Keyboard Send & Rec. Teletype Corp.
28ASR Automatic Send &Rec. Teletype Corp.
28ROTR Receive and Tape Teletype Corp.
Repefforator Teletype Corp.

Timing F/S Tone Transmitter 101 Tele-Sig. Corp.


ToneReceiver 102 Tele-Sig. Corp.
DualDiversityComparator 110 Tele-Sig.Corp.
ElectronicsSwlteh 109 Tele-Sig. Corp.
Time Standard Raek Assembly Bendix Radio
.J
Acquisition ActiveAcquisition Aid Cubic
Acquisition Data Console Bendix Radio

Telemetry Preamplifier PR-203 Nems-Clarke


Receiver 1434 Nems-Clarke
Receiver 1412 Nems-Clarke
Diversity Combiner DCA 500 Nems-Clarke
Decommutators--90 Channel TDS 90 Arnoux
Discriminators TDA-102 BendixPacific
Tape Recorder FR-114 Ampex

Capsule Corn- Communications Technician


munications Console BXR-CTC-50O Bendix Radio
Preamplifier PR-203.S Nems-Clarke
HFTransmitter CS2029 Gates
I-IF Receiver R390A/URR Collins
UI-IF Transmitter, consisting of: AN/GRT-3 Radio Receptor
I. UHF Transmitter T282/GR Radio Receptor
2. Modulator-PWR Supply MD-141A/GR Radio Receptor
Microphone Amplifier M5167 Gates
UHF Receiver R-278B/GR Collins
Power Modulation Monitor SG 41.1 and SG 41.2 M.C. Jones
Tape Recorder 728 Magnacord
Sidetone Line Amplifier BXR-LA200 Bendix Radio

5-5
MG-101-2

5.8 SITE PERSONNEL FACILI'I'IES Passport information is summarized in chart


AND SERVICES form in Figure 1-4 of this handbook. Additional
Technicians aboard the ships have officer status, visas may be required depending upon other
They eat in the officers' salon and are quartered calls made by these ships. Mauritius requires a
in staterooms apart from those of the ship's medical certificate and letter of character signed
force, by a publicofficialbeforelandinghere.
Medical services are rendered by the ship's Immunization requirements are as follows:
master and other maritime officers who possess Small Pox Annual;
first aid certificates. Each ship has a hospital Typhoid----Series plus annual booster;
room equipped with standard marine medical Tetanus---Series plus annual booster;
supplies, but no doctors are carried aboard as Yellow Fever Every 6 years;
part of the ship's complement. Polio----Series, for persons under 40 years of
Recreational facilities include a recreation age.
room, adjacent to the technicians' living quar- 5.10 INFORMATION ABOUT
ters, which is provided for small games and PORTS OF CALL
handicraft hobbies. A regular movie schedule
is maintained while at sea, and magazines and The following information may be helpful to
pocket books are plentiful. Ping-pong, badmin- personnel who visit Mauritius and Trinidad
ton, basketball, barbells, and punching bag during their Mercury assignments.
equipment are furnished for the more athletic.
Deep sea fishing is a popular pastime. Cone- 5.10.1 Mauritius
spondence courses are recommended as a relief Lying just within the tropics, the climate is
from the routine of extended periods at sea.
tropical-maritime during the summer and sub-
No formal plans for mail service have been tropical in winter, with no great extremes in _-
formulated at this writing. Commercial airmail temperature. Humidity is very high at or near
service is available to Mauritius twice weekly, sea level, but it is cool all year on the high ten-
Clothing recommendations for personnel as- tral plateau. November to May is the cyclone
signed to duty at these sites include washable season.
cotton short-sleeved shirts, short and long trou- Population of the capital, Port Louis, is 72,750.
sers, cotton sox, shower shoes, sun hat or cap, The climate is considered a healthy one for
sun glasses, and a light sweater. A sports shirt Europeans, but malaria still presents some
and dress slacks or a light suit may also be problems. Typhoid innoculations are recom-
desired for possible trips ashore. A raincoat is mended and care should be used in selection of
a necessity, food as there is some dysentery.

5.9 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION There are government hospitals, several private


nursing homes, and doctors who take private
Present arrangement for personnel assigned to patients. Drugs and medicines are expensive.
these ships is to deposit the majority of personal Government-controlled buses serve most parts
pay in a bank specified by the individual, with a
deposit slip forwarded to the individual by the of the island. There are plenty of taxis and the
bank for verification purposes. The remainder standard charge is 35_ per mile.
of the pay is advanced to the personnel as de- Local banks are the Barclays Bank DCO, and
sired. Port Louis, Mauritius, a British colony, the Mercantile Bank, Ltd.
has a local monetary unit called the Mauritius There is one hotel in Port Louis, the Family
rupee, which is equivalent to one shilling, 6 Hotel.
pence sterling, or 21_ in U.S. coin. Notes are
issued in denominations of 10, 5, and 1 rupees. Electric power is 220 volts alternating current,
Coins issued are half, quarter, 1, 2, 5, and 10 AC.
rupees. The officiallanguagesare Englishand French. _"-_'

5-6
MG-101-2

,I

5.10.2 Trinidad The pound sterling equals $4.80 (West Indian)


Trinidad is port of call for the Atlantic Ship. or $2.80 in U. S. currency. The U. S. dollar
The port is seven miles from Venezuela, near exchanges for $1.71 (West Indian dollar).
the South American continent. Notes of $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, and $100 are in
circulation. Local banks are the Bank of Nova
Climate is tropical, tempered by trade winds. Scotia, Barclays Bank DCO, Canadian Bank of
Mean annual temperature ranges from 70 ° to Commerce, Gordon Grant and Co., Ltd., and
88°F. Nights are cool. Average annual rain- the Royal Bank of Canada.
fall ranges from 68 inches in the west to 97
inches in the east. Thewet seasonis from J'une Hotel rates are $10 to $42 per day on the
to December. The dry season is from January American plan (all meals).
to May. Electricpoweris ll5-volt, 60-cycleAC.
Europeans constitute about 3 percent of the
population. English is spoken as this is a United Light summer clothing is worn all year; rain-
Kingdom dependency, coats must be lightweight.

The deep-water harbor is at Port-of-Spain and Recreations include boating, yachting, golf, and
is served by steamship lines from all parts of the tennis. There are many movie houses. Radio
world. The international airport is at Piarco, broadcasting is limited to the hours between
near Port-of-Spain. Eleven airlines operate 6 AM and 11 PM. SWIMMING IS CON-
scheduled services through Trinidad. SIDERED DANGEROUS.
Currency of the area is that of the British
Caribbean (Eastern Group). Trinidad is in- Buses provide service throughout the island.
eluded in the sterling area. The monetary unit Taxis can be hired at 36_ per mile (21_ U. S.).
is the West Indian dollar ($1), which divides Gasoline prices range from 46_ to 65_ per
into 100 cents, gallon(27_to 38_U. S.).

5-7
-'-" 0 0
o _ .-.
rn _ O.

• (,,3 _ 0

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_ _ FLIGHT CONTROLLERLOOP "a _ m


0
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& 0 WIRE _ _,<
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NOTES 4. HORIZONTAL CAGE RECEIVING ANTENNAS
1. DISCONE/CAGE ANTENNA DUAL HIGH FREQUENCY 5. CONICAL MONIPOLE RECEIVING ANTENNA, ONE
POINT-TO-POINT TRANSMITTING ANTENNA ON EACH SIDE OF SHIP
2. TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING ANTENNA 6. TRANSMITTER EOUIPMENT AREA
3. RECEIVING AND ACOUlSlTlON ANTENNA 7, TELEMETRY ROOM

FIGURE 5-9. ANTENNA AND EQUIPMENT PLACEMENT-AATLANTIC SHIP AND


INDJAN OCEAN SHIP

5-19
MG-101-2

PORT

I I
13

uP
r_l_, rrrnrr_ r-_ ,9
-- 20

_ - i. ll" ll" I _

I" iF I"g--- I

I I I , , t , , i i'_"ll'_'li"_ k_

APPROXIMATELY 53' w'l

STARBOARD

*EXISTING RANGE EQUIPMENT


**NOT PROVIDED ON INDIAN OCEAN SHIP

I. TAPE RECORDER 14. DISPLAY RECORDER 23 FUSE BAY


2. REPRODUCTION PRECISION 15. FLIGHT CONTROLLER CONSOLE: 24. 112 KEY EQUIPMENT
3. CONTROL CAPSULE COMMUNICATOR, 25. DIST FRAME
4. RECEIVERS AEROMEDiCAL MONITOR, 26. PATCH BAY
CAPSULE MONITOR 27. DUAL DIVERSITY RECEIVERS
5. CALIBRATOR 16. COMMUNICATIONS TECH- 28. SPARE PARTS CABINET
6. DISCRIMINATOR NICIAN CONSOLE
29. ELECTRONIC PANEL
7. VOICE RECEIVER 17. ACQUISITION DATA CONSOLE
30. WORK BENCH
B PEN RECORDERS 18. ACQUISITION AID EQUIPMENT
31. 28RO
9. RECORDER 19. TAPE STORAGE
32. 28KSR
10. 90/90 DECOM 20 SAFE
11. DECOM MONITOR 21. FILE 33. 28ASR
34. 28ROTR
12. TIMtNG STANDARD 22. POWER
13. ELECTRONIC PANEL

FIGURE 5-10. TELEMETRYROOM--ATLANTIC SHIP AND INDIAN OCEAN SHIP

5-20
MG..101-2

PORT

_ REFRIGERATIONEQUIPMENT
I CONOmONl_l_l I IJ CREW'S RECREATIONAREA OFFICERS'RECREATIONROOM
\ uNrd I
/ MOTOR
I PLENUM
IJ
J RGEON
M _ I / .... .
I
\ \ _ RA.,o
TRA.SM
Tt.ROOM
I C-_ Ol I / \ _ _IINDIAN OCEAN SHIP_._ HF CAPSULE

\_1!
• , _ "_U J

ESDAPE
_]11]
COOLER II----1I----1U.,DA,SULE
WATER
' ,_ I _ _ TRANSMITTER
\
TRANSMITTER

\ /-(:_
TRUNK!_-IIU I _ X _ //.-
AFT _ IO-KW PT-TO-PT SERVO
----_ t_-_ J LINEN [--1 J RADIO TRANSMITTERS CABINETI--1 E--] U/// L )
j \1 LOD.ER VENT I _/ AMPLIDYNES_"_ FORE
'_ _- I I V _ AUDIO/TELETYPE I_
OFFiDEJ
%_ I L--_ UP'k_--_I::IPATC"BAY"M
FI
LAV ._ SLOP DOWN L--I

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_-s,o<
T'O'IIL
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I
PASSAGEWAY
_>'l_l IA_'t.P_c_l-1
/ _NTENNA

'_'_-_/ i\ _;\ _1 \-CAGE


STATEROOMNO. 6 I
STATEROOM
NO. 5
STATEROOM
NO. 4 I STATEROOM
NO. 3
STATEROOMNO 2 STATEROOM NO
" I '

I.AV
C ]LAV ,AVE ]LAY ,-AV
E _LAV
_ _'_SHOWER _ _ _'SHOWER _ _ ,'_'EHOWER
1__ _ o2 ,-°
l APPROXIMATELY59' iJ

STARBOARD

FIGURE5-11. TRANSMITTER
EQUIPMENTAREA--ATLANTIC SHIP AND INDIAN OCEAN SHIP

5-21
MG-101-2

%;

CHIEF*
J M&O

SITE CAPSULE
ENGINEER** COMMUNICATOR

TELEMETRY' AEROMEDICAL
AND TIMING MONITOR

ACQUISITION AID CAPSULE


AND CONSOLE MONITOR

m CAPSULEVOICE TRANSMITTERS
CAPSULEVOICE RECEIVERS

-- HF GROUND TRANSMITTERS
HF GROUND RECEIVERS

--TELETYPE

B COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNICIAN'SCONSOLE

*OPERATESTECHNICIANSINTERCOMPOSITION
**MAINTAINS AND OPERATESACQUISITION
AID AND CONSOLE

FIGURE 5-12. SITE ADMINISTRATION--ATLANTIC SHIP AND INDIAN OCEAN SHIP

5-22
M6-101-2 N
0
Z

Section 6

GRAND CANARY ISLAND, MUCHEA


0 WOOMERA, GUAYMAS, AND CORPUS CHRISTI
MG-101-2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraph Title Page Paragraph Title Page


6.1 Purpose of the Sites 6-1 Grand Canary Island 6-8
6.2 Systems 6-1 Muchea,Australia 6-8
Ground Communications Woomera, Australia 6-8
System 6-1 Guaymas, Mexico 6-8
TimingSystem 6-2 CorpusChristi,Texas 6-9
Acquisition System 6-2 6.8 Site Personnel Facilities and Serv-
Telemetry System 6-4 ices (Housing, Medical Facilities, i
Capsule Communications Recreational Facilities, Mail Sere-
System 64 ice, ReligiousFacilities, Clothing,
Radar System 6-5 and Food) 6-9
Grand Canary Island 6-10
Command Transmitting System 6-5
6.3 Equipment Allocations 6-5 Muchea, Australia 6-10
6.4 EquipmentLocations 6-5 Woomera,Australia 6-10
6.5 Site Administration 6-7 Guaymas, Mexico 6-11
Corpus Christi, Texas 6-11
6.6 Geographic and Climatic Data 6-7 6.9 Miscellaneous Information (Mon-
d Grand Canary Island 6-7 ey, Taxes, Passport, Visa, and Im-
Muchea, Australia 6-7 munization Requirements) 6-12
Woomera, Australia 6-7 Grand Canary Island 6-12
Guaymas, Mexico 6-7 Muehea, Australia 6-12
Corpus Christi, Texas 6-7 Woomera, Australia 6-12
6.7 Transportation and Communica- Guaymas,Mexico 6-12
tions 6-8 CorpusChristi,Texas 6-14

6-i
MG-101-2

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Title Page Figure Title Page


6-1 Master Functional Block Diagram 6-16 Functional Block Diagram, Radar
--Muchea and Guaymas 6-15 System--Woomera 6-31
6-2 Master Functional Block Diagram 6-17 Area Map---Grand Canary Island 6-33
--Grand Canary Island 6-16
6-18 Site Plan--Grand Canary Island 6-34
6-3 Master Functional Block Diagram
----Woomera, Australia 6-17 6-19 Floor Plan--Grand Canary Island 6-35
6-4 Master Functional Block Diagram 6-20 Verlort Radar Van--Grand Ca-
-Corpus Christi, Texas 6-18 nary Island, Guaymas, Kauai, and
6-5 Ground Communications, Tele- Corpus Christi 6-36
typewriter Line-Sharing Layout 6-19 6-21 Area Map -- Muchea and Woo-
6-6 Block Diagram, Typical Timing mera 6-37
System 6-21 6-22 SitePlan--Muchea 6-38

6-7 Block Diagram, Acquisition Sys- 6-23 Floor Plan, Telemetry and Control
tem 6-22 Area Muchea 6-39
6-8 Functional Block Diagram, Te-
lemetry System--Grand Canary 6-24 Transmitter Van -- Muchea and
Island, Woomera, and Corpus Guaymas 6-40
Christi 6-23 6-25 SitePlan--Woomera, Australia 6-41
6-9 Functional Block Diagram, Te- 6-26 Floor Plan, Telemetry and Con- _
lemetry System- Muchea and trolArea--Woomera 6-42
Guaymas 6-24
6-27 Transmitter Van--Grand Canary
6-10 Air-Ground Communications Fa- Island, Woomera, Point Arguello,
cilities--Grand Canary Island 6-25 and Corpus Christi 6-43
6-11 Air-Ground Communications Fa-
cilities_Muchea 6-26 6-28 Area Map---Guaymas 6-44
6-12 Air-Ground Communications Fa- 6-29 Site Plan--Guaymas 6-45
cilities -- Woomera and Corpus 6-30 Floor Plan, Telemetry and Control
Christi 6-27 Area--Guaymas 6-46
6-13 Air-Ground Communications Fa- 6-31 Area Map---Corpus Christi 6-47
cilities--Guaymas 6-28
6-14 Functional Block Diagram, Radar 6-32 Rodd
AreasField, Showing Mercury 6-48
System--Grand Canary Island 6-29
6-15 Functional Block Diagram, Radar 6-33 Telemetry and Control Area--
System---Muchea, Guaymas, and Corpus Christi 6-49
Corpus Christi 6-30 6-34 Site Administration 6-50

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page Table Title Page


6-1 Equipment Allocations--Grand Woomera, Australia; Guaymas, _,__
Canary Island; Muehea, Australia; Mexico; Corpus Christi, Texas 6-6

6-ii
MG- 101-2

SECTION 6. GRAND CANAR.Y ISLAND; MUCHEA, AUSTRALIA;


WOOMERA, AUSTRALIA; GUAYMAS, MEXICO;

CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS

6.1 PURPOSE OF THE SITES intercommunication facilities for a completely


In addition to the functions and systems noted instrumented site, but is applicable to all sites,
in Figure 1-4 of this manual, the sites are im- by excluding those subsystems and associated
portant to Project Mercury for the following connections which are not supplied at a par-
reasons, ticularsite.
a. Grand Canary Island is necessary for track- Communications facilities between Grand Ca-
ing purposes should the capsule flight be nary Island and London are leased from Trans
aborted in the latter stages of the launching and Radio
Canaria.Espafiola, located
thisatsite
SanisLorenzo,
Data from then sentGran
via
pass beyond the range of the Bermuda tracking
radars. Data acquired at this station can aid the Atlantic cable to New York and via leased
facilities to Goddard and Cape Canaveral.
materially in computing the impact point or a
capsule flight aborted at this time. All communications facilities at Australia are
leased from the Australian Post Office Au-
b. Muchea, Australia, is located at the ap- thority.
proximate midpoint
command radio of anas orbit
facilities well asand possesses
radar track- Primary communications facilities from Guay-
ing capabilities. Inasmuch as radar tracking mas, Mexico, and Corpus Christi, Texas, are
"-/ data is used to continually refine orbital param- by leased facilities. Secondary facilities via
eter data predicted by the computing station other types of facilities (radio, etc.) may be
(Goddard), data obtained from Muchea is provided at a later time if deemed necessary
for increased reliability or other reasons.
most useful in correcting computer predictions,
due to capsule deviation from the predicted Line-sharing equipment is provided at Muehea
path. and Woomerato reduce the requirementsfor
intersite teletype transmission facilities, and to
Figures illustrating the overall instrumentation provide an emergency path for each station,
of the sites covered in this section are as follows, should a primary path fail. Line-sharing equip-
Figure 6-i Master Functional Block Din- ment accepts messages from various sites, stores
gram--Muchea and Guaymas. them until the facilities to the message destina-
Figure 6-2 Master Functional Block Dia- tion are idle, and then transmits them on a
gram--Grand Canary Island. sequential basis.
Figure 6-3 Master Functional Block Dia- The basic arrangement of the circuits through
gram--Woomera, this equipment and various sites which share the
Figure 6-4 Master Functional Block Dia- facilities is shown in Figure 6-5.
gram--Corpus Christi. Units required for each message channel are
teletype tape reperforators, which place the in-
6.2 SYSTEMS comingmessage on a tape for temporary stor-
age, and a transmitter which reads the stored
6.2.1 Ground Communications System message from the same tape and forwards it
Figure 1-3 illustrates the world-wide network as soon as the line facilities become idle. Addi-
of Project Mercury which is used to communi- tional controlling relays are provided for trans-
eate with the Goddard communications and mitting the waiting messages on a sequential
computing center and the Mercury Control basis, as well as alarm circuits to indicate a mal-
J Center at Cape Canaveral. Figure 1-2 indicates function of the equipment.

6-1
MG-101-2

Equipment supplied at Muchea consists of a to one cycle per minute by frequency dividing
reperforator and transmitter for messages re- circuits. A check of the system is provided by
layed through this point from the Indian Ocean visually comparing, on an oscilloscope, the
Ship, another reperforator-transmitter combina- one-pulse-per-second output of the timing sys-
tion for nonradar messages from Muchea, and tern and the once-per-seco_l tone burst of
a spare reperforator-transmitter for emergency WWV.
use. Importantoutputsof this systemare as follows.

Woomera is equipped with two complete in- a. An output representing the GMT in hours,
stailations as enumerated for Muchea. The first minutes, and seconds, is used in the data proc-
installation handles message traffic as follows: essing and data conversion equipment to time-
one reperforator-transmitter combination proc- tag radar data, and to drive certain time dis-
esses nonradar messages from the Woomera site; plays.
the second reperforator-transmitter combination
processes the S-band radar messages from b. A pulse from the timing equipment every
Muchea; a spare reperforator-transmitter corn- six seconds causes radar data to be read out.
bination is supplied. The second installation at c. The telemetry data is time-tagged for tele-
Woomera handles message traffic as follows: type transmission. The time reference is GMT,
one reperforator-transmitter processes Woomera which is delivered in the serial form (sequential
radar data; the second reperforator-transmitter rather than simultaneous) in a ten-pulse-per-
processes the messages received from the fine- second pulse train.
sharing equipment at Muchea; a spare reper-
forator-transmitter is provided. 6.2.3 Acquisition System
The function of the acquisition system (es-
Manual patching provides a high degree of flex- sentially an antenna pointing device) is to aid '.-_
ibility in handling the messages passing through the antennas associated with the site subsystems
these stations. Should cable facilities be in trou- to acquire signals emanating from the capsule
ble between locations, the remaining facilities (Figure 6-7).
may be used in conjunction with the above
equipment. Proper functioningof the system depends on
error voltages. These voltages are developed by
6.2.2 Timing System measurement of the time difference at winch
the signal transmitted by the capsule arrives at
The timing system provides time correlation of the different elements of a special antenna pro-
data collected from radar and telemetry sys- vided for this purpose. The magnitude of these
tems, and it provides a driving source for the error voltages is greater as the antenna points
control area time displays (Figure 6-6). The away from the capsule and is least when the
time reference used is that of Greenwich Mean antenna is aimed directly at the source of the
Time (GMT) expressed in hours, minutes, and signal.
seconds. The differencein arrival time of the signal
A receiver is tuned to the frequency of WWV at the antenna elements (phase difference) is
measured by an acquisition aid receiver which
(the received
rials Bureau offrom
Standards radio are
this station station). Sig-a
used as is designed for this purpose.
reference standard against which a stable one- Error voltages developed by this system are
megacycle oscillator is compared and adjusted, amplified and displayed on appropriate meters
so that the oscillator frequency agrees with the to aid a system operator in manually correcting
frequency of the incoming signal. This compari- the antenna position until antenna pointing
son is accomplished at a convenient point in error is at a minimum, as evidenced by mini-
the circuits of the site's timing system, winch mum error voltage indications. When the an-
supplies various output frequencies from 1 kc tenna pointing is done automatically by the _-"

6-2
MG-101-2

system, the error voltages are applied directly Cablewrap indicators (lamps on the console)
to the antenna pedestal, repositioning the an- are also supplied to indicate when antenna ro-
tenna to keep it pointed at the target, ration is either clockwise or counterclockwise
from its resting point, and towards rotational
Two types of consoles are provided for system limits which are established because of the per-
operation at these sites, manent connection of antenna cable to the
antenna. "Valid tracking" lamps are also sup-
a. The active acquisition aid control console plied. Their function is in the description of
controls the operation of the active acquisition system operation.
aid and the manual, automatic, or slaved oper-
ation of the acquisition aid antenna. These Since the acquisition aid antenna receiving pat-
types of operation are as follows, tern has a 20-degree beamwidth, the acquisition
system is capable of acquiring the target early
(1) Manual operation is the control of and furnishing refined capsule position informa-
antenna position with handwheels on the con- tion to all other steerable antenna pedestals at
sole. Visual indications are provided to show the site. Since the area to be searched has been
the azimuth and elevation coordinates selected greatly decreased, radar equipments with beam-
with handwheels provided on this unit. widths of less than 3 degrees may now acquire
the target more readily.
(2) Automatic operation is the control of
antenna position by the active acquisition aid During system operation the operator receives
receiver without manual assistance. Control is an acquisition message which gives the expected
accomplished by the directional-sensing capa- coordinates (azimuth and elevation) and the
bilities of a quad-helix antenna array (on the expected time of arrival of the capsule at the
AR-pedestal), associated hybrid, and acquisi- site's geographical location. Additional mes-
.---2 tion receiver. A telemetry signal is converted sages also sent to these sites indicate the ex-
into antenna positioning voltages after process- peered coordinates at one-minute intervals after
ing through this equipment, the time of the capsule's arrival. The operator
positions his handwheels until the appropriate
(3) Slaved operation is the control of the indicators show that the antennas are pointed
acquisition aid antenna by positioning voltages toward the coordinates given in the acquisition
supplied by other antennas on the site, as from message. When the capsule signals are received
the radar antennas, by the system, manual corrections of antenna
position are made to obtain minimum error
Signal strength meters provided on tlfis console voltage indications on the appropriate meters.
aid selection of the stronger of the two teleme. The system is then placed in AUTOMATIC
try frequencies transmitted by the capsule. The operation, and the antennas follow the capsule
strength of the signal received through the ac- position automatically.
quisition aid receiver is also indicated by a While in the automatic mode of operation, the
signal strength meter. Error voltages, indicat- system continues to automatically track the
ing the correction voltages applied to the ac- capsule while the capsule remains within radio
quisition aid antenna pedestal, are displayed
on this console. range of the sites.
Valid tracking signals (lamps on the aequisi-
b. The acqubrition data console indicates the tion data console) are lighted to indicate when
control mode (manual, automatic, or slaved) either type of radar is tracking the capsule
and the azimuth and elevation of the various automatically. The acquisition data console
steerable antennas at the site. The acquisition operator can then select the radar to control
data console allows any of the steerable anten- the aiming of the other site antennas through a
has at the site to be slaved to the source fur- master control circuit provided in the system.
"-J nishing the most accurate tracking information. This control circuit causes all antennas under

6-3
MG-101-2

control of the system to follow or slave to the 6.2.5 Capsule Communications System
control source chosen by the Acquisition Data Air-ground communications facilities at these
Console Operator. The acquisition system also sites use high-frequency (I-IF) and ultra-high-
continues to track the capsule throughout the frequency (UHF) voice receiving and trans-
pass, so that control of the site antennas can be mitring amplitude modulated equipment. See
restored to the active acquisition aid if the Figures 6-10 through 6-13 for system block dia-
radar should lose the capsule at any time. grams. Equipment locations are indicated on
area drawings for the sites.
6.2.4 Telemetry System
Functional block diagrams provided for the NOTE
telemetry systems at these sites are:
The receiving system is the same for all
Figure 6-8----Grand Canary Island of the above sites.
Woomera Receiving antennas are mounted on steerable
Corpus Christi pedestals under control of the acquisition sys-
tem, as described in paragraph 6.2.3. The UHF
Figure 6-9---Muchea signals are received on the same quad-helix
Guaymas antenna arrays used for telemetry signal recep-
tion. The I-IF signals are received by separate
System operation is as follows, dipole antennas, which are mounted on the same
Two quad-helix antenna arrays, each located pedestals as the UItF antennas. The UI-IF re-
on a separate pedestal, are used to obtain both ceiver outputs are fed to a diversity combiner
height and space diversity. Four receivers are where the signals are combined to add their
arranged in two pairs, with each pair tuned to output strength and minimize noise. The three .
one of two selected frequencies in the 225-260 output signals available are receiver #1, receiver
megacycle band. The outputs of each pair of #2, and the composite signal derived from the
receivers are fed into a diversity combiner, a diversity combiner. These three signals are then
device which effectively adds the signals and im- fed to the communications technician console
proves the apparent signal-to-noise ratio. The ItF-UI-IF selector switch. The best signal is
outputs of the diversity combiner (two at each selected and applied to the site intercom. The
site) plus the four basic output signals from the I-IF receiver outputs are normally processed by
above receivers provide six possible sources of a diversity relay actuator, which automatically
information. These are fed to the telemetry selects the stronger of the incoming signals. This
demodulation ecjuipment where a manual selec- signal is compared with the UI-IF signal at the
tion is made of the signal to be demodulated, communications technician console, where the
A spectrum analyzer is employed in selecting better signal is selected for application to the
the best source of information obtained from the flight controller air-ground receiving network.
above equipment. These system refinements add The HF receiver outputs also are brought di-
greatly to the overall system reliability, rectly to the communications technician con-
sole, bypassing the I-IF diversity relay actuator,
Selected data from the above equipment is where either receiver output can be selected as
routed to various displays fur monitoring dur- described above.
ing the capsule pass, and the output of each
receiver and diversity combiner is recorded for All voice for
recorded communication with the capsule is
future reference.
a permanent record. Approximately 20 quan-
tities and notations, derived from the telemetry The transmitting antennas are mounted on a
signals observed during the capsule transit are steerable antenna pedestal under direction of the
incorporated into a standard format and trans- acquisition system as described above. Both
mitred via teletype to the Goddard Space Flight HF and UHF transmitters ean be keyed (or op-
Center after the capsule has passed, erated) either individually or simultaneously.

6-4
MG-101-2

J
Transmitting systems at Grand Canary Island, is provided at Muchea and Guaymas for corn-
Woomera, and Corpus Christi are practically mand radio purposes, that is, to transmit corn-
identical and differ only in that Grand Canary mands from the sites to the capsule (Figures
Island has a standby I-IF transmitter. All of 6-11, 6-13, 6-24). These commands initiate or
these transmitters have an output power of ap- modify certain programmed events within the
proximately 100 watts. The standby I-IF trans- capsule, including firing of the retrorockets to
mitter at Grand Canary is used for recovery initiate reentry of the capsule into the atmos-
communication with the capsule, phere, and resetting the clocks and timers within
6.2.6 Radar System the capsule, etc. The output power of these
transmitters is 500 watts (nominal). Automatic
Functional system block diagrams are provided devices are provided to sense failure of modu-
for these sites as follows: lation or output power in either the regular or
Figure 6-14 Grand Canary Island a spare transmitter. Failure of the regular sys-
Figure 6-15--Muchea tem components causes an automatic switchover
Guaymas to the spare equipment, with attendant alarms.
Corpus Christi
In addition to the failure sensing devices pro-
Figure 6-16--Woomera vided for the command system, verification of
NOTE successful transmission of commands to the cap-
The radar at Woomera is an FPS-16 sule can be obtained by observing that corres-
ponding changes have occurred in the telemetry
(C-band). The other four sites are information received at the site.
equipped with Verlort (S-band) type
radar. An emergencycommunicationsfeature is
available at sites equipped with command radio
The Verlort radar supplies precise tracking transmitters. Either of the two transmitters
data within its nominal range of 700 miles. (which are frequency modulated) can be voice
After processing by conversion equipment, this modulated for voice transmission to the cap-
data is sent via teletype to the Goddard Space sule. The Astronaut can respond by keying the
Flight Center. In addition, this radar is used as telemetry transmitter in the same manner that
a controlling source by the acquisition system a radio message is transmitted by code or inter-
for pointing the other antennas at the site, when rupted continuous wave.
the radar operator signifies, by a valid tracking
signal, that the radar is effectively and accurately 6.3 EQUIPMENT ALLOCATIONS
tracking the capsule. This function is explained
in paragraph 6.2.3. Table 6-1 lists the major equipments at the
sites.
The FPS-16 radar has a very narrow antenna
beamwidth and is capable of providing very
precise tracking data throughout its nominal 6.4 EQUIPMENT LOCATIONS
500-mile range. Data from this radar must also Equipment locations are specified on the site
be converted to a teletype form for transmis- drawing. A list of these drawings follows:
sion via teletype to the Goddard Space Flight Figures 6-18,-19,-20,-27- Grand Canary
Center. This radar is also incorporated into Island
the acquisition system, both as a directed and as Figures 6-22,-23,-23 --Muchea
a directing unit, as explained in paragraph 6.2.3. Figures 6-25,-26,-27 -- Woomera
6.2.7 Command Transmitting System Figures 6-20,-24,-29,-30 -- Guaymas
Additional transmitting air-ground equipment Figures 6-20,-27,-32,-33--Corpus Christi

6-5
MG-IO1-2

TABLE 6-1
EQUIPMENT ALLOCATIONS--GRAND CANARY ISLAND; MUCHEA, AUSTRALIA;
WOOMERA, AUSTRALIA; GUAYMAS, MEXICO; CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS

System Equipment Type or Model Supplied By

Acquisition Active Acquisition Aid (2) Conoga Cuble


Acquisition Data Console (2) Bendix Radio
Synchro Remoting System Milgo
Synehro Line Amplifiers
Radar S-band(SeeNote1) Verlort Reeves
Traeking C-band(SeeNote2) FPS-16 RCA
Data Radarto Teletype Converter 165 Milgo
Processing A/D--D/A Converters (See Note 3) 4005T and 4005R Milgo
System Polar/Cartesian Coordinate Converter 4003 Milgo
Plotboard 3010 Milgo
Telemetry Preamplifiers PR-203 Nems-Clarke
Receiver 1434 Nems-Clarke
Receiver 1412 Nems-Clarke
Diversity Combiner DCA 500 Nems-Clm'ke
Decommutators 90/90 TDS-90 Arnoux
Discriminators TDA- 102 Bendix
Tape Recorder FR-114 Ampex
Decommutators 90/15 (See Note 4) TDS-90 Arnoux
Displays Capsule Communicator Console Bendix "_
Aeromedical Observer Console Bendix
Capsule Observer Console Bendix
Capsule Transmitter AN/FRW-2 Col/ins-Alpha
Command Audio Coder KY-171/URW Collins-Alpha
Transmitting Coder Controller C-1669/URW Col/ins-Alpha
System
(See Note 4)
Capsule Com- HF Transmitter CS-2029 Gates
munications HF Trans-Remote Control M5167 Gates
HF Receiver 390A/URR Collins
UI-IF Transmitter, consisting of: AN/GRT-3 Radio Receptor
UHF Transmitter T282/GR Radio Receptor
Modulator-PWR Sttoply MD-141A/GR Radio Receptor
UHF Receiver R278B/GR Collins
Power Modulation Monitor SG41.1 and Mc3ones
SG 41.2
TapeRecorder 728 Magnacord
SidetoneLineAmplifier LA200 BendixRadio
Timing Time Standard Rack Bendix Radio
Assembly

Notes: 1. Located at Grand Canary Island, Muchea, 3. Located at Grand Canary Island only.

2. Guaymas,
Located at and Corpus only.
Woomera Christi. 4. Located at Muchea and Guaymas only.

6-6
MG-101-2

_J
6.5 SITE ADMINISTRATION The average annual rainfall is approximately
See Figure 6-34. 35 inches, the most falling from May to Sep-
tember.
6.6 GEOGRAPHIC AND CLIMATIC
DATA 6.6.3 Woomera, Australia

6.6.1 Grand Canary Island The general location of the Mercury site is
The Canary Islands, volcanic in origin, are a shown on Figure 6-21. The site is located on the
semiarid to arid (desert) area. Grand Canary Australian Research Establishment range, and
Island is approximately circular in shape, witk is near the town of Woomera, which is 300 miles
a diameter of 28 to 30 miles. A volcanic cone north of the city of Adelaide. Site coordinates
rises to a height of 6,000 feet in the centrat are latitude 31012 ' S, longitude 137°06 ' E.
area. Deposits from past activity of this de- The climate is moderate and is very similar
funct cone have created coastal lowlands up to that found in the Muchea area. Average
to two kilometers (11/4 miles) in width. The temperatures are: summer 72.9"F, winter
Mercury site is located near the sea on one of 53.3 °F. Seasons are reversed from those of the
these lowlands, as shown in Figure 6-17. Northern Hemisphere, with summer occurring
The site is 20 feet above sea level and 40 miles from mid-December to mid-March. The aver-
from Las Palmas, the capital and largest city on age annual rainfall is approximately 21 inches.
the island. Site coordinates are latitude 27045 ' The area humidity is relatively low.
N, longitude 15°36 ' W.
Grand Canary Island has an arid climate, and 6.6.4 Guaymas, Mexico
fair weather predominates. Average rainfall is Guaymas is located 270 miles south of Nogales,
5 to 7 inches. Arizona, (Figure 6-28) on the eastern coast of
Prevailing winds are NNW. Average tempers- the Gulf of California. Guaymas, Mexico, is a
tures are 73°F in summer and 67°F in winter, fishing and resort center, with a population of
High and low temperatures and average humid- approximately 18,000. Site coordinates are
ity are as follows: latitude 28.00* N, longitude 110.83° E.
Average
Maximum Mh_imum HumMity Temperatures range from a summer high of
Summer 83 ° 65 ° 75% 107°F to a winter low of 41.3"F. Based on otfi-
Winter 75 ° 58 ° 68% ciai records for u five-year period, the hottest
months are July, August, and September with
No
encedhurricanes or typhoons have been experi-
in this area. average temperatures of 87°F, and a rainfall of
1.8, 3.0, and 2.1 inches, respectively, for these
6.6.2 Muchea, Australia months. December through March have average
The general location of the Mercury site is temperatures in the upper 60's. The rate of pre-
shown on Figure 6-21. The site is near the cipitation during this period exceeds one inch
town of Muchea, which is approximately 17 only in December. Maximum rainfall recorded
miles northeast of Perth, as shown in Figure 6- for a 24-hour period during the past ten years
19. The site coordinates are latitude 30* S, was 4.6 inches.
longitude 135" W. Heavy storms are rare and no hurricanes have
The climate is moderate and is similar to that been recorded in the past ten years. Prevailing
of southern California. Seasons are reversed winds are from the southwest and are gentle.
from those of the United States with summer
occurring from mid-December to mid-March. 6.6.5 Corpus Christi, Texas
Temperature extremes and averages are: The Mercury site is located at Rodd Field,
Extremes Average a deactivated airfield, formerly an auxiliary
._.j Summer 85.1 ° 73.5 ° training base for the Naval Air Station at
Winter 47.8° 55.5° Corpus Christi (Figure 6-31).

6-7
MG-101-2

The site is in southern Texas near Route 357, 6.7.2 Muchea, Australia
and is approximately seven air miles southwest Bus transportation is available from the Met-
of the United States Naval Air Station. Site eury site to the city of Perth. The Department
coordinates are latitude 27.67 ° N, longitude of Supply (Australian) augments this service
97.33 ° W. with other transportation when the site is opera-
The climate is classified as intermediate be- tional.
tween the conditions of the humid subtropical Fast modern aircraft link all state capitals
area to the northeast and the semiarid area to (Perth is the capital of Western Australia), and
the west. The average annual precipitation is many other locations. Several airlines operate
about 26 inches, with the heaviest rainfall dur- between Australia and the United States, in-
ing May and June, and during September and eluding Pan American Airways, British Over-
October. High and low temperatures, and rela- seas Airlines, and Qantas Empire Airways (the
tive humidity figures are: Australian government's overseas airline). The
Relative Qantas Airline operates two-way jet service
Temperature Humidity around the world and through the United States,
making possible direct flights, routed either
High Low High Low New York-San Francisco-Sydney, Australia, or
Summer 86.5 ° 78.5 ° 68% 58% New York-London-Sydney, Australia. Pan
Winter 63.1 ° 53.1 ° 75% 63% American Airways operates a Los Angeles-
Sydney route.

6.7 TRANSPORTATION AND Intra-Australia transportation is also provided


COMMUNICATIONS by a 27,000-mile, state-government-owned rail-
way network, which offers efficient, speedy, and
6.7.1 Grand Canary Island reasonably priced train service. Fair to good "_
Transportation by automobile from Las Palmas roads link most of the settled areas.
to the site takes approximately ll/z hours. The
road from Las Palmas is level and is paved, Two shipping companies, the Orient Line and
except for the last five miles. A bus line makes the Matson Line, have regular passenger sail-
two round trips to the site area daily. Taxis ings from San Francisco to Australia.
and tourist cars are available at reasonable rates. The local communication facilities are good,
Local coummnications facilities are good. The and are under the control of the British Post
telephone facilities are provided by Compafi_a Office.
Telef6nica National de Espafia with general
o/flees in Las Palmas. Telephone and telegraph 6.7.3 Woomera, Australia
services are available to the continental United Local transportation is provided by the Aus-
States. tralianauthorities.

Air transportation to Las Palmas and Tenerife For information concerning other modes of
(a nearby island) originates from Madrid and transportation and communication refer to the
Seville, Spain. There are several flights each previous paragraph 6.7.2 on Muchea, Australia.
week, and the nonstop flying time is 5 hours.
Daily interisland flights are available between 6.7.4 Guaymas, Mexico
Las Palmas and Tenerife.
Air service to Guaymas is provided every
Steamship service to the island is currently on a other day. The landing strip at Guaymas is un-
semiweekly basis, with service between Grand paved and accommodates daylight service only.
Canary Island and Barcelona or Cadiz, Spain. The DC-3 aircraft servicing Guaymas carry
Steamship travel time is approximately 31/2 some airfreight. They are operated by Aero-
days. navesdeMexico.Nightand dayserviceis avail-

6-8
MG-101-2

able at Hermasillo, however, which has a paved Bus service is available from Miramar to Guay-
and lighted landing strip accommodating DC-7 mas, and is a typical rural Mexican service.
aircraft. Taxis can be hired from Hennasillo to It is not recommended for transportation to
Guaymas, a distance of 70 miles, the site. The local taxicab company rents cars
Raft service to Guaymas is provided by one by the day, week, or month for this purpose.
train north and one train south each day. A A General Motors dealer and service station
spur track, located at Empalme, is approxi- are located in Guaymas.
mutely 10 kilometers (6.25 miles) from the Cable, wire, and telephone service are avail-
Mercurysite. ablein Gaaymas.

Trucking is recommended inasmuch as the 6.7.5 Corpus Christi, Texas


Mercury site is 14 kilometers (8.7 miles) east
of Guaymas, and this mode of transportation There are three airports in or near the city
eliminates the problem of reshipping supplies of Corpus Christi. Braniff, Eastern Air Lines,
from the rail terminal to the site. and Trans-Texas provide service in the area.
Rental automobiles are available with or with- Three railroads, the Missouri Pacific, the South-
out drivers. Costs are variable, depending ern Pacific (freight only), and the Texas-Mex-
upon local arrangements made at the time of lean (freight only), provide rail service to the
rental. Inasmuch as the site is 20 kilometers area.

(12.5 miles) to the recommended housing at Continental Trailways, Union Trailways, and
Miramar Beach, the resort section of Guaymas,
Greyhound provide intercity bus service.
personnel assigned to this site should consider
use of their personal cars, but under the follow- Intracity transportation is provided by a local
ing considerations, bus line and by taxi service. The Southwestern
Private cars must be bonded prior to Mexican Bell
service.Telephone Company provides telephone
entry inasmuch as U.S. insurance, with few ex-
ceptions, does not provide adequate or recog- 6.8 SITE PERSONNEL FACILITIES
nized coverage. The U.S. Consulate can provide AND SERVICES
a list of reputable insurance brokers at the vari-
ous ports of entry. Car permits valid for 90 6.8.1 Grand Canary Island
days, must be obtained from Mexican Customs
at the port of entry. Failure to renew a permit Site personnel live in offsite housing available
results in a fine three times the amount of the in Las Palmas, a city of approximately 200,000
normal customs duty, which is usually the value population. Hotel accommodations are avail-
of the car. Proof of ownership of the vehicle able at $4.00 to $7.00 per day. Three-room
must be shown entering and leaving Mexico. furnished apartments are available at approxi-
In addition, a notarized affidavit authorizing mutely $150.00 to $200.00 per month. There
use of the vehicle in Mexico must accompany are many furnished houses and villas for rent
a vehicle not owned by the operator. Tourist along the coast.
cards are noted "with car", and the tourist may Medical and dental facilities are adequate, with
not leave the country without the vehicle un- English-speaking doctors in Las Palmas. Drugs
less special arrangements are made with the and medical supplies are available in ample
Mexican Custom officials. In this case a bond quantities. A new hospital is under eonstrne-
costing approximately $13.00 (160 pesos)must tion at this writing, in addition to hospitals
be paid to the custom officials. Lapsed auto already in service in the city.
registration must be renewed with the state
issuing the lapsed registration. The new reglstra- Recreational facilities available include boat-
tion license and plates can be forwarded to U.S. ing, fishing, golf, and swimming. Spectator
.j Border Customs for reclaiming upon reentry sports include football, greyhound racing, box-
into the United States. ing, and basque bail.

6-9
MG-101-2

Airmail service to the United States is fair, The same variety of meats, vegetables, and
with approximately five days required for de- groceries found in the United States are sup-
livery, plied in Australia. Prices of pork and poultry
Catholie services (in Spanish) are conducted are slightly higher than U.S.A. prices, but beef
and mutton are lower priced. Vegetable and
in all large towns. There are no Protestant serv- grocery prices are also slightly lower than those
ices held in Las Palmas. of the United States.
Special clothing is not required for the area.
Clothing selections should be made based on The electrical power supply in Perth and
the climatic data supplied for this site. Hats throughout Western Australia is 250/440-volt,
are recommended because of the hot sun. A 40-cycle, 3-phase alternating current (AC).
wide selection of elothlng is available, at prices For this reason, many U.S. appliances, includ-
somewhat lower than those charged in the New ing radios, will not work in the area. License
York area. fees are charged for using personally owned
Fruits, vegetables, and fish are plentiful and radios
applied and television sets, with the revenue
to the government broadcasting serr-
ate relatively cheap. Good meats are not ob- ices for programs without commercials. The
tainable. Bottled water is commonly used and fee for radio sets is $6.20 per year, and for
is available in Las Palmas and other city areas television receivers, $11.25 per year.
most of the year. There is presently a good
supply of English canned foods, and the situa-
tion is expected to improve in the future as local 6.8.3 Woomera, Australia
firms are preparing to import English and No commercial hotels or motels are available
American foods in greater quantities, in this area, which adds to a housing problem
6.8.2 Muehea, Australia at the site. Small housing units, apartments,
and single quarters are available at Woomera
Site personnel live in offsite housing in Perth, Village, but are assigned by the authorities on
the capital and largest city of Western Aus- an "as needed" basis. The cost of a single
tralia. There are over twenty hotels in the quarters is approximately $1.50 per night. Be-
city with average rates from $4.00 to $7.00 cause of the housing difficulties outlined above,
per day. Two-room furnished apartments rent it is recommended that no attempt be made
for approximately $17.00 per week. to bring a family to this area.
There are adequate medical and dental facil-
There is a hospital at the site, with doctors in
ities in Perth. The Royal Perth Hospital is a
modern hospital and is currently undergoing attendance.
modifications and expansion. Recreational facilities are somewhat limited,
Recreational facilities are abundant, including but a movie theater and swimming pool are
fishing, swimming, boating, golf, tennis, movies, provided.

etc. Religious services for Anglican, Protestant, and


Airmail service to the United States requires Roman Catholic denominations are held in
approximately four days. Regular mail (via Woomera. Other denominations hold religious
ship) requires approximately thirty days. services in Adelaide, a city some 300 miles to
Major religious denominations holding serv- tile south.
ices in Perth are Anglican, Roman Catholic,
Presbyterian, Lutheran, Christian Science, Electrical power in this area is 240-volt, 50-
Seventh Day Adventist, Baptist, and Jewish. cycle AC, so many appliances of U.S. manu-
facture will not work.
No special clothing is required. There is a
good selection of clothing available, with prices For information concerning clothing and food
approximately the same as in the United States. costs, refer to paragraph 6.8.2.

6-10
MG-101-2

6.8.4 Guaymas, Mexico cooked and care should be used with ice, as in
Private home rentals are not recommended, due mixed drinks. There are no sanitary sewers
to the lack of conveniences considered essen- outside the central part of the city.
tial in the U.S. home and the problems en- Guaymas offers the typical recreations to be
countered with local food and the city water found in a Mexican tourist and fishing resort,
supply. A number of hotels and motels are including fishing, swimming, boating, and
listed for the convenience of site personnel, with movies. Dances are also held at some of the
rates where known, local hotels. There are no television programs
a. Hotel Miramar--Owned by the Mayor of in the area. Electrical power supply is 115-
Guaymas, air-conditioned, and with restaurant volts, 60-cycle AC. U.S. appliances, such as
facilities. Rates are $4.80 per day, excluding shavers and radios, function normally.
meals. Reduction in rates are granted for ex- Three days are required for airmail service to
tended rentals. This hotel overlooks Miramar Los Angeles, four days are required to Detroit.
Beach. The average daily cost for food is 100 Airmail must be at the Guaymas post office
pesos ($8.50). before noon to be dispatchedon that day, regu-
b. Hotel Plava de Cortes Air-conditioned lar mail (by train) before 7 P.M.
with swinmming pool and dining room. The
daily rate including meals for one person is NOTE
186 pesos ($15.00). Guaymas is two hours behind New
c. Guaymas Inn--Located 3JA miles north of York in time zones.
Guaymas on Route 15. It is air-conditioned, Roman Catholic and Seventh Day Adventist
and has swimming pool, showers, and dining churches are found in Guaymas.
room. Single rates excluding meals are 60
"-J pesos per day ($4.80). Clothingshould be selected in accordance with
the temperature extremes listed paragraph
d. Hotel Casa Grande--No rates available. 6.6.4. All types of clothing are available locally
e. Motel Flamingo--No rates available, at low prices, including shoes. There is a large
f. Motel Armlda--No rates available, dry goods store in the city of Guaymas, similar
to Sears and Roebuck.
NOTE
All rates above are current at tins 6.8.5 Corpus Christi, Texas
writing, but are subject to change and
should be verified. Little American Housing is readily available in the area with
food is available although Mexican numerous hotels, motels, apartments, and
food and sea food are in plentfful homes for rent.
supply. Canned goods, cigarettes, Hotel and motel rates vary upward from
beverages, and spirits of all types are $4.00 per night single. There are upwards of
available, seven trailer parks with rates starting from
A hospital in Guaymas has doctors available. $18.00 per month.
Modern drugs are available in local pharmacies. Rental apartments are nmstly furnished. The
Special precautions to be observed include lowest rentals start at $40.00 per month, but
drinking only bottled water (avoiding the it is difficult to find desirable quarters in this
treated city water which is chlorinated, but price range.
risky), a gradual acclimation to the highly
spiced local foods, light clothing and summer A small number of houses are for rent in the
hats for protection against the high heat and area, with minimum rentals at $45.00 per
bright sun. Diarrhea and amoebic dysentery month and up, depending upon size and con-
_) are present, but medical countermeasures are dition. Houses for sale are plentiful, and range
available. Fresh vegetables should be well in price from $7,000.00 and up.

6-11
MG-101-2

6.8.4 Guaymas, Mexico cooked and care should be used with ice, as in
Private home rentals are not recommended, due mixed drinks. There are no sanitary sewers
to the lack of conveniences considered essen- outside the central part of the city.
tial in the U.S. home and the problems en- Guaymas offers the typical recreations to be
countered with local food and the city water found in a Mexican tourist and fishing resort,
supply. A number of hotels and motels are including fishing, swimming, boating, and
listed for the convenience of site personnel, with movies. Dances are also held at some of the
rates where known, local hotels. There are no television programs
a. Hotel Miramar--Owned by the Mayor of in the area. Electrical power supply is 115-
Guaymas, air-conditioned, and with restaurant volts, 60-cycle AC. U.S. appliances, such as
facilities. Rates are $4.80 per day, excluding shavers and radios, function normally.
meals. Reduction in rates are granted for ex- Three days are required for airmail service to
tended rentals. This hotel overlooks Miramar Los Angeles, four days are required to Detroit.
Beach. The average daily cost for food is 100 Airmail must be at the Guaymas post office
pesos ($8.50). before noon to be dispatchedon that day, regu-
b. Hotel Plava de Cortes Air-conditioned lar mail (by train) before 7 P.M.
with swinmming pool and dining room. The
daily rate including meals for one person is NOTE
186 pesos ($15.00). Guaymas is two hours behind New
c. Guaymas Inn--Located 3JA miles north of York in time zones.
Guaymas on Route 15. It is air-conditioned, Roman Catholic and Seventh Day Adventist
and has swimming pool, showers, and dining churches are found in Guaymas.
room. Single rates excluding meals are 60
"-J pesos per day ($4.80). Clothingshould be selected in accordance with
the temperature extremes listed paragraph
d. Hotel Casa Grande--No rates available. 6.6.4. All types of clothing are available locally
e. Motel Flamingo--No rates available, at low prices, including shoes. There is a large
f. Motel Armlda--No rates available, dry goods store in the city of Guaymas, similar
to Sears and Roebuck.
NOTE
All rates above are current at tins 6.8.5 Corpus Christi, Texas
writing, but are subject to change and
should be verified. Little American Housing is readily available in the area with
food is available although Mexican numerous hotels, motels, apartments, and
food and sea food are in plentfful homes for rent.
supply. Canned goods, cigarettes, Hotel and motel rates vary upward from
beverages, and spirits of all types are $4.00 per night single. There are upwards of
available, seven trailer parks with rates starting from
A hospital in Guaymas has doctors available. $18.00 per month.
Modern drugs are available in local pharmacies. Rental apartments are nmstly furnished. The
Special precautions to be observed include lowest rentals start at $40.00 per month, but
drinking only bottled water (avoiding the it is difficult to find desirable quarters in this
treated city water which is chlorinated, but price range.
risky), a gradual acclimation to the highly
spiced local foods, light clothing and summer A small number of houses are for rent in the
hats for protection against the high heat and area, with minimum rentals at $45.00 per
bright sun. Diarrhea and amoebic dysentery month and up, depending upon size and con-
_) are present, but medical countermeasures are dition. Houses for sale are plentiful, and range
available. Fresh vegetables should be well in price from $7,000.00 and up.

6-11
MG-101-2

b. A tourist card (if the visitor is over 15 years portable radio and television sets are allowed.
old), obtained from any Mexican consul or from A tourist may bring in three bottles of alcoholic
the Mexican Immigration Office at the point beverages, and either two cartons of cigarettes
of entry. Two types of cards are issued, each or a box of 50 cigars. (Raleigh cigarettes are
of which is valid for 180 days: a single entry manufactured in Mexico.)
card, costing approximately $3.00, and a b. Entering the U.S.--Artlcles not exceeding
multiple entry card, costing approximately $200.00 in value may be brought back duty free
$5.00. Two front-view passport size photo- if your visit in Mexico is for less than 12 days.
graphs are required when the latter card is An additional exemption of $300.00 is granted
used. Minors under 15 years of age are in- for stays of more than 12 days, not including,
eluded in their parents' tourist card. however, liquor, wines, and cigars. Citizens
NOTE may bring back 1 gallon of spirits duty free,
Any person on a business trip who is depending upon the laws in the state of their
travelling on a tourist card is subject to permanent or legal residence. It is recom-
fines. Business trips should be cleared mended that a Declaration of Purchases form
through the consulate before departure, be executed in advance of arrival at the point
of entry--this can be obtained prior to entering
Certain immunizations, indicated in Table 1-3, Mexico. It is wise to register articles that may
are recommended for visitors to Mexico. Anti- be considered taxable upon your reentry into
typhoid injections are also recommended. Some the U.S. with customs officials before leaving
water supplies are known to contain cholera the country, to avoid possible payment of a
germs, indicating desirability of an anticholera duty on these items when returning to the U.S.
injection.
Tax requirements for Mercury personnel are Gifts in packages, not exceeding $10.00, may
not clearly defined at this writing. It is antici- be sent to the U.S. without declaration, U.S.
pared that the Mexican tax structure will create Customs duty, or tax thereon.
no additional problems for personnel assigned Different units of measurement are used in
here, because of deductions allowed by the Mexico. These are listed along with conversion
Federal Government for taxes paid to a foreign factors to U.S. equivalents.
country, a. Distance--The unit of measurement is the
Customs requirements are listed for entering kilometer.
and leaving Mexico. 1 kilometer= s_ (0.625) miles
a. Entering Mexico---Baggage is examined by 1.60935 kilometers = 1 mile
Mexican customs at the border. It is then sealed Kilometers (kin) X _ = miles
to avoid additional inspections at various sub- Miles --r- s/8 = kilometers
stations farther south Oil the highway. Visitors Note: I meter = 39.37 inches.
may take up to 100 pounds into Mexico duty b. Weight---The unit of measurement is the
free. Each visitor may bring in one camera
and a portable motion picture camera, with 12 kilogram.
rolls of film for each. One firearm and up to 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds (approximate)
50 cartridges may also be brought in, but tile Kilograms times 22/10 = pounds
procedure is complicated and can cause delays. Pounds times 10/22 = kilograms
A permit for the firearm must first be obtained Example: A scale reading i00 kilograms
from the Mexican consul, who requires a char- equates to 220 pounds.
acter reference from the visitor's local police Typical tire pressures: Kilos Pounds
chief or sheriff, followed by approval of the 10 22
permit by the General of the (Mexican) Army 10.9 24
divisionat the point of entry. The latter may 11.8 26
__/ delay the tourist considerably, particularly on 12.7 28
weekends. Sports and camping equipment, 13.6 30

6-13
MG-101-2

c. Liquid Measure--The unit of measurement full value for personal property (business prop-
is the liter. Four liters are equal to 1.06 U.S. erty only). The school district tax is $1.53 per
gallons. $I00.00 of assessedvaluebased upon the same
method of valuation outlined above.
6.9.5 Corpus, Christi, Texas There is a/so a county and state tax, which
The tax structure is listed for convenience of amounts to $1.72 per $100.00 of assessed valu-
those considering the purchase of a home in ation. In this case the valuation is computed
the area, inasmuch as there are no state sales on 30 percent of the full value for real estate
taxes and no income taxes. The city tax is $1.73 and 30 percent of full value for personal prop-
per $100.00 of assessed valuation. Assessed erty (business property only).
valuation is usually 67.5 percent of fair market The City of Corpus Christi has a current
or sales price for real estate, and 75 percent of population of 175,000.

6-14
n

-.--I
I'll

"n

z _ _, .J
zr-,,

I
ol
0

"-,I

._1 o

0
MG-101-2

lOS MU WOO RADAR

R_ :;-_'1"X AbE_,pEI?l_> I s','D_Ey VANCOUVER


,0v,,.,._
' ,0,.,p,,,
_. I__DT-_T .'J'-_'1
I__T
1FDT-PT RI
LKL._ I _ , I_'/_ I CAfiEE TO

MUCHEA
ADELAIDEI
-- ]SYD'
WOOMERA
/
I FRANCISCO
OO°°A°
)

NOTE: HAWAII SUBMARINE


A. LINE SHARING EQUIPMENT _ 2FDT CABEE

TELETYPE
SUMMARY MESSAGES RADAR

LEGEND
60 WPM-60ADMINISTRATIVEMESSAGE
WORDS-PER-MINUTE CIRCUITS _ "_
FDT--FULL-DUPLEXTELETYPE CANTON KAUAI
PDT-PT-FULL-DUPLEXTELETYPE
PARTTIME _ ISLAND
.... EMERGENCYPATCHING"CONNEC'TR)'N_

FIGURE6-5. GROUND COMMUNICATIONS, TELETYPEWRITER


LINE SHARING LAYOUT

6-T9
,_ ,o
0 :_
o_R u Q
_ o u_
i v
_u
e_
U o
_
_
g
u
_ ,
u _ ,ol
_ o _1_
0 _ m X =" N
u _ _ c °
o
I I
O_

>

_ [] AZ,MUT.
ERROR
i - ELEVATIONERKOR=
'I
sum
C.ANN_
S,GNAL "_--1_ _
O" [] STK_NGT.
_.
V,DEO <_--..--
O
j>
2:
AUTO TRACKING DATA z Z

-_ m
o _ > TM-1 SIG STR [R)

6" _ TM-2 SIG STR (R}


_" _>_ TM-I SIG STR . "_

re o m --Z TM-2 SIG STR _:

,0 >._z_ TN-IAUDIO
IK_. -----_.Sg
_.o Q= TM-IAUDIO
IAR_ =
I _ __ r_ TM-2 AUDIO
TM-2 AUDIO (R)
(AR) na ,_.

o
Z _

_ o._
>£ b
0

B >
O n
Z _
Z "..-4
O TRACKING DATA O

"< _ ,I VALID

I SLAVED '_

-- _> , MANUAL _.
DATA AVAILABLE I_
POSmON DISPLAY _=

8 = TRACKING
SUS _,
)" TRACKING BUS "

•_ MODE INDICATOR

POSITION DISPLAY x_

TRACKING BUS _ • o
NODE INDICATOR

N I _ CASLE WRAP STATUS

iT > Io _.=
m

" ii =="
a =z => =_

>0

>N
Zm ¢_

_0
i] =®
-J J 0
Q_j \_
b ..j _
"" Z
0
0
I
-- I! z_
I u
Z
0
&
N
i
,6
J _
MG-101-2

j
\
/

! LAS
/; PALMAS

i AGAETE
/ FIRGAS

SAN NICOLAS

AEROPUERTO
, DE GANDO
i

SANTA LUCIA

ARGUINEGUIN

MERCURY SITE '-_ O

FARO DE MASPALOMAS

LAT 2T45' N
LONG 15"36' W SCALESTATUE MILES

5 0 5 10
I I I I

FIGURE 6-17. AREA MAP--GRAND CANARY ISLAND

6-33
MG-101-2

R-ANTENNA TOWE

BORESIGHT
TOWERFOR=.....-wO
TELEMETRYEQUIPMENT

TELEMETRY AND
CONTROLBUILDING

GENERATORBUILDING
G 200 ' S00• 1000 •

PARKING AREA
FOR RADAR VANS
S-BAND RADAR

BORESIGHTTOWER
o._FOR S-BAND RADAR

FIGURE6-18. SITE PLAN--GRAND CANARY ISLAND

6-34
MG-101-2

J \

SHOP SPARES

/
ITI
[] I v I
® ® LEGEND
/ TELEMETRY
AREA

® .® B. COMM
A. M_o"rECM
CONS
SURE.
D_S_:
[ V J O. DESK
S. STORAGECABIN_

_._ T.
U. TABLE
STOOL

____ ACQ EQUIP. DISPLAYEQUIP. C.


P. CHAIR
PLOTBOARD '

[]© I I[_ r_ © \

[].CONTROL
V-r-1
ROOM [] S V-r-1[]
-_ /)© I'1
COMM AREA

GENERAL I
PURPOSEAREA TT EQUIP. J

NN[]
' J
TOILET MECHANICAL. _.

_ I 1 . EOD,P.
EQUIPMENT _/

_ FIGURE6-19. FLOOR PLAN--GRAND CANARY ISLAND

6-35
MG-101-2

AMPLIDYNE DATA FOUR- HV RECTIFIER


AND TRANSMITTER CHANNEL AND
DEHYDRATOR 1 RECORDER AUXIL/ARY

Z O
m AUXILIARY TAPE zO
CONSOLE : PRINTER u
j I DIRECTIONAL

, ---_, I couPLER\,
_--' ,_ ,_
TUBE ASSEMBLY
JUNCTIO OX E XMTR AND RCVR
ASSEMBLY
MODULATOR

FIGURE6-20. VERLORTRADAR VAN _ GRAND CANARY ISLAND, GUAYMAS, MEXICO,


KAUAf, AND CORPUSCHRISTI,TEXAS

6-36
MG-101-2

[ CORAL SEA

O DARWIN

INDIAN
OCEAN

NORTHERN SOUTH
TERRITORY PACIFIC
OCEAN
QUEENSLAND

WESTERN
AUSTRALIA I- --- q
WOOMERA SOUTH
ROC_B'r" AUSTRALIA
RANGE -,. BRISBANE Q

\ \

_..., NEW
MUCHEA • _ SOUTH
PERTH e<_-__ WALES
MERCURY SITE5 • SYDNEY Q
VICTORIA
ADELAIDE
MELBOURNE
e

TASMANIA
050100 200300 400 500
Ill I I I I
SCALE IN MILES

FIGURE 6-21. AREA MAP--MUCHEA AND WOOMERA, AUSTRALIA

6-37
MG-101-2

900'_ _ _ ss_
TRANSMITteR
VAN

ACOUISllION
BbRESIGHT ANTENNA

FIGURE6-22A.SITEpLAN_ MUCHEA

_" S.I_AND
',, C3,,'_ SUBS'rATION
NO. 2
•_ ..>) RADA_ "_OWER

A'_

102 _1425"' S.BAND

FIGURE6-22B.SITEPLAN_ MUCHEA

6-38
MG-I01-2

°E"" E
tOILET PURPOSE

' AREA ' I_'_


DESKI _ '
IV ' SHOP I
I MAINTENANCE "
]C AREA

MECH. I]1 _ ,-_ ,'I. ;t ;,t :." ;t, :t ;:, ;: _:


_NICAI (_ IE

SCALE
J OTa 4' 8' 16'

AREA I AREA n AREA Ill AREA IV


1. LOOP SWITCHBOARD 1. ACQUISITION DATA CONSOLE 1. DISPLAYRECORDER 1. ETORAGECABINET
2. DISTRIBUTINGFRAME 2, ACQUISITION AID RECEIVER 2. FLIGHT CONTROLLERCONSOLE; 2. WORK BENCH
3. MISCELLANEOUS POWER 3. PLOTBOARD CAPSULECOMMUNICATOR, 3. TIMING STANDARD
4. I05D POWERPLANT AEROMEDICALMONITOR, 4. DECOM MON
5. 28ROTR CAPSULEMONITOR 5. 90/90 DECOM
6, RELAYRACKS 3, COMMUNICATIONS TRCH.
7. 28R0 NZCIANCONSOLE . 7.
6. EVENTSRECORDER
90/15 DECOM
E, 2RASR 8. PEN RECORDERS
9. VOICE RECEIVER
10. DISCRIMINATORS
11. CALIBRATOR
12. RECEIVERS
13. CONTROL
14. REPRO
15. TAPE RECORDER

FIGURE 6-23. FLOOR PLAN, TELEMETRY


AND CONTROL AREA- MUCHEA

6-39
MG -I 01-2

•._ 13' 3"_ "_"/

TRANEMITTEE JUNCTION
RACK _. BOX
TERMINAL ,,_
EQUIPMENT TRANSM TTER CABINET

POWER BOX

7' 3"

RACK I
WATER v

COOLER /

AIR _" JUNCTION

CONDITIONER AN/FRW-2
AN/FRW-2 f GATES
UHF SERVO

TRANSMITTER
] HF

FIGURE6-24. TRANSMITTERVAN--MUCHEA AND GUAYMAS

6-40
MG-101-_

.o COMM
fiUILDING

GENERATOR
TELEMETRY BUILDING BUILDING

J
____=;TELEMETRY ANTENNA (35 FT) 17_5" ;' _] _1

G/A TRANSMITTER VAN

TRANSMITTER I
ANTENNA _I
L_---_-- _" _/BONESIGHT ANTENNA_ ..... "'_Q
TELEMETRY
ANTENNA (25 FT)

o_0

/
N FPS-16 BUILDING _ ._

FPS.,,,
=RE_,OHT
ANTE'_'A
3__/
_-_ FIGURE 6-25. SITE PLAN--WOOMERA, AUSTRALIA

6-41
MG-I01-2

4 I I DESKI I I

AREA IV E SHOP
I!

MAINTENANCE ,

-- _ OUTDOOR
1101

_ECH- III _ -9( v ;. ...... ;_. .... _:


NICAI Illl

, [_
TOOL
AND PARTS
STORAGE
uiR 1141
GENERAL I _

SCALE
Ol' 4' B' 16"

AREA I AREA I| AREA III AREA IV


1. RELAY RACK 1. ACQUISITION DATA CONSOLE 1. DISPLAYRECORDER 1. STORAGECABINET
2. MISCELLANEOUSPOWER 2. ACQUISITION AID RECEIVER 2. FLIGHTCONTROLLERCONSOLE: 2. WORK BENCH
3. 1DSD POWER PLANT CAPSULECOMMUNICATOR, 3. TIMING STANDARD
4, SEQUENTIALSELECTOR AEROMEDICALMONITOR, 4. DECOM MONITOR
5. 28ROTR CAPSULEMONITOR 5. 90/90 DECOM
6. 28RT 3. COMMUNICATIONS TECHNICIAN 6. EVENTSRECORDERS
7. 2RRO CONSOLE 7. PEN RECORDERS
8. 28ASR 8. VOICE RECEIVERS
9. LOOP SWITCHBOARD 9. DISCRIMINATOR
10. DISTRIBUTINGFRAME 10. CALIBRATOR
11. RECEIVERS
12. CONTROL
13. REPRO
"14. TAPE RECORDER

FIGURE6-26. FLOOR PLAN, TELEMETRY


AND CONTROL AREA_ WOOMERA

6-42
MG-101-2

__J

I
•I 13' 3'_

WATER ! GATES
COOLER HF UHP
TRANSMITTER TRANSMITTER SERVO "7
(1) RACK CABINET JUNCTION
:.LEOX

POWERBOX --
7' 3"
f SYNCHRO
REMOTING
TRANSMITTER/
_/ 1 RECEIVER ,..,.
AIR GATES
J I

CONDITIONER HF J J BOX
I TRANSMITTER J
I (2) I
L J

NOTE:TRANSMITTER
(2) AT GRANDCANARY ONLY.

FIGURE 6-27. TRANSMITTER VAN- CORPUS CHRISTI, WOOMERA, POll,IT ARGUELLO, AND
GRAND CANARY ISLAND

6-43
MG-101-2

/- UNITED STATES
MEXICALI
<... -. • TUCSON

4...
" _ "'_. _-. BISBEE

\ .,0 PENASCO. - _• NOGALESARIZ.


-- __

_ NOGALES • NACO
MEX.
! • CANANEA
74 M.
!

'_ NTA ANA

i '_ _\ COBORCA • ,,M. BENJAMIN HILL

._, \.
\ GULF
OF i'

'\ "--,, CALIFORNIA \ 82 M.

\ l \
) HERMOSILLO
"\, 1_, \\
\ -,

PACIFIC OCEAN ""x _ -\

MERCURY
l
,,1 ! { \_ \ 6 M
SITE
l _ GUAYMAS
'\ .% ,, OBREGON

'._LOWER CALIFORNIA EMpALME\,

\._-; }
• f NAVOJOA

t \ _

MILES ...._, \

ioJ
' I _oI I,ool " "'\ \\ 1
,i o ,o 1oo
KILOMETERS
1so \ •
\, .
.........................
, ]

FIGURE 6-28. AREA MAP--GUAYMAS, MEXICO

6-44
MG-101-2

AR-PEDESTAL
(2_
F')_ / ._.._
TELEMETRYAND "ACQ AID BORESIGHTTOWER
CONTROLBUILDING

TRANSMITTERANTENNA...._.rl _
O

_RANSMITTERVAN _"_

GENERATORBUILDING

RAOA_ BORESIGHT

ANTENNA _,_
o

S.BAND RADAR VAN-_


I_
" F --

L
HY-15

FIGURE6-29. SITE PLAN--GUAYMAS, MEXICO

6-45
MG-101-2

r I'_ SHOP 1
II oEN.AL I _,,.
I 101
141
I--"I
OUTDOOR

AREA
MAINTENANCE

lOOM _'_I / t'_ 4


7' 14 S TOOL,
STORAGEAND
PARTS
10 9 8
3 L

SCALE
O I" 4t 8' 16'

AREA ! AREA |I AREA |II

I. 2EASR I.'POLAR-CARTESIANCONVERTER I. WORK BENCH


2. 28R0 2. PLOTBOARD 2. POWER PANEL
B. DESK 3. ACQUISITION DATA CONSOLE B. LIGHT PANEL
4. WORK TAELE 4. ACQUIS(T[ONAfD EQUtPMENT 4. TIMING STANDARD
5. 112 KEY EQUIPMENT 5. SERVO E. DECOM MONITOR
6. 28ROTR 6. COMMAND STATION DISPLAYS 6. 90-90 DECOM
7. FILE 7, M&O SUPERVISORDESK 7. 90-15 DECOM
R. STORAGECAEINE_ 8. COMMUNICATIONSTECHNICIAN 8, RECORDER
9. DISTRIBUTINGFRAME CONSOLE 9. PEN RECORDERS
1O. POWER DISTRIBUTIONPANEL 9, DISPLAYRECORDER 10, VOICE RECEIVERS
11. 1BED POWER PLANT 11. DISCRIMINATORS
12, FUSEBAY 12. CALIBRATOR
13.C-CARRIER 13.RECEIVERS
14. CONTROL
15. RECORDERS
16. REPRODUCER

FIGURE 6-30. FLOOR PLAN, TELEMETRYAND CONTROL AREA- GUAYMAS, MEXICO

6.46
MG-101-2

/ j ..1- /
""_ NUECES

BAY -,, ,,. I /

CORPUS CHRISTI BAY //


l

N \\ J //,

.......k,,'. - /
RODD FIELD _' /_ _-, MUSTA[_G IS_/A'/ND
LOCATION OF MERCURY\ _ / NAVAL AIR /

::-'- -) , I/Gu'Fo,

SCALE IN MILES // ./

/ /'l
FIGURE 6-31. AREA MAP--CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS

6-47
MG- I 01-2

BORESIGHTTOWER4-
HANGAR NO. 454

T_ RECEIVERS
TLM DEMODULATORS
HF RECEIVERS
\, N
I

""',
",

R-PEDESTAL UHF RECEIVERS


ACQ DATA CONSOLE _.
TTY EQUIPMENT
AR-PEDESTAL \
PLIGHTCONTROLLERCONSO/.E$ _,

**'_'_(I;, ) PAVED RUNWAY AREA

\_. TRANSMITTER_,_ _.s _ TOWER


_'_' ANTENNA _.,'" I \ _.
_._ GROUND-TO-AIR I • ....... _-_, \
_._. /_ |TRANSMITTER AREA I / \Nj •
_, {_I. ¥"----'IHETRANSMITTER
/ l \ _" \

"" "°_°"_\_'_/
_ TRJ
AIJHp TRANSMITTER/"--,.,.
NSMITTERVAN // '
RADAR VANS'._-._ ', _', l ,,

. .._.•" RADARANTENNA r
/.s"_ "" SCARE
_'_',J*_** O 100' 300' 600' 900' \
i_TO
I
MA,._ATR _ SEAND
RADAR
AREA
FIGURE6-32. RODD FIELD,SHOWING MERCURYAREAS

6-48
MG-101-2

I 15 I
N COMMUNICATIONS

I DD []

1. TIMING EQUIPMENT
CONTROL 2. TLM DEMODULATORS
3. RECORDING EQUIPMENT
4. VOICE RECEIVER

6. TAPE RECORDER

10 7 8. ACQUISITION AID
i I I 7. ACQUlSIT'ON DATAEQUIPMENT
CONSOLE
_ 9. DISPLAY RECORDER
10. FLIGHT CONTROLLER CONSOLE
11. PLOTROARD

I 6 I 5 12. M&O
13. SUPERV'SOR TECHNICIAN
COMMUNICATIONS DESK
CONSOLE
0 0 O0 14. 1TY EQUIPMENT

l 3 TELEMETRY 2 I ! I--_I _ []W'15"


EQU,PMENTD.
DESKcHAfRWORK
1 I' KEY
STOOL TABLE

TOOL AND SMALL PARTS


STORAGE

D TRANSFORMERS I SWITCHGEAR

FIGURE 6-33. TELEMETRYAND CONTROL AREA--CORPUS CHRISTI

6-49
MG-101-2

I SITEMANAGER
]

I J
I LOGISTICS
SERVICES

I IM&O
CHIEF COMMUN
CATOR
f

CLERK _ SITEENGINEER [ " MONIToRAEROMEDICAL

JANITOR AND
GENERAL TELEMETRy m CAPSULE
UTILITY MONITOR

MECHANICAL DATA PROCESSING


AND ELECTRICAL AND TIMING-,
MAINTENANCE FUNCTIONS

RADAR (SEENOTE I)

ACQUISITION AID
AND CONSOLE

CAPSULEVOICE TRANSMITTERS
CAPSULEVOICE RECEIVERS

COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNICIAN'SCONSOLE

COMMAND TRANSMITTER
-- (SEE NOTE 2)

TELETYPE

NOTES
1. TPS-16 AT WOOMERA, VERLORTAT THE
OTHER SITES
2, LOCATEDAT MUCHEA AND GUAYMAS ONLY

FIGURE6-34. SITE ADMINISTRATION

6-50
M (3-101 - 2

,11

Z
"4

Section 7

KAUAI
MG-101-2

J
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraph Title Page Paragraph Title Page


7.1 Purpose of the Site 7-1 7.5 Site Administration 7-5
7.2 Systems 7-1 7.6 Geographic and Climatic Data 7-5
Ground Communications 7.7 Transportation and Communica-
System 7-1 tions 7-5
Timing System 7-1
Acquisition System 7-2 7.8 Site Personnel Facilities and Serv-
ices (Housing, Medical Facilities,
Telemetry System 7-3 Recreational Facilities, Mail Serv-
Capsule Communication System 7-3 ice, Religious Facilities, Clothing,
Radar System 7-4 and Food) 7-7
Command Transmitting System 7-4 7.9 MiscellaneonsInformatinn(Money,
7.3 Equipment Allocations 7-5 Taxes, and Immunization Require-
7.4 Equipment Locations 7-5 ments) 7-7

7-[
MG-101-2

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Title Page Figure Title Page


7-1 Master Functional Block Diagram 7-7 Functional Block Diagram, Radar
--Hawaii 7-9 SystemHawaii 7-17

7-2 Functional Block Diagram, Ac- 7-8 Command Transmitter System--


quisitionSystem Hawaii 7-10 Hawaii 7-19

7-3 Functional Block Diagram, Air- 7-9 Area Map--Hawaii 7-20


Ground Communications -- Ha- 7-10 Project Mercury--Hawaii 7-21
waii 7-11/12 7-11 Location MaF---Hawaii 7-22
7-4 Transmitter Van--Hawaii; Zanzi- 7-12 Site Plan, S-band Radar Area--
bar; Canton Island; Kano, Ni- Hawaii 7-23
geria 7-13
7-13 Site Plan, Telemetry and Control
7-5 Floor Plan, UHF Command Trans- Area--Hawaii 7-24
mitrer Vans--Hawaii 7-15 7-14 Floor Plan, Telemetry and Con-
trol Area--Hawaii 7-25
7-6 Functional Block Diagram, An-
tenna System--Hawaii 7-16 7-15 Site Administration Hawaii 7-26

LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
7-1 Equipment Allocations -- Kauai,
Hawaii 7-6

7-ii
MG-101-2

SECTION 7. KAUAI, HAWAII


7-1 PURPOSE OF THE SITE ment shared by circuits carrying radar data
In addition of the functions and systems noted from Muchea, teletype summaries from
in Figure 1-1, this site is important to Project Woomera, and teletype summaries from Canton
Mercury because the command issued by radio Island. The radar data teletype message is not
from this site resets the timers in the capsule processed by this equipment, but is connected
which are used to actuate the capsule retro- directly to the Hawaii-U.S.A. submarine cable.
rockets. Precisely timed firing of these rockets The spare voice circuit from Kauai Island,
is essential to recovery of the capsule in the terminated in the telephone office at Oaim, is
specifiedarea. availablefor either voice or teletype use to the
United States on an emergency basis. The local
7.2 SYSTEMS exchange telephone circuit on Kauai Island
See Figure 7-1 for a master functional block connects to the local telephone system at the
diagram of the site. " Kekaha (Kanai Island) telephone central office.
7.2.1 Ground Communications System The teletype circuits are capable of transmitting
Intersite communications are made possible 60 words per minute in both directions slmul-
by voice and teletype circuits to the Goddard taneously (full-duplex circuits). See Figure 1-3
Space Flight Center. Facilities provided ac- for the intersite communications network.
commodate one voice and two two-way tele- An intercommunication system is provided for
type circuits, plus an administrative circuit operational and administrative messages be-
that can also serve as a spare facility for either tween Mercury personnel. See Figure 1-2 for
a voice or a teletype channel. An additional a typical functional block diagram of the inter-
line is provided to the nearest central office of connections between the Capsule Communica-
the Hawaiian Telephone Co., which can be con- tot, Aeromedical Monitor, and Capsule Moni-
netted to the usual telephone network of the tor, as well as the interconneetion of other elf-
Hawaiian Islands and beyond. The circuits are cuits between the Maintenance and Operating
routed by telephone wire facilities to a tele- (M&O) Supervisor, communications techni-
phone radio transmitter on Kanai Island. The clan console, and various other maintenance
radio path extends from Lihue, on Kauai Island, and operating personnel locations.
to Manna Kapu on Oahu Island, where the Functions of particular interest in this sys-
circuits are retransmitted by another radio link tern are the ability to:
to the main office of the Hawaiian Telephone
a. Talk or monitor on the ground-air radio
Co. From this point the voice circuit in use is circuit;
transmitted by the telephone submarine cable b. Talk or monitor on local conference tit-
to San Francisco and thence by other leased
telephone facilities to the Goddard Space Flight cults;
Center and to the Mercury Control Center at c. Talk to the various technicians, independ-
Cape Canaveral. The teletype circuits follow all ently of the operational circuits used by the
identical path from the telephone office at Oahu Flight Controllers.
to their terminations in the United States, except A private branch exchange (PBX) switchboard
is used for routine communications throughout
that the nonradar teletype data circuit is pro-
cessed through line-sharing equipment in the the site, with a PBX trunk supplied for access
Oahu telephone office. This equipment allows to local exchange services.
the use of one transmission facility from Hawaii 7.2.2 Timing System
to the United States by more than one site on a The timing system provides time correlation
sequential basis, thus reducing the necessity for of data collected from radar and telemetry sys-
having many facilities for transmission of Met- terns, and it provides a driving source for the
eury teletype messages from Hawaii to the control area time displays. The time reference
_) United States. See Figure 6-5. The nonradar used is that of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
circuit from Kauai is processed through equip- expressed in hours, minutes, and seconds. See

7-1
MG-101-2

Figure 6-6 for a block diagram of a typical measured by an acquisition aid receiver which
timing system, is especiallydesignedfor this purpose.
A receiver is tuned to the frequency of WWV Error voltages developed by this system are
(the Bureau of Standards radio station). Sig- amplified and displayed on appropriate meters
nals received from this station are used as a to aid a system operator in manually correcting
reference standard against which a stable one- the antenna position until antenna pointing error
megacycle oscillator is compared and adjusted, is at a minimum, as evidenced by minimum
so that the frequency of the signal generated by error-voltage indications. When the antenna
it agrees with the frequency of the incoming pointing is done automatically by the system, the
signal. This comparison is accomplished at a error voltages are applied directly to the an-
convenient point in the circuits of the site's tenua pedestal, repositioning the antenna to
timing system, which supplies various output keep it pointed at the target.
frequencies from I kc to one cycle per minute Two types of consoles are provided for system
by frequency dividing circuits. A check of the operation at these sites:
system is provided by a visual comparison on an a. The active acquisition aid control console
oscilloscope of the one-pulse-per-second output controls the operation of the active acquisition
of the timing system and the once-per-second aid and the manual, automatic, or slaved oper-
tone burst of WWV. ation of the acquisition aid antenna. These
Important outputs of this system are as follows, types of operation are defined as follows.
a. An output representing the GMT in hours, (1) Manual operation is the control of
minutes, and seconds, is used in the data proc- antenna position with handwhecls on the con-
essing and data conversion equipment to time- sole. Visual indications are provided to show
tag radar data, and to drive certain time dis- the azimuth and elevation coordinates selected
plays, withthe handwheelsprovidedon this unit.
b. A pulse from the timing equipment every (2) Automatic operation is the control of
six seconds causes radar data to be read out. antenna position by the active acquisition aid
c. The telemetry data is time-tagged for tele- receiver without manual assistance. Control is
type transmission. Time reference is GMT, accomplished by the directional-sensing capa-
which is delivered in the serial form (sequential bilities of a quad-hefix antenna array (on the
rather than simultaneous) of a ten-pulse-per AR-pedestal) associated hybrid, and acquisi-
second pu/se train, tion receiver. A telemetry signal is converted
7.2.3 Acquisition System into antenna positioning voltages after process-
The function of the acquisition system (essan- ing through this equipment.
tially an antenna pointing device) is to aid (3) Slaved operation is the control of the
the antennas associated with the site subsystems acquisition aid antenna by positioning voltages
to acquire signals emanating from the capsule supplied by other antennas on the site, as from
(Figure 7-2). the radar antennas. Signal strength meters, pro-
vided on this console, aid selection of the
Proper functioning of the system depends on stronger of the two telemetry frequencies trans-
error voltages. These voltages are developed by
measurement of the time difference at which mitted by the capsule. The strength of the
the signal transmitted by the capsule arrives at signal received through the acquisition aid re-
the different elements of a special antenna pro- ceiver is also indicated by a signal strength
vided for this purpose. The magnitude of these meter. Error voltages, indicating the correction
error voltages is greater as the antenna points voltages applied to the acquisition aid antenna
away from the capsule and least when the an- pedestal, are displayed on this console.
tenna is aimed directly at the source of the b. The acquisition data console indicates the
signal, controlmode (manual, automatic,or slaved)
The difference in arrival time of the signal and the azimuth and elevation of the various
at the antenna elements (phase difference) is steerable antennas at the site. The acquisition _J

7-2
MG-101-2

J
data console allows any of the steerable anten- system. This control circuit causes all antennas
has at the site to be slaved to the source fur- under control of the system to follow or slave
nishing the most accurate tracking information to the control source chosen by the Acquisition
Cablewrap indicators (lamps oft the console) Data Console Operator. The acquisition system
are also supplied to indicate when antenna also continues to track the capsule independ-
rotation is either clockwise or counterclockwise ently throughout the pass so that control of the
from its resting point and towards rotational site antennas can be restored to the system if
limits which are established because of the per- the radar should lose the capsule at any time.
manent connection of antenna cable to the 7.2.4 Telemetry System
antenna. "Valid tracking" lamps are also sup- See Figure 6-9 (in Section VI of this hand-
plied. Their function is in the description of
system operation. Since the acquisition aid book) for a functional block diagram.
antenna receiving pattern has a 20-degree beam- System operation is as follows.
width, the acquisition system is capable of ac- Two quad-helix antenna arrays, each located
quiring the target early and furnishing refined on a separate pedestal, are used to obtain both
capsule position information to all other steer- height and space diversity. Four receivers are
able antenna pedestals at the site. Since the arranged in two pairs, with each pair tuned to
area to be searched is greatly decreased, radar one of the two selected frequencies in the 225-
equipments with beamwidths of less than 3 260 megacycle band. The outputs of each pair
degrees may now acquire the target more of receivers are fed into a diversity combiner, a
readily, devicewhich effectivelyadds the signals and
improves the apparent signal-to-noise ratio. The
System operation is as follows, outputs of the diversity combiner (two at each
An operator receives an acquisition message site) plus the four basic output signals from the
J which gives the expected coordinates (azimuth above receivers provide six possible sources of
and elevation) and the expected time of arrival information. These are fed to the telemetry
of the capsule at the site's geographical location, demodulation equipment where a manual se-
Additional messages also sent to these sites in- lection is made of the signal to be demodulated.
dicate the expected coordinates at one-minule A spectrum analyzer is employed in selecting
intervals after the time of the capsule's arrival, the best source of information obtained from the
The operator positions his handwheels until the above equipment. These system refinements add
appropriate indicators show that the antennas greatly to the overall system reliability.
are pointed toward the coordinates given in the Selected data from the above equipment is
acquisition message. When the capsule signals routed to various displays for monitoring during
are received by the system, manual corrections the capsule pass, and the output of each re-
of antenna position are made to obtain minimum ceiver and diversity combiner is recorded for
error-voltage indications on the appropriate me- a permanent record. Approximately 20 quan-
ters. The system is then placed in AUTO- titles and notations, derived from the telemetry
MATIC operation, and the antennas follow the signals observed during the capsule transit, are
capsule position automatically, incorporated into a standard format and trans-
'While in the automatic mode of operation, the mitred by teletype to the Goddard Space Flight
system continues to automatically track the cap- Center after the capsule has passed.
sule while
of the the Valid
sites. capsuletracking
remains signals
within radio range
(lamps on 7.2.5 Capsule Communications System
the acquisition data console) are lighted to in- See Figures 7-3 and 7-6 for a functional block
dicate when either type of radar is tracking the diagram, and Figure 7-5 for the transmitter van
capsule automatically. The Acquisition Data floor plan.
Console Operator then selects the radar which Air-ground communications facilities at these

is
troltracking the capsule
the aiming mostother
of the accurately to con-
site antennas sites use high-frequency
frequency (HF) and
(UHF) voice receiving andultra-high-
transmit-
through a master control circuit provided in the ting amplitude modulated (AM) equipment.

7-3
MG-101-2

Equipment locations are indicated on area draw- radar is effectively and accurately tracking the
ings for the sites, capsule. This function is explained in para-
Receiving antennas are mounted on steerable graph 7.2.3. See Figure 6-20 for a floor plan of
pedestals under control of the acquisition system, the Verlort van.
as described in paragraph 7.2.3. The FPS-16 radar has a very narrow antenna
The UHF signals are received on the same beamwidth and is capable of providing very
quad-helix antenna arrays used for telemetry precise tracking data throughout its nominal
signal reception. The HF signals are received 500-mile range. Data from this radar must also
by separate dipole antennas mounted on the be converted to a teletype format for transmis-
same pedestals as the UHF antennas, sion by teletype to the Goddard Space Flight
The UHF receiver outputs are fed to a diver- Center. This radar is also incorporated into the
sity combiner where the signals are combined acquisition system, both as a directed and as a
to add their output strength and minimize noise, directing unit, as explained in paragraph 7.2.3.
The three output signals available are receiver
#1, receiver #2, and the composite signal 7.2.7 Command Transmitting System
derived from the diversity combiner. These This system is provided at Hawaii to allow
signals are then fed to the communications modification and correction of programmed
technician console HF-UHF selector switch, events in the capsule by commands originating
The best signal is selected and applied to the from the site. See Figures 7-3 and 7-8. The
site intercom, system does not have the abort feature found
The HF receiver outputs are normally processed at Cape Canaveral and Bermuda, but can reset
by a diversity relay actuator which automati- the timers in the capsule, which control the fir-
eally selects the stronger of the incoming sig- ing time of the retroroekets, thereby initiating
nals. This signal is compared with the UHF capsule reentry into the atmosphere.
signal at the communications technician con- Commands originated at a control center con-
sole, where the better signal is selected for ap- sole are processed by units called coder control-
plication to the flight controller air-ground re- lets and coders, respectively, into a form suitable
ceiving network. The HF receiver outputs also for frequency modulating the system transmit-
are brought directly to the communications ters. Indications at the site control center verify
technician console, bypassing the HF diversity that the desired signal has been transmitted. Te-
relay actuator, where either receiver output can lemetry indications are used to verify that the
be selected as described above, command signal has been received by the cap-
All voice communication with the capsule is sule, in that the desired response in the capsule
recorded for future reference, alters one or more of the telemetered quantities
The transmitting antennas are mounted on a received at the site.
steerable antenna pedestal under direction of the Reliability of the system is increased by provid-
acquisition system as described above. Both HF ing dual high-power (10-kw) and dual low-
and UHF transmitters can be keyed (or oper- power (nominal 500-watt) transmitters at this
ated) either individually or simultaneously, site. A circuit is also provided to monitor
normal operation of the system components.
7.2.6 Radar System This circuit provides either an automatic switcli-
The Verlort radar supplies precise tracking data over from the defective component to a spare
within its nominal range of 700 miles (Figure unit or indicates abnormal functioning of the
7-7). After processing by conversion equip- apparatus and the need for manual corrective
ment, this data is sent by teletype to the God- action.
dard Space Flight Center. In addition, this Two vans are provided for the system at this site
radar is used as a controlling source by the (Figure 7-5). Each van contains a 10-kw
acquisition system for pointing the other an- power amplifier and a 500-watt (nominal)
tennas at the site, when the radar operator transmitter, both of which operate in the UHF :'_
signifies, by a valid tracking signal, that the band, and appropriate switching devices. The

7-4
MG-101-2

J
10-kw unit in the master van is the prinlary in area with a diameter of 32 miles. The island
transmitter. It is excited (or driven) by energy is mountainous with the nighest peak reaching
supplied from the FRW-2. an elevation of approximately 5100 feet. Low-
lands skirt the coast line except in the northwest,
Switching facilities allow use of either the where the cliffs terminate at the water line.
FRW-2 unit associated with the 10-kw unit in Paved roads exist only along the coast from
the same van, or the FRW-2 unit in the adjacent Haena on the north to just past Manu on the
van, as the source of excitation. This flexibility west, and up to the Kokee mountain area on
allows a recombination of the system corn- the west side of the island. The Kokee Road
ponents to ensure maximum availability of high- abuts the site location. This road is paved,
power transmission. Figure 7-6 is a simplified medium-duty, and is a mountain road with
schematic of the switching options available, many switchbacks, turns, and grades approach-
The FRW-2 units are utilized as command ing 9 percent.
transmitters if the high-power facilities are in Site coordinates are latitude 22o07 , N, longi-
operative. There are, therefore, four transmit- tude 159°40 ' W.
ters available for use at this site.
The annual average temperature at Kokee is
Should the antenna at the air-gronnd van loea- 60°F. The lowest temperature recorded for
tion become defective, a van can be moved this area was 27°F in January, 1931. Temper-
from this area to an auxiliary hardstand (park- ature ranges are:
ing area) located in the telemetry and control
area, where an antenna is made available for the Maximum Minimum Average
command system. Summer 87°F 60°F 77*
Winter 60°F 42°F 50°
NOTE
An emergency form of voice commu- Annual rainfall at the site area averages 60 to
"_ nication with the capsule is available 80 inches, with the maximum rate of fall ob-
at sites having command control trans- served at 40 inches in 24 hours. The season of
ntitters. The command transmitter can heavy rainfall is from November to February.
be voice modulated for transmitting to Heavy storms average one per month in the
the capsule, and the telemetry trans- winter. Storms such as hurricanes have aver-
mitter in the capsule can be keyed for aged one every five years. The weather varies
ICW transmission to the site. considerably in island areas away from the site.
The nearby town of Kekaha averages 30 inches
7.3 EQUIPMENT ALLOCATIONS of rain per year, while 10 miles east of Kokee,
the average rainfall approaches 500 inches per
Table 7-1 lists major equipments at the sites, year.
7.4 EQUIPMENT LOCATIONS The humidity in the station area averages 75
percent.
Equipment locations appear in Figures 7-10
through7-14. 7.7 TRANSPORTATIONAND
COMMUNICATIONS
7.5 SITE ADMINISTRATION
Commercial airline service is provided by the
See Figure 7-15. Aloha and Hawaiian Airlines, and by the
7.6 GEOGRAPHIC AND CLIMATIC Hawaiian Air Taxi Service from the commercial
DATA airport at Lihue. Connections beyond are made
at Oahu. There is also a Naval Air Station
Kauai is at the northern end of the Hawaiian auxiliary landing field, Barking Sands, which
Islands, approximately 100 miles northwest of has two 6000-foot concrete runways. C-124
Oahu (Figure 7-9). The island is the fourth type planes have landed there. Lihue is 45
_) largest of the group in size. Roughly circular miles from the site, and Barking Sands is located
I in shape, it is approximately 555 square miles approximately 26 miles from the site.

7-5
MG-101-2

TABLE 7-1

EQUIPMENT ALLOCATIONS--KAUAI, HAWAII

System Equipment Type or Model Supplied By

Acquisition Active Acquisition Aid Cubic


Acquisition Data Console Bendix Radio
Timing Time Standard Rack Bendix Radio
Radar S-band Verlort Reeves (existing
facilities)
C-band FPS-16 RCA(existing
facilities)

Telemetry Preamplifiers PR-203 Nems-Clarke


Receiver 1412 Nems-Clarke
Receiver 1434 Nems-Clarke
DiversityCombiner DCA500 Nems-Clarke
Decommutators 90/90 TDS-90 Amoux
Decommutators 90/15 TDS-90 Amoux
Discriminators TDA-102 Bendix
Tape Recorder FR-114 Ampex

Displays Capsule Communicator Bendix


AeromedicalObserver Bendix
Capsule Observer Bendix

Capsule Transmitter (10-kw) 240 D-2 Collins-Alpha


Command
Transmitting Transmitter (500-watts) AN/FRW-2 Collln_-Alpha
System Command Coder Multiplex Type 230 Model 1 Northern Radio
Remoting System
Coder KY-171 Collins-Alpha
Coder Controller C 1669/URW Collins-Alpha
Air-Ground I-IF Transmitter CS-2029 Gates
Communications Microphone Amplifier M-5167 Gates
Communications Technician BXR-CTC-500 Bendix Radio
Console
HF Receiver R390A/URR Collins
UHFTransmitter GRT-3 RadioReceptor
UI-IF Receiver R278B/GR Collins

There is no rail service on Kauai Island. utes to traverse the road from Kekaha to the
Ships dock at Port Allen and Nawiliwili, and site, a distance of 16 miles. The station tram-
are operated by Matson, States Marine, and In- portation is supplied by a three-vehicle comple-
ter-Island Lines. Matson Line ships stop at both ment, but an automobile is essential for per-
Kauai ports approximately every two weeks, manent residents. Rental cars and taxi services ,_
are available. There is no bus transportation
Passenger cars require approximately 40 min- on the island.

7-6
MG-101-2

NOTE are required in the area, but protection should


be provided against sunburn.
Current gasoline prices are 41_ per
gallon. Recreationfacilitiesin the area include fish-
ing, swimming, tennis, golf, bowling, and
The Hawaiian Telephone Co. provides local movies. Television sets are useful only on the
and long distance telephone service, eastern side of the island, where four channels
can be received. Electrical supply is ll5-volt,
7.8 SITE PERSONNEL FACILITIES 60-cycle alternating current, suitable for ap-
AND SERVICES pliances used on the mainland. There is one
Site personnel live in offsite housing. Rental weekly newspaper, but four public libraries
housing is available in the larger communities located in Lihue, Hanapepe, Waimea, and
on the island. Living quarters are obtained for Kapaa are well equipped for supplementary
the most part through local inquiries, as rental reading.
units are not generally advertised. At the time Mail service to New York from Honolulu
of this writing there are about 200 hotel rental requires 10 days by regular channels, or 1½
units on the island. Most of these units are days by airmail.
located on the eastern side of the island. Tem-
porary quarters close to the site, consisting of About 50 churches, mostly in the Libue-
cottage-type accommodations, are available. Re- Waimea area provide religious services. Major
sort-type hotels are relatively expensive during denominations represented include Adventist,
the tourist season. Rates are $5.00 to $10.00 Assembly of God, Baptist, Catholic, Congrega-
single, $7.50 to $18.00 double. For personnel tional, Episcopal, Latter-Day Saints, Lutheran,
permanently assigned to the area a few single Methodist, Missionary, and Nazarene.
_) dwellings, mostly of the 1930-1940 vintage, The temperature extremes listed in paragraph
are for rent, with the rentals averaging $60 to 7.6 indicate that a variety of clothing is neces-
$80 per month for two-bedroom homes. New sary, including raincoats and head protection
three-bedroom houses are selling for $12,000- from the sun. The high humidity of the area
$13,000 in the area. Housekeeping units are can cause discomfort during the hotter months,
available at Kokee Camp, but these are of semi- and well-ventilated clothing is most useful at
permanentnature, this time.

Living costs are somewhat higher than on the


United States mainland. Food prices are 20 per- 7.9 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
cent higher than in California; clothing and Desirable immunization measures are listed in
other prices are approximately 5 percent higher Figure 1-4 along with other requirements for a
than in California, due to the additional freight visit to the island.
costs for household goods brought here from
the mainland. Sufficientinformation on banking services is
not available at this writing. It is suggested that
Eating places are not convenient to the site. the Chamber of Commerce in Lihue be con-
Operating personnel are required to bring their taeted for this information. Their telephone
own lunch. Equipment, such as a hotplate, number is 64-583.
refrigerator, and coffee maker, is necessary at
the site. NOTE

Medical facilities are adequate on the island. All specific information and costs are
Dental, medical, and hospital facilities are avail- necessarily subject to change and
able in Waimea, and hospital facilities are avail- should be verified against change with
able in Lihue and Kapaa. No special precautions the passing of time.

7-7
0
,,_ u
0 _ INTERLOCK _,
--_ _ CONTROL

-_o _0
-_ "_ _ _
_o$ m< ,I STAVED

POSITION DISPLAY

-- _ _ . BUS STATUS

> _ ,NT_RLOCK .

_ TRACKING BUS
'11VAUD

_ [ POS,T,ON
.,sP_AY
TRACKING _]US L
o
8
Z_
O
_ r_ _ BUS STATUS _-_

_ TRACK,NO
.US "

CABLE WRAP STATUS m_"

¢3 --_

POSITION DISPLAY

TRACKtNG BUS

STATUS SWITCff ;.

_
_F_] _ ' 0 CA"LE WRAP STATUS i_ _Z_Z

POSITION DISPLAY
F

I
_.X_. ,%_'<'
0 _u
/ /
v
MG-101-2

rj

WATER
COOLER UHF

RACK CABINET JUNCTION

rRANSMITTER 5ERVO _-_JBUNCTION_.


BOX

r j POWER BOX

,.3-

I f
AIR _"
• JUNCTION
CONDITIONER GATES
HF
TRANSMITTER

FIGURE7-4. TRANSMITTERVAN--HAWAII; ZANZIBAR; CANTON ISLAND; KANO, NIGERIA

7-13
L,3
0
0 =
W
0
B
U u.
z z
u4
u _ 14j
<
Z
I-=.
c_
Z
o zz
oo 0
_ uu U
0
0
..J
° kU
Z Z
0 0
m
- I _ '_ _

I --] --r--

\ /
zO
8m--_
:=Z_"

m_'= _I I_/
_,c _ I'_I
---1 I I,I I "
_o .
o i
I
g TT
I-
MG-101-2

MO.,,OR
AND 7 ('o'Kw
L°A
SWITCHING J._ _ --
• -- _1_ SYSTEM 1 lO.KW POWER
AMP MASTER

i I-#-,. _I I Ii

J I I ---
J

XMTR ERW-2 XMTR FRW-2


STANDRY MASTER

DRIVING " DRIVING


UNIT UNIT

[ 1
I COOER
I I OODER
1
I I
I I
CONTROLLER
I CODER

I
L c°NE°_E
J
NOTE:
DASHED LINES INDICATE
MONITORING AND SWITCHING

FIGURE7-8 COMMAND TRANSMITTERSYSTEM--HAWAII


,._)

7-19
MG-101-2

/_ _"/-" KALALAU LOOKOUT


\
\

./

/ •
/ HALE (HALEMANU)

/
// KAPAA
PROJECTMERCURY
/ SITE

r _ MT. WAIALEALE
"--,?MT. KAWAIKINI

x ALF
BONHAM KAUAI

_ " ,. _ LIHUE LIHUE


; AIRPORT
_ ,-__ .. KEKAHA ,';" -' -

"_..... , HAWILIWILI
"- ,""., ,/ BAY

PACIFIC OCEAN "' ..... "

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
i 160_ J159
i ° 158" 1_° 156° 155°
KAUAI
,J _J 22°
'"_"' OAHU
NIIHAU / ',
_ _3 MOLOKAIl

I_. _ MAUl 21:

PACIFIC LANAI! 1', '_ \


OCEAN KAHOOLAWE " ' HAWAII

0 5 10 i_ 20_
I I I I /
SCALEIN MILES )

19

FIGURE 7-9. AREA MAP--HAWAII

7-20
MG-101-2

,j
/""_ VERLORT BORESIGHT
AZ 338 ° _¢>

.._..," VERLORT RADAR


• • _'_:" TO KOKEE CAMPS
,f"_ _ //AND COTTAGES

iI
GROUND/A]R TRANSMITTER/i/ //

co--..o....s-....,
i/ j;! 950'

FPS-16 RADAR _:11

/}/ KOKEE
ROAD
//
//

/I

1500'

J
I //

ROWER AREA

I r'.- _ _ 1000'

/
I
L
HALEMANU TELEMETRY
AND CONTROL BUILDING,
ACTIVE ACQUISITION AID
GROUND/ATR R'ECEIVER,
TELEMETRY RECEIVER _OKEE ROAD

I // 0 300' 600' 900'

1465' SCALE

TO KEKAHA "_ _ '_

AZ 338 °
/

_.1 FIGURE 7-10. PROJECT MERCURY--HAWAII

7-21
MG-101-2

BGRESIGHT TOWER
S-BAND RADAR

/I

II I/

TRANSMITTER VAN //' 1/_\

/,
,_, /i
I!
","
I" I!
GROUND-TO-AIR _x./'C_,_/RADAR VAN //
TRANSMITTER TOWER __j_ //

SUBSTATION / "_i_ v _ / /
I S-BAND / /
_ RADAR TOWER I /

;/o
| I1_

AN/FPS.16 RADAR /_'_ I "_


TOWER
ANDBUlLDtNG--_._U/
_1 _
k,i It \"\
I(/11 k\

BORESIGHT TOWER /" /i/ _

i/i .././///t

FOR AN/FpS.16 RADAR _ t'/ /


TRANSFORMER
SUBSTATION

I /I
7- UNIT I I /
ENERATOR
EU,tDIN- LILII
",
',
//

// i/'/

/ Ill I
II It
/I II
II II
II II
II II
II II
I I I I (k. p/BORESIGHT TOWER
J It Z-_
I I I I ._% v

ANTENNA TOWER __\\\ SCAI E


lJ \_)
t ] '_',,_F ," _ o so'2oo' 400' ..,
6vv

CONTROL BUILDING"- // \ ./_ _ "-


_, ANTENNA TOWER (

7-22 FIGURE7-11. LOCATION MAP_HAWAII


MG-I01-2

CAPSULE
COMMUNICATIONS
TRANSMITTER

HT

SUBSTATION

ANTENNA TOWERS-BAND PARKINGVAN __G


RADAR

S-BAND
RADAR ANTENNA SCALE
O 5'15' 30' 60'

FIGURE7-12. SITE PLAN, S-BAND RADAR AREA--HAWAII

7-23
MG-101-2

"

OUTDOOR C
MAINTENANCE
ANTENNA AREA

TOWER

HALEMANN
TRIG STATION

TELEMETRY
AND CONROI.
BUILDING
SUBSTATION

ELECTRICAL

COOLING TOWER _ ". _ _'/


AND TANK\ _, -\ ANTENNA
_, _'_ ,.., TOWER

0 10' 20' 40' 60 r %."

'_.-- ....... -_ WATER


PMPj

FIGURE7-13. SITEPLAN, TELEMETRY


AND CONTROL AREA--HAWAII
7-24
MG-101-2

_,
OILET PURPOSE
AREA ,_u I _, I_EEKI'
_]
(_ 1--7

o
||1
I'_ SHOP
OUTDOOR
1
GENERAL_
t_© I0_ _1 r_ AREA

+ECH,NICA
r1lJ_ 13
-- _ TOOL AND PARTS

:OOM --_l
10 9
_J 47
[_"
_) 5 STORAGE+TENA+E
'
•a E

SCALE
oi" 4' B' 16"

,j
AREA I AREA II AREA !!1
1. 28ASR I. POLAR-CARTEStAN CONVERTER I: WORK BENCH
2. 2BRO 'R. PLOTBOARD 2. POWERPANEL
B. DESK 3. ACQUISITION DATA CONSOLE 3. LIGHT PANEL
4. WORK TABLE 4. ACQUISITION AID EQUIPMENT 4. TIMING STANDARD
5. 112 KEY EQUIPMI'HT E. SERVO 5. DECOM MONITOR
6. 28ROTR 6. COMMAND STATION DJSPLA_/_ 6. 90-90 DECOM
7. F/LE 7. M & 0 SUPERVISORDESK 7. 90-15 DECOM
8. STORAGECABINET 8, COMMUNICATIONS"[ECHNICIAN B, RECORDER
9. DISTRIBUTINGFRAME CONSOLE 9. PEN RECORDERS
10. POWERDISTRIBUTIONPANEL 10. VOICE RECEIVERS
11. DISCR/MINATORS
12. CALIBRATOR
13, RECEIVERS
14. CONTROL
15. RECORDERS

FIGURE7-14. FLOOR PLAN, TELEMETRY


AND CONTROLAREA--HAWAII

7-25
\

MG-I01_2,

I S,TSMANAGER
I

I
LOGISTICS CHIEF*
I
COMMUNICATOR
SERVICES
SUPERVISOR M &O ] CAPSULE ]

CLERK(1)** _.[ SITE ENGINEER J MONITOR


AEROMEDICAL

JANITOR AND
. GENERAL TELEMETRy CAPSULE
UTILITY_1)** MONITOR

MECHANICAL
m AND ELECTRICAL RADAR VERLORr
MAINTENANCE(1)

• DAT,_ PROCESSING"
m AND TIMING '-'

FUNCTIONS = _._

RADARFPS-I6

ACQUISITION AID
AND CONSOLE

-- CAPSULEVOICE TRANSMIIYERS
CAPSULEVOICE RECEIVERS

COMMAND
TRANSMITTER

-- COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNICIAN CGNSOLE

TELETYPE

*OPERATESTECHNICIANSINTERCOMPOSITION
**DURING FLIGHT OR DRILL,ASSISTSIN
MESSENGERSERVICEAND MONITORS
RECEIVE'ONLYTELETYPEEQUIPh_ENT

FIGURE 7-15. SITE ADMINISTRATION--HAWAII _ /]

7-26 _.
M6-101-2

),

Section 8

POINT ARGUELLO =
Z
MG-101-2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraph Page Paragraph Page


8.1 Purpose of the Site 8-1 8.5 Site Administration 8-5

8.2 Systems 8-i 8.6 Geographicand ClimaticData 8-5


Ground Communications
System 8-1 8.7 Transportation and Communica-
Timing System 8-1 tions 8-7
Acquisition System 8-1
Telemetry System 8-1 8.8 Site Personnel Facilities and Serv-
Capsule Communications ice (Housing, Medical Facilities,
System 8-3 Recreational Facilities, Mail Serv-
Radar System 8-4 ice, Religious Facilities, Clothing,
Command Transmitting System 8-4 and Food) 8-7
8.3 Equipment Allocations 8-5
8.9 Miscellaneous Information (Money
8.4 EquipmentLocations 8-5 andTaxes) 8-7

8-|
MG-101-2

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Title Page Figure Title Page


8-1 Master Functional Block Diagram 8-9 Site Location--Point Arguello 8-19
----Point Arguello 8-9
8-10 Transmitter Building--Point At-
8-2 Functional Block Diagram, Ti- guello 8-20
ming System Point Arguello 8-10 8-11 Floor Plan, UHF Command Trans-

8-3 Functional Block Diagram, Ac- mitter Vans--PointArguello 8-21


quisition System Point Arguello 8-11 8-12 Room 224, Range Operations
Building--Point Arguello 8-23
8-4 Functional Block Diagram, Te-
lemetry System--Point Arguello 8-12/13 8-13 LA-24 Building, Acquisition Aid
Equipment Point Arguello 8-24
8-5 Functional Block Diagram, Cap-
sule Communications System -- 8-14 Equipment Location, Range Oper-
Point Arguello 8-14/15 ations Building--Point ArgueUo 8-25

8-6 Functional Block Diagram, Radar 8-15 Equipment Location, Telemetry


System--Point Arguello 8-16 Building--Point Arguello 8-26 _j,
8-16 Veflort Radar Van Point Argu-
8-7 Capsule Command Transmitter ello 8-27
System Point Arguello 8-17
8-17 Site Administration Point Argu-
8-8 Area Map---Point Arguello 8-18 ello 8-28

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page


8-1 Equipment Allocations -- Point
Arguello 8-6

8-ii
MG- 101-2

- SECTION 8. POINT ARGUELLO, CALIFORNIA

8.1 PURPOSE OF THE SITE get, crated signal with the frequency of the
In addition to the functions and systems noted received signal. A check of the system is pro-
in Figure I-1, this site is important to Project vided by a visual comparsion on an oscilloscope
of the one-pulse-per-second output of the timing
Mercury because transmitter
Island command it is a backup to the to
installation Kauai
en- system and the once-per-second tone burst of
WWV.
sure accurately timed firing of the capsule retro-
rockets, should the resetting of the capsule timer Important outputs of this system are as follows.
by Kauai be impossible. Accurately timed firing a. An output representing the GMT in hours,
of these rockets is necessary to cause the capsule minutes, and seconds, is used in the data proc-
to land in the desired recovery area. essing and data conversion equipment to time-
tag the radar data, and to drive certain time
8.2 SYSTEMS displays.

Figure 8-1 is a system functional block diagram b. A pulse from the timing equipment every
of this site. six seconds causes radar data to be read out.
c. Telemetry data is time-tagged for teletype
8.2.1 Ground Communications System transmission. Time reference is GMT, which
is delivered in the serial form of a ten-pulse-per-
Figure 1-3 illustrates the world-wide network second pulse train.
of Project Mercury which is used to com-
municate with the Goddard communications
8.2.3 Acquisition System
and computing center and the Mercury Control
J' Center at Cape Canaveral. Figure 1-2 is a An acquisition system is provided at Point
typical intrasite communications network which Arguello to assist in orienting the antennas for
illustrates the setup for this site. the radar, command, telemetry, and capsule
The primary communications facilities from communications radio systems (Figure 8-3).
Point Arguello are by facilities leased from Two types of consoles are provided for system
American Telephone and Telegraph. operation at this site.
a. The active acquisition aid control console
8.2.2 Timing System controls the operation of the active acquisition
aid which is essentially an antenna pointing
The timing system provides time correlation device. Manual, automatic, or slaved operation
of data collected from radar and telemetry sys- of the acquisition aid antenna is controlled by
terns, and it provides a driving source for the this console. These types of operation are de-
control area time displays (Figure 8-2). The fined as follows.
time reference used is that of Greenwich Mean
Time (GMT) expressed in hours, minutes, and (1) Manual operation is the control of
seconds, antenna position with handwheelslocated on
the console. Visual indications are provided to
Time signals broadcast from the Bureau of show the azimuth and elevation coordinates
Standards
the site on radio stationprovided
WWV for
are this
received at selected with handwheel operation.
receivers specific
purpose. These signals are used as a reference (2) Automatic operation is the control of
standard against which a stable one-megacycle antenna position by the active acquisition aid
oscillator is compared and adjusted. Successive receiver without manual assistance. The con-
frequency division circuits supply frequencies trol is accomplished by the directional-sensing
from 1 kc to one cycle per minute. During capabilities of a quad-helix antenna array (on
-_ this procedure, adjustments are made as neces- the A-pedestal), associated hybrid and acquisi-
sary to synchronize the frequency of the locally tion receiver. A telemetry signal after process-

8-1
MG-101-2

ing through this equipment is converted into a. LA-24 Building.


positioning voltages for pointing the A-pedestal (1) Active Acquisition Aid Control Con-
towardthe capsule, sole.
(3) Slaved operation is control of the ac- (a) From the telemetry system:
quisition aid antenna by positional data supplied Frequencies TM1 and TM2 to console for signal
by the antennas of other systems at the site. strength metering and signal selection.
Signal strength meters provided on this console (b) Cablewrap indications (for the
aid selection for tracking purposes of the A-pedestal): Two lamps, one of which is lit
stronger of two telemetry frequencies trans- when the antenna is left of center, and the other,
mitred by the capsule. The strength of the signal when the antenna is right of center.
received through the acquisition aid receiver (c) From the active acquisition aid
is also indicated by a signal strength meter, receiver: Error voltage, and signal strength
Error voltages which indicate the correction (sum of error voltages) voltage.
voltages currently are
applied to theonacquisition aid (2) Acquisition Data Console.
antenna pedestal displayed this console.
(a) From the active acquisition aid
b. The acquisition data console monitors the console: Azimuth, elevation, and control mode.
control mode (manual, automatic, or slaved)
and the azimuth and elevation of the various (b) From the Verlort radar: Azi-
steerable antennas at the site. The acquisition muth, elevation, and control mode.
data console allows any of the steerable an- (c) From the FPS-16 radar: Azi-
tennas at the site to be slaved to the source fur- muth, elevation, and control mode.
nishing the most accurate tracking information. (d) From the telemetry area acqui-
Since the acquisition aid antenna receiving sition data console: Azimuth, elevation, and _
pattern has a 20-degree beamwidth, the active control mode.
acquisition aid is capable of acquiring the target b. Telemetry Building.
early and furnishing refined capsule position
information to all other steerable antenna pedes- (1) Acquisition Data Console.
tals at the site. Since the area to be searched (a) From the R1 antenna pedestal:
has been greatly decreased, radar equipments Frequencies TM1 and TM2 to the console for
with beamwidths of less than 3 degrees may signal strength metering and signal selection.
now acquire the target more readily. (b) Cablewrap status of the R1
An acquisition aid console and acquisition data pedestal.
console are located in the LA-24 Optical Build- (c) From the R2 antenna pedestal:
ing (Figures 8-9 and 8-13). An acquisition Frequencies TMI and TM2 to the console for
data console is also located in the Telemetry signal strength metering and signal selection.
Building (Figures 8-9 and 8-15). These con- (d) Cablewrap status of the R2 an-
soles are relatively
but distantclose
fromtoeach
systems
other.associated tenna pedestal.
with them, For this
reason, synchro remoting circuits are added to (e) From the T&C antenna peal-
the circuits between consoles to minimize trans- estah Cablewrap, azimuth, elevation, and con-
mission losses. Synchro remoting equipment is trol mode.
also added to the control leads associated with (f) From the acquisition data con-
the transmitting antenna pedestal from the ac- sole (at LA-24 Building) : Azimuth, elevation,
quisition data console located in the receiver and valid data indication.
area location.
Signals or displays associated with systems or 8.2.4 Telemetry System
equipments appearing on the acquisition system This system monitors the physical condition
consoles are as follows, and the capsule environmental conditions dur- _J"

8-2
MG-101-2

ing flight (Figure 8-4). Pulse rate, body tern- palate displays. The fourth channel discrlmina-
perature, cabin pressure, and vibration are but a tot output is decommutated into individual
few of the many items of information tram- analog and events signals for display and re-
mitted from the capsule over the telemetry sys- cording.
tem. Sensors in the capsule supply an output These options greatly increase system reliability
(analog) voltage which is used to modulate the over that of a straightforward system.
telemetry carriers of two capsule transmitters, Recording equipment (Ampex FR-107A) is
each operating on a different frequency in the used at the Telemetry Building to record rc-
225-260 megacycle (me) band. ceiver composite outputs. An eight-channel pen
Four receivers are used with two quad-helix recorder is used to record the signal strengths of
antenna arrays on separate pedestals positioned the four receivers.
to obtain both height and space diversity. These National Aeronautics and Space Admlnlstra-
receivers, located in the
withTelemetry
each pair Building, tion recording equipment (Ampex FR-114) and
are arranged in pairs, tuned to
one of the two transmitter frequencies. The recording oscillographs are located in the Range
receiver outputs are fed to a diversity combiner Operations Building.
complex which effectively adds the signals and Approximately 20 quantities and notations are
improves the apparent signal-to-noise ratio. A prepared in a standard summary format from
spectrum analyzer is used to select the best telemetry signals observed during capsule tran-
source of information obtained by the above sit. This summary is transmitted by teletype
system refinements, to the Mercury Control Center immediately
Outputs of all four receivers, together with after the capsule has passed.
those of the diversity combiners, are sent over
lines (capable of passing 12 kc) to the Range 8.2.5 Capsule Communications System
Operations Building where the signals are de- The basic function of the air-to-ground (and
J modulated and separated, ground-to-air) voice transmission system is to
A signal strength composite is also transmitted deliver intelligible voice signals to the Astronaut
to the Range Operations Building. This signal during the period of each orbit when the capsule
is derived from the four receiver signal strength is within range (Figure 8-5). The voice tram-
outputs, missionsystemis used to conveyinstructions
Capsule telemetry signals received by a high- to the Astronaut, request information, and an-
gain antenna and receiving equipment located swer questions. Two amplitude modulated
on San Nicolas Island are delivered as two (AM) systems are used for this purpose. These
telemetry composite outputs (of diversity corn- systems operate in the high-frequency (I-IF)
biners) by a microwave communications sys- and ultra-high-frequency (UHF) bands, respee-
tern to Mercury demodulation equipment in the tively, and provide direct communications be-
Range Operations Building. Mercury switching tween the capsule and the flight controUer
and patching facilities, provided in the Range positions. To ensure reliable transmission and
Operations Building, permit monitoring and reception, these equipments are operated simul-
selection of the signals from San Nicolas Island taneously.
decommutation and data display. Existing NOTE
equipment at San Nicolas Island (including
Nems-Clarke 1432 Receivers and DDU-1000 In addition to the above systems, emer-
diversity combiners) is utilized, gency communications with the capsule
The demodulation and separation equipment are possible. The command transmit-
for the system is located in the basement equip- ter can be voice modulated for trans-
ment area (Room 107) of the Range Oper- mission from the site to the capsule
ations Building. Three of the four channels and the Astronaut may key his telem-
used in transmitting telemetry information (and etry transmitter in the eapsale (on a
used for cardiogram and respiration signals) are continuous-wave basis) for transmis-
sent directly from the discriminators to appro- sion to the ground locations.

8-3
_G-I01-2

All communication between site and capsule technician console, by passing the I-IF diversity
is channeled through a communications tech- relay actuator, where either receiver output can
nician console located in the Range Operations be selected as described above.
Building. The Communications Technician Both HF and UHF transmitters can be either
monitors all receivers for selection (for the use keyed individually or simultaneously. Each
of the Flight Controllers) of either the HF or transmitter has a nominal output of 100 watts.
the UIq_F receiving system and the better signal
of the system selected. The transmitter and receiver antenna pedes-
tals are steerable, under control of the aequisi-
The selected system and signal is then made tion system.
available to the flight controller consoles. NOTE
Inputs to the communications technician con- All voice transmissions to and from the
sole are audio from the I-IF and UHF air- capsule will be recorded on magnetic
ground receivers and audio from the flight con- tape to provide a permanent record at
troller consoles which are equipped for capsule the site.
communication.
8.2.6 Radar System
Outputs from the console include:
The radai system at Point Arguello consists of
a. Audio modulation for I-IF and UHF trans-
a Verlort (S-band) and FPS-16 (C-band) ra-
mitters; dar. See figure 8-6.
b. Test signals for both receiver systems; The Verlort radar supplies precise tracking
e. All audio traffic to tape recording facilities; data within its nominal range of 700 miles. Af-
d. Receiver audio to the flight controller con- ter processing by conversion equipment, this
soles, data is sent by teletypeto the Goddardcom-
Receiving system reliability is ensured by the puting center. In addition, the Verlort sup-
use of two frequency bands, antenna space plies data to the acquisition system for site
diversity, two receivers per frequency, and the anienna positioning when in a valid tracking
versatile switching arrangements at the corn- mode. The site antennas can be slaved to this
munications technician console, acquistion information through the acquisition
data console so that they are directed toward
The UHF receiving system uses the same the capsule. The location of the Verlort radar
quad-helix antenna arrays that are used for the is shown in Figure 8-9, the floor plan in Figure
telemetry system. Two separate preamplifiers 8-16.
and receivers are used, with the receiver outputs The FPS-16 radar has a narrow beamwidth
feeding a diversity combiner where the signals which provides precise tracking data throughout
are combined to add their output strength and its nominal 500-mile range. Data handling
minimize noise. Three outputs are available
requirements for conversion to teletype format
from the combiner: receiver #1, receiver apply. This radar system is incorporated into
_2, or the composite signal. These outputs the acquisition system beth as a directed and as
are amplified and fed to the communications a directing unit as is the Verlort radar. The
technician console for selection of the best location of the FPS-16 radar is shown in Figure
signal. 8-9,the floorplanin Figure8-16.
The HF receiver outputs are normally pro- S,_'itches mounted on a wall in the FPS-16
eessed by a diversity relay actuator which auto- Building permit switching the AN/FPS-16 from
matically selects the stronger of the incoming existing range operations to Mercury operations.
signals. This signal is compared with the UHF
signal at the communications technician con- 8.2.7 Command Transmitting System
sole, where the better signal is selected for (See Figures 8-7 and 8-11.)
application to the flight controller air-ground Radio command control is required from pre-
receiving network. The HF receiver outputs launch to flight completion to furnish ground _._
also are brought directly to the communications command backup of internally programmed

8-4
MG- 101-2

_F capsule events. These commands can also ter- acquisition data console in the Telemetry Build-
minate a flight by setting the retrotimer in the ing. A synchro remoting system is used be-
capsule, which controls firing of the retro- tween console and pedestal to control the ped-
rockets, as well as by initiating other vital steps estal, due to the distance between these loca-
in terminatinga flight, tions.
A 10-kilowatt (kw) transmitting power am- An FRW-3 receiver is provided at the Range
plifier is used in conjunction with two FRW-2 Operations Building for monitoring the trans-
(one master, one standby) 500-watt transmit- mitred commands to the capsule. After de-
ters. The FRW-2 units are normally used to modulation, these commands are then decoded
modulate the 10-kw amplifier but each can be (by a KY-172 unit) and are recorded in the
used as command control transmitters in case control area. This device allows comparison of
of failure of the 10-kw amplifier. System *per- the commands initiated at the capsule com-
ation in case of component failures is as follows, municators console with the commands actually
See figure 8-7. transmitted, thereby verifying system accuracy.
a. An automatic monitor and switchover sys- NOTE
tem detects failure of the regular (master)
500-watt FRW-2 unit used to modulate the An emergency form of voicecommuni-
10-kw final amplifier. An automatic switchover tion with the capsule is available at
then replaces the master FRW-2 unit with the sites having command control transmit-
standbyunit. ters. The commandtransmittercan be
voice modulated for transmitting to the
b. Failure of the 10-kw amplifier is detected capsule and the telemetry transmitter
by the monitor and switchover system. Coaxial in the capsule or it can be keyed for
switches are then actuated to bypass the 10-kw interrupted continuous-wave (ICW)
J amplifier and to use the FRW-2 (500 watt) transmission to the site.
master unit as the command transmitter.
c. Failure of the FRW-2 (500 watt) master 8.3 EQUIPMENT ALLOCATIONS
unit results in an automatic switchover to the Table 8-1 lists major equipments grouped by
remaining FRW-2 (also 500 watt) standby unit system and the manufacturer or source from
as the command transmitter, whom the equipment is obtained.
d. Two coders are used for this system, one
for the master and one for the standby FRW-2 8.4 EQUIPMENT LOCATIONS
units. Both coders are used simultaneously dur- The locations of the various equipments are
ing system operation. A monitoring device de- shown on Figures 8-9 through 8-16 and Figure
tects failure of either coder or FRW-2 unit (in- 6-27.
dicated by a lack of modulation at the asso-
ciated FRW-2 unit) and causes switchover to 8.5 SITE ADMINISTRATION
the remaining coder--FRW-2 unit combination. Site administration is shown in chart form in
e. Excessive distances between the coder con- Figure 8-17.
troller equipment (at the Control Center) and
the coders (at the transmitting equipment loca- 8.6 GEOGRAPHIC AND CLIMATIC
tion) require the use of a command coder mul- DATA
tiplex remoting system to improve transmission Point Arguello is located on the California
of information between these locations. Dual coast, west of Lompoc and approximately 180
cable facilities are provided to ensure reliability, miles north of Los Angeles (Figure 8-8).
f. Antenna patching facilities provided enable Site coordinates are latitude 34*35' N, longitude
the system to be changed from the normal quad- 120 °34' W.
helix antenna array to a standby antenna. The The climate is relatively mild with an aver-
- antenna system is steerable under control of the age temperature of 63°F in the summer and

8-5
MG-101-2

TABLE 8-1

EQUIPMENT ALLOCATIONS--POINT ARGUELLO

System Equipment TypeorModel SuppliedBy

Aequlsitinn Active Acquisition Aid


Acquisition Data Console Cubic
Acquisition Data Console Bendix Radio
(includes Acquisition
Aid Console)
SynehroRemotlngSystem Electrospan Bendix Pacific

Radar S-band Verlort Reeves(existing


facilities)
C-band FPS-16 RCA (existing
facilities)
Telemetry Preamplifiers 'PR-203 Nems-Clarke
Receiver 1412 Nems-Clarke
Receiver 1434 Nems-Clarke
Diversity Combiner DCA-500 Nems-Clarke
Decommutators 90/90 TDS-90 Amoux
Decommutators 90/15 TDS-90 Amoux
Descriminators TDA-102 Bendix
Tape Recorder FR-114 Ampex
Displays Capsule
Communicator Bendix
Aeromedieal
Observer Bendix
Capsule
Observer Bendix

Capsule Transmitter(10-kw) 240D-2 Collins-Alpha


Command
Transmitting Transmitter (500-watt) AN/FRW-2 Collins-Alpha
System
Command Coder Multiplex Type 230 Model 1 Northern Radio
Remoting System
Coder KY-171 Collins-Alpha
Coder Controller C 1669/URW Collins-Alpha
Air-Ground I-IFTransmitter CS-2029 Gates
Communications I-IF XMTR-Remote Control 177L-2 Collins
I-IF Receiver " R390A/URR Collins
UHFTransmitter GRT-3 RadioReceptor
UHF Receiver R278B/GR Collins

50°F in the winter. The average yearly rainfall Temperature Relative Humidity
is 12 inches, with the heaviest rainfall between High Low High Low
the months of December and March. High and
low temperature and relative humidity figures Summer 102°F 440F 95% 50%
are as follows: Winter 87°F 22"F 85% 15%

8-6
MG-101-2

There is an average of two severe storms during stations and numerous radio stations serve the
the year, occurring during the winter season, area. Television reception in the area is con-
sidered of good quality.
8.7 TRANSPORTATION AND
COMMUNICATIONS The airmail delivery time to New York City
is approximately two days.
There are four flights daily (two north and two The religious denominations found in Lore-
south) from Santa Maria by Pacific Air Lines. poe are: Assembly of God, Baptist, Christian
There is also scheduled service by the same air- Science Society, Catholic, Latter-Day Saints,
lines and by United Air Lines at Santa Barbara. Episcopal, Methodist, Lutheran, Presbyterian,
The Southern Pacific Railroad (coast line) and Pentecostal.
serves the area with a station at Surf which is
four miles from the main gate of the site. There A variety of clothing is necessary due to the
is also Greyhound Bus Service at Lompoc. temperature variations as noted in paragraph
8.6. Local stores supply a wide variety of cloth-
Travel within the site is by automobile exclu- ing and other consumer products.
sively. There is no local bus service in Lompoc.
The General Te/ephone Company of California 8.9 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
serves the area.
Two banks in the town of Lompoc (savings
8.8 SITE PERSONNEL FACILITIES and commercial) provide complete banking
AND SERVICES services.

Housing has been scarce due to the popula- The State of California has both a personal
tion increase caused by expansion of the military income tax and a sales tax. The sales tax is in
bases in this area. The situation is reported to the amount of 4 percent but does not apply to
J be easing, with these rental costs typical: food purchases. The income tax is progressive,
based on income versus dependency and dedue-
Houses--3 bedrooms, unfurnished $165 per tions. A sample of this tax for 1959 is $10,000
month and up; income, 4 dependents, $39.00 tax. Local prop-
2 bedrooms, unfurnished $125 per erty taxes are variable, depending on the lo-
month and up; cality, the tax rate, and assessing practices of
Apartments--1 and 2 bedrooms, unfurnished the area. Information available indicates the
$105 to $140 per month and following (approximate) property taxes in the
up. area:

There are six motels and two hotels in the Cost of Home Tax
Lompac area. The rates vary upward from $16,000 $250.00
$8.00per night for a singleroom. 12,000 188.00
Rentals of trailer park facilities, which are
available, start at $40.00 per month. Prices, costs, and rentals quoted are in ac-
cordance with the best information available at
There are hospitals in Lompoe and at the the time of this writing. Inasmuch as they are
Vandenberg Air Force Base. The local range subject to change with the passing of time, it is
facility maintains a medical dispensary, suggested that items of particular personal in-
Swimming, fishing, hunting, golf, movies, and retest be further verified through appropriate
library facilities are available. Four television channels.

8-7
< (
o> _
_ -_,

§_ ,,a
5N

_.=( _"_ _o
_0 _0 _'_
I_

j
i
I
tI

m ,o_:

_°1_ _ o -

o ....
_.o o. ]f

/
MG-101-2

J K7

\ /

r_ .....

J IO-KW POWER
l SWITCHING

SYSTEM
......
--!---- IO-KW POWER

AMP
STANDBY
II_ ----I-- -- --f I -I-------I AMP
MASTER
j , ,,
I I I I
J I I I [ '_
I 7
I I I
I

t I-KWLOAD
J I

co01!uco
XMTR FRW-2
STANDBY"

DRIVING
UNIT

I CGDS'
I
I
XMTR FRW-2
MASTER

DRIVING
UNIT

I
r CO0ER
I
I I
I I
I'EM
cl_RC_R
J' I I l REM
C_T
RCVR
J
CONTROLLER
I CODER I

1
NOTE:
I c°NS°_
I
1. DASHED LINES INDICATE
MONITORING AND SWITCHING
2. STANDBY lO-KW POWER AMPLIFIER
NORMAtLy DEENERGIZED

FIGURE8-7. CAPSULECOMMAND TRANSMITTER


SYSTEM--POINT ARGUELLO

8J17
MG-101-2

\
225 MILESTO
SAN FRANCISCO

BAKERSFIELD
SAN LUISOBISPO .,,.._,_ (¢.#_.,,.-4_)_

SANTA MARfA

LOMPOC

SANTA
BARBARA

(MERCURYSITE)
VENTURA

PACIFIC OCEAN

POINT ARGUELLO

FIGURE 8-8. AREA MAP- POINT ARGUELLO

8-18
MG-101-2

PT. ARGUEtLO

/ / TO LOMPOC
TRANSMITTER BUILDING /
HE TRANSMITTER

UHF TRANSMITTER
COMMAND TRANSMITTER '( """._. "_
LJ
C) RANGE OPERATIONS BUILDING T & C "
(-/ FLIG_tT CONTROLLER CONSOLES _
G/A VOICE EQUIPMENT _ 4

COf_MAND CONTROL _'_ _'/_


_ TTY EQUIPMENT I
TLM DEMODULATORS I
I
TELEMETRY BUILDING I

TLM RECEfVER5 /_ "/


HE RECEIVERS R-PEDESTALS
UHF RECEIVERS
ACQUISITION CONSOLE

FPS-16
DORESIGHT

I TOWER

VERLORT RADAR RADAR

t-24 OPTICAL BUILDING


SUDDEN RANCH ACQUISITION AiD PEDESTAL AND ANTENNA
ACQUISITION AID RECEIVER
ACQUISITION AID CONSOLE
ACQUISITION DATA CONSOLE

_' FIGURE8-9. SITE LOCATION--POINT ARGUELLO

8-19
PEDESTAL
T&C NO. 2
PEDESTAL
NO.1 COMMAND
TRANSMITTER
VAN NO. 1
COMMAND
TRANSMITTER
VAN NO. 2
Tc
(SPARE)

HARDSTAND
"_ TERMINALEQUIPMENT

UHF TRANSMITTER

SERVO EQUIPMENT
HF TRANSMITTER ___,

J EQUIPMENT
SYNCHRO REMOTING

FIGURE 8-10.

TRANSMITTER BUILDING--
POINT ARGUELLO

UHF RADIO
TRANSMITTER
BUILDING

8-20
_ _J _
MG-101-2

jr

DESK I TELETYPE EQUIPMENTI " I

DD

THIS IS A CURTAIN
ALONG HERE

j'

SUPER. DESK

M,o COMM TECH


CONSOLE
ii PLOT
ROARD
J

DV1 @ DISPLAY

c°'_%"g_2r'°"

-" FIGURE8-12. ROOM 224, RANGE OPERATIONSBUILDING--POINT ARGUELLO

8-23
MG-101-2

r- i1
I II

, ,,
I

EXISTING
LA-24 BUILDING

A-PEDESTAL
ACQ AID J
ANTENNA

NEW EXTENSION

PLOT SYNCHRO
BOARD REMOTE

ACQ AID
CONSOLE

I I JE_U_'P'_E°_'

FIGURE8-13. LA-24 BUILDING,ACQUISITION AID EQUIPMENT--POINT ARGUELLO

8-24
MG-101-2

_j

NN Eli N_ N n
DISC SW [

ELECT
D _ 400 AMP
I-_l 12 I 12 I 12 I 12 I PWRoP.NII'[

I_, I BI9I1"1101l-_-ll-_lnnr_ [

i 0ES_
I
m
I--1 J--1 I--

NOTEz BOXES NOT MARKED ARE EXISTING RANGE EQUIPMENT

LEGEND

'1, TAPE RECORDER 9. EVENTS RECORDER


2. REPRO PRECISION 10. PEN RECORDER
3. CONT 11. CABLERACK
4. CALIBRATOR 12. 112 KEY EQUIPMENT
5. DISCRIMINATOR 13. TIMING STANDARD
6. DECOM MONITOR 14. 105D POWER PLANT
7. 90/90 DECOM 15. MISCELLANEOUS POWER
g. 90/15 DECOM 16. DISTRIBUTION FRAME

FIGURE8-14. EQUIPMENTLOCATION, RANGE OPERATIONSBUILDING--POINT ARGUELLO

Lj
8-25
MG-101-2

MECHANICALAND ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENTROOM HANDLING
J_
I 1
_] TAPE AND FILM 1
_"_POWER DIST PANEL

---1
V
EXISTING
RANGE EQUIPMENT

EXISTING
J_ RANGE EQUIPMENT L

II II _ I1+1 7 7 + +
_

1. RECEIVERS
A AND B
i L I <
2.
3. INPUT
PEN RECORDER CONCRETE
LEGEND l J
4. VOICE RECEIVER
5. SYNCHRO REMOTING TRANSMITTER
6. SYNCHRO REMOTING RECEIVER
7. ,SERVO
8. ACQUISITION AID CONSOLE

FIGURE8-15. EQUIPMENTLOCATION, TELEMETRY


BUILDING--POINT ARGUELLO

8-26
MG-101-2

'j

HV RECTIFIER
AND
AUXILIARY
CABINET

UENYDRATOR
MASTER

O _ COMPUTER --_-_
O

_z_) 2BRO
TAPE <_ z0
m PRINTER u

DIRECTIONAL

_; COUBLER
\I ,' , ,

TRAVELING
WAVE TUBE J

JUNCTION BOX E ASSEMBLY


XMTR AND RCVR
ASSEMBLY
MODULATOR

FIGURE 8-16. VERLORTRADAR VAN--POINT ARGUELLO

8-27
MG-101-2

L SITE MANAGER ]

I
l lLOGISTICS
SERVICES
CHIEF* COMMUNICATOR

1
CLERK** SITEENGINEER MONITOR
._ ] AEROMEDICAL

JANITOR AND CAPSULE


GENERAL TELEMETRY MONITOR
UTILITY**

MECHANICAL
AND ELECTRICAL RADAR VERLORT
MAINTENANCE

DATA PROCESSING
' AND TIMING --
FUNCTIONS

RADAR FPS-T6

m ACQUISITION AID
AND CONSOLE

CAPSULEVOICE TRANSMITTERS
--CAPSULE VOICE RECEIVERS

COMMAND
TRANEMIffER

m COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNIC/AN CONSOLE

TELETYPE

*OPERATESTECHNICIANSINTERCOMPOSITION
**DURING FLIGHT OR DRILL,ASSISTSIN
MESSENGERSERVICEAND MONITORS
RECEIVE-ONLYTELETYPEEQUIPMENT

FIGURE 8-17. SITE ADMINISTRATION--POINT ARGUELLO _

8-28
M (3-101-2

Section 9

WHITE SANDS AND EGLIN

ol
rn
n
-4
5
Z
,O
MG-101-2

TABLEOF CONTENTS

Paragraph Title Page Paragraph Title Page


9.1 Purpose of the Sites 9-1 9.7 Transportation and Communica-
tions 9-4
9.2 Systems 9-1 WhiteSands 9-4
GroundCommunications Eglin 9-4
System 9-1
Timing System 9-1 9.8 Site Personnel Facilities and Serv-
Acquisition System 9-1 ices (Housing, Medical Facilities,
Radar System 9-2 Recreational Facilities, Mail Serv-
ice, Religious Facilities, Clothing,
9.3 EquipmentAllocations 9-3 and Food) 9-4
9.4 Equipment Locations 9-3 White Sands 9-4
Eglin 9-4
9.5 Site Adminisiration 9-3
9.9 Miscellaneous Information
9.6 Geographic and Climatie Data 9-3 (Money and Taxes) 9-5
WhiteSands 9-3 WhiteSands 9-5
Eglin 9-3 Eglin 9-5
f

9-|
MG-I01-2

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Title Page Figure Title Page


9-1 Master Functional Block Diagram 9-6 Functional Block Diagram, Radar
----White Sands 9-7 System--White Sands 9-14

9-2 Master Functional Block Diagram 9-7 Functional Block Diagram, Radar
---Eglin 9-8 System--Eglin 9-15
9-8 Area Matt--White Sands 9-17
9-3 Functional Block Diagram, Timing
System--White Sands and Eglin 9-9 9-9 Equipment Location--White Sands 9-18

9-4 Functional Block Diagram, Acqui- 9-10 Area Map---Eglin 9-19


sition System--White Sands 9-11 9-11 Equipment Location Eglin 9-20

9-5 Functional Block Diagram, Aequi- 9-12 Site Administration--White Sands


sitionSystem Eglin 9-13 and Eglin 9-21

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page


9-i Equipment Allocations -- White
Sandsand Eglin 9-3

9-ii
MG-101-2

SECTION 9. WHITE SANDS, NEW MEXICO, AND EGLIN, FLORIDA

9.1 PURPOSE OF THE SITES a. An output representing the GMT in hours,


In addition to the functions and systems noted minutes, and seconds, is used in the data proc-
in Figure 1-1, the Eglin site is important to essing and data conversion equipment to time-
Project Mercury in that it is the only site, other tag the radar data, and to drive certain time
than Cape Canaveral, which has a high-speed displays.
data-link input to the IBM 709 computer at b. A pulse from the timing equipment every
Cape Canaveral. This data is used to assist six seconds causes radar data to be read out.
radars in acquiring the capsule on the second
and third passes. 9.2.3 AcquisitionSystem
Acquisition of the capsule by the tracking radar
9.2 SYSTEMS is expedited by the active acquisitionaid equip-
ment. See Figures 9-4 and 9-5.
See Figures 9-1 and 9-2.
Proper functioning of the system depends on
9.2.1 Ground Communications System error voltages. These voltages are developed
by measurement of the time difference at which
The data from White Sands and Eglin is trans- the signals transmitted by the capsule arrive at
mitred via leased facilities to the Goddard corn- the different elements of the acquisition antenna.
munications and computing center (Figure The magnitude of these error voltages is greater
1-3). In addition Eglin transmits data to Cape as the antenna points away from the capsule
Canaveral on a high-speed data link. and are least when the antenna is aimed directly
._ atthesignal source.
9.2.2 Timing System The difference in arrival time of the signal
The timing system provides time correlation at the antenna elements (phase difference) is
of data collected from the radar and it pro- measured by the acquisition aid receiver which
vides a driving source for the control area time is especially designed for this purpose.
displays (Figure 9-3). The time reference The error voltages developed by the system
used is that of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) are amplified and displayed on appropriate me-
expressed in hours, minutes, and seconds, ters to aid a system operator in manually eor-
Time signals broadcast from Bureau of Stand- retting the antenna position until the antenna
ards radio station WWV are received at the pointing error is at a minimum, as seen on the
site on receivers provided for this specific pur- meters. If, however, the system is in automatic
pose. These signals are used as a reference operation, the error voltages are applied directly
standard against which a stable one-megacycle to the antenna pedestal, thereby repositiouing
oscillator is compared and adjusted. Successive it to keep it pointed at the target.
frequency division circuits supply frequencies There is one console, the active acquisition
from 1 ke to one cycle per minute. During this aid control console, provided to control the
procedure, adjustments are made as necessary operation of the acquisition system. Manual
to synchronize the frequency of the locally gen- automatic or slaved operation of the acquisition
crated signal with the frequency of the received aid antenna is controlled by this console. These
signal. Further frequency divisions result in types of operation are defined as follows.
pulse-per-second and pulse-per-minute outputs.
A check of the system is provided by a visual a. Manual operation is the control of antenna
comparison on an oscilloscope of the one-pulse- position with handwheels located on the con-
per-second output of the timing system and the sole. Visual indications are provided to show
J once-per-second tone burst of WWV. Impor- the azimuth and elevation coordinates selected
tant outputs of this system are as follows, with the handwheels.

9-1
MG-101-2

b. Automatic operation is the control of an- then placed in AUTOMATIC, and is left there
tenna position by the active acquisition aid re- as long as the system tracks the capsule signal.
ceiver without manual assistance. This is ac- Additional features in the operation of equip-
complished by the directional-sensing capabili- ment associated with the acquisition aid at these
ties of a quad-helix antenna array (on the A- two sites are as follows.
pedestal), associated hybrid, and acquisition re- At White Sands when the radar operator ac-
ceiver. A telemetry signal is converted into cepts control of the radar antenna position by
antenna positioning voltages after processing the acquisition aid, the positioning voltages for
through this equipment, the radar antenna are derived from a synehro
c. Slaved operation is the control of the acqui- located on the A-pedestal, rather than from a
sition aid antenna by positioning voltages sup- tracking bus within the console, which is the
plied by the radar antennas, usual method of operation. The radar cannot
provide controlling voltages to the console for
The strength of the signal received through the control of the A-pedestal at any time due to the
acquisition aid receiver is indicated by a signal circuits at this site. The active acquisition aid
strength meter. Error voltages, indicating the mode switch, therefore, is never used in the
correction voltages applied to the acquisition slaved position, inasmuch as no positioning volt-
aid
sole. antenna pedestal, are displayed on this con- ages are present at the contacts of the switch.
At Eglin the positioning voltages developed
Cablewrap indicators (lamps on the console) by the servo in the A-pedestal are returned
are also supplied to indicate when the antenna through a servo control cabinet to the acquisi-
rotation is either clockwise or counterclockwise tion data console. Operation of the proper
from its midpoint and when rotational limits are switch applies these voltages to the tracking bus,
reached because of permanent connection of an- where they can be used to position either the
tenna cable to the antenna. MPQ-31 or the FPS-16 radar antennas or both.
Since the acquisition aid antenna receiving pat- Reciprocal control of the A-pedestal by the
tern has a 20-degree beamwidth, the active radars can be had, when radar positioning volt-
acquisition system is capable of acquiring the ages are present on the tracking bus of the con-
target early and furnishing refined capsule posi- soles, by operation of the SLAVED switch on
tion information to the radars. The radars, with the active acquisition aid control console.
beamwidths of less than three degrees, can then Positioning voltages are supplied to the acqui-
acquire the target more readily, since the area sition data console by an additional acquisition
to be searched has been greatly decreased, aid system antenna which existed at this site
System operation is as follows: prior to the Mercury installation and is used for
An operator receives an acquisition message tracking purposes other than those of Project
Mercury. These positioning voltages also can
which gives the expected coordinates (azimuth
and elevation) and the expected time of arrival be applied to the console tracking bus for con-
of the capsule at the site's geographical loca- trol of the radar and the A-pedestal antennas.
tion. Additional information in this message in- Control of this additional acquisition system an-
dicates the expected coordinates, along the orbit, tenna by the Mercury consoles, however, is not
of the capsule at one-minute intervals after the possible.
time of the capsule's arrival.
9.2.4 Radar System
The operator positions the handwheels until
See Figures 9-6 and 9-7 for functional block
the appropriate indicators show that the an-
tennas are pointed toward the coordinates given diagrams of the radar systems at the sites.
in the acquisition message. When the capsule The MPQ-31 radar that is located at Eglin
signals are received by the system, and manual is the same as the Verlort radars which are
corrections of the antenna position have been located at other sites. The radar supplies precise ,
made to obtain minimum error, the system is tracking data within its nominal range of 700

9-2
MG-101-2

"_-_ TABLE 9-I

EQUIPMENT ALLOCATIONS--WHITE SANDS AND EGLIN

System Equipment Type or Model Supplied By

Acquisition Active Acquisition Aid Cubic

Acquisition Data Console Bendix Radio

Radar S-Band* MPQ-31 Canoga

C-Band FPS-16 RCA (Existing)

Data Processing Radar to TrY Converter 165 Milgo


System

A/D Converters 4005T &4005R Mi]go

P/C Converters 4004

* Found at Eglin Only.

--Y miles. After processing by conversion equip- 9.5 SITE ADM/NISTRATION


merit, this data is sent via teletype to the God- Site administration appears in chart form in
dard Space Flight Center. In addition, this Figure 9-12.
radar can be used as the controlling source by
the acquisition system for pointing the other an- 9.6 GEOGRAPHIC AND CLIMATIC
tennas (FPS-16 and acquisition) when the ra- DATA
dar operator signifies, by a valid tracking signal,
that the radar is effectively and accurately track- 9.6.1 White Sands
ing the capsule. White Sands, New Mexico, is located approx-
The FPS-16 radar found at each of these sites imately 45 miles north of El Paso, Texas (Fig-
has a very narrow beamwidth and is capable of ure 9-8). E1 Paso is the city in which one is
most likely to reside if assigned to the White
providing very precise tracking data throughout
its nominal 500-mile range. Digital data from Sands site, although Los Cruces and Alamo-
gordo are convenient to the site. El Paso is an
this radar is converted to a teletype format for
transmission via teletype to the Goddard Space international border town with a population of
Flight Center. Secondary analog data is also over 280,000.
sent to Cape Canaveral for antenna positioning The temperature is mild and the air dry. The
via a high-speed data link. average temperature ranges from 43.6°F in Jan-
uary to 79.7°F in Iuly. The average annual
9.3 EQUIPMENT ALLOCATIONS rainfall is 7.83 inches and the humidity is ex-
Table 9-1 lists the major equipments at the sites, tremely
spring oflow.
the There are sandstorms during the
year. The area has been named
the "Sunland" area.
9.4 EQUIPMENT LOCATIONS

..j Equipment locations at these sites are shown in 9.6.2 Eglin


Figures 9-9 through 9-11. The Mercury site is located at site A-20 of

9-3
MG-101-2

the EglinGulfTestRange (Figure 9-10). Eglin lent hard-surfaced highways to all the eom-
is located in an area which is known as the munities in the bay area. It is recommended
"Playground". This includes the areas of Fort that an automobile be used for local travel.
Walton Beach, Sbalimar, and Santa Rosa Is-
land. The temperature ranges from a summer 9.8 SITE PERSONNEL FACILITIES
high of 108°F to winter low of 14°F. The hot AND SERVICES
months of the summer have an average tem-
perature of 90°F while the average temperature 9.8.1 White Sands
during the winter months is 55°F. The annual
rainfall measures approximately 58 inches with The neighboring city of E1 Paso, Texas, offers
the heavy rainfall occurring from July to Sep- all of the usual necessities and conveniences of
tember, everydayliving. There are many furnishedand
unfurnished apartments for rent with the rates
There are occasional storms during the months being on a par with those of most sections of
of August, September, and October with the the U.S. There are numerous motels and hotels
winds reaching hurricane proportions of 120 with rates that vary upward from $4.00 per
mphgales, day.
El Paso has an adequate number of doctors,
9.7 TRANSPORTATION AND several medical centers, and three large private
COMMUNICATIONS hospitals, which have a total of 633 beds.
There are many recreational opportunities
9.7.1 White Sands available in the area. Cloudcroft, a two-hour
There are buses which operate from White drive from E1 Paso, offers skiing in the winter.
Sands to Las Cruces, Alamogordo, and E1 Paso Golf is played all year long. Elephant Butte
on an established schedule, and Government Dam, near Truth or Consequences, New Mex- ._
buses operate within the range from the ad- ico, offers boating, swimming, and fishing. There
ministration area to several sites. The recom- is a symphony orchestra in E1 Paso. There are
mended method of travel is by private auto- two National Parks and two National Monu-
mobile, mentswithin easy drivingdistancein addition
to a number of interesting spots to visit, such as
The International Airport in E1 Paso has regu- Mexico, Carlsbad Caverns, and the "scenic
larly scheduled flights by American Airlines, drive" of E1 Paso.
Trans-Texas, and Continental. Both Las Cruces There are more than 200 churches represent-
and Alamogordo have small commercial air- iug the major religious denominations normally
fields, foundin the UnitedStates.
The area is served by the Santa Fe Railroad
in Las Cruces and the Southern Pacific Railroad 9.8.2 Eglin
in E1 Paso and Alamogordo. The housing situation in the area of the
Telephone service is provided to White Sands "Playground" has been critical in the past, but
and the surrounding vicinity by Mountain States with the ever-increasing expansion of industry
Telephone Company. and the testing station at Eglin, there has been
an upswing in home construction. One devel-
9.7.2 Eglin opment, for example, lists houses, with three
bedrooms, two baths, living room, family room,
The area is served by Southern Airways, Inc., kitchen, and carport, for sale from $16,500
which has flights to Dothan, Alabama; Colum- to $19,500. The number of motels has been
bus and Atlanta, Georgia; and New Orleans, increasing also with the mtmber of aeeommoda-
Louisiana. These flights originate at Eglin; two tions listed over 3,000. Half of this number are
flights inward and two flights outward daily, cottage-type houses which are convenient for '_
There are two intereity bus lines and excel- family living.

9-4
MG- 101-2

_-J There are three hospitals and a private clinic Two local broadcast stations serve the area.
in the area with a total of 89 beds. The hos- There are no local television stations but re-
pitals are adequately staffed. They are making ception from stations in Mobile, Pensacola, and
plans for expansion to meet the increasing Panama City is considered good.
growth of the area.
9.9 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
Inasmuch as this is a beach resort area, the
recreational facilities are primarily those of the
ocean and water variety--fishing, boating, 9.9.1 White Sands
swimming, and water skiing. There are also There are no city or state taxes in this area.
amusement parks and picnic areas located along
the beach. Most of the nationally known eharit- Both commercial and savings bank facilities are
able and social organizations have member clubs available in E1 Paso.
in the area. There are two free lending libra-
riesin the area. 9.9.2 Eglin
Denominations represented in the area are There are two commercial banks and one say-
Protestant, Catholic, and 3ewish. ings and loan institution found in the area.

9-5
i
MG-101-2

_-6G15-39
C BAND RADAR

DISPLAY

POSITION VADD
ARER
I
F,D$ 16 AAA

Jl _ POSITION DISPLAY & CAmLE WRAP


5KETCH B TRACKING DATA
I--1'
SKETCH C

BIG STR
-- "_ ME_ER

AZIMUTH ERROR A._A


PANORAMIC
ELEVATION ERROR e_
DISPLAY

SKETCH A O O O

AMPLIFIER &
MANUAL ATTENUATOR

ACTLVE ACQUISITION - HANDWHEELB


O D_
AID CONSOLE JACKS
-- ACTIVE TRACKING DATA
ACQUISITION DATA
AID (AAA) SUM CHANNEL AUDIO
RECEIVER

',.j
PREAMP PREAMP
o -- AZ-1 AZ-2

I I
1 I
ANTENNA HYBRIDBRIDGE RCVR
BIPLEXER ANTENNA
-- ARRAY

t
PREAMP SUM I IPLEXER RREAMP PREAMP

EL-I

IAUTO "UAEISVRDI
AAA
I OAIo PIMA: A'I
MODE SWITCH MANUAL OVERRIDE FREQUENCY SELECTOR
& NARROW BAND SWITCH
AAA FUNCTION SWITCH
SKETCH A SRETCH B ID(ETCH C

FIGURE 9-4. FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM, ACQUISITION SYSTEM--WHITE SANDS

9-11
\ • . _ ,/
I
i
-J _9 J
_ g
z_
o _I
_
\ i I _'t I I 1'/ :z<_,<<oO<<
\ o= _,_<_
.o__/
o<? r-
'-SL,
MG- 101-2

_ CLOVIS

NEW MEXICO tCARRIZOZO


TATUM

TRUTH
ORCONSEQUENCES eOSWE_L "_--_" I

ALAMOGORDO

LORDSBURG --SITE_SBAD
-'L PASO 62) _,./
q80 _

JUAREZ el _,,,...,,,**I-
TEXAS

S PECOS

RIO

RIVER
MEXICO N

t GRANDE

FIGURE 9-8. AREA MAP--WHITE SANDS

9-17
MG-101-2

WHITE SANDSTESTINGRANGE

TULAROSA

RI23

WHITE SANDS HOLLOMAN


NATIONAL AIRFIELD
MONUMENT

-1.

ATCH/SON

FE RR

ADMINISTRATION
/AREA

C-STATION
I_ AN/FPS-16 OROGRANDE

• MOUNTAINS
RIO GRANDE /'_'/"_
RIVER

'LAS CRUCES ORGAN __HE NR


EL PASO EL PASO
20 MILES 17 MILES

FIGURE 9-9. EQUIPMENT LOCATION--WHITE SANDS

9-18
MG-101-2

- _" ..... CRESTVIEW _ "


/
MILTO .,f-.f YELLOW LI DE FUNIAK SPRING
RIVER j
,_I
EGLIN
FLORIDA I

FORT WALTON

SANTA ROSA ISLAND /


SITE A-20
LOCATION " APALACHICOLA

_.) MERCURYSITE GULF OF MEXICO ' 'ANAMA CiTY RIVER f A


/

t CAPE SAN BLAS


°,
APALACHICOLI

0 5 10 20 30 40 50 '_ I
I f i t l CAPEST. GEORGE
_ SCALEIN MILES _ _ I
FIGURE9-10. AREAMAP--EGLIN

9-19
MG-101-2

LOCATION OF:
FPS-16 RADAR,
l MPQ-31 RADAR,
N J COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT
I j_ RANGE SAFETY RAOAR BUILDING

F
I
I TURN-AROUND AREA
t IACQUlSITIONAID VAN
---l_r-j.J.-i_._ IACQUISITION
LOCATION OF:AID EQUIPMENT

ANTENNA TOWER / \ _ ACQUISITION BORESITETOWER

._ SCALE
0 100' 200' 400'

I
U.S. GOVERNMENT PROPERTYLINE

FIGURE 9-11. EQUIPMENT LOCATION--EGLIN

9-20
MG-101-2

CHIEF

I STAFF
OPERATIONS
l

CLERK ACQUISITION
AID
AND CONSOLE

J
JANITOR AND DATA PROCESSING
GENERAL AND TIMING
UTILITY FUNCTIONS

MECHANICAL
-- AND ELECTRICAL -- RADAR FPS-16
MAINTENANCE

m RADAR VERLORT•

-- TELETYPE

*FOUND ONLY AT EGLIN

\ FIGURE9-12. SITEADMINISTRATION--WHITE SANDS AND EGLIN

9-21
MO-101-2

L_I

Section 10

CANTON ISLAND,

._9 KANO, AND ZANZIBAR

rtl
n.q
___ z
MG-101-2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraph Title Page Paragraph Title Page


10.1 Purpose of the Sites 10-1 10.7 Transportation and Communica-
tions 10-6
10.2 Systems 10-1 Canton Island 10-6
Ground Communications Kano, Nigeria 10-6
System 10-1 Zanzibar 10-6
Timing System 10-1
Acquisition System 10-2 10.8 Site Personnel Facilities and
Telemetry System 10-3 Services (Housing, Medical Fa-
Capsule Communications eilifies, Recreational Facilities,
System 10-3 Mail Service, Religious Facili-
ties, Clothing, and Food) 10-7
10.3 Equipment Allocations 10-4 Canton Island 10-7
Kano, Nigeria 10-7
10.4 EquipmentLocations 10-4 Zanzibar 10-8

10.5 Site Administration 10-4 10.9 Miscellaneous Information


(Money, Taxes, Visa and Im-
10.6 Geographic and Climatic Data 10-4 munization Requirements) 10-9
Canton Island 10-4 Canton Is/and 10-9
Kano, Nigeria 10-4 Kano, Nigeria 10-9
Zanzibar 10-6 Zanzibar 10-9

I0-i
MG-101-2

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Title Page Figure T#le Page


I0-1 Master Functional Block Dia- I0-10 Location, Project Mercury Corn-
gram--Canton Island 10-11 ponents--Canton Island 10-21
10-2 Master Functional Block Dia- 10-11 Area Locations--Canton Island 10-22
gram Kano, Nigeria 10-12 10-12 Floor Plan, Telemetry and Con-
10-3 Master Functional Block Dia- trol Area--Canton Island 10-23
gram--Zanibar 10-13 10-13 Floor Plan, Transmitter Van 10-24
10-4 Intercommunication Functional 10-14 Site Location Kano, Nigeria 10-25
Block Diagram--Canton Island 10-14 10-15 Area Location Kano, Nigeria 10-26
10-5 Intercommunication Functional 10-16 Receiverlnstallation Kano, Ni-
Block Diagram--Kano, Nigeria, geria 10-27
and Zanzibar 10-15
10-17 Transmitter Area Kano, Ni-
10-6 FunctionalBlockDiagram,Ac- geria 10-28
qnisition System--Canton Is-
land; Kano, Nigeria; Zanzibar 10-16 10-18 Floor Plan, Telemetry and Con-
trol Area--Kano, Nigeria, and
10-7 Functional Block Diagram, An- Zanzibar 10-29
tenna Systems--Canton Island; 10-19 Site Location Zanzibar 10-30
Kano, Nigeria; Zanzibar 10-17
10-20 TnnguuReceiverSite,--Zanzibar 10-31
10-8 Functional Block Diagram,
Telemetry System--Canton Is- 10-21 Chwaka Transmitter Site---Zanzi-
land; Kano, Nigeria; Zanzibar 10-18 bar 10-32

10-9 Functional Block Diagram, Air- 10-22 Site Administration Kano, Ni-
ground Communications Can- geria, and Zanzibar 10-33
ton Island; Kano, Nigeria; and 10-23 Site Administration Canton Is-
Zanzibar 10-19 land 10-34

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page


10-1 Equipment Allocations -- Can-
ton Island; Kano, Nigeria; Zan-
zibar 10-5
LJ
10-ii
MG-101-2

SECTION 10. CANTON ISLAND; KANO, NIGERIA; ZANZIBAR

10.1 PURPOSE OF THE SITES vlded at Kano to allow use of the Kano-London
facilities by both sites.
In addition to the functions and systems noted
in Figure 1-1, these sites are necessary because Line-sharing equipment is a configuration of
all three sites contact the capsule during the first teletype tape reperforators, transmitters, se-
passage around the world and can verify the quencing control relays, and associated alarm
condition of the capsule and the Astronaut, al- circuits (provided to indicate malfunction of
lowing a planned reentry to be decided on before the equipment). This equipment accepts mes-
the capsule reaches Hawaii. At Hawaii, the sages from various sites and stores them until
retrotimers can be advanced, by the use of corn- the message destination facilities are idle.- Then
mand radio, to terminate the flight in one of the equipment transmits the messages on a
the designated recovery areas. The Canton Is- sequential basis. Spare equipment is provided
land site contacts the capsule on its first and for backup purposes at sites having this equip-
second orbital passes after an extended flight ment in the event of component failures.
from its Woomera (Site No. 9) contact. Kano An intercommunication system is provided for
serves
tional as
dataa ground radioZanzibar.
sent from relay station for opera-
Zanzibar can operational and administrative messages be-
tween Mercury personnel. Figure 10-4 is a rune-
also serve as a relay station for the Indian Ocean tional block diagram of the interconneetions be-
Ship, should it be unable to communicate tween the Capsule Communicator, Aeromedi-
through its normal routing of Perth, Australia. cal Monitor, and Capsule Monitor, as well as
I0.2 SYSTEMS other circuits between the Maintenance and Op-
erating Supervisor, communications technician
J See Figures 10-1, 10-2, 10-3. console, and various other maintenance and op-
erating personnel locations at Canton Island.
10.2.1 Ground Communications System Figure 10-5 shows the intercommunication sys-
See Figure 1-3 for a drawing of the world- terns at Kano and Zanzibar. It should be noted
wide communications network, that the Canton Island system has nine talking
paths connected into the local FAA dial-type
Point-to-point high-frequency (t-IF) radio sys- private branch exchange. Manual type switch-
terns are used for connnunication from these boards are provided at the Kano and Zanzibar
sites to the Goddard Space Flight Center and sites connecting the local exchanges in Kano
Cape Canaveral Control Center by intermediate and Zanzibar. Ultra-high-frequency (UHF)
land receiving stations. A type of transmission radio is used for communications between site
known as frequency shift carrier teletype is used. locations at Zanzibar (Figures 10-4, 10-5).
Transmitter output power is 10 kilowatts (I0
kw). Radiation is by means of directional Functions of particular interest in these sys-
rhombic antennas. The transmitting and receiv- terns are the ability to:
ing equipment at Canton Island is operated by a. Talk or monitor on the ground-air radio
the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) personnel circuit;
at this location, b. Talk or monitoron local conferencecircuits;
Messages from Canton Island are routed c. Talk to the various technicians, independ-
through Hawaii where they are processed ently of operational circuits used by the Flight
through line-sharing equipment in common with Controllers.
messages from Muchea, Woomera, and Hawaii
(Kauai). Figure 6-5, Section 6, shows this 10.2.2 Timing System
arrangement. Kano, Nigeria, and Zanzibar
messages are routed by way o[ London to the The timing system provides time correlation
United States, with line-sharing equipment pro- of data collected from the telemetry system and

10-1
MG_101-2

provides a driving source for the control area the antenna elements (phase difference) is
time displays. The time reference used is that measured by a receiver designed for the purpose
of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) expressed in which is called the acquisition aid receiver. Er-
hours, minutes, and seconds. See Figure 6-6 for for voltages developed by the system are am-
a bloek diagram of a typical timing system, plified and displayed on appropriate meters to
A receiver is tuned to the frequency of WWV aid an operator in manually correcting antenna
(the Bureau of Standards radio station). The position
minimized.until antenna pointing error has been
signals received from this station are used as a
reference standard against which a stable one- Equipment provided at these sites is somewhat
megacycle oscillator is compared and adjusted, different from equipment at other sites in the
so that the frequency of the signal generated by Mercury range.
it agrees with the frequency of the incoming The active acquisition aid console usually pro-
signal. This comparison is accompfished at a vided at the Mercury sites is not provided at
convenient point in the circuits of the site's tim- these three sites. Equipment usually located on
ing system, which supplies various output fre- this console is rack mounted on adjacent syn-
queneies from 1 ke to one cycle per minute by chro equipment racks, including the acquisition
frequency dividing circuits. A check of the sys- aid receiver, error-voltage indicators, and per-
tem is provided by a visual comparison on an tinent switches.
oscilloscope of the one-pulse-per-second output
from the timing system and the once-per-second Manual or automatic control of the acquisition
tone burst of WWV. aid antenna, is possible with this equipment.
Important outputs of this system are as follows. These modes of operation are defined as follows.

a. An output,
minutes, representing
and seconds, GMTin inthehours,
is used data a.
tion Manual operation is control
with handwheels. Visual of antenna posi-
indications are C
processing and data conversion equipment to provided to show the azimuth and elevation
time-tag radar data and to drive certain time coordinates selected with the handwheels.
displays, b. Automaticoperationis control of antenna
b. The telemetry data is time tagged for tele- position by the active acquisition aid reeeiver
type transmission. The time reference is GMT, without manual assistance. The error voltages
described above are used to automatically posi-
and delivered in the serial form of a ten-pulse-
per-second pulse train, tion the antenna pedestals to keep the antennas
pointing at the capsule.
10.2.3 Acquisition System An acquisition data console is provided at all
three sites. Handwheels, with associated azimuth
The purpose of the acquisition system is to and elevation indicators, are provided to allow
aid the antennas associated with the site sub- manual control of antenna positioning voltages
system to acquire signals emanating from the
applied to all antenna pedestals. Signal strength
capsule. See Figures 10-6 and 10-7. meters, which indicate the outputs of the four
Proper functioning of the system depends on telemetry receivers at each site, are also pro-
error voltages. These voltages are developed by vided to assist in manual positioning of the an-
measurement of the time difference at which the tennas from this console. Three pairs of indica-
signal transmitted by the capsule arrives at the tots are provided to show the azimuth and eleva-
different elements of an antenna especially pro- tion of the acquisition aid antenna pedestal,
vided for this purpose. The magnitude of these receiver pedestal, and transmitter pedestal.
error voltages is greater as the antenna points Cablewrap indicators (lamps on the console)
away from the capsule, and least when the indicate when the antenna rotation is either
antenna is aimed directly at the source of the clockwise or counterclockwise from its mid-
signal, point, and toward rotationallimits established _._/
The difference in arrival time of the signal at by the permanent connection of antenna cable

10-2
MG-101-2

to the antenna, Additional indicators show Two quad-helix antenna arrays, each located
whether the above pedestals are controlled on a separate pedestal, are used to obtain both
manually by their operators or by the acquisi- height and space diversity (Figures 10-7 and
tion system. 10-8). Four receiversare arrangedin two pairs,
Acquisition systems at these sites, therefore, with each pair tuned to one of two selected
frequencies in the 225-260 megacycle band.
are effectively similar in operation to the sys- The outputs of each pair of these receivers are
terns provided at the sites equipped with fully fed into a diversity combiner, a device which
automatic acquisition aid systems. The addi-
tional items necessary to equip these sites with effectively adds the signals and improves the
apparent signal-to-noise ratio. The outputs of
fully automatic acquisition aids (a chopper the diversity combiners (two are supplied for
amplifier and a Schmitt trigger) have been sup- the system at each site) plus the four basic out-
plied, in addition to the acquisition aid receiver, put signals from the above receivers provide six
with a switch that provides full manual control
and disables the automatic tracking feature possible sources of information. These are fed
when desired. Art additional difference in the to the telemetry demodulation equipment where
system at these sites is the type of antenna pedes- a manual selection is made of the signal to be
demodulated. A spectrum analyzer is employed
tul provided. A Canoga No. 8417 pedestal is in selecting the best source of information ob-
provided in place of the SCR-584 pedestal used
on the standard acquisition aids. tained from the above equipment. These sys-
tem refinements add greatly to the overall sys-
System operation is as follows, tern reliability.
An operator receives an acquisition message
which gives the expected coordinates (azimuth The received signal is complex in nature, con-
and elevation) and the expected time of arrival raining three channels of frequency-modulated
of the capsule at the site's geographical loea- information,
modulated onplus what a isfourth
termed channel that is
a commutated
tion. Additional messages are also sent to these basis, in which various information obtained by
sites indicating the expected coordinates, along sensors in the capsule is sampled on a sequential
the orbit, at one-minute intervals after the time basis.
of the capsule arrival.
Selected data from the above equipment is
The operator positions the handwheels until routed to various displays for monitoring during
the appropriate indicators (AZIMUTH and the capsule pass, and the output of each receiver
ELEVATION) show that the antennas are and diversity combiner is recorded for a per-
pointed toward the coordinates given in the ac- manent record. Approximately 20 quantities
quisition message. When the capsule signals are and notations, derived from the telemetry signals
received by the system, and manual corrections observed during the capsule transit are incorpo-
of antenna position have been made to obtain rated into a standard format and transmitted
minimum error-voltage indication on the ap- by teletype to the Goddard Space Flight Center
propriate meters, the system is then placed in after the capsule has passed.
AUTOMATIC operation. In this operational
mode, the antennas follow the capsule position
while it remains within radio range of the site. 10.2.5 Capsule Communications System
Since tim beamwidth of the acquisition system The air-ground communications facilities at
antenna is 20 degrees, the system is capable these sites use high-frequency (I-IF) and ultra-
of acquiring the capsule in the early stages of its high-frequency (UHF) voice receiving and
pass, and of rapidly refining the antenna posi- transmitting amplitude modulated (AM) equip-
tion so that maximum quality transmission is
realized between the capsule and the sites, ment. See Figures 10-7 and 10-9.
Receiving antennas are mounted on steerable
10.2.4 Telemetry System pedestals under control of the acquisition sys-
tem, as described in paragraph 10.2.3. The
System operation is as follows. UHF signals are received on the same quad-

10-3
MG- 101-2

helix antenna arrays used for telemetry signal 10.6 GEOGRAPHIC AND CLIMATIC
reception. The I-IF signals are received by sep- DATA
arate dipole antennas mounted on the same ped-
estals as the UHF antennas. 10.6.1 Canton Island

The UHF receiver outputs are fed to a diver- Canton Island is located in the South Pacific
Ocean (Figure 10-10) and is one of the
sity combiner where the signals are combined to
add their output strength and minimize noise. Phoenix Island group. The location of the
Three outputsignals are available: receiver No. Mercury site is approximately at latitude
1, receiver No. 2, and the composite signal de- 2°48 ' S, and longitude 171040 ' W. The island
rived from the diversity combiner. These signals is a typical coral atoll with a few coral reefs in
are then fed to the communications technician the lagoon, and no barrier reefs. Maximum ele-
vation of 15 to 20 feet is reached within 100
console HF-UHF selector switch for application feet of the ocean with a gentle slope to the
of the best signal to the site intercom, lagoon. The island is under joint administration
The HF receiver outputs are normally pro- of the United States and the United Kingdom
cessed by a diversity relay actuator which auto- and is used by the FAA Weather Bureau, Qantas
mafically selects the stronger of the incoming Airlines, and the Standard Oil Co. The western
signals. This signal is then compared with the portion of the atoll immediately south of the
UHF signal at the communications technician channel entrances is now the site of the British
console, where the better signal is selected for Residency, British Post Office, and supporting
application to the flight controller air-ground native colony.
receiving network. The HF receiver outputs are Canton Island lies close to the equator and
also brought out directly to the communications there are no appreciable seasonal variations in
technician console, bypassing the ItF diversity temperature. The normal maximum tempera-
relay actuator, where either receiver output can ture is 89°F, and the normal minimum is 78°F, QJ
be selected as previously described, with a mean annual temperature of 84°F. Ex-
All voice communication with the capsule is tremes are 98°F high and 70°F low. Humidity
recorded for future reference, ranges from 65 percent during the day to 80
percent at night. Annual rainfall is 20 inches.
The transmitting antennas are mounted on a Tile maximum rate on record is 5.08 inches in
steerable antenna pedestal under direction of the 24 hours. The season of heavier rainfall is
acquisition system as previously described. Both usually from April through August inclusive,
ItF and UHF transmitters can be keyed (or op- but this has varied. The heaviest rainfalls have
crated) either individually or simultaneously, been known to occur from December through
March. Heavy storms occur about every 5
10.3 EQUIPMENT ALLOCATIONS years. Hurricanes, typhoons, and monsoons are
not considered possible in this area because of
Table 10-1 lists maior equipments grouped by
system and the manufacturer or source from its proximity to the equator.
whom the equipment is obtained. 10.6.2 Kano, Nigeria
Kano, Nigeria is one of the largest cities in
10.4 EQUIPMENT LOCATIONS Nigeria and is situated in the northern region
The Mercury equipment locations are desig- of the country. Nigeria is on the west coast of
nated on Figure 10-10 through Figure 10-21. Africa (Figure 10-14). Geographical coordi-
nates are approximately latitude 11o58 ' N,
10.5 SITE ADMINISTRATION longitude 8°27 ' E. The two locations at this
site are called the Dorayi Receiver Site and the
Site administration for Kano and Zanzibar is Post and Telegraphs Site. The Dorayi location
shown in chart form in Figure 10-22. Site is 6 miles from the center of Kano, and the Post
administration for Canton is shown in chart and Telegraphs location is 2 miles from Kano.
form in Figure 10-23. Temperatures vary from 55 ° to 105°F with rela-

10-4
MG-101-2

TABLE 10-1

EQUIPMENT ALLOCATIONS--CANTON ISLAND; KANO, NIGERIA; ZANZIBAR

System Equipment Type or Model Supplied By

Acquisition Active Acquisition Aid Cuble


Acquisition Data Console Bendix Radio
Synehro Remoting System Electrospan Bendix Pacific
Timing TimeStandard
Rack Bendix
Radio
Telemetry Preamplifiers PR-203 Nems-Clarke
Receiver 1412 Nems-Clarke
Receiver 1434 Nems-Clarke
Diversity Combiner _" DCA-500 Nems-Clarke
Decommutators 90/90 TDS-90 Amoux
Deseriminators _ TDA-102 Bendix
TapeRecorder FR-114 Ampex
Displays Capsule Communicator Bendix
AeromediealObserver Bendix
Capsule Observer Bendix
Ground HFTransmitter GPT10K TMC
Communications Transmitting Dissipator TER 5000 TMC
(At Canton, this Dual Diversity Receiver DDR-6 TMC
systemis pro- AntennaMultieoupler HFD TMC
vided by the Multiplex T/S 101 & 102 Telesignal
FAA) Rhombie Antenna RS330 Wind-Turbine
Air-Ground HF Transmitter CS-2029 Gates
Communications
Microphone Amplifier M 5167 Gates -"
Preamplifier PR 2035 Nems-Clarke
HF Receiver R390A/URR Collins
Communications Technician's BXR-CTC 500 Bendix Radio
Console
UHF Transmitter GRT-3 Radio Receptor
UHF Receiver R278B/GR Collins

tive humidity ranging from 12 percent to 90 Specific climatic information is as follows:


percent. A more or less continuous dust storm
prevails for four to six months of the year, Summer Winter
usually from November to March, because of Max. Min. Max. MhT.
the dust-carrying winds from the desert regions Tempera-
to the northeast. Winds from the ocean to the tures 106°F 66°F 96°F 46°F
southwest bring rain from April to October. Dis-
turbances in spring bring monsoons with winds The average annual rainfall for the past 46
reaching to 120 miles per hour in gusts. These years has been 33 inches. The maximum rate
. usually occur during January, February, and of precipitation is 3.2 inches per hour. Most of
March. the rainfalloccursin thunderstormsof three- to

10-5
MG-101-2

four-hours duration. The dry months are from Deep-water docking facilities are available.
November to March, the wettest months are The dock length is 370 feet, the water depth is
from June to September. 26 feet at mean low tide. There is no scheduled
bus service and no car rental agency on the is-
10.6.3 Zanzibar land. The majority of the vehicles are FAA
Zanzibar is an island off the southeast coast of owned and can possibly be utilized for brief of-
fieial visits. The British Commissioner main-
Africa (Figure 10-19). Approximate geograph- tains two small boats for transportation between
ical coordinates are latitude 6 °12' S, longitude the Northside and Southside communities.
36 ° 21' E. Two locations are used for this site.
The receiver site is located at Tunguu, 11 miles Communication is by existing FAA facilities.
from the city of Zanzibar. The transmitter site
is located at Chwaka, 17 miles from Zanzibar. 10.7.2 Kano, Nigeria
Both sites are relatively fiat, with sparsely
grassed plains, and are practically without trees. Kano airport is 8 road miles from the Post
and Telegraphs Transmitter Site, 12 miles from
The island has many outcroppings of solid coral the Dorayi Receiver Site. The next major air-
in theseareas, fieldis at Lagos, 600 miles to the south. There
Following is a summary of the climatic con- are 42 scheduled flights daily through Kano by
ditions in the area. Nigerian Airways, Sabena, Air France, British
Summer Winter Overseas Airways Corporation, and Royal
Max. Min. Max. Min. Dutch Airlines.
Tempera- Rail Serviceis providedby the NigerianRail-
tare 94°F 71 °F 85 °F 62°F way Corp. from the port of Lagos to Kano City.
Humidity 89% 68% 80% 60% Trains leave Lagos daily. The trip to Kano by
The annual average amount of precipitation is train normally requires five days. Special ar-
58 inches. The maximum rate of precipitation rangements have been made in the past which
for a 24-hour period is 4 inches. The season's reduced this time to three days. Transportation
heavy rainfall (monsoon) occurs in April and to the sites from I(ano is provided by bus-type
May, and in November and December. Pre- vehicles.
vailing winds and their velocities are as follows: Local and long distance communications are
December through March: 10 knots, from furnished by the British Postal Office.
the northeast
June through October: 10 knots, from the 10.7.3 Zanzibar
southwest Zanzibar airport is 18 road miles from the Tun-
gun Receiver Site and 25 roads miles from the
10.7 TRANSPORTATION AND Chwaka Transmitter Site. It is served by Sabena
COMMIYNICATIONS Airlines and East African Airlines, as is another
airfield, 40 air miles west on the mainland at
10.7.1 Canton Island Dar-Es-Saiaam, Tanganyika. Connecting flights
There are no railroads on Canton Island. are available from Zanzibar to Nairobi, which
There is an airport on the island with one main is served by Air France, Air Italia, British Over-
runway 6000 feet long and 150 feet wide, with seas Airways Corporation, and Sabena Airlines,
a 1500-foot overrun at the eastern end. Future from major cities in Europe.
commercial use of the main field is questionable. A rural bus service using covered lorries carry-
Pan American Airways and Qantas Airline do ing freight and passengers operates on a highly
not have scheduled stops. The FAA is plan- irregular schedule over most of the island and
ning to transfer operations to Samoa next year is used only by the natives. Taxis are avail-
( 1961 ). Irregular service to the island is now able in Zanzibar City at 10 shillings per hour or
supplied by the FAA. 46 shillings per day for car and driver. Most of

10-6
MG-101-2

the drivers understand English. Bus-type re- island on a frequency of 1530 ke. There are
hicles are furnished for site personnel, no television programs in this area.
Docking facilities are available at Zanzibar for Several languages are spoken by the different
deep-water vessels, islanders, but English is generally understood by
Local telephone communications facilities are most of them.
provided by the Zanzibar Public Works Depart- The frequency of airmail service to the island
ment. Telephone service is to East Africa (Tan- has not been established at this writing.
ganyika, Kenya, Uganda) and Pemba only. No
telephone circuits exist to London, but there are Open-neck, short-sleeved cotton shirts and
telegraph circuits to London and Aden, Saudi shorts are the most common attire, although
Arabia. some long cotton trousers are worn. Cotton
baseball-type caps or straw hats are highly
10.8 SITE PERSONNEL FACILITIES desirable due to the intense sun. Pith helmets
AND SERVICES are not worn on the island. The majority of
10.8.1 Canton Island personnel on the island wear tennis shoes, can-
vas shoes, or sandals, due to the effect of the
There are no hotel accommodations on the is- coral on conventional leather shoes. Bare arms
land, but Qantas Airlines has a large barracks- and legs are no problem in the evening since
type building equipped with 51 beds in two there are no mosquitoes. Caution should be
large rooms. Facilities there also include toilets, observed, upon arrival at the island, until tan-
showers, and washbowls in limited quantities, ning precludes excessive sunburn. There are
and were provided primarily for passengers from no formal dress requirements on the island.
aircraft stranded overnight. When not required
by Qantas Airlines, these barracks can be rented A commissary is open two days per week with
name-brand dry stores, smokers' items, beret-
for $5.00 per night. No maid services are sup-
plied. Special housing is supplied for the Mer- ages, etc.
eury site operating personnel. Meals are sup- Occasional visits of clergy by the FAA air-
plied at the FAA mess hall. The daily charges plane provides the island chapel with profes-
at this writing are $4.25. sional services. Weekly Sunday school is held
The FAA operates a medical dispensary and for all the residents.
a three-bed hospital under a full-time physician,
with a full-time registered nurse in attendance. 10.8.2 Kano, Nigeria
The hospital is equipped for minor surgery, in- Most housing suitable for Europeans is pro-
cluding appendectomies. X-ray equipment is vided by the employer of the Europeans, and is
available. Major medical attention, if not of not, therefore, generally available. The rent
emergency nature, is obtainable in Honolulu. for those units that are occasionally available
Payment is required for medical services. A ranges from $70 to $200 per month, furnished.
dentist visits Canton Island at three-month in- Temporary and semipermanent quarters and
tervals and stays for two or three days. There eating establishments suitable for Europeans are
are no particular diseases against which one limited to the Kano Central and Kano Airport
must guard, hotels, and the Kano Air Terminal Restaurant.
Recreational facilities are limited. A small out- The Kano Central Hotel is located in the center
door movie is run twice each week, and is free. of Kano, 2 miles from the Posts and Telegraphs
A small club is operated by FAA where cold Transmitter Site and 6 miles from the Dorayi
drinks and a bar are available in the evening. Receiver Site. The rooms at this hotel are air=
Radio music and several game tables for pool, conditioned, while those at the airport hotel are
etc., are available here. Fishing is excellent, not, for the most part, air-conditioned. Hotel
SWIMMING IS CONSIDERED HAZARD- rates range from the equivalent of $3.02 per
OUS because of the sharks. Radio entertain- day to $15.26, the latter price including meals.
ment is provided from an extensive record and A dinner in the local hotel costs in the vicinity
tape collection by a transmitter located on the of $2.50.
10-7
MG-101-2

Canned foods are 100 percent higher tlmn tion) have limited plumbing and electrical con-
the U. S. price level. Meats are the same price veniences. The living quarters in Mazizini area
as in the U. S., but are of poor quality. LoeaUy south of Zanzibar Town are new and have ade-
made clothing is in the same price range as U.S. quate plumbing and electrical conveniences.
prices, imported clothing is 50 percent higher. Many of the latter are government owned.
Other items, such as tobacco, liquors, and gas- Ren|al rates vary from $50 to $150 per month.
oline, are much higher than in the United States.
Temporary or semipermanent quarters con-
Hospital facilities are provided by the Naras- sidered suitable for Europeans are limited to the
sawa Hospital and the City Hospital. Doctors Zanzibar Hotel, the Pigalle Hotel, and the
and specialists, including a dental surgeon, are English Club. Not all of the rooms at these
available. Surgery is performed locally, and establishments are air conditioned, and quarters
drugs and medical supplies are in good supply, are available for members only at the English
Kano is generally healthy. Mosquitoes are pro- Club. Rates are from 35 shillings for basic
valent during the wet seasons and almost non- quarters upward, on the American Plan only
existent during dry seasons. Mosquito netting (with meals). Food prices are somewhat lower
is used at night during the mosquito season, than in the U. S., but foodstuffs are considered
Malaria, dysentery, and hookworms are corn- of lower quality than the corresponding Ameri-
mon to the area but preventive medications are can items. The social section of the English
available, such as primaquinine. Bottled water Club in Zanzibar has a library, billiard room,
should be used for drinking, bar, and dining room. Facilities are also pro-
vided for golf, cricket, hockey, tennis, and
Recreational facilities are provided by the Hotel squash. Swimming, boating, and fishing faeili-
Kano Club, one mile from the hotel, where ties are excellent. Badminton is played. Equip-
tennis, badminton, horse racing, squash, dane- ment for most games is available, but golf clubs
ing, and a bar are available. There are no televi- should be brought in with the visitor. The elee-
sion programs at present, but plans are for the trical power supply is 220-volt, 50-cycle AC.
installation of a station in the area. The local
electrical power supply is 230-volt, 50-cyeleAC, Tropical clothing is worn all year, but a
requiring modification of appliances brought sweater or jacket is also advised. A good supply
from the U.S. of clothingis recommendedbecauseof the high
humidity, making frequent clothing changes
Airmail service usually requires one week from desirable. Dark glasses are useful. Light tropi-
the United States and five days to the United eal suits, shorts, or slacks are worn during the
States. There are 42 flights daily in and out of day. Summer formal wear is worn at private
Kano in all directions, dinners, or at the club, otherwise dress is a
English is understood by some natives, although matter of choice. Local shoes are not of good
they normally speak Hansa. quality; it is usually advisable to bring shoes
one half size larger than are worn in the tem-
Nomlal tropical clothing is worn in this area, perate climates. Tailor-made clothes can be
including shorts, etc. Pith helmets are not in obtained locally.
style. A raincoat is a necessity.
Anglican, Moslem, and Roman Catholic
Religious denominations represented in Kano churches are well established in Zanzibar City.
include Episcopal, Roman Catholic, and
Moslem. Medicalfacilitiesare consideredadequate. A
government hospital has eight rooms for Enro-
10.8.3 Zanzibar peans, and is staffed by doctors, dentists, and
surgeons. Medical supplies are up to date and
Housing considered suitable for Europeans in are readily available. Zanzibar is a mild endemie
the form of apartments and houses is avail- area for malaria, requiring the use of suppres-
able. All are of masonry construction. The liv- sives by Europeans. Hookworm is common
ing quarters in Zanzibar Town (the older see- among natives, the majority of whom wear no

10-8
MG-101-2

shoes. Venereal disease is widespread among but normal overseas exclusions granted by the
the natives. The water in Zanzibar City is con- Federal Government indicate no financial hard-
sidered safe, but bottled and treated water ships for personnel stationed in this area.
should be used away from this area.
10.9.3 Zanzibar
10.9 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
See Figure 1-4 for immunization and pass-
10.9.1 Canton Island port requirements.

See Figure 1-4 for immunization and passport The monetary unit of Zanzibar is the East
African shilling, which is divided into I00 cents.
requirements. Twenty East African shillings are equal to one
Banking facilities at Canton Island are not pound sterling, which exchanges for $2.80.
known at this writing.
Currency can be transferred to Zanzibar through
Tax requirements for Mercury personnel at this the normal banking system, that is, by traveller's
site have not been determined at this writing, check, letter of credit, or by bank transfer.
but normal overseas exclusions granted by the Banking houses in Zanzibar are the National
Federal Government indicate no financial hard- Overseas and Grindley's Bank Limited and the
ships for personnel stationed in this area. Standard Bank of South Africa.

10.9.2 Kano, Nigeria Tax requirements for Mercury personnel at this


See Figure 1-4 for immunization and passport site have not been determined at this writing,
but normal overseas exclusions granted by the
requirements. Federal Government indicate no financial hard-
The English pound is not legal tender in the ships for personnel stationed in this area.
Federation of Nigeria, but the exchange rate is
the same for the Nigerian pound and the pound NOTE
sterling. There are 20 shillings to the Nigerian
pound, which currently exchanges for $2.80 in All prices and exchange rates quoted
United States currency, in this manual are current at the time
of this printing. It should be kept in
Banking houses in Kano include the Bank of
mind that they are subject to change,
West Africa and Barclays Bank D.C.O.
and they should be verified through
Tax requirements for Mercury personnel at this lines of organization before person-
site have not been determined at this writing, nel departure for these areas.

10-9
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A,3 TELEMETRYRECEIVING AND CONTROL

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A5 HOUSING RECEIVING (EXISTING)
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2 _

PACIFIC OCEAN
CANTON ISLAND
FSKNO.3 N

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FIGURE 10-10. LOCATION, PROJECT MERCURY COMPONENTS--CANTON ISLAND

10-21
MG-101-2

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FIGURE10-11. AREALOCATIONS --CANTON ISLAND

10-22
MG-101-2

TOOLS AND SMALL


PARTS AREA

GENERAL

PURPOSE
AREA 1_

I ,o!'ll'l'Bl Bl'4!,sH'E[
OUTSIDE
MAINTENANCE
AREA

'F 10
Fr-I "' FP1 SPARS PARTS
STORAGE

AREA I AREA II AREA 111

1. 28ASR 1, STORAGE CABINET 1. ACQUISITION AID CONSOLE


2. 2RRO 2. WORK BENCH 2, SERVO
3. DESK 3, DESK 3. DISPLAY RECORDER
4. 112 KEY EQUIPMENT 4. CABLE TERM. CABINET 4. FLIGHT CONTROLLER CONSOLE:
5. 105D POWER PLANT 5. TIN_ING STANDARD CAPSULE COMMUNICATOR
6. MISCELLANEOUS FUSE PANEL 6. DECOM MONITOR AEROMEDICAL MONITOR
7. 112 KEY EQUIPMENT 7. 90/90 DECOM CAPSULE MONITOR
8. POWER PANEL 8. RECORDER 5, M & 0 SUPERVISOR DESK
9. WORK BENCH 9. PEN RECORDER 6. COMMUNICATIONS TECHNICIAN
10, DISTRIBUTING FRAME 10. VDJCE RECEIVER CONSOLE
11. DISCRIMINATOR
12. CALIBRATOR
13. RECEIVERS A AND B
14. CONTROL
15. REPRO PRECISION
16. TAPE RECORDER
17. POWER PANEL
18. LIGHTING PANEL

FIGURE70-12. FLOORPLAN, TELEMETRY


AND CONTROLAREA--CANTON ISLAND

I0-23
MG-101-2

13'-3"

WATER
COOLER UHF
tRANSMITTER SERVO
RACK CABINET JUNCTION
BOX

POWER BOX
r.3¢_

AIR IUNCTION
r'ONDITIONER GATES BOX
HF
TRANSMITTER

FIGURE70-13. FLOORPLAN, TRANSMITTERVAN

10-24
MG-101-2

NIGER (FR.)

DAHOMEY (FR.)
KATSINA •

KANO NGURU ,

MERCURY
SITE
' NORTHERN REGION

KADUNA

ILORIN FEDERATION OF ,
, NIGERIA '

IBADAN ,'

"_'_-_",---.._._ _) ._ WESTERN REGION


LAGOS _ " ._

BIGHT OF BENIN , EASTERN


REGION ( AFRICA \
'\ L
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40 so 12.o16,o .,.'..
IN MILES l' _, .3r, :,. ' CAMEROONS _,,NIGERIAf-'

L/
' (FRENCH)

GULF OF GUINEA ' "k.(._


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FIGURE 10-14. SITE LOCATION-- KANO, NIGERIA

10-25
MG-101-2

SABON
GARI BOMPAI

WALL. KANO
CITY

NASSARAWA

ACQUISITION AID
RECEIVING AND _- .
TELEMETERY
LOCATION

"" RADIO TRANSMITTER


SITE
_ DORAYI LANDING
/,. GROUND
7 PO'NT-TO'PO'NT
FIGURE 10-15. AREA LOCATION--KANO, NIGERIA

10-26
MG-101-2

GROUND/AIR
TRANSMITTER
ANTENNA (25 FT)_

HARDSTAND FOR

TLM RECEIVER
ANTENNA 35 (FT)

BUILDING
TLM RECEIVER
ANTENNA (25 FT) N
TRANSMITTER VAN

RORESfGHT ANTENNA

"- BUILDING

O_D DORAYI L_NDING

FIGURE10-16. RECEIVERINSTALLATION--KANO, NIGERIA

10-27
MG-101-2

2-UNIT GENERATOR J"I_R_ D_GTER

_ _AREA _

FIGURE I0-17. TRANSMITTER


AREA--KANO, NIGERIA

k_,
I 0-28
MG-101-2
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PURPOSE
AREA RI

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MAINTENANCE
AREA
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TOILET _]

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B TOOL AND PARTS
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SCALE
01' 4' 8t

AREA I AREA II AREA III


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2. MISCELLANEOUSPOWER 2. DISPLAYRECORDER 2. WORK BENCH
3. lDSD POWER PLANT B. FLIGHTCONTROLLERCONSOLE: 3. TIMING STANDARD
4. SEQUENTIALSELECTOR CAPSULECOMMUNICATOR, 4. DECOM MONITOR
5. 28RT AEEOMEDICALMONITOR, 5. 90/90 DECOM
6. 28R0 CAPSULEMONITOR 6. EVENTSRECORDER
7. 28ASR 4. COMMUNICATIONSTECHNICIAN 7. PEN RECORDERS
8. POWER DISTRIBUTtONPANEL CONSOLE 8. VOICE RECEIVERS
9. DISCRIMINATOR
10. CALIBRATOR
11. RECEIVERS
12. CONT
13. REPRO
14. TAPE RECORDER

FIGURE10-18. FLOORPLAN, TELEMETRY


AND CONTROLAREA--KANO, NIGERIA; ZANZIBAR

10-29
MG-101-2

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\ ("_.__ \ '\POINT-TO-POINT
:'_.4. GROUND-TO-AIR
\ TELEMETRY

\
0 10 20 30 40 \ ,

SCALEIN MILES
I I I I I II_/DARES SALAAM

\,

FIGURE 10-19. SITE LOCATION--ZANZIBAR

10-30
MG-101-2

AIR/GROUND VAN ,
RECEIVING TELEMETRy
BUILDING BUILDING

FIGURE10-20. TUNGUURECEIVER
SITE--ZANZIBAR

I0-31
MG- 101-2

MILE 17

TO cHWAI(A ---""_

16

TRANSMITTER c_
BUILDING _"

2700'

FIGURE10-21. CHWAKA TRANSMITTERSITE--ZANZIBAR

10-32
MG-101-2

I
I
SERVICES CHIEF* COMMUNICATOR

-- CLERK(l) _* '_ SITE ENGINEER ] MONIToRASROMEDICAL

JANITOR AND
GENERAL -- TELEMETRY -- CAPSULE
UTILITY (1)** AND TIMING MONITOR

IAECHANICAL
AND ELECTRICAL B ACQUISITION AID
J _AINTENANCE (1) AND CONSOLE

CAPSULE VOICE TRANSMITTERS


CAPSULE VOICE RECEIVERS

COMMUNICATIONS
TECffNICIAN CONSOLE

HF GROUND TRANSMITTERS
HE GROUND RECEIVERS

TELETYPE

*OPERATES TECHNICIANS INTERCOM POSITION


**DURING FLIGHT OR DRILL, ASSISTS IN
MESSENGER SERVICE AND MONITORS
RECEIVE-ONLY TELETYPE EQUIPMENT

FIGURE10-22. SITEADMINISTRATION--KANO, NIGERIA; ZANZIBAR

I0-33
MG-101-2

SITE MANAGER

SUPERVISOR
I
M &O CAPSULE

LOGISTICSsERVICES CHIEFe COMMUN CATOR

-- CLERK(1)** SITEENGINEER MONITOR


fl J AEROMEDICA(.

JANITOR AND TELEMETRY CAPSULE


GENERAL AND TIMING MONITOR
UTILITY(I) *t

MECHANICAl.
AND ELECTRICAL ACQUISITION AID
MAINTENANCE(I) AND CONSOLE

CAPSULEVOICE TRANSMITTERS
CAPSULEVOICE RECEIVERS

COMMUNICATIONS
-- TECHNICIAN CONSOLE

, TELETYPE

'OPERATESTECHNICIANSINTERCOMPOSITION
**DURING FLIGHT OR DRILL,ASSISTSIN
MESSENGER SERVICEAND MONITORS
RECEIVE-ONLYTELETYPEEQUIPMENT

FIGURE10-23. SITEADMINISTRATION--CANTON ISLAND

10-34
ABBREVIATIONS
\

These abbreviations are defined elsewhere in the manual but are listed here
for ready reference.
AM Amplitude Modulation KLM Royal Dutch Airlines
AR Acquisition and Receive KW Kilowatt
ATS Atlantic Ship LSM Landing Ship -- Miscellaneous
BDA Bermuda M&O Maintenanceand Operating
BOAC British Overseas Airways MC Megacycle
Corporation MCC Mercury Control Center
C Command MUC Muchea, Australia
CADDAC Central Analogue Data Distribul- NASA National Aeronautics and Space
ing System Administration
CAL
CNV Point
Cape Arguello,
Canaveral California PAA Pan American Airways
CTN Canton Island PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation
CW Continuous Wave PBX Private Branch Exchange
CYI Grand CanaryIsland (TelephoneSwitchboard)
DECOM Decommutation R Receive
EGL Eglin,Florida SSB SingleSideBand
FM FrequencyModulation T Transmit
GBI Grand Bahama Island T&C Transmitting and Command
GMT Greenwich Mean Time TEX Corpus Christi, Texas
GTI Grand Turk Island TLM Telemetry
GYM Guaymas,Mexico UHF Ultra High Frequency
) HAW Kauai Island, Hawaii VFR Visual Flight Requirements
HF High Frequency WHS White Sands, New Mexico
ICW Interrupted Continuous-Wave WOM Woomera, Australia
IOS Indian Ocean Ship WWV Call lettersfor Bureau of
IRIG Interrange Instrumentation Group Standards radio station
KNO Kano, Nigeria ZZB Zanzibar Island

10-35

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