Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Contents
Research Ethics, IPR and Scholarly Publishing
by • Ethics: Ethical issues, Ethical committees (Human & Animal)
Dr Urmil V Dave
• IPR: Intellectual property rights and Patent law,
Professor & Head
Commercialization, Copy right, Royalty, Trade related aspects
Department of Civil Engineering,
of intellectual property rights (TRIPS)
School of Engineering,
Introduction
• Most universities encourages research activities.
• Now-a-days appraisal in academia depends on the quality of
research work.
• Good quality of research work also ensures publication in reputed
Ethics journal.
• In India alone, there are more than 700 predatory publication houses
where you will be able to publish a book/research paper within three
days.
• Publish and Perish!! (if you break ethical standards of research)
• Research ethics do not have a national variants – there is a single
ethical standard for science.
1
12-04-2020
• Research is a public trust that must be ethically conducted, Objectivity (transparency and verifiability)
trustworthy, and socially responsible if the results are to be valuable. Impartiality and independence (from pressures and interests)
• All parts of a research project – from the project design to
Open communication (ensuring availability and accessibility)
submission of the results for peer review – have to be upstanding in
order to be considered ethical. Duty of care (for research subjects – e.g. human subjects,
• When even one part of a research project is questionable or experimental animals with colleagues)
conducted unethically, the integrity of the entire project is called
Responsibility for future science generations (mentorship)
into question.
2
12-04-2020
Research Ethics Issues: Peer Review Research Ethics Issues: Peer Review
According to an article on quality peer reviews in the Journal of the
5) Sound ethics – Was the study conducted ethically ensuring proper
American Medical Association, A high quality peer review should
protection for human subjects? Were results reported accurately and
evaluate a publication on the following merits:
honestly?
1) Importance – Does the research have any impact on society?
6) Completeness – Is all information relevant to the study included in
2) Usefulness – Does the study provide useful scientific information? the article?
3) Relevance – Does the research apply to the journal’s readers & 7) Accuracy – Is the written product a true reflection of the conduct
content area of interest? and results of the research?
4) Sound methods – Was the research conducted with sound scientific
methods that allowed the researchers to answer their research
question?
Contd……..
3
12-04-2020
Research Ethics Guidelines: Peer Review Research Ethics Guidelines: Peer Review
• Peer reviewers, in addition to maintaining confidentiality, can be
• The two most important ethical concepts in the peer review process
neither conflicted nor political in their review.
are confidentiality and protection of intellectual property.
• Conflicts may take the form of financial conflicts with the results,
• Reviewers should not know the authors they are reviewing, & the conflicts if the research is too similar to their own research
authors should not be told the names of the reviewers. endeavours, and conflicts due to personal relationships with the
• Only by maintaining strict confidentiality guidelines can the peer author.
review process be truly open and beneficial. • Political motivations that might interfere with the peer review
process include competition to publish with other scientists and
• Likewise, no person involved in the peer review process – either the inaccurate reviews designed to “punish” a competing colleague or
editor, reviewers, or other journal staff – can publicly disclose the journal
information in the article or use the information in a submitted
• Likewise, Peer reviewers should disclose all conflicts of interest that
article for personal gain.
may unduly influence their review to the journal editor and
disqualify themselves when appropriate.
Research Ethics Issues: Data Management Research Ethics Issues: Data Management
• Data management, in respect to research ethics, references three Responsibilities in Data management include the following important
issues: issues:
1) the ethical and truthful collection of reliable data; 1) Oversight of the design of the method of data collection
2) the ownership and responsibility of collected data; and, 2) Protecting research subjects from harm
3) retaining data and sharing access to collected data with colleagues 3) Securing and storing data safely to preserve the integrity and
and the public. privacy of data
• Each issue contributes to the integrity of research and can be easily 4) Delegating work with ‘data’ to others and responsibility over the
overlooked by researchers. work of others
• Truthful data collection refers to data that, once collected, are not 5) Responsible use of data and truthful portrayal of results
manipulated or altered in any way that might impact or falsely
influence results.
Research Ethics Issues: Data Management Research Ethics Guidelines: Data Management
Researchers must accurately identify answers to the following questions
Data sharing achieves many important goals for the scientific
to resolve & address all data management issues in a timely manner:
community, such as:
1) reinforcing open scientific inquiry, 1) Who is in charge of the data? (the PI of the research project is
2) encouraging diversity of analysis and opinion, responsible for data collection design and physical data collection.)
3) promoting new research, 2) How will data be collected? (Will data be collected via phone, mail,
4) testing of new or alternative hypotheses and methods of analysis, personal interview, existing records, secondary sources, etc.?)
5) supporting studies on data collection methods and measurement, 3) How will data be stored and what privacy and protection issues will
6) facilitating teaching of new researchers, result from the method of storage? (Will it be stored electronically, on
7) enabling the exploration of topics not envisioned by the initial paper, as raw tissue samples, etc.?)
investigators, and
4) How long after the project is over will data be kept? (This will depend on
8) permitting the creation of new data sets by combining data from the source of funding and organizational policies.)
multiple sources
4
12-04-2020
Research Ethics Guidelines: Data Management Research Ethics Guidelines: Intellectual Property
• ‘Intellectual Property’ means: any invention, discovery,
• Protecting intellectual property while at the same time encouraging
improvement, copyrightable work, integrated circuit mask work,
data sharing is highly important in order to ensure valid and reliable
trademark, trade secret, and licensable know-how and related rights.
research.
• Intellectual property includes, but is not limited to, individual or
• In order to identify what is and is not protected as “intellectual
multimedia works of art or music, records of confidential
property,” the concept must be clearly defined.
information generated or maintained by the University, data, texts,
instructional materials, tests, bibliographies, research findings,
organisms, cells, viruses, DNA sequences, other biological materials,
probes, crystallographic coordinates, plant lines, chemical
compounds, and theses.
Research Ethics Guidelines: Intellectual Property Research Ethics Issues: Research With Animals
• Intellectual property may exist in a written or electronic form, may • Animals play a significant role in research.
be raw or derived, and may be in the form of text, multimedia, • They are used in a variety of ways by researchers, such as:
computer programs, spreadsheets, formatted fields in records or 1) for testing new pharmaceuticals,
forms within files, databases, graphics, digital images, video and 2) as teaching tools for medical students, and
audio recordings, live video or audio broadcasts, performances, two 3) as experimental subjects for new surgical procedures.
or three-dimensional works of art, musical compositions, executions • Research with animals is necessary and vital to biomedical research
of processes, film, film strips, slides, charts, transparencies, other because animal research is frequently a necessary first step towards
visual/aural aids or CD-ROMS.
research involving new medical treatments and pharmaceuticals
intended for human use.
• Many dedicated organizations and individuals are interested in
protecting and safeguarding animal subjects as regards their use in
research.
Research Ethics Issues: Research With Animals Research Ethics Issues: Research With Animals
• Some organizations are interested in eliminating the use of animals
• Debates also centre on judging how much pain is too much, whether
in research.
or not animals experience pain in the same way that humans do, and
• Others consider research with animals a necessary evil to the whether or not these ideas should even factor into the debate at all.
advancement of medicine, but still aim to eliminate unnecessary
suffering, pain, and poor facility conditions for animal subjects.
• To protect animals, research projects that use animals have to be
reviewed. These review processes assess the risks & benefits of
using animals in research.
• This can prove difficult for project reviewers & often makes for
intense debates & arguments about the appropriate use of animal
subjects, particularly because the animal subjects usually bear all the
risks while human beings realize all the benefits.
5
12-04-2020
Research Ethics Guidelines: Research With Animals Research Ethics Issues: Research With Human Subjects
In order to prevent the mistreatment of animals “The Animal Welfare • The research with human subjects involves topics ranging from
Act” of the United States of America is summarized: voluntary participation in research to fair selection and justice.
1) “to insure that animals intended for use in research facilities or for i) Respect for Persons – Informed Consent.
exhibition purposes or for use as pets are provided humane care and
• Informed consent exists to ensure that all research involving human
treatment;
subjects allows for voluntary participation by subjects who
2) to assure the humane treatment of animals during transportation in understand what participation entails.
commerce; and
• Informed consent means that people approached and asked to
3) to protect the owners of animals from the theft of their animals by participate in a research study must:
preventing the sale or use of animals which have been stolen.”
1. know what they are getting involved with before they commit;
2. not be coerced or manipulated in any way to participate; and,
3. must consent to participate in the project as a subject.
Research Ethics Issues: Research With Human Subjects Research Ethics Issues: Research With Human Subjects
The “Belmont Report” of 1979 outlines the three requirements for ii) Respect for Persons – Privacy and confidentiality.
“informed consent”. • Privacy and confidentiality are very important components for
1. Information: info disclosed to research participants must include, research involving human subjects.
research procedure, their purposes, risks and anticipated benefits, • People have a right to protect themselves, and information gathered
and a statement offering the subject the opportunity to ask during research participation could harm a person by violating their
questions and to withdraw at any time from the research. right to keep information about themselves private.
2. Comprehension: the concept of comprehension requires researchers • The information gathered from people in biomedical studies has a
to adapt information to be understandable to every participant. This unique potential to be particularly embarrassing, harmful, or
requires taking into consideration different abilities, intelligence damaging.
levels, maturity, and language needs.
3. Voluntariness: Informed consent can be neither coerced nor
improperly pressured from any participant.
Research Ethics Guidelines: Research With Human Subjects Research Ethics Guidelines: Research With Human Subjects
Research with human subjects consider the following issues to be of 4) Researchers must avoid harm, injury, and death of research subjects
great concern: and discontinue research that might cause harm, injury, or death.
1) Human subjects must voluntarily consent to research and be 5) Research must be conducted by responsible and qualified
allowed to discontinue participation at any time. researchers.
2) Research involving human subjects must be valuable to society and 6) No population of people can be excluded from research or unfairly
provide a reasonably expected benefit proportionate to the burden burdened unless there is an overwhelming reason to do so.
requested of the research participant.
3) Research participants must be protected and safe. No research is
more valuable than human well being and human life.
6
12-04-2020
37 38
41 42
7
12-04-2020
43 44
45
8
12-04-2020
Simple formula
• Idea + Innovation + Invention = PATENT
• The monopoly for a patent is given to the applicant as a reward • The term of patent is 20 years and is calculated from the date of
from the government, encouraging the inventors for their fruitful patent application.
efforts.
• Protection is territorial in nature
• The patent ensures commercial returns to the inventor for the time
• For seeking protection in other countries, patents are filed in each
and money spend in generating a new product.
respective country.
9
12-04-2020
• It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government – Including Biotechnical processes
may publish, by notification in the Official Gazette.
• Machine or Apparatus
– medical devices
• Article of Manufacture
– toys, medicine etc.
– Chemical Compounds • No, there is nothing like a global patent or a world patent.
• Patent rights are essentially territorial in nature
– Physical Mixtures
• Granting a patent in one country of the Union does not force other
– Pharmaceutical countries to grant the patent for the same invention.
• Improvements of Any of the Above • The refusal of the patent in one country does not mean that it will be
terminated in all the countries
Find Prior Art • Prior Art constitutes all information that has been made available to
the public in any form before a given date that might be relevant to
your invention.
Distinguish the prior art technically with your invention • Does not need to exist physically or be commercially available.
• It is enough that someone, somewhere, sometime previously has
described or shown or made something that contains a use of
Prepare a patent application technology that is very similar to your invention.
10
12-04-2020
Trademark Trademark
• It is covered under the Act called the Trade Marks Act, 1999. Trademark:
• The Act came into effect on September 15, 2003. It replaced the • A symbol, logo, word, sound, color, design, or other device that is
Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958. used to identify a business or a product in commerce.
• It extends to the whole of India. Different Symbols area :
• It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government • ™ Intent to use application filed for product
may publish, by notification in the Official Gazette
• SM Intent to use application filed for services
• ® Registered trademark
11
12-04-2020
Filing of opposition.
Certificate issued.
Trademark Copyright
• The Indian Copyright Act, 1957 governs the system of copyrights
in India. [Amended in 1982, 1984, 1992, 1994 & 1999]
• Meaning: It is a right which Grants protection to the unique
expression of Ideas.
• The term original in the copyright law means that the
work originated with the author.
• There is no requirement for novelty or uniqueness as there
is in patent law.
• Copyright law protects the expression of an idea. Not the
idea itself.
• Ideas 1. Author’s lifetime + 50 years from the end of the calendar year in
which the author dies,
• Facts
• Recipes 2. 50 years for films and sound recordings,
12
12-04-2020
• Gives permission to use copyrighted materials if certain • Any reproduction, use , distribution, performance, etc. of the work
criteria are met (up to 10% form one author) without the permission of the owner.
• Protects freedom of speech • An identical or substantial similar reproduction is also covered
• Promotes public benefits like education. • Infringement Damages Injunction
• Never assume that your use falls under the fair-use exception!
• Laziness can be a trap!
13
12-04-2020
Source: Heseltine E. Why authors have to use a rigid format for their journal articles. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2015;97(4):249–251.
14
12-04-2020
15
12-04-2020
Merits Demerits
IMRAD Format – Checklists for Methods IMRAD Format – Checklists for Methods contd..
IMRAD Format – Checklists for Results IMRAD Format – Checklists for Results
16
12-04-2020
IMRAD Format – Checklists for Discussion and Conclusions IMRAD Format – Checklists for Discussion & Conclusions
IMRAD Format – Checklists for Title IMRAD Format – Checklists for Title
IMRAD Format – Checklists for Abstract IMRAD Format – Checklists for Abstract
17
12-04-2020
Plagiarism
Common Forms of Plagiarism Self Plagiarism
18
12-04-2020
Plagiarism Plagiarism
Plagiarism Plagiarism
Why Students/Faculty members/Researchers Plagiarize? Why Plagiarizing is Wrong ?
• Perceived pressure from external forces (Ex: peers/colleagues/ • Plagiarism is a form of theft.
promotions etc.) for excellence.
• According to United States copyright law, the legal copyright
• Cultural differences. In many Asian/African countries, the idea of owner has the exclusive right to reproduce, distribute, display,
“owning” text or material is baffling. perform, and make derivative copies of the work.
• Because cheating is perceived as acceptable in today’s society, as a • Using the copyrighted material of another person without first
way to ‘get ahead’. obtaining permission to do so or without properly identifying your
source is essentially stealing someone else's property.
• A perceived lack of punishment by the institution.
• Because it’s easy to do.
19
12-04-2020
Example 1
SOURCE USED:
The wind erosion problem of the southern Great Plains did not occur because farmers grew
too much wheat, but because the drought prevented them from growing hardly any wheat at
all from 1932 to 1940. During years of normal precipitation, the excessive root system of the
wheat plants held the soil and offered excellent protection against wind erosion. In the
droughty Thirties, however, the inadequate moisture supply prevented a suitable growth of
Examples of Plagiarism ground cover in the early Spring “blow season” of February, March, and April. The drought
then began a chain of events, the first of which was crop failure.
STUDENT PAPER:
“The wind erosion problem of the southern Great Plains did not occur because farmers grew
too much wheat, but because the drought prevented them from growing hardly any wheat at
all from 1932 to 1940” (Hurt, 1981, p. 29-30).
APA reference:
Hurt, R. D. (1981). The dust bowl: An agricultural and social history. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
Example 2
Answer 1
SOURCE USED:
The wind erosion problem of the southern Great Plains did not occur because farmers grew
No, it is not. too much wheat, but because the drought prevented them from growing hardly any wheat at
all from 1932 to 1940. During years of normal precipitation, the excessive root system of the
wheat plants held the soil and offered excellent protection against wind erosion. In the
Since the quoted material is enclosed in quotation marks and because droughty Thirties, however, the inadequate moisture supply prevented a suitable growth of
the source is cited correctly and completely, this is not an incident of ground cover in the early Spring “blow season” of February, March, and April. The drought
then began a chain of events, the first of which was crop failure.
plagiarism.
STUDENT PAPER:
The wind erosion problem of the southern Great Plains did not occur because farmers grew
too much wheat, but because the drought prevented them from growing hardly any wheat at
all from 1932 to 1940 (Hurt, 1981, p. 29-30).
APA reference:
Hurt, R. D. (1981). The dust bowl: An agricultural and social history. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
Example 3
Answer 2 SOURCE USED:
The wind erosion problem of the southern Great Plains did not occur because farmers grew
Yes, it is. too much wheat, but because the drought prevented them from growing hardly any wheat at
all from 1932 to 1940. During years of normal precipitation, the excessive root system of the
wheat plants held the soil and offered excellent protection against wind erosion. In the
droughty Thirties, however, the inadequate moisture supply prevented a suitable growth of
The text from the source is quoted verbatim but it is not enclosed in ground cover in the early Spring “blow season” of February, March, and April. The drought
quotation marks. A direct quotation of an author's words must be then began a chain of events, the first of which was crop failure.
enclosed in quotation marks. STUDENT PAPER:
The wind erosion problem of the Great Plains occurred because the drought prevented
farmers from growing hardly any wheat from 1932 to 1940. Normally, the excessive root
system of the wheat plants held the soil and offered excellent protection against wind erosion,
but in the Thirties, the inadequate moisture supply prevented a suitable growth of ground
cover.
APA reference:
None
20
12-04-2020
Example 4
Answer 3 SOURCE USED:
The wind erosion problem of the southern Great Plains did not occur because farmers grew
Yes, this is plagiarism. too much wheat, but because the drought prevented them from growing hardly any wheat at
all from 1932 to 1940. During years of normal precipitation, the excessive root system of the
wheat plants held the soil and offered excellent protection against wind erosion. In the
droughty Thirties, however, the inadequate moisture supply prevented a suitable growth of
The student has paraphrased the author’s words, but has not cited the ground cover in the early Spring “blow season” of February, March, and April. The drought
author as the source of the information. then began a chain of events, the first of which was crop failure.
STUDENT PAPER:
During years of normal precipitation, the excessive root system of the wheat plant helps to
hold the soil in place and lessens wind erosion. During the 1930s, however, drought prevented
farmers from growing almost any wheat at all, and this prevented the growth of necessary
ground cover. This crop failure was the first in a chain of events that resulted in the Dust
Bowl (Hurt, 1981, p. 29-30).
APA reference:
Hurt, R. D. (1981). The dust bowl: An agricultural and social history. Chicago: Nelson- Hall.
Answer 4 Example 5
No, this is not plagiarism. • In her paper, a student mentions that George Washington was the
first President of the United States. Does this source of this fact
The author’s words and ideas have been paraphrased, but credit has
been correctly given to the author. need to be cited?
Answer 5 Example 6
No. • In your paper, you mention the fact that one of Washington’s first
concerns as President was paying off foreign and domestic debt as a
Since this fact is common knowledge to all, citation is not necessary.
way to reestablish the nation’s credit. Do you need to cite your
source if you use this fact?
21
12-04-2020
Yes, you do. • Familiarize yourself with the basics of the research writing process,
including the citing of sources
This fact is very specific and cannot be considered common • Make note of all the sources you consult during the research process
knowledge, so it must be cited. As such, it should be stated here that
this information was paraphrased from the following source: • Remember that paraphrasing the ideas of others still requires proper
citation
APA reference: Washington, George. In Family encyclopedia of • Properly cite the sources you use in your paper
American history (pp. 1206- 1209). (1975). Pleasantville, NY: Reader’s • Proof-read the final version of your paper to ensure that all the
Digest Association. sources you used are cited correctly
• It is also necessary to comprehend the context of the original text. • It is necessary to know the correct usage of the different types of
Once the writer gets a good understanding of the core meaning, referencing styles. This way, the writer can create accurate
he/she won’t need to copy-paste from anywhere. citations.
• One can also look for effective citation generators, if he/she is
confused about any specific referencing style.
22
12-04-2020
Plagiarism Plagiarism
What is Turnitin How Reliable is Turnitin?
• Turnitin is a software that is meant to prevent the menace of • Turnitin says that this software does not detect plagiarism.
plagiarism and ensure originality in the content.
• Instead, it provides you with the 'amount of similarity' in a work
• The official website of Turnitin says that this software is a tool with the original work, and leaves it to the evaluator to determine
that helps "educators (and their students) make informed plagiarism.
evaluations.” Turnitin software checks papers against over 20
• Hence, the “Similarity Index” is not exactly a “plagiarism index”,
billion web pages, over 220 million student papers and over
and also there will be an automated score that can be “good” or
90,000 publications.
“bad”.
23
12-04-2020
Plagiarism Plagiarism
Global Examples of Turnitin Usage Other Software for Similarity Check
• In September 2017, the Jakarta State University was hit by a doctoral • Grammarly.com
degree scam. The rector of the university promoted more candidates
than the stipulated limit over a period of five years (2012-2016). It was • Urkund.com
later found that 74% of dissertations had similarities with other
writings, and that was detected by Turnitin software.
• US President Donald Trump's wife, Melania Trump, found herself in
an online plagiarism row when her speech at the Republican National
Convention 2016 sounded similar to a speech by Michelle Obama in
2008. Trump's speech contained both examples of "cloning" (copying
passages word for word) and "find-and-replace" plagiarism (copying
a passage but changing a few keywords), Turnitin found.
144
24
12-04-2020
Policy for Promotion of Academic Integrity and Policy for Promotion of Academic Integrity and
Prevention of Plagiarism Prevention of Plagiarism
• Plagiarism assumes importance as it undermines basic objective • Rules are helpful in implementing academic integrity and
of higher education and harms the reputation of the University. honesty in academic and research practices at the University.
• Important to sensitize faculty, students and research staff • This document outlines both necessary and desirable
regarding plagiarism, performed either willfully or ignorantly. academic practices and at the same time it emphasizes on
practices that are not acceptable and unethical.
• The University to strive to have ‘Zero Tolerance’ against
plagiarism. • It prescribes the procedures to investigate reported cases of
plagiarism and to take appropriate actions by the authorities.
Definition Objectives
• To create awareness about responsible conduct of research, thesis,
dissertation, promotion of academic integrity and prevention of
• The word, ‘plagiarism’ is a noun of ‘plagiarize’, which means misconduct including plagiarism in academic writing among student,
1. take and use the thoughts, inventions, etc. of another person faculty, researcher and staff members.
as one’s own, • To establish institutional mechanism through education and training to
2. pass off the thoughts etc. of another person as one’s own. facilitate responsible conduct of research, thesis, dissertation,
promotion of academic integrity and deterrence from plagiarism.
• To develop systems to detect plagiarism and to set up mechanisms to
prevent plagiarism and punish a student, faculty, researcher or staff of
the University committing the act of plagiarism.
Scope Scope
This policy shall apply to the students, faculty, researchers and 4. Copying figures/charts/graphs/images without acknowledging or
staff members of Nirma University. claiming it/them as one’s own
Broadly, any of the following actions (on next slide) by any of the 5. Quoting from a source word for word without giving reference
individual shall be considered as plagiarism: 6. Putting someone else’s ideas without proper citation
1. Reproduction of someone else’s work, in part or whole, without 7. Paraphrasing
permission and presenting it as one’s own work
8. Self-Plagiarism: reproducing/publishing one’s own published work,
2. Buying/stealing/copying assignments, experimental results,
etc. in part or whole, without referring to earlier published work
3. Reproducing by copying a section of a book or an Notwithstanding anything containing clause (1)-(8), any other activity
article/report/dissertation without proper citation. falling under the ambit of academic dishonesty, may also be covered
under these rules.
25
12-04-2020
26
12-04-2020
Citation
• The importance of Citation is covered to some extent in the previous
topic of Plagiarism
• Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source
Citation (not always the original source).
• More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression,
embedded in the body of an intellectual work, that denotes an entry in
the bibliographic references section of the work, for the purpose of
acknowledging the relevance of the works of others, to the topic of
discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
• Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the
bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation
(whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
162
27
12-04-2020
28
12-04-2020
Reproducibility Reproducibility
• Reproducibility of scientific studies is a hallmark of scientific Reproducibility requires multiple, progressive components such as:
methodology.
1. all data, models, code, directions, and other digital artifacts used in
• It enables researchers to build with confidence on the methods and the research are available for others to reuse
findings of others, reuse and extend scientific pipelines, and thereby
2. the artefacts can be used to exactly reproduce published results
drive scientific progress.
(reproducibility, sometimes called bit or computational
• Since many experimental studies rely on assumptions and analyses, reproducibility; and
scientists need guidance on how to set up and document reproducible
3. existing and new datasets can be processed using the artefacts to
data analyses or simulations.
reproduce published conclusions (replicability).
Reproducibility Reproducibility
• Reproducible and replicable scientific work is currently uncommon • Several efforts are underway to encourage more reproducible science.
because of misaligned incentives & poor coordination among authors,
journals, institutions, and funding agencies that conduct, publish, and • Authors can share research materials in a growing number of online
support scientific research. repositories such as Github, Figshare, Harvard Dataverse, Dryad, or
HydroShare.
• For example, making artefacts available requires authors to document
additional materials and learn new skills and technologies. • Institutional libraries are transitioning to offer online repositories to
house digital research artefacts.
• Authors may worry that shared materials will never be used or that other
scientists will scoop them on follow-up studies.
• Further, universities typically reward peer-reviewed journal publications,
rather than data repositories or documentation, while current scientific
culture rewards novelty rather than reproducing prior efforts.
173 174
29
12-04-2020
References
1. S. N. Goodman, D. Fanelli, J. P. A. Ioannidis, What does research reproducibility mean? Sci. Transl.
Med. 8, 341ps12 (2016).
2. Sandve G. K, Nekrutenko A, Taylor J, Hovig E (2013) Ten Simple Rules for Reproducible Computational
Research. PLoS Comput Biol 9(10): e1003285.
3. Academic Integrity at MIT – A handook for students: http://integrity.mit.edu/
4. Guidelines from the ICMJE (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors) website
http://www.icmje.org
Reproducibility 5. University of Minnesota Code of Conduct for researchers (Section 2, Subdivisions 4 and 5) available
online at: http://www1.umn.edu/regents/policies/academic/Conduct.html
6. University of Minnesota Publication of Investigation Results:
http://www1.umn.edu/regents/policies/administrative/PublicationofResults.html
7. On-line curriculum on authorship issues by Mark Dworkin available at: www.research.umn.edu/ethics.
Click on “curriculum,” then “authorship”.
8. United States Office of Human Subject Research website. http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/mpa/belmont.php3.
9. Bhopal RS, Rankin JM, McColl E, et. al. Authorship. Team approach to assigning authorship order is
recommended. BMJ. 314(7086):1046-7, 1997 Apr 5.
10. Smith JP. References, Copyright and Plagiarism (editorial). Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1997; 26(1):1.
175
References References
23. Editage Insight. Checklists to help you get the IMRAD structure right. Retrieved from
11. Martin HC, Ohmann RM. Wheatley J. The logic and rhetoric of Exposition. 3rd Edition. New York: Holt, https://www.editage.com/files/IMRAD_checklist.pdf
Rinehart and Winston, 1969.
12. Indiana University website. http://campuslife.indiana.edu/Code 24. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "What Does it Mean to Cite?" MIT Academic integrity.
http://web.mit.edu/academicintegrity/citing/whatandwhy.html.
13. Northwestern University website. http://www.writing.nwu.edu/tips/plag.html.
14. Barrie JM, Prestie DE. Digital Plagiarism – The Web giveth and the Web shall taketh. Journal of Medical 25. Association of Legal Writing Directors & Darby Dickerson, ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of
Internet Research, 2000; 2(1):E6. Citation, 4th ed.(New York: Aspen, 2010)
15. Jefferson T, Wagner E, Davidoff F. Measuring the Quality of Editorial Peer Review. JAMA, 2002; 287:2786- 26. George Mason University Writing Centre: https://writingcenter.gmu.edu/guides/writing-an-imrad-report
2790.
16. Lawrence PA. The politics of publication. Nature, 2003; 422(6929):259-261. 27. What is reproducibility? The R* brouhaha (and how Research Objects can help), Prof. Carole Goble,
17. Morreim EH. “Conflict of Interest.” Encyclopedia of Bioethics. New York: Simon & Shuster Macmillan, 1995. University of Manchester, First International Workshop on Reproducible Open Science @ TPDL, 9 Sept 2016,
Hannover, Germany.
18. National Institutes of Health website. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/noticefiles/
19. The Office of Scientific and Technology Policy website. http://www.ostp.gov/html/001207_3.html. 28. Research Misconduct in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. By Joseph Ana, Tracey Koehlmoos, Richard
Smith, & Lijing L. Yan; PLOS Medicine, 2013, 10(3).
20. Whorton JC. “Animal Research: Historical Aspects.” Encyclopedia of Bioethics. New York: Simon & Shuster
Macmillan, 1995. 29. Plagiarism: a scourge afflicting the Indian science, Indian J Med Res 131, March 2010, pp 373-376
21. World Trade Organization Website: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/trips_e.htm 30. Encouraging Academic Honesty through Anti-plagiarism Software, Rajeev Vij et. al. 7th International
22. Heseltine E. Why authors have to use a rigid format for their journal articles. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. CALIBER-2009.
2015;97(4):249–251.doi:10.1308/003588415X14181254789808 31. Plagiarism - A Survey, Hermann Maurer et. al., Journal of Universal Computer Science, vol. 12, no. 8 (2006),
References
32. UGC Regulations on Minimum Qualifications for Appointment of Teachers and Other Academic Staff
in Universities and Colleges and Measures for the Maintenance of Standards in Higher Education, 2018.
33. https://www.grammarly.com/faq#toc1
34. https://www.business-standard.com/article/education/mhrd-allows-universities-to-useturnitin-
software-to-curb-phd-plagiarism-118062700113_1.html
35. www.thehindu.com/news/national/turnitin-software-for-all-varsitiesto-check-plagiarism-in-
research/article24536291.ece
Thank You
36. https://www.business-standard.com/article/education/mhrd-allows-universities-to-useturnitin-
software-to-curb-phd-plagiarism-118062700113_1.html
30