Applied Optoelectronics

Assignment # 02

Name:
Zain Ul Abidin
Registration #:
FA16-EEE-053
Teacher:
Dr. Shoaib Khaliq
Course code:
EEE436
Date:
Thursday, April 30, 2020
Question # 2.1
a) Define the terms “wavelength” and “frequency”.
b) The most popular wavelengths used in fiber-optics communications systems today are
1300nm and 1550nm. What are their corresponding frequencies?

Answer
a)
Wavelength :-
Wavelength is the distance between two identical adjacent points in a wave. It is typically
measured between two easily identifiable points, such as two adjacent crests or troughs in a
waveform.
Frequency :-
The number of waves that pass a fixed point in unit time; also, the number of cycles or vibrations
undergone during one unit of time by a body in periodic motion.
b)
Given data :-
λ 1=1300nm , λ 2=1500nm
Formula :-
c
f=
λ
Solution :-

3 x 10 8
f 1= =230.77 THz
1300 x 10−9

3 x 10 8
f 2= =193.55 THz
1550 x 10−9

Question # 2.2
a) Define the term “refractive index”.
b) What is the refractive index of vacuum?

Answer
a)
Refractive Index :-
The refractive index or index of refraction of a material is a dimensionless number that describes
how fast light travels through the material.
OR
The ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to its velocity in a specified medium.
c
n=
v
b)
The refractive index of vacuum is 1.

Question # 2.3
A light beam is directed into glass fiber whose refractive index is 1.5. How long will it take the
light to travel through the fiber if its length is 1000m and light travels in a perfectly straight line
along the fiber center?

Answer
Given data :-
n=1.5 l=1000m
Formula :-
c l
v= , t=
n v
Solution :-

3 x 108
v=
1.5
= 2 x 108 m/s
1000
t=
2 x 108
= 5 μsec

Question # 2.5
Assume that light is traveling from one layer of silica whose refractive index is 1.47 to another
layer of silica whose refractive index is 1.45.
a) Find the range of angles at which total internal reflection takes place.
 b) Draw a diagram showing what happens to a light ray at the condition of total internal
reflection.
c) Write a paragraph explaining the phenomenon of total internal reflection.

Answer
Given data :-
n 1=1.47 , n 2=1.45
Formula :-
n1 sin θ1=n 2 sin θ2

Solution :-

a) For total internal reflection θ2=90ο

1.47 x sin θ1 =1.45 x sin 90ο
1.45 x 1
sin θ1= = 0.98
1.47
θ1=sin−1 ( 0.98 )=80.53 ο=θ1 c
To achieve total internal reflection θ1 should be
θ1 c ≤ θ1 ≥ 90o
b)

c)
When light travels from a medium with a higher refractive index to a medium with a lower
refractive index and it strikes the boundary at more than critical incident angle all light will
be reflected. No light penetrates the second medium so that when
angle of incident = critical incident angle
At total internal reflection angle of refraction is equal to 90.
Question # 2.7
a) How many photons per second emanate from a laser diode (LD) radiating at 1300nm if
its power is 1mW?
b) How many photons per second emanate at 1550nm?

Answer
P= 1mW , λ=1300 nm, 1550 nm
Formula :-

hc ET
Ep= , N = , ET =P x t
λ Ep

Solution :-
a)

6.6 x 10−34 x 3 x 108 −19

Ep= −9
=1.52 x 10 J
1300 x 10

ET =1 x 10−3 x 1=1 x 10−3 J

1 x 10−3 15
N= −19
=6.56 x 10
1.52 x 10
b)

6.6 x 10−34 x 3 x 108 −19

Ep= −9
=1.27 x 10 J
1550 x 10

ET =1 x 10−3 x 1=1 x 10−3 J

1 x 10−3 15
N= −19
=7.8 x 10
1.27 x 10

Question # 2.9
Suppose an LD material’s energy gap equals 0.8052eV. At what wavelength does this LD
radiate?

Answer
Given data :-
E p ( eV ) =0.8052 eV

Formula :-
 1248
λ ( nm )=
E p ( eV )

Solution :-
1248
λ ( nm )= =1550 nm
0.8052

Question # 3.2
Describe the functions of the core and the cladding in an optical fiber. Why are their refractive
indexes different? Which one has to be greater and why?

Answer
An optical fiber has two layers, the inner layer and the outer layer. The inner layer is called core.
The function of core is that data pass through it. This is made of dense of glass or plastic. The
outer layer of a fiber is called cladding. It is also made of glass or plastic. The function of
cladding is to occur full internal reflection in optical fiber. Its glass or plastic is less dense.
Cladding is used in optical fiber for prevent any refraction while passing data. That is why a
cladding’s density is lower than core.

Question # 3.7
The core refractive index is 1.4513 and the cladding index is 1.4468. What is
1) The critical propagation angle.
2) The acceptance angle.
3) The numerical aperture.

Answer
Given data :-
n 1=1.4513 (for core)
n 2=1.4468 (for cladding)
Formula :-
n2 2 2
sin θc = , α =90−θc , na sin θa=n1 sin α c , NA =√ n1−n2
n1 c

Solution :-
1.4468
sin θc =
1.4513

θc =sin−1 ( 0.9968 )=85.49o

 1)
Critical Propagation Angle

α c =90−85.49o =4.51o

2)
Acceptance Angle

sin θa =1.4513 xSin ( 4.51o ) ∴ na=1

= 0.1141

θa =sin −1 ( 0.1141 )=6.55o

3)

Numerical Aperture

NA =√1.45132 −1.44682=0.1142

Question # 3.8
The numerical aperture, NA, is the characteristics of the optical fiber to gather light from a
source. It seems that NA should be larger when the core diameter is larger, but NA doesn’t
depend on the core diameter at all. (See Formula 3.5.) Why not?

Answer
NA =√ n21−n22 (3.5)

The refractive index n1 is very close to n2. According to the formula if we want to change the NA
then we have to change either n1 or n2. But fiber optics technology operates not with refractive
index of core and cladding themselves but with their difference ∆ n.
∆ n=n1 −n2

n1−n 2
∆=
n
‘n’ is the average refractive index and ∆ is the relative refractive index.
NA =n √ 2 ∆
This formula shows that the NA doesn’t depend upon the core diameter and refractive index, but
it depends on the relative refractive index and average refractive index.
Question # 3.10
Why does neither the acceptance angle nor the propagation angle appears in the data sheet of an
optical fiber? Look at a specific data sheet. How do you know that the condition of total internal
reflection has been met?

Answer
Physically we have a two components of a system that have to be connected an optical fiber and
a light source (LED or LD). We don’t see any angles either a critical propagation angle or an
acceptance angle, and the only thing we can do is direct light from the source into the fiber.
That’s why fiber optic communication technology doesn’t operate with any angles but instead
integrate all these factors into one characteristics called numerical aperture. Only appear NA in
the data sheet. NA describe the ability of an optical fiber to gather light from the source and then
the ability to prevent or to save this light inside the fiber because of total internal reflection.

Question # 3.11
For a specific fiber, NA =0.275 and n1=1.490. Find the critical propagation angle.

Answer
Given data :-
NA= 0.275, n1=1.490
Formula :-

2 2 n2
NA =√ n1−n2 , sin θc = , α =90−θc
n1 c

Solution :-
First find refractive index of cladding using numerical aperture formula

0.275=√1.490 2−n22

n22 =1.4902−0.2752=2.144
n2 =¿ 1.464

1.464
sin θc =
1.490

θc =sin−1 ( 0.9827 )=79.33o

α c =90 o−¿ 79.33o =10.67o

Question # 3.12
For a specific fiber, NA =0.2375 and n1=1.4860. Find n2 (ncladding).

Answer
Given data :-
NA= 0.2375, n1=1.4860
Formula :-

NA =√ n21−n22

Solution :-

0.2 3 75=√ 1.4 86 0 2−n22

n22 =1.4 86 02−0.23 752=2.1 518

n2 =¿ 1.4668

Question # 3.22
An optical fiber with attenuation of 0.25 dB/km is used for 20-km transmission. The light power
launched into fiber is 2mW. What is the output power?

Answer
Given data :-
0.25 dB
A= , L=20 km , P¿ =2 mW
km
Formula :-
− AL
10
Pout =10 x P¿

Solution :-
−0.25 x 20
10
Pout =10 x 2m

Pout = 0.632mW

Question # 25
Find the maximum transmission distance for a fiber link with an attenuation of 0.3 dB/km if the
power launched is 3mW and the receiver sensitivity is 100µW.
Answer
Given data :-
0. 3 dB
A= , P out =100 µ W , P¿ =3 mW
km
Formula :-

10 P¿
L=
A
log 10
( )
Pout

Solution :-
10 3m 10
L=
0.3 (
log 10 =)
100 μ 0.3
x 1.477=47.237 km