Ao Naga Grammer - Mob Ver PDF

AO NAGA GRAMMAR
WITH
ILLUSTRATIVE PHRASES AND VOCABULARY,
BY
M r s. E. W. CLARK,
MOLUNG, NAGA HILLS, .ASSAM.
SHILLONG
fa y PRINTED AT THE ASSAM SECRETARIAT PRINTING OFFICE.
1893.
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AO NAGA GRAMMAR
W ITH
ILLUSTRATIVE PHRASES AND VOCABULARY,
BY
Mrs. E. W. CLARK,
MOLUNG, NAGA. HILLS, ASSAM.
SCHOOL OF
O R IE N T A L
S T U D IE S
FINSBURYCIRCUS
SHILLONG:
PRINTED AT THE ASSAM SECRETARIAT PRINTING OFFICE.
1893.
P R IN T E D B Y T H E S U P E R IN T E N D E N T ,
A SSA M S E C R E T A R IA T P R IN T IN G DEPARTM ENT,
SH IL L O N G ,
PREFACE.
I n the preparation o f th is work, I have had access to

m y husband's A o N aga-E nglish M anuscript D ictionary ,1
and am also indebted to him fo r personal assistance,
especially on the Grammar .
M A R Y M. CLARK.
CONTENTS
♦
PASI
D ialects I
Alphabet 2-4
A rticles 4
Nouns 5 -io
P ronouns 10-13
Adjectives . ... 13-16
Verbs 16-38
Adverbs 38-42
Conjunctions ... 42- 43
I nterjections 43
Syntax 43- 44
N umerals 44:4*5
D ivision of T ime 46-48
Measures of Length and W eight 48-49
I llustrative P hrases ... 50-87
E nglish-Ao Vocabulary 88-181

AO NAGA GRAMMAR.
D IA LE C TS.
Y a tradition, more or less supported by present facts,
B the Naga tribe known as the Ao have from very early times
had two dialects,— the Zungi and Mungsen. The legend is, th at
a colony of Zungi and friendly Ahoms migrated to these parts
hundreds of years ago. The Zungis stopped for years at Zungi
Imti, a place just behind the upper villages of the tribe, and
the Ahoms resided awhile at a place now occupied by one
of the upper villages called Lungmisa or Tzumar Menden.
Tzum a is what the Aos call the valley of Assam, and Tzumar
Menden means the seat or abode of Assamese, or Ahoms, as
they were called before the English occupation of the valley.
T he Ahoms are said to have lived not many years in the hills,
and then to have moved down into the valley. By tradition,
while the Aos were still in the one village called Zungi Imti,
the Mungsen lived near, but just below them. At first there
is said to have been no intermarriage between the two peoples,
but for many years there has been ; yet to this day the
difference in physique between the two can frequently be
noted, the Mungsen being more Mongolian. In many
instances these two classes have lived for generations in the
same village and intermarried, yet the two dialects have
remained. In other villages where the Zungi or Mungsen has
very largely predominated the weaker dialect has succumbed ;
but even in such villages both dialects are generally under
stood, though only one may be spoken in the village.
W hen Zungi and Mungsen converse together, each
frequently, though not always, speaks his own dialect. From
the first, Zungi has evidently been the dominant element in
the Ao tribe, and only among the Zungi do the village offices
descend in family lines. This dialect is now decidedly more'
prevalent than the Mungsen. Some words of the latter have
crept into the Zungi dialect, but only very few, considering the
long and intimate relationship of the two dialects. The
language of the books thus far printed in Ao is Zungi, and this
is employed in the following pages.
B
AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
ALPHABET.
T he Nagas had no books or letters ; in making books for
the Ao tribe of Nagas, the English or Roman alphabet has
been used. By the system in vogue at present for Rom an
ising the languages of India proper, the letter a is used to
correspond with the first Sanskrit vowel, and it is presumed to
have the sound of short «, like u in bat. This use of a may
be convenient for languages and dialects of Sanskritic
origin, but it is very inconvenient for other languages,
especially if there be a desire to avoid diacritic marks. In
giving an alphabet to a people, these marks should be used
as little as possible, because they are troublesome to write,
liable to break off in process of printing, and as their projec
tions require extra space, it is very difficult to print a large book
like the Bible in a form small enough to be convenient for
general use.
It is also important that each letter have one sound and
be allowed no great deviation. If, now, to the letter a be
assigned the sound of short a, then a i= u iy and ao=uo, and
a u — uu. In other words if a represents short it, it cannot
be used in forming diphthongs. Hence, as to the power of a,
the Indian system of Romanising has been departed from, but
adhered to in most other respects. In short, the Roman
vowels in Ao books have the Italian sound, and in support
of this system are the highest authorities,— the Royal
Geographical Societies of London and Paris. As a result of
some inquiry, it may perhaps be asserted that this system is
now, outside of India, the basis of Romanising the unwritten
languages of the world.
Sounds peculiar to a language may require new characters
or diacritic marks to indicate them. The sound of u in b a t
is said to be foreign to the old Roman alphabet, and to
represent this sound in Ao Naga a new letter has been formed,
it is a looped v * thus, v. The character is easily written and
readily distinguished by the eye. In this way the Ao alphabet
is completed, the essential sounds represented without a
diacritic sign. The alphabet is as follows :
Vowels and D iphthongs .

a has the sound of a in father, ah.
e „ ,, ,, ,, e „ met and th#y.
* The loop o f this new character should have been larger and more distinct, s<r
ns to appear as a loop rather than a dot—M. M. C.
CONSONANTS. 3
i has the sound of i in pm and ptque.

0 tt ft tt „ o „ note, mote.
u a tt tt „ oo „ fool, tool.
V ft tt it „ u „ bwt, cut.
ae, a i f t tt tt „ i „ tee, rtte.
ao, au t t ft a ,, ou ,, out, m ound.
ay f t tt tt „ ano „ uroe, bowl.
Consonants.
b as in English. n as in English.
c always soft. P >> n >>
d as in English. 9. » >> n
f >> )> >) T' ,, >> >>
g always hard. s always soft.
h seldom used to aspi t as ir. English.
rate a vowel. v >> ,, >>
j always soft.
k as in English. x not used.
>> i> >> y as in English.
m >> >) >> % >) a >>
The diphthong ay is very seldom heard. The diphthongs
ae, ai, though sounded alike, are both needed ; the same is true
of ao and au. Between the two last a slight distinction
in sound can be made, but practically none is observed. The
diphthong oi is not heard. At one time the variations of
sound between that of e in met and they, also that of i in pm
and ptque, were indicated by diacritic m a rk s; but these
distinctions confused the pupils learning the alphabet, and
retarded their progress. Furthermore, it was ascertained
that the Nagas did not need them as an aid to correct
pronunciation; they were serviceable only to the foreigrer who
had not well mastered the language, h'or these reasons
diacritic marks do not now appear in Ao books.
The single consonants in the Ao language have about the
same power as in English: but f is not heard in Ao words
except in ‘ tefset, ’ ‘ lefset x is not used at all. The chief use
of c is in combination with A, and this ch has the sound of ch
in church ; c is also used in a few instances after 5 to prolong
its sound. The le tte r / is always soft as in/oin, and g always
hard as in ^ive ; sh is sounded as in s/tine. There is scarcely
any use of h except in the combinations ch and sh. The
letters q, v, and w are used but little. The letters ng when
written together are pronounced as one letter, never, separately,
B 2
4 AO NAGA LANGUAGE,
as, ‘ang-u’ not ‘an-gu’, and ‘ang-a’ not ‘an -g a’. Few words
begin with d, e, g, u, or v. A notable feature in Ao words is
that many of them end with short u, y. This sound as final
is one that a foreigner finds a little difficult to articulate
properly.
The vowels are not always permanent, as, ka (one), but one
emphatic— one only—becomes ‘ ketang ’ instead of ‘ katang
From ‘ te n u k ’ or ‘ n u k ’ (the eye), we have in one direction
‘ nokshi ’ , to look on desiringly, to covet, and in the opposite
direction ‘n y k a ’ and ‘a n y k ’, seeing to, watching. When
two vowels come together, there is generally a coalescence
or elision, and sometimes also a new vowel sound is the
result. ' Sv ’, the stem of one of the verbs, ‘ to be ’, should have
as an imperative form ‘ svang ’, which becomes ‘ sang ’ ; ‘ kv, ’
my, and o, word, unite and become ‘k u ’ ; ‘g v ’ or (kv ’, the stem
of the verb ‘ to g ive’, becomes in the imperative ‘kw a’ or
‘ kwang ’ instead of ‘ kva ’ or ‘ kvang There is one word so
metamorphosed as to be hardly recognisable, it is ‘ mokolung ’
for ‘ metkulung.’ But of such changes even in the most
common colloquial terms there is hardly a parallel to this.
There are more mutations among the consonants than the
vowels; those most frequently interchanged the one for the
other are b and / , d and t, g and k, occasionally b and v,
m and n. In fact, among the words of everyday use almost
any letter may be changed for euphemism, and to this end
the letter / is brought into the language in the two sole
instances of its use above specified.
When the final consonants in a verbal form are ts, these
are changed into ^before a suffix beginning with a, as ‘a g y tsy ’
(to give to some one beside the speaker); by adding a becomes
‘ agyza ’, not ‘ agytsya ’, by adding ‘ ang ’ it becomes ‘ agvzang ’,
not ‘agvtsvang’.
It may be remarked here that peculiar inflections for
giving different ideas to the same word is a device of articu
lation seldom resorted to in Ao-Naga, though so common
in the Chinese and its cognates. In the Ao language, articu
lation is by vocables represented by letters, though in a very
few instances words have different meanings by accenting
different syllables.
A R T IC L E S .
■ For the indefinite article a or an the numeral for one,
‘ k a ’ or ‘ k a ti’, is used, and for the v/e have demonstrative
pronouns or demonstrative suffixes. If we allow th at an
NOUNS. 5
article can follow its noun as well as precede it, then what
has been termed a demonstrative suffix may be called the Ao
definite article. For example, ‘ nisung ’ is ‘ man ’, and ‘ nisungzi ’
is ‘ the man ’, or ‘ this man’, reference being to a particular man
ju st named. Such a phrase as the man who, must be
constructed quite differently in Ao Naga, as will be seen under
the subject Pronouns. There is a use of the letter t in
this language which in some instances closely resembles
th a t of a definite article. This use of t is restricted to verbal
forms and adjectives, and will be illustrated under Verbs
and Adjectives.
NOUNS.
One peculiarity about Ao nouns is the paucity denoting
abstract ideas. The prevailing mode of thought is not in
th at line. It can be said ‘ according to your f a i t h be it unto
you ’, but the preferable form is ‘ as you have believed be it
unto you’. Instead of saying ‘ heis given to m ed ita tio n ', the
Aos would say ‘ he meditates m uch’. They have no word for
‘ kingdom ’, their villages were little independent democracies.
They have no good word for ‘ reign ’ or ‘ dominion ’, nor for
‘ height ’, ‘ depth ’, or ‘ width ’, ‘ form ’ or ‘ colour ’, ‘ health ’ or
‘ w ealth’, ‘ n o rth ’ or ‘ so u th ’. Abstruse abstract terms one
would not expect to find among a rude people who
have had to struggle hard and constantly to get needful
food and to ward off enem ies; but the absence of so many
common abstract forms is rather .remarkable, especially
a s such forms can be made with the greatest facility, as for
instance, ‘ meim ’ is the stem of the verb ‘ to love ’, and ‘ temeim ’
is ‘love’; so ‘ sangw a’ is the stem of the verb to ‘illum ine’,
and ‘ tesangwa ’ is ‘ light ’ ; so also we have ‘ temang ’ faith,
from the verb ‘ to believe’; in like manner abstract terms
could be multiplied almost indefinitely.
Nouns are formed from other parts of speech as easily
as in English. One way of forming an abstract noun from a
verb root has just been given. A variation of this mode is thus,
‘ p e la ’ is the stem of the verb ‘ to rejoice’, the future form of
which is ‘ pelatsy ’ will rejoice, and ‘ tepelatsy ’ is joy, ‘ tepelaba ’
or ‘pelaba ’ is also joy ; the ba in this word is doubtless the third
personal pronoun pa changed to ba and used as a suffix; in a
similar way from ‘ tazung ’, the adjective good, we have
‘ tazungba ’ the good one or the best; the adjective ‘ aeig a ’,
many, takes the form ‘ aeigati’, and is a noun, as ‘ aeigati
ashitsy ’ many will say ; ‘ ziyong ’ is the stem of the verb to-
<5 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
eat a meal, and ziyongtsv is fo o d ; ‘ ali ’ means to be, to

reside, ‘ alidak ’ place of abode, residence, ‘ aliba ’ a resi
dent ; ‘ alep ’ means to cut and ‘ talepdak ’ cut place, th e
c u t ; ‘ ki ’ is the word for house, ‘ nung ’ means in, and ' pu ’
or ‘ bu ’ is an old word for man, and from these three words
we have ‘ ki-nung-pu’ house-in-man, the man of the house,
the husb an d ; in the same way is formed ‘ kinungtzy ’,
the woman of the house, the wife. This case-ending, or
postposition, takes on a verbal suffix thus,— ‘ nunger ’
-which should mean is in or those who are in. The word
probably originated in connection with the name of a
village, as, ‘ Molung nunger’, those who are in ‘ Molung*
village, residents' of ‘ M olung’; in process of time ‘ M olung
n unger’ came to mean ‘ M olung’ people, the ‘n u n g er’
losing its fundamental idea of in and becoming little more
than a plural symbol, as we may say, ‘ the Israelites ’, ‘ the
Londoners ’. ‘ Tenu ’ signifies a younger brother or sister, and
‘ tenu nunger’ means the younger brothers, including perhaps
sisters. Suppose a Naga’s name is ‘ W a ti’ and that he
•persuades several men to go fishing with him, it may be
said, the ‘ W ati nunger’ have gone a fishing. But th e
'use of ‘ nunger ’ indicating plurality is limited to instances
similar to those above cited. Another illustration may be
given of the formation of compound n o u n s: ‘ ku ’ means th e
hair of the head, ‘ sv ’ is the stem of the verb ‘ to shave ’, and
‘ nok ’ is the name of an instrument used as an axe and a knife,
and ‘ kusvnok ’ is hair-shaving knife or razor.
Verbal Nouns.
The verbal noun, of which ‘ pelaba ’ is given above as a
specimen, deserves a little further notice. ‘ Ashi ’ means to
say, and ‘ ashiba ’ may mean ‘ what has been said ’, or ‘ he
who said ’, or ‘ those who said ’. This verbal noun may as an
adjective qualify a noun or pronoun ; as a noun it may be the.
subject nominative of another verb, or it may be in
any one of the oblique cases required by another verb,
while at the same time as a verb it may have a nominative of
its own or control oblique cases ; in short, it presents a t the
same time the characteristics of a noun and of a verb. A
couple of illustrations may be given :
Ya ku abenbanvm hiki ka agyzang.
This load bringer to hiki one give.
(Give a hiki to the one who brought the load.) ' ;
GENDER. 7
Padak azvkbae kvdang ashi.
Him struck who me to said.
(H e who struck him said to me.
This form ending in ‘ ba ’ has been termed a verbal
noun, as it is so purely substantive in form, but there is a
participial noun ending in r, which in places may be substi
tu ted for the form in ‘ ba ’, as ‘ shishi ’ means to traffic, to
trade, and for trader ‘ shishir ’ or ‘ shishiba ’ may be u s e d ;
so also for trading ‘ shishir ’ or ‘ shishiba ’ may be employed, as,
‘ pa shishir age ’, of ‘ shishiba age ’, ‘ takar akvm ’ he became
rich by trading. The verbal form ending in r is restricted
to the present perfect, it cannot be used for time long
past, but the participial noun is not thus restricted. ‘ Parenoke
tang adoker ’ is a proper form for 1they have just arrived ’, but
for ‘ they arrived yesterday ’ ‘ parenoke yashi adoker ’ is not
proper, the true form is ‘ parenoke yashi adok’. But the partici
pial noun is not thus limited, as ‘ tang adoker azi oda ashi ’
‘ those just arrived said so ’, or ‘ yashi adoker azi oda ashi ’
‘ those who arrived yesterday said so’, are both proper Ao N aga
sentences.
There is another verbal noun occasionally heard, it ends
with the demonstrative suffix ‘ tu ’ or ‘ to ’ instead of ‘ z i a s ,
‘ shikatu ’ = ‘ ashibazi ’, and ‘ zvmbikatu ’ = ‘ zvmbibazi ’, and
‘ lepkatu ’ = ‘ lepkazi.’ Summing up the verbal nouns, they
may be arranged thus :
(1) temang, tesangwa, temeim ;
(2) tepelatsv, ziyongtsv ;
(3) aliba, pelaba, ashiba ;
(4) ashir, shishir, adoker ;
(5) alidak, alepdak ;
(6) shikatu, zvmbikatu.
The classes (1) and (2) are two ways of forming abstract
nouns, the first (1) is simply the stem of the verb with ‘ te ’ or
‘ t ’ prefixed, while the second (2) is from the future tense or the
infinitive mode of the verb which ends in ‘ tsv ’ ; the other four
classes, viz., (3), (4), (5), and (6), may have a subject nomi
native, while retaining the characteristics of nouns.
Gender.
To the names of persons ‘ b a ’ is generally affixed for males
-and ‘ la ’ for females. For human beings ‘ tebur ’ (///., man is)
m eans male, and ‘ tetzyr ’ female ; for the lower animals we have
‘‘jtebong’ male, ‘ te tz y r’ female, and these latter terms may be
8 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
applied to plants and flowers of which the sexes are distinguish

able and known ; but, as a rule, sexual terms are not applied
to inanimate objects. To the general rules given above,
there are a few exceptions. The common word for bull is
‘ nashi pongzi’, and for cow ‘ nashi tzvla’ ; according to the rule
these should be respectively ‘nashi teb o n g ’ and ‘ nashi tetzvr’.
Again, ‘ ak ’ stands for swine, and regularly the male should be
‘ ak teb o n g ’ and the female ‘ ak te tz y r’, but instead we have for
the male ‘ tesv ’ or ‘ taei ’ and for the female ‘ tin ’ or ‘ shiben.’
‘ Alar ’ means slave and ‘alarsang ’ a male slave, ‘ alarla ’ a female
slave. ‘ Asangur ’ means young men, and ‘ aeir, aeirtvm ’ young
women ; ‘ lar-sanger ’, women and men, in English we transpose
and say men and women. ‘ Par lar ’ their women (their female
relatives), ‘ par san g a r’ their men (their male relatives), ‘im
sanger ’ (village males) men of the village, ‘ sangremer ’ widower,.
‘ amitzvr ’ widow.
If to a pair of animals the term ' atzv-abungba ’ is applied,
it implies they are mated, the corresponding term for husband
and wife is ‘ apu-ani ’ or ‘ abu-ani.’ Husband is ‘ kinungpu ’ and
wife ‘ kinungtzv.’ ‘ Tebu ’ or ‘ bu ’ is used for father, and ‘ tetzv ’
or ‘ tzv ’ for mother, ‘ ozvla ' my mother, our mother, mother.
As a term of respect ‘ pabu, ’ the father, is often applied to an
oldish man whose services have been that of a father to the
village : ‘ tebuti ’ chief father or patriach. ‘ Tebu ’ or ‘ tebuti ’ is-
also a familiar term for boy, and ‘ tenv ’ or ‘ tenvla ’ a like term,
for girl.
Number.
As a general rule, nouns are supposed to be plural, hence-
there is no real need of a plural sign, though ‘ tvm ’ as a suffix
is sometimes used for this purpose. The singular is indicated
by the numeral ‘ one ’, ‘ ka ’, ‘ kati ’, ‘ ketang ’, or the noun may
have a qualifier that identifies it with a preceding singular form..
There is a dual form in frequent,.though not exclusive, use ;
it is ‘ na’, an abbreviation of ‘ ana ’ two, as ‘ tanvk-o togo-na’
both nephew and uncle ; ‘ tanur-o tetzv-na’, Z/Z., child and
mother two (both the child and its mother) ; ‘ tsungkvm-o
mei-na’ both dry and rainy season ; ‘ any ita-na’ both sun and
moon.
There is another numeral suffix, ‘ prungla’, which in use
closely resembles the dual ‘ na’, save that it is not limited to
two, but may be applied to any numeral from two upward.
There is no corresponding English word, and we have to
translate it by each or aZZ, but ‘ prungla ’ is not used for each
DECLENSION. 9
individually, or a ll; other forms express these ideas, and
‘ prungla ’ is applied only to numerals, as ‘ anaprungla ’ both,
or each of the two, ‘ asvmprungla ’ all three, or each of the
three, and so on indefinitely.
Declension.
The Aos have apparatus sufficient for usual case-endings
except for the genitive, but if the other cases are provided for,
this one without a special sign would cause little inconvenience.
(See another explanation in the paragraph under Adjectives
beginning “ O f one noun m odifying another.”) Take the third
personal pronoun ‘pa,’ which may mean he, she, or it, but for
convenience suppose it masculine, and we have—
Nom. ... Pae or pa He.
G en • ... Pa His.
D ative, ... Panvm ... To or for h
Panung ... In, to, or fc
Padang ... To him.
Padange, e To him, to
place.
Acc. ... Padak, pa ... Him.
In st, ... Pa-a ... By him.
Assoc. ... Paden ... With him.
Abt. ... Panunge ... From him.
The nominative suffix ‘ e ’ is not constant, but is frequently
dropped when its omission would cause no confusion. The.
dative suffix ‘ nvm ’, meaning to or for, is not in universal use,,
some villages preferring ‘ nung ’, which may be printed as a
postposition. In books thus far printed ‘ nvm ’ as a suffix has
not been used, but it is a dative sign of many villages, and
should appear as such on the printed page. Those who use
‘ nvm ’ or ‘ n u n g ’ also use ‘ dang ’, ‘ dange ’, and ‘ e ’. Verbs of
asking require ‘ dang ’ affixed to the remote object as if the idea
were to address the inquiry or request to such a person, as
‘ Yohandang asongdangang ’ inquire of Yohan, z'.e, put your
inquiry to him. ‘ Yohandang mishiang ’ ask Yohan for some
thing, i.e., make your request to him. ‘ Dange ’ and ‘ e ’ as
noun suffixes imply motion to or toward ; the former is applied
to persons, the latter to places, as ‘ pae Yohandange ao’ he has
gone to Yohan ; ‘ pae areme ao’ he has gone to the jungle, the
word ‘ arem ’ meaning jungle. In use, ‘ badang ’ and ‘ bad an g e’’
a re usually heard instead of ‘ padang ’ and ‘ padange ’.
IO AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
T he dative suffix of place must sometimes be translated by

‘ in ’ or *by ’ ‘ along by or ‘on’, as ‘ pae koba lemange ao? ’ O n
what path did he go ? ‘ pae tzy-kyme atu’ he went up on th e
bank or by the bank of the stream ; ‘ pae tzy-kyme a tu ’ andL
‘pae tzv-kvm-nung a tu ’ are alike correct, and have the same
meaning; ‘pae par ime (or ‘im take’) ao ’ he went by their
village or through their village.
T he accusative suffix ‘ dak ’ is in general use, some verbs
•always requiring it, while with others its presence is a m atter
of indifference, unless confusion would be caused by its
absence. As may have been observed in its several uses as
noted above, ‘ dang ’ is an accommodative suffix, and in th e
printed books it has been used as an accusative suffix in
many instances where Nagas deem an accusative sign needless
but tolerate the ‘ d a n g ’; it should not however be regarded as
a proper accusative suffix.
The instrumental sign ‘ a ’ is only occasionally affixed, as,
‘ teketa ’ by hand, more commonly the postposition ‘ age ’ is
used as ‘ pa a g e ’ by him as an agent.
The associative affix ‘ d e n ’ is constant, in expressions of
association or companionship.
There has been a considerable hesitation in classing ‘ nung,’
‘ nunge,’ and ‘ den ’ as substantive suffixes. In books thus far
printed they have been deemed postpositions, and placed
separate from the nouns, but in the closing remarks under P ost
positions are some pretty conclusive reasons given for consi
dering nung and den as substantive suffixes; and if this is th e
decision for nung, evidently ‘ nunge ’ must be put in the same
category.
PR O N O U N S.
Personal Pronouns.
(N i I.
Singular . .. S Na Thou, you.
(P a He, she or it.
( Ozo, ozonok, onok
\ Asen, asenok We.
P lu r a l
“ 7 Nenok You.
^P arenok, pare They.
All the pronouns except ‘ ni ’ and ‘ pare ’ may take the
nominative sign ‘ e ’, as ‘ nae ’, ' ozoe ‘ asenoke
The first person plural ‘asen’ and ‘asenok’ imply friendship,
as those who like to associate together, the speaker identifying
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. II
himself as associated with the others included in the terms

‘ asen,’ ‘asenok’, we, our; but where common interests or co
partnership do not exist, ‘a se n ’ and ‘asenok’ cannot be used.
The termination ‘ nok ’ in the plural forms is doubtless ‘ lo k ’
with the first consonant changed by euphemism; ‘ lok ’ means
a group, a multitude, the full form being ‘ telok ’, but the ‘ te ’ is
usually dropped in composition, so ‘ o-nok ’ means our group
or our crowd. In the same way we have ‘ o-ba ’ our father,
‘ ozyla’ our mother, ‘ odi ’ our elder brother, ‘ oyela ’ our elder
sister.
Pronouns are declined like nouns, but ‘ ni ’ seldom takes
the nominative suffix ‘ e ’. There are also possessive forms for
my, as ' kv’, ‘ ke ’, ‘ k ’, and in the other oblique cases ‘ kv ’ or ke ’
is more commonly used than ‘ ni ’, as ! kvnvm’, ‘ kvdang ’, or
‘ ketang ’, ‘ kedak ’, ‘ keden ’. In a few instances ‘ kv ’ appears
where good grammar would require a nominative form, as
‘ kyna ’ {lit., my you or my two) for, I and you, we two, also
‘ kv kija ’ {lit., my alone) for I alone. Very likely these are
colloquial corruptions, as in low English maybe heard ‘ me and
you ’ for ‘I and you’. In the second person ‘ ne ’ is a possessive
form, and is frequently heard instead of ‘ na ’ in the oblique
cases, as ‘nenvm ’, ‘nenung’, ‘nedang’, or ‘n e tan g ’, ‘ netak’,
1neden ’, instead of ‘ nanvm’, ‘ nanung ’, ‘ nadang ’, ‘ nadak ’, and
*naden’.
D emonstratives.
The stems of these are doubtless ‘ a ’ and ' i ’, the former,
taking the plural suffix ‘ tvm ’, becomes ‘ atym ’ and means
these, and in the form ‘ ya ’ the ‘ y ’ is simply an intensive
letter to bring out with more force the succeeding vowel. For
this purpose ‘ y ’ will sometimes in conversation be inserted
even in the middle of a word where it does not properly
belong. As to the demonstrative stem ‘ i ’ it unites with ‘ dak
which as a suffix sometimes means place, as ‘ idak’ or ‘ idakzi
this place, here ; it unites with ‘ len ’ path, as ‘ ilene ’ this w ay; it
unites with ‘ dang which as a suffix sometimes has the force of
when or while, as ‘ idang ’ or ‘ idangzi ’ this time, then ; ‘ i ’ also
takes on the suffix ‘ b a ’ or ‘p a ’ and becomes ‘iba’ or ‘ ibazi’.
From ‘ a ’ we also have ‘ aba’, ‘ abazi’, ‘ azi’, and ‘ a tu ’ or ‘ato’; the
4tu ’ or ‘ to ’ of the latter form may be an abbreviation of ‘ toyu’ or
xtoyo’ to point to, and so ‘a tu ’ or ‘ato’ would mean this one as
if pointing to it; ‘to ’ may also be used as a demonstrative suffix,
as ‘ nisungto’ that man, ‘ tezangto’ that fruit. The letter ‘ e *
12 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
sometimes appears as a demonstrative stem, as ‘ elen’, ‘ elenzi’,

b ut in this service ‘ e ’ has only a limited use, and it is probably a
colloquial corruption of ‘ i ’, or ‘ a The ‘ zi ’ as a demonstrative
suffix was probably once identical with ‘j i ’, signifying true, and
hence ‘ azi ’ would mean this very one, and ‘ nisungzi ’ this very
man, or this same man.
As may be inferred from the above remarks on the
structural formation of demonstratives, we have of this class
am ong pronouns ‘ ya ‘ aba ’, ‘ abazi’, ‘ azi’, ‘ ati ’, ‘ atu ’, ‘ atvm ’,
‘ iba’, ‘ibazi ’; ‘ p a ’ is also occasionally used this way, as ‘ pa.
nv ’, that day. These demonstratives are used adjectively or
substantively without change of form. Those in most
frequent use are ‘ib a ’, ‘ibazi’, ‘a b a ’, ‘ab azi’, and ‘a z i’, the
former generally referring to what is near, and ‘ azi ’ to that
which is more remote, but this distinction is not always
observed. They are sometimes employed as third personal
pronouns, especially ‘iba’ and ‘azi.’
The demonstrative suffixes are ‘ zi ’ and ‘ tu ’ or ‘ to’, and
these, as has been previously remarked, frequently remind one
of the English definite article. These suffixes are frequently
employed in connection with other demonstratives, thus
exhibiting an apparent redundancy of forms, as ‘ iba nisungzi \
where ‘iba nisung’ or ‘nisungzi’ would seem to be sufficient and
in better taste; ‘ kabazi’ or ‘kvbazi ’ means this one ; and it may
be added that the suffix 1zi ’ may be attached to any numeral,
to an adjective, to an adverb, to a conjunction, or to a verbal
form. As an example of its use with a numeral— ‘ iba nisung
anetzi,’ or ‘ nisung anetzi’, or ‘nisung metsvzi’; of its use with an
adjective— ‘nisung tazungzi,’ ‘nashi azakzi’; examples of its use
with adverbs— ‘ amazi’, ‘ idangzi’, ‘angzi’, ‘ilenzi’, ‘angnungzi’;
examples of its use with conjunctions— ‘ ab en zi’, ‘ anungzi’,
‘ ayongzi’; example of its attachm ent to the verbal form— ‘liazi
I ndefinites .
The indefinites are ‘ ka ’ or ‘ kati ’ one, ‘ kare ’ some, and
‘ langka’ something, some, as ‘nisung k a ’ or ‘nisung k a ti’
one man, a certain m an ; ‘ nisung kare ’ some man or some
men ; ‘ kare nangzyk, kare menangzyk ’ some confessed, some
denied, ‘ kati nangzyk ’ one confessed, ‘ pae langka aben asy
maben ? ’ has he brought anything or not ? ‘ pae langka lene ao ’
he has gone in some direction. To the above may be added,
‘ aeiga’, ‘aeigati’, ‘aeisa’, much, m any; ‘ ishika’ few, ‘is h ita ’
quite a num ber; ‘ azak ’ a ll; ‘ anu ’, ‘ tali ’, more, m any; ‘tangar’,
ADJECTIVES. *3
other, another. The indefinites and interrogatives may be used
adjectively or as pronouns. The indefinite negatives are
‘ kecha’/ shinga’, as ‘ shingae mao ’ no one has gone, ‘ kecha
maben ’ not anything has been brought. The indefinitely
comprehensive forms are ‘ shiresa’ whoever, ‘k ech isa’
whatever, and ‘ kechisarena ’ whatsoever.
I nterrogatives.
These for persons are ‘ shir ? ’ ‘ shiba ? ’ who ? for things
4 kechi ? ’ what? for persons or things ‘ koba ? ’ who ? and ‘ qei ? ’
how many ? as ‘ qei lir ? ’ how many are there ? in which query
‘ qei ’ may stand for persons, animals, or th in g s; used
adjectively, ‘ kechi ’ may be applied to persons.
R elatives.
There are no relatives corresponding to English modes of
•thought. The relatives are interrogative in form, and the
antecedent becomes a subsequent, as—
Shibae tang aru pae azi oda ashi,
Who just now came he so said,
which in English we reverse and say ‘ he who just now came
said so ’. Avoiding the relative, a shorter expression of the
same idea is ‘ tang arubazi azi oda ashi ’ (Zz?., now the having
come he, thus said). In books there is a tendency to prefer
the condensed form, but the construction of sentences with
relative clauses is very common in ordinary conversation
and in formal addresses.
Reflexive.— The reflexive pronoun for all persons and
numbers is ‘ pei
Reciprocals.— There are no reciprocal words, the idea of
mutual relation or action is expressed by a verbal suffix, as,
‘ parenoke meimtep ’ they loved each other.
D istributives.— There are no distributive pronominal
adjectives, the idea is indicated by a suffix to a noun, as
nisungs/zzzz ’ or ‘ nisungafo/z ’ each man.
A D JE C T IV E S .
Adjectives proper, as, good, bad, hot, cold, long, and short,
also the numerals, usually follow the substantives which they
qualify, so also do inany of the pronominal adjectives when
used adjectively, as ‘ nisung tazung ’ a good man, or the man is
good ; ‘ nisung mazung ’ the man is bad ; ‘ nisung azake ’ all m en ;
‘ nisung qei ? ’ how many men ? ‘ nisung asym ’ three men. On

the other hand, as those preceding the noun may be given-
examples like these ‘ ibala nisung ’ such a man, ‘ kobala
nisung ? ’ or ‘ komama nisung ? ’ what sort of a man ? Also with
the words for day and night the numerals precede. Sentences or
phrases that qualify nouns or pronouns, verbal adjectives, and
nouns that modify other nouns usually precede the noun
qualified.
Verbal Adjectives are of four forms, one ending in ‘ l a ’
one ending in ‘ ts v ’, one in ‘ b a ’, and one in ‘r ’. ‘ A ch i’ o r
‘ chi ’ means to eat, and ‘ oset ’ means material or things ;;
‘ tachila oset ’ what one would eat, edible m aterial; ‘ tachitsy
oset ’ things to be eaten, suitable to be eaten, or what will be
eaten ; ‘ arutsv ’ means will come and ‘ nisung ’ man, ‘ tarutsv
nisung ’ the man who will come, the coming man, ‘ taruba
nisung ’ the come man, the man who has co m e; ‘ ashi ’
means said, and ‘ ashiba o ’ the spoken word, told
narrative ; ‘ ashir o ’ has the same meaning, but is not in so
frequent use. These latter forms one in ‘ ba ’ and one in ‘ r ’„
as ‘ash ib a’ and ‘ a sh ir’; both of these forms may be used
substantively as noted under nouns, and both, whether used
adjectively or substantively, may as verb forms have a subject,
as ‘ pae ashi ’, he said ; and ‘ pae ashiba o ’ or ‘ pae ashir o ’
he said word, the story as told by him.
0 / one noun m odifying another, there are many
instances in Ao Naga, as there are not a few in English, and
some of these may be written together, and so be properly
called compound n o u n s; but in many cases the better way
would be to admit th at nouns become adjectives and
modify other nouns, as, for instance, a railway carriage ; here
railway is in form a noun, but it modifies carriage as an
adjective; instances very many can be adduced. As ail
illustration of a proper name doing the work of an adjective
take ‘ a Barnum advertisement ’, which may mean an
advertisement gotten up in style like Barnum’s, or it may
mean one of Barnum’s own; or in other words ( i) ‘ this is
a Barnum advertisem ent’, (2) or ‘ this is one of Barnum’s
advertisements ’ may mean the same thing, the word ‘ Barnum
serving as an adjective in the first (1) sentence, corresponds
to ‘ Barnum’s ’ as a possessive in the second (2) sentence.
T ake another illustration, ‘ this is a K rupp g u n ’ may mean
‘ this is one of K rupp’s g u n s’, here ‘ K rupp ’ as an adjective
in one sentence corresponds to ‘ K rupp’s ’, a possessive form, in
the other.
ADJECTIVES. IS
Now it will be seen that a free use in any language of
nouns and proper names as adjectives largely removes the
necessity of a possessive case; this is very likely the reason
why there is no genitive sign in Ao Naga. This explanation
■will be the more readily accepted when it is understood how
easily in this language words pass from one part of speech
to another. ‘ Azung ’, signifying good, is both a verb and an
adjective, as are also some other words, ' azungtsv ’ will be
good or will be serviceable., ‘ zunger’ is good. It is possible
th at ‘ zunger ’ should be considered both an adjective and a
verbal form, for not a few words take on their stems this verb
suffix ‘ er ’, or ‘ r ’, in becoming adjectives, as ‘ amang ’
darkness, ‘ mang-manger ’ very dark. The reduplication of
the stem as in the instance just given usually adds some
intensity. The prefixing of ‘ te ’ or ‘ t ’ frequently adds some
force, as ‘ tazung ’ good, is a stronger form than ‘ zunger ’
good, and still more intensity is expressed by putting on the
suffix ‘ b a ’ or ‘ p a ’, as ‘iba tazungba’, this is the good
one, or this is the best.
A formal comparison is expressed by affixing ‘ dang ’ to
th at with which the comparison is to be made, followed by the
adjective, as azidang ibazi tazung ’ than that this is
g o o d ; or ‘ azidang ibazi tazungba ’ than that this is th e
b e s t; or again, ‘ azakdang ibazi tazung ’ than all, this is
g o o d ; another form is ‘ azakdang ibazi tazungba ’ than
all this is the b e s t; still another form, ‘ tazungtuba ’ the best
by a little, or a little the best. As observed under demonstra
tives, the demonstrative suffix ‘ zi ’ may be attached to an
adjective, as we may say ‘ azidang ibazi tazung ’ or
‘ azidang iba tazungzi ’, and both forms have the same
meaning. It will be seen that in expressing degrees of inten
sity and comparison, the Ao adjective is rich in forms, perhaps
inclined to redundancy. There are of course separate words
modifying adjectives, but these belong rather to adverbs than
to the formation of adjectives.
As modes of comparison would be looked for under
adjectives, so certain forms, though not adjectives, may be
noticed here, as for instance,—
Idakzi kechi tali zymbitsy ?

Than this what more is to be said ? or shall be said ?
Another form of same meaning is ‘idangzi tali kechi

zymbitsy ? ’ Both forms are correct, and both .idiom atic; yet
European ideas of language, classic or modern, are run

athwart. Take the first word ‘idakzi’, here we have a demon
strative r o o t‘ i ’ with the accusative or locative suffix ‘dak ’, which
has the demonstrative suffix ‘ zi ’ attached. The whole word
‘ idakzi ’ meaning, in the above sentence, than th is or than th is
indeed, but in another situation it may mean in th is -place, here.
But how is this ‘ idakzi ’, meaning than this, to be parsed ? It is
governed by ‘ tali ’ more, which in this sentence is a noun and
the subject of the verb 1zymbitsv ’ . ‘ Idangzi ’ is disposed of
in the same way, except that ‘ dang ’ is the dative or time suffix,
and ‘ idangzi ’ in another place might mean at th a t time, then.
Forms similar to the above are—
Idakzi {or idangzi) anu kechi zvmbitsv ?
Than this more what shall be said ?
Idakzi {or idangzi) zia kechi zvmbitsy ?
This beyond what shall be said ?
Comments on the idiomatic use of ‘ zvmbitsv ’ must be
reserved for verbs. Another illustration is—
Idakzi {or idangzi) zia kenyonge asvtsy {or asv-ang)
Than this rather at once to die {or having died)
zunger
is well.
The numerals take the ‘ dak ’ suffix, thus, ‘ metsy ’
twenty, “ metsvdak zia ’ more than twenty, there are more
than twenty.
V ER B S.
The Ao verb makes no distinction for person, number, or
gender. There are some passive forms, but these are appa
rently accidental. A proper passive voice does not appear,
though there is plenty of apparatus available, and this being
occasionally drawn upon, would have doubtless led to the
development of a passive voice had the need of it been felt.
‘ Kechi o ainkar age zvmbiaka ’, what was said by a prophet, is
a passive form, and other examples could be given, but—
M adokba nashi pa age angu,
The lost cow him by found,
is shorter, and to the Ao man has the same meaning
a s—
M adokba nashi pa age angu aka.
The lost cow him by found was.
PARTICIPLES. 17
Hence the Ao seldom uses a passive form unless it is to
secure an additional shade of thought. Nearly all Ao verbs
being without change of form, either transitive or intransitive,
removes nearly all demand for passive forms. To illustrate
this point the preceding illustration may be readduced
‘ madokba nashi pae angu ’ he found the lost cow ; ‘ madokba
nashi pa age.angu ’ the lost cow was found by him. In both
of these examples the verb ‘ angu ’ (found) is in the same form,
and so it would be in other tenses, nor is it necessary to name
the agent in the passive form, as ‘ M adokba nashi a n g u ’ the
lost cow has been found. The absence of a passive voice
is at first embarrassing to one who has been accustomed to its
use, but as sobn as he realises that in Ao Naga a verb may
be transitive or intransitive, active or passive, without change
of form, then all is easy, the passive voice is seen to be un
necessary and the language simpler without it. But to
emphasize an idea a passive form is not unfrequently used, as
‘ pae zvmbitsy ’, he will speak, is future active ; ‘ anu kechi
zymbitsv ? ’ what more shall be said ? is the same form passive.
T o emphasize the idea one may say 1anu zvmbitsv kechi aka ?,
what more is there to be said ?
Inflections .
Of primary inflections the Ao verb is poor, but of
secondary inflections or conjugations it is rich. T he primary
forms will be first considered. Take the verb ‘ a b e n ’ to bring,
the stem of which is ‘ b e n ’. The initial a may be termed an
augment, but when the Nagas speak of this verb they call it
‘ aben ’, ‘ taben ’, or ‘ teben’, and in the Vocabulary as well as in
the larger dictionary this verb will be found under ‘ aben ’ rather
than ‘ ben ’ ; this remark applies to a large class of verbs.
I ndicative Mode.
P resent ... Bener, bendage, bendar, occasionally
bendaka.
P resent P erfect Abener.
& Accustomed.
P re te rit ... Aben, aben-ka, benka, benogo.
F u tu re ... Bendi, bentsy.
P articiples.
P resent ... Bener, bena, bendang, bendaka;
negative mabene.
Past* ... Aben, benerang, or abenerang.
c
I mperative Mode.
Benang ; negative taben or teben.
Infinitive Mode.
Bentsv, tabentsv, bene, tebene (occasionally), tabene,
abene, tabentsv.
P otential Mode.
‘ Bentet ’ or ‘ abentet ’; to this auxiliary suffix tet, meaning
able, are attached the tense and participial suffixes of the indi
cative mode. See subsequent notes on Potential Mode.
S ubjunctive , Mode.
On the conditional forms see remarks on Subjunctive M ode.
R emarks on T enses.
P resent Tense.— The distinctions between ‘ bener ’ and
‘ abener ’ as present and present perfect forms are not always
observed. Of the suffixes ‘ dage ’ and ‘dar ’, some villages prefer
one form and some the other, but both have the same meaning
and are used for what is in progress with no intimation of a
completed action. In some verbs as ‘ aru ’ to come, the initial a
is never dropped; with such this a is retained when the dage is
affixed, as ‘aru d a g e ’ is coming ; p rete rit ‘a r u ’, not ‘ aaru.’'
The form ‘abener ’■is termed present perfect, for it means pro
perly that some is being brought and that some has been brought,
as ‘ parenoke scong abener ’ means not only they are bringing
wood, but implies that some has been brought, the prefix a
denoting past or completed action and the suffix er or r what
is going on. This suffix er means is, being a relic of a sub
stantive verb ; but if the main verb-stem ends with a vowel, the
e of er disappears, as ‘zvmbi’ to speak, present tense ‘ zymbir ’
n ot ‘ zymbier’. The present perfect form, as ‘a b en e r’, may
denote a customary action, it is frequently so used. For another
way of indicating customary action see notes on ali, under Sub
stantive Verbs.
It is uncertain whether the Aos would prefer to consider
the initial a in ‘ aben ’ and in other verbs of like construction and
inflection, as a prefix in the nature of an augment, or whether
they would consider this a a part of the verb-stem th at is
frequently dropped when certain suffixes are added. On the
side of the latter view something can be said ; some prefer to
REMARKS ON TENSES. 19
use ‘ abene ’ rather than ‘ bene ’ for a telic future, and when the
preterit suffix ogo is used, the form is ‘ benogo ’ and not ' abeno-
g o ’. To this it may be replied that when the preterit suffix is
used, that is sufficient; the retaining of the preterit prefix would
be a redundancy, and as to some using this augment on a future
form, it must be conceded that irregularities and inconsistencies
are to be expected in a language never before reduced to
writing. It is doubtless better to consider only the shorter
form of the verb, the stem. W ith verbs whose initial stem
letter is a, the prefix a would n o t be apparent, because by the
genius of the language where two vowels come together one
is absorbed. Admitting this, nearly all the primary verbs and
some of the compound verbs take the augment. It may be
remarked here, if a verb-stem not beginning with a has more
than one syllable it is not a pure primary but a compound or
a primary that has taken on an auxiliary. To this general
statem ent there are but few exceptions.
P reterit.— As to the difference between the two preterit
forms aben and benogo, the latter emphasizes the fact or event
as past and gone. Ogo is no doubt a preterit of 0, stem of
verb ‘ to go ’. ‘ Ni shigo ’ ( ‘ shi-ogo ’) means not only I have
spoken, but that iny speaking on the subject is done. Instead
of ogo there will sometimes be substituted ku, as ‘ aretsy-ku,’ or
‘ aretsv-kur’ for ‘aretsyogo ’.
The form ‘ aben-ka ’ or ‘ aben-aka’ is a paraphrase rather
than a verb form (see above remarks on passive voice), but
‘ benka ’ is a form sometimes used instead of ‘ a b e n ’. These
two forms can frequently, be substituted the one for the other
without much change of thought. In other cases the ka has
the force of though; for such use of ka see remarks on aka
under substantive verbs.
W ith the primary verbs that do not take the augm ent a,
the naked stem is the short preterit form, as ‘ ni zymbi ’ I have
said ; with the compound verbs the absence of any suffix reveals
the short preterit as ‘ ni benshi ’ I have used.
To one not well versed in the language, adok may a t times
appear to be a preterit formative. Though it may not be
classed among the formative elements, yet, as it is much used
and its use somewhat peculiar, a little notice may here be taken
of it. The primary meaning of this ‘ adok ’ is to come into view,
to appear, to become m anifest; but as indicating a revealed
result, there is no one English word to match it, not even in
English slang. ‘ Shirang ’ means to be ill or sick, ‘ pa shiranger
C 2
adok ’ he turned up sick, ‘ pa mazvmbie adok ’ he not speaking

appeared, i.e., he as a dumb man put in an appearance. ‘A oyar’
means a thief, ‘ pa aoyar adok ’ he turned out to be a thief.
‘Tasvr ’ means to be dead, ‘ pa tasvr ’ he is dead ; ‘pa tasvr adok ’
is a common expression, but in English all we can say is, he is
dead, and leave the ‘ adok ’ untranslated.
F u tu re Tense.— Ks to the future suffixes d i and tsv as
‘ bendi ’, ‘ bentsv ’, the former is generally used for a near future,
frequently where we would use a present tense, as ‘ ni odi ’ I will
go, for I am going; ‘ ni shidi ’ I will say, for I say ; while the
form ending in tsv refers indefinitely to the fu tu re ; but th e
form in d i is not really restricted to the near future, though
this is its more common use.
P articiples.
Participle, Present.— As to the participles, the present,
which end in r or a, are generally interchangeable, as ‘ pae scong
bener aru ’ or ‘ bena aru ’ he came bringing wood ; but sometimes
these forms in r or a are used for a completed action, some
times for a future : ‘ parenok or kelen ’ after their going, after
they had gone ; ‘ zilu ’ means to write, ‘ yamae zilua lir ’ it is
thus written ; ‘ ni oa padang shidi ’ I going will tell him, I will
go and tell him.
T he form ending in dang is usually translated by the
English when, while, or as, for example, ‘ pae arudang tsunglu
aru ’ as he was coming the rain came, it rained when he was
coming. The form daka (gs ‘ bendaka ’) emphasizes the time or
process, as ‘ pae lemang nung arudaka tsunglu aru ’ as he was
coming along on the path the rain came. Of these two forms
‘arudang ’ is in more common use. Instead of ‘dang ’, there are
some old forms ending in tu, occasionally heard as ‘ okatu ’ for
‘ o d a n g ’, ‘ lu k a tu ’ for ‘aludang’, and ‘ tok o tu ’ for ‘to k odang’ ;
this suffix tu is a shortened form of the demonstrative atu.
T he form ending in e is used instead of th at ending in
a or r when the participle takes the negative prefix ma, as ‘ pa
scong mabene aru ’ he wood not bringing came, he came without
bringing wood ; the same may be expressed by using the
suffix dang, as ‘ scong mabendang pa aru ’.
Participle, P ast.— The form aben is followed by th e
postposition age (by), or nung (in), as ‘ aben age ’, ‘ aben nung
‘'aben age ’ or ‘ben age ’ can sometimes be interchanged with the
present participle ‘ bena ’, in which case it can be rendered by
a present participle in English ; less frequently ‘ aben age ’ and
‘ aben nung ’ can be used interchangeably. Here it may be
PARTICIPLES. 21
remarked that, while the postposition 1age ’ is limited to the

meaning by or by means of, the postposition, or case ending
nung though having a fundamental meaning of in, yet it must
frequently‘be rendered in English by other words. The past
,participle with nung, has usually a causal force, and then in
English the participle is turned into a verb of past tense and
nung, is translated because, as—
Tekinungpu aru nung tekinungtzv pelar,
T he husband having come in the wife rejoices,
[In the husband having come, the wife rejoices,] or, in better
English [T he wife rejoices because the husband has come.]
Another example :
Techir ango mishi nung tebure
The child fish having asked for in (or on) the fathei
per agytsvtsy ?
a snake will give ?
[If a child has asked for fish, will the father give a serpent ?]
The postposition yong is sometimes used instead of nung,
as ‘ pae yamae ashi yong kv ain adok on account of his
having said that my wrath arose.
The participle ending in rang or erang, as ‘ aben^rzw^ ’,
always contemplates a completed act, either future or past, as
‘scong abenerang arung ma ’ having brought the wood come, or
come when you have brought the wood, ‘ scong abenerang pa
aru ’ having brought the wood he came, or he came after he
had brought the wood.
It may be noted that the Aos often resort to participles,
and avoid conjunctions where the English would prefer verb
forms and conjunctions.
The past participle with ‘ tashi ’, so long, or until, has a
peculiar use in the negative, as ‘ Herod asy tashi pae angzi ali
until Herod died he remained th e re ; this form is allowable, but
the following is more common :
Herod masy tashi pae angzi ali.
Herod not dead until he there remained.
Ni maru tashi angzi liang ma.
I not having come so long there stay.
[W ait there until I come.]
Again
Ni masv tashi.
I not dead so long.
[Until I die, or so long as I live.]
For other participial forms see Verbal Nouns under Nouns

and Verbal Adjectives under Adjectives.
R emarks on Imperative Mode.
The simple imperative is usually softened down by adding
a particle like ma or n ei or ko, which have somewhat the force
of our word -please, as ‘ scong benang ma ‘ a ru n g n e i’, ‘arung-
ko ’. As before noticed,' if in the Ao language two vowels come
together in a compound word or inflection, one of them is
usually absorbed or the two unite and form a new vowel. So
■with ‘ aru ’ to come, the imperative is not 'aru-ang ’ but ‘ arung ’
and the imperative of ‘a lu ’ is« ‘alu n g ’, still ‘lu a n g ’ is some
times used ; so ' atu ’ has the two forms, ‘ atung ’ and ‘ tuang
The imperative of ‘ ashi ’ is ‘ shiang ’, of ‘ aji ’ ‘ ajiang ’, of ‘ ao ’
‘ oang ’ which is pronounced as if w ritte n ‘w ang’. The verb
‘ ao ’, to go, has also another imperative, ‘ ong ’, which means
go on, keep going.
The negative imperative is peculiar. The usual negative is
ma, not, but this is never used in the imperative, which is formed
by prefixing t or te .to the verb-stem, as ‘ taru ’ don’t come,
‘ te b e n ’ do not bring, ‘ te sh i’ do not speak. Yet this / o r/tfis
frequently prefixed to the infinitive mode, to participles or tense
forms of the indicative mode, but never has a negative force exr
cept in the imperative mode.
W hen a verb form ending in tsy takes the imperative
suffix ang, the ts is changed into 2 and the y disappears, as,
‘ bendaktsv ’, cause to bring or cause to be brought, imperative
‘ bendakzang’ and negative imperative ‘ tebendaktsv’.
The future tense with ma is sometimes used with an
imperative force, as ‘ na marutsv ’ you will n o t. come, but this
can hardly be considered an imperative form.
R emarks on I nfinitive Mode.

T he different forms ‘ b e n tsv ’, ‘ teb en tsy ’, ‘ b en e’, ‘ teb en e’,
all have about the same meaning, in some places the prefixing t or
te seems to add a little force. Sometimes the forms ‘ abentsy ’
and ‘ tabentsy ’, also ‘ abene ’ and ‘ tabene’ will be heard.
E xam ples:
Parenoke scong bene ao.
They wood to bring have gone.
Ni tagytsvtsy maka.
I to give is not.
f l have nothing to give.l
POTENTIAL AND SUBJUNCTIVE MODES. 23
Not unfrequently the infinitive is followed by the p o st
position ‘ asoshi or ‘ yong as—
Langka asongdangtsv yong ni aru.

Something to inquire about for I have come.
[I have come (for) to inquire about something.]
Tanurzi tefsetsv asoshi Herod bushitsv.
T he child to kill for Herod will seek.
[H erod will seek (for) to kill the child.]
R emarks on P otential and S ubjunctive Modes.

As noted above, the idea of able is expressed by adding
:tet to the stem of the verb, as, ‘ bentet ’ able to bring. There
are many auxiliary suffixes, and for general remarks on the
same see Secondary Conjugations. In the present tense
‘ bentet ’, becoming ‘ benteter ’, is not unfrequently shortened
to ‘ benter ’.
To express permission or consent by may, the Aos have
no verb form ; this idea must be indicated by a paraphrase;
but for may denoting a contingency, and for shall, should,
would, and must, to express these ideas the language is fairly
well equipped. In illustrating these, conditional forms will be
in tro d u ce d :
Saiyutsungir kechisarena saiyudir azi zungzunga angang
ma.
W hatever the teacher may teach, or shall teach, that heed
well.
Kodang ni Rongpur donga lud ir Bor Sa-ab-den o
zymbitsy.
When I shall go down to Sibsagar, I will have a talk with
the Bor Saheb
It will be observed that the conditional ending with d ir
contemplates a fulfilment, expects a realisation.
The suffix la means would, should, or must, and laba
sometimes shortened to ba means must, as ‘ agi ’ to take, to
accept, ‘ ni agilar’ (present tense) I would take, am disposed to
take. A real positive desire is indicated by the suffix ‘ ny see
Secondary Conjugations. ‘ Tany pa olaba’ he ought to go
to-day, or he m ust go to-day; ‘ yashi pa aotsvba ’ he ought
to have gone yesterday. This ‘ aotsyba ’ is a contraction for
‘ a o ts v ’ (infinitive of go), and ‘aliba’ was necessary, full,

form ‘ aotsv alilaba.’
Asong pa aotsvla or olaba.

H e should go, or ought to go, to-morrow.
Pae tazung mozv azvm asvbo mysvla,
He proper medicine drank if not died would,
[If he had taken proper medicine, he would not have died], o r
in another form, quite as idiomatic,—
Pae tazung mozy azvm asvbo mysve lila
He good medicine drank if not dying would
remain.
There are three past conditional forms of like force, and.
for convenience of comparison they are here placed to g e th e r:
Pae mozy azvm-asvbo mvsyla.
„ „ zvm-asang „
,, ,, zvm-shibo ,,
There is another conditional referring to the past, which,
is not conditional in form, though it is in th o u g h t:
Ni aeiben shi-aka parenoke mangar.
I many times said was they not heed are.
[Though I have told them many times they dqj not heed.].
Saka, ‘ but ’ or ‘ yet ’, may be inserted, as,
Ni aeiben shiaka saka pare mangar.
Though I have told them many times y e t they heed not.
T he future conditional forms are three, dir, ra (or era)r
and shia : all are suffixes. T he first, dzr, has been illustrated
above, and, as there noted, it looks for a realisation; but the
suffix ra or era is a pure conditional, it gives no intimation as
to probability; shia has the force of even though, or even
if
K odang ni W aramong ime tudir idangzi na anir..
W hen I W aramong village to go up, then you taken
aotsv.
will go.
[W hen I go (and I am intending to go) to W aramong
village, you will go along.]
In narrating events, d ir may be used where in the past
a present or future contingency was contemplated, as>
POTENTIAL AND SUBJUNCTIVE MODES. 2S
‘ alvmle im tulure im tila nung kechi taginvtsv n g u d ir azi
parenoke bener ao ’ formerly those of large villages on seeing
anything desirable in a small village they carried it away.
Pae yamae shira ni odi.

He so say if I will go.
(If he say so, I will go.)
A paraphrase of the same, like this, may sometimes be
heard—
Pae yamae shidi svra, ni odi.
He so will say be if I will go.
[If it be that he shall so say, I will go.]
T he form ‘raj’, ‘ e ra ’, ‘rabang’, ‘rabangila’ may refer to a
present as well as future contingency, rarely to a p a s t; th e
same is true of shia. A fuller development of the ra form
is—•
Bor Sa-ab tanv yage arurabang azangla ni iba
Bor Saheb to-day here come if then I this
o indang pa-den zymbitsv.
affair about him with will talk.
Examples of s h ia :
Tsungsang mazungshia ni odi.
W eather bad even if I will go.
[Even if the weather be bad I will go.]
Parenok ain adokshia nae time benshiang ma.
They anger arise even though you properly behave.
[Even though they get angry do you behave properly.]
K a that has been classed as a past conditional m ay
sometimes be used to express a present contingency, as—
Na oaka nfbo maotsv.
-> You gone is I will not go.
[Even if you go (Zz'A, have gone) I will not go.]
The bo in ‘ nibo ’ needs a little explanation ; it is about
equivalent to, as to, so f a r as concerned, so that the above
example fully expressed would read like this,— even if you go,
as to me I will not go ; or, even if you go, so far as I am
concerned I will not go. This bo meaning as to or as f a r a s
concerns, may be attached to any noun or pronoun, and is-
considerably used.
But when bo is affixed to a verb form it has usually the

force of i f as in examples above, ‘ azvm-asybo ‘ zym-shibo
It has another peculiar use that may here be noted, as—
Pa tarubo arutsv.
H e come if will come.
[If he comes, he will come, a non-committal statem ent.]
Pa tangashibo angashir.
He hearing as to hears.
So far as hearing is concerned, he hears, but as to the
probability of his heeding nothing is intimated. In the first
illustration, ‘ tarubo ’ is regarded as a verb form, and the bo
has the force of if\ in the second example ‘ tangashibo ’ is
a participial noun, and the bo has the force of a s to or as
concerning.
It may be remarked here that the understanding of the
verb forms throws light on such verbal adjectives as ‘ achitsv ’
(or ‘ tachitsy ’) and ‘ achila’ (or ‘ tachila’). ‘ Tachitsv ’ is the
infinitive active or passive, and so ‘ tachitsy oset ’ things to
be eaten or suitable to be eaten. In ‘ tach ila’ the ia means
would, and ‘ tachila oset ’ things or material th at would be
eaten, edible material. Hence, as verbal adjectives, ‘ tach itsy ’
and ‘ tachila ’ mean about the same thing, though quite
differently formed.
S econdary Conjugations.
Many of the primary verbs take on verbal modifiers
( mostly of one syllable), which form a component part of the
original stem. These verbs thus constituted may take all the
tense, participial and modal inflections of the primary verb,
though there is a tendency to drop the augment from these
verbs. Some of these verbal modifiers may be recognised as
the stems of words in use, but many of them, if they ever served
as independent words, have become obsolete. One, namely,
‘ zyk ’, might be supposed to be from ‘ azvk ’, a word in common
use ; but ‘ azvk ’, stem ‘ zyk ’, means to strike, a meaning it never
has as a verbal modifier ; ‘ azyk ’ as an adverb means upward, but
as an auxiliary to a verb it may mean doisan, never up. It may
be well to notice briefly these verbal modifiers that are most
in use and indicate the prevalent meaning of each.
D aktsy is a cau sal; the stem of the verb previously con
jugated was ‘ ben ’, to carry or to bring, so ‘ bendaktsy ’ means to
SECONDARY CONJUGATIONS. 27
cause to carry or cause to bring, and causing to carry is som e'

times synonymous with, to send. As noted above, ‘ bendaktsy ’
in the positive imperative becomes ‘ bendakzang’; the negative
imperative ‘ tebendaktsv ’ does not mean simply do not cause
to bring, but may also mean do not allow to bring. This remark
holds true of many causal negative imperatives.
D ang as a modifier constituting a component part of a
verb is not much used, and when so used it sometimes does
not materially change the meaning of the primary. The chief
use o f 1dang ’ is first as an emphatic particle; secondly, it is used
as a dative suffix to a noun, as a suffix to that with which a
comparison is made, and as a participial suffix; thirdly, it has
some use as a verbal m odifier: as a verb, ‘ aji ’ means to see, and
‘ ajidang ’ means to examine, to look after, to care for. In some
cases the primary verb is essentially modified, as ‘le m ’ is the
stem of a verb meaning to divide, and ‘ lemdang ’ as a compound
verb, means to divide in halves if not otherwise specified; so
also ‘ sadang ’ and ‘ radang ’ mean primarily to break or divide in
halves. ‘O ’ sometimes means, to weigh, but ‘ odang ’ is the usual
verb for, to weigh ; sometimes this may mean to divide into two
equal parts by weighing. ‘ Am ’ means to take hold of by the
hand, ‘ amdang^ means to feel of, to handle.
Dok or lok is much used and means away, off,, getting
rid of something not wanted, as ‘ aridok ’ to drive off or drive
away, ‘ leptok ’ to cut off what is not wanted,' rvngtok ’ to saw off
what is not wanted.
E t indicates persistency or continuance, as ‘ am,’ to take
hold o f ; ‘ am et,’ to take hold and hold on ; ‘ ajeb ’ to grasp,
‘ ajebet ’ to grasp and not let go ; ‘ apu ’ to seize, ‘ puet ’ to
seize and hold.
C hi or j i is restricted to impending mishaps, and means
almost, nearly, as ‘ arakchi ’ nearly strangled by water, ‘.alang-
chi ’ nearly fell down, while walking or running, ‘ tsvkchi ’ nearly
fell from something, ‘ tefsetchi’ nearly killed, ‘ syji ’ nearly
dead, ‘ m adokchi'. almost lost. •
K e t means up or upon, as ‘ azungket ’ to lift up, or lift
up on to, ‘ apuket ’ to shoulder and so lift up on to, ‘ nungket ’ to
push up on to, ‘ atsvket ’ to pull up on to, ‘ nashi akvmket ’ or
‘ aniket ’ to bring cattle up to the village, ‘ nisung kidange
aniket ’ to lead a man up into a house.
La and laba— The force of these auxiliaries has already
been shown under Potential and Subjunctive Modes.
Lok, to attach to, to set on, as, ‘ angenlok ’ to nail fast or
spike fast to , ‘ mejalok ’ or ‘ menalok ’ to stick fast to by some
adhesive substance, ‘ azunglok ’ and ' nunglok ’ to urge others

on to do, ‘ zalok’ to call others to help, a n d 'a n ilo k ’ to -
bring and attach them to a cause as helpers.
Ma as a verbal modifier has three distinct m eanings,.
and the ma signifying first or before, doubtless originated
from ‘ ta m a ’ or ‘ ta m a sa ’ before, first, as ‘a z u n g ’ to eat (o f
people), ‘ onoke zungm adi’ we will eat first, let us eat before
doing anything else ; ‘ pa-nung agvtsvma-ang ’ give to him first;
‘ tsungrem im bushim a-ang’ seek first the kingdom of God..
This ma meaning first or before can frequently be translated
immediately, as ‘ zungmadi ’ let us eat immediately.
Another ma means in halves, as ‘ aeima ’ split in halves,
‘ chakm a’ broken in halves, ‘ rvngm a’ split in halves by
sawing.
Another ma means to finish, to end, as, ‘ benma ’ or ‘ penma’
to finish bringing, ‘ mapa inyakma’ work finished or completed,
‘ alu ruma’ cultivation reaping finished.
M i means to make a mistake or blunder, ‘ zymbimij’ to
make a mistake in speaking, as .to make a misstatement or
forget a point in a formal address, ‘ takmi ’ to make a' mistake
in weaving. _
N v is a desiderative and is much used, for it is the only
vehicle for expressing a desire or wish, there being no noun for
this id e a : ‘ aginy ’ to desire to get, ‘ zvmbinv ’ to desire to
speak.
Ok may be from ‘ akok’ to be able, it implies some force,
though not necessarily violence ; ‘ korang asem ’ or ‘asen ’to put
on a hat or cap ; ‘ korang semok ’ would mean to pull a hat on
with force or to jam it on ; ‘ tetzvr aniok ’ is to lead a woman
away in marriage, the woman is presumed to be modest, hence
the bridegroom must use some constraint or force-to take her
to his house ; ‘ shiok ’ would properly mean to speak forcibly or
loudly, but it really means to send word to.
Pelok is sometimes used with the meaning of erring
or doing imperfectly, as ‘ scv rem ’ means to dye cloth, and ‘ scy
rempelok ’ poorly or badly dyed.
P et has a signification similar to mi, and the one can
frequently be substituted for the other, as ‘ zvmbipet ’ for ‘ zym-
b im i’. ‘ K e n a te n ’ means to sing a song, ‘ ken te n p e t’ ( o r
‘ te m p e t’) t o make a mistake or blunder in singing, ‘ ken
tenmi ’ has the same meaning. ‘ Aro ’ means to temper steel
or iron, and ‘ ropet ’ badly tempered. ‘ Moko achi ’ is to smoke
tobacco, ‘ mokoa chipet ’ sick or stupid from smoking too much,
‘ kania chipet ’ stupid by smoking opium.
SECONDARY CONJUGATIONS. 29
R e f conveys the idea of thoroughness and completeness,

as ‘ imkong yiprep ’ people all fast asleep, ‘ imkong kishirep ’
doors all fastened as in a village at midnight, ‘ entzv amrep’ an
egg smashed by squeezing in the hand, ‘a jetrep ’ to break by
grasping, ‘ a k u re p ’ to pound to pieces, ‘lep rep ’ to cut to
pieces.
Sa gives the idea of fineness or pulverisation, as ‘ aeisa ’
to split fine, ‘ kusa ’ to pound fine, to pulverise, ‘ menungsa ’
to crush or grind fine, ‘ ngusa ’ to bite much, to bite and badly
mangle.
Sem.— ‘ Asen’ as a verb, sometimes has an idea of unity
or association, and ‘ sen ’ changed to ‘ sem ’ has, as a secondary
suffix, about the force of con in Latin or English, as ‘ atsvsem ’
to pull, or pull up, with something, as to pull up grain with
weeds, ‘ chisem ’ to eat with, as to eat relishing bits along with
th e food ; ‘ sem 1 as a modifier has only a limited use.
Sep.— ‘ Asep ’ means to extinguish or to become extinct,
and ‘ sep ’ as a modifier has this meaning, ,as ‘ m uksep’ to
kill plants by overshadowing, ‘ mi remsep ’ to smother out
fire by covering over, ‘ rosep ’ to thoroughly evaporate by
heat.
Set imparts the idea of thoroughness, completeness, as,
‘ tsubuseta’ thoroughly alarm ed; ‘ set ’ usually implies a
thoroughness to a destructive end, as ' arakset ’ thoroughly
strangled to death by water, ‘ lepset ’ cut to death,
‘ tsungset ’ speared to death.
Shia as a verbal prefix has the force of re, a fact that
will subsequently be more fully noted. But sh i as a modify
ing suffix usually contains more or less the idea of again,
repetition, sometimes even to satiety, and sometimes scarcely
changing the primary. ‘ Alen ’ to bind, ‘ alenshi ’ to rebind ;
‘ yanglu ’ to make, ‘ yanglushi ’ to remake or rep air; ‘ agi ’ to
take, ‘ agishi ’ to have taken enough, i.e., to be sufficient;
‘ chishi ’ to eat sufficiently ; *zvmshi ’ to drink sufficiently ;
‘ bilimshi ’ to think again or think much ; ‘ zymbishi ’ to talk to
satiety ; ‘ anga ’ occasionally means to hear, but this is the only
meaning of 1angashi ’; ‘ am ’ means to take hold of by the hand,
.and ‘ amshi ’ means to handle, but ‘ amshi ’ and ‘ benshi ’ also
mean to practice or observe instructions, precepts, customs,
or rites, ideas quite different from the primaries ‘ am ’ and
‘ aben ’.
Tak, occasionally dak, gives the idea of hitting, colliding
Against, hitting and becoming fast, as ‘ lung aentak ’ throwing
a stone and hitting, ‘ tsyktak, colliding against, ‘ meret-tak ’
3° AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
rubbing against so as to become fast, ‘ a je p ta k ’ to grip on to

and hold fast.
Tang, one of the meanings of atang, is to ‘ sever ’ and ‘ ta n g '
as a modifier of a primary verb, indicates severance, as ‘ leptang ’
cut off, ‘ sv k tan g ’ (or ‘ tsv k ta n g ’) broken off as a branch or
broken in two as a stick, ‘ ra k ta n g ’ and ‘ toktang ’ to break
and sever a rattan, string, or rope.
Tern (or tvm ), this modifier is doubtless from ‘ atem ’ or
‘ atvm ’ to end, to finish, and it implies a completion of the
action of the primary verb. It will be remembered that this
was one of the meanings of ma, and it will be seen to
correspond to one of the uses of z v k ; as, for instance, reaping
of cultivation finished, may be expressed in three w ay s: ‘ alu
ruma ’, ‘ alu rutvm ’, and ‘alu ru zv k ’, but the first takes the
preterit suffix ‘ ago ’ more readily than the other two, as
rumago ’.
Ten.— Among the meanings of the verb ‘ aten ’ are, to
assemble, to collect material together, to be present or with,
to tremble, and the modifier ‘ ten ’ apparently partakes now of
one of these ideas and now of another and sometimes of the
postposition ‘ den ’ with or by ; but the more prevalent meaning
is that of collecting to g e th e r: ‘ aniten ’ the collecting together of
beings that can move, ‘ benden ’ to bring together inert
m aterial; ‘ atvp ’ means to club, and ‘ atvpten ’ means to make
legs, or legs and arms, shake or fly like clubs, as a young child
when angry kicks and strikes with legs and arms.
Tep imparts such ideas as mutually, together, one for
another, as ‘ parenoke meimtep ’ they mutually loved, or loved
each other; ‘leptep tsungtep ’ cutting and spearing each other,
mutually making w a r; ‘.sentep ’ mutually coming together, to-
assem ble; ‘ alen tep ’ binding several things to g e th e r;
‘ melefitep ’ to exchange one for another ; ‘ aeitep ’ mutually
erring, or confusing things and so making a mistake ; ‘ chitep
to eat to g e th e r; ‘ zvmtep ’ to drink together.
Tet usually means able, as ‘ otet ’ able to go, ‘ arutet ’ able to
come ; ‘ tet ’ sometimes denotes successful or complete action, as
‘ im ’ may mean to seek, and ‘ im tet ’ means sought and found ;
one meaning of ‘ ali ’ is to buy, ‘ alitet ’ b o u g h t; ‘ bilim ’ means
to think, ‘ bilimtet ’ to rem em ber; ‘ jaja ’ to walk, ‘ jatet ’ to out
w alk ; ‘ agi ’ to take, ‘ agitet ’ to take out, as out of a basket.
The present tense of a verb ending in ‘ tet ’ is ‘ teter or the.
shortened form ‘ te r ’, as ‘ bilim teter’ or ‘ bilim ter’.
To denotes th at the action of the verb is incomplete, as
‘ anakto ’ to scratch or claw, but not to k ill; ‘ lepto ’ to cut,
SECONDARY CONJUGATIONS. . 3*
b u t not in two ; ‘ chito ’ to eat and leave som ething; ‘ zymto ’ to
drink some, but not all.
Tok, see ‘ dok ’ above.
Tsy indicates to or for-another, rather than the speaker, as
‘ mezy ’ to smear or anoint one’s self, but ‘ mezvtsv ’ to smear or
anoint an o th er; ‘ pae kakvtzi ky-nung agytsy ’ he w ill g ive the
paper to me, ‘ pae kakvtzi jfi-nung agytsytsy ’ he w ill give
the paper to another person.
Zung, the stem of the verb to be good, when appended
to the stem of another verb, sometimes adds the idea (1) of
well, completely, thoroughly, and (2) sometimes the idea
of time for an act, as—
Pa anu masvzunge parenoke toksvr ao.
H e yet not dead fully they leaving went.
[W hen not yet fully dead, they abandoned him.]
‘ Azi mapa inyakzunger ’ there is time to do this w o rk ;
azi mapa mainyakzung ’ there is no time to do this work.
‘ Tangar mapa inyak nung ibazi mainyakzung ’ on account
of doing other work there is no time to do this—
Zoko tanv imtake tokozungtsy.
Yet to-day to the village to go up there will be time.
[There will yet be time to go up to the village today.]
‘ Tanv Yazange aozunger’ there is time to go to Yazang
to -d a y ; ' tanv Yazange mozung ’ there is not time to go to
Y azang to-day.
This is a favourite way of saying there is time or there is
not time to perform the act contemplated.
Z y. The primary azv means to bend, to crook, or to wind
around as a bean vine, but the modifier z y gives the idea of
swaying, oscillating or w abbling; ‘ aen ’ to blow of wind, ‘ enzv ’
blow and cause trees and plants to sway a b o u t; ‘ anokzv ’ to
. make a wavy appearance as a field of grain or a sheet of
w ater moved by the wind ; ‘jepzy ’ and ‘sozv ’ to swing back and
forth, to oscillate; ‘lokzv ’ to wabble as a loose post.
Z yk, there is a verb] azvk ’ meaning to strike, and an adverb
‘ azyke ’ or ‘ azvklen ’ meaning upward, but ‘ zyk ’ as a modifier
indicates (x) a motion down, not up, and (2) the completion
of an act, as ‘ senzvk ’ to percolate down, to strain ; this ‘ zyk ’,
down, is precisely the opposite of ‘ ket ’, as ‘ azungket ’ to lift a
thing up on to something, so ‘ azungzvk ’ to lift a thing down
from some place. ‘ Nashi akvmket ’ to bring cattle up to a
village ; ‘ nashi akvmzvk ’ to turn cattle loose and let them go
down from the village, which among Nagas is always on the
hill top ; ‘ zyk implying completion, corresponds as noted above

to ‘ tem ’ or ‘ tvm and to one meaning of ‘ m a’, as ‘ zymbizvk ’ to
finish speaking. There are two instances in which the modify
ing effect of ‘ zyk ’ is peculiar, as ‘ anga ’ to mind, to h e a r;
‘ angazvk ’ to learn or know by hearing ; ‘ aji ’ to s e e ; ‘ ajizvk ’
to )earn or know by observation.
Z en is a modifying suffix, but does not properly belong
to secondary conjugations, as it is never inflected; it is a
frequentative, as ‘ tsunglu aruzen aru ’ the rain came
repeatedly, or ‘ tsunglu aruzen arur ’ the rain comes repeatedly,
or ‘ tsunglu aruzen arutsy ’ it will rain repeatedly, ‘ tsunglu
aruzen arurabang’ if it rains repeatedly. It will be noted
that the verb is repeated when ‘ zen ’ is used, and th at the
inflection for tense or mode is not on ‘ zen ’.
Shia as a prefix has the force of re, but it has only a
very limited use, as ‘ shia-agi ’ to take back, ‘ shia-agvtsy ’ to
give back, ‘ shiabendaktsv ’ to send back, ‘ shia-aru ’ to return,
to come back to life, as to revive from a swoon or to arise
from the dead, ‘ shia-adok ’ reappeared, returned. As a m atter
of convenience ‘ shia ’ and ‘ zen ’ are put in this list of verbal
modifiers.
Substantive Verbs.
The substantive verbs are, ‘ aet ’, ‘ ali ’, ‘ aka’, ‘ ar ’, ’ asv ” and
‘ er ’. Of these, ‘ aet ’, ‘ ar ’, and ‘ er ’ have but a limited use, and
quite possibly ‘ ar ’ and ‘ er ’ may be only different pronouncia-
tions of the same. ‘ Aet ’, besides being a substantive verb,
means also to be near or to come near, as ‘ taet ’ be not near, or
do not come n e a r; ‘ azi anogo aetdage ’, that time (or that day)
is approaching, or is n e a r; ‘ aet ’, meaning is, has usually the
additional idea of in or near, as ‘ na mulung nung etera ’ (or
‘ a e te ra ’) if it is in your mind, if you are so m inded;
‘ tzv aet asv maet ? ’ is there water or not ? the full idea
being, is there any water in the water vessel ? ‘ pa tashi aet ’
his strength is, the full idea being he has strength in
his body, he is powerful; ‘ pa imlibilim aet ’ his mercy is,
there is mercy in his mind, he is merciful. ‘ Mi aet ’ there
is fire, more fully there is fire in the ashes or there is fire
in the pipe. In instances like the above ‘ aet ’ is in frequent
use, but its range of service is very limited. The ‘ et ’ noted
under Secondary Conjugations as implying persistency,
continuance, may be the stem of ‘ aet ’, which is ‘ et ’.
SUBSTANTIVE VERBS. 33
‘ Ar ’ and ‘ er ’ are present tense forms, and when used mean

•simply Zy, they are only occasionally heard and are evidently
relics of verbs otherwise obsolete. As ar and er are present
ten se forms, the stems, if there were originally more than one,
m ust have been a and e ; the a may be the suffix of th e
■participle ending in a, as ‘ bena ’ and the e may be the suffix
of the negative participle, ending in e, as ‘ mebene ’ ; the er is
doubtless the present tense and present participle terminal, and
the future ending tsv may be from an old form atsy.
‘ Aka ’ and ‘ ali ’ are the substantive verbs most used, the
former is more commonly employed in speaking of things, and
the latter of persons, though ‘ ali ’ is not unfrequently used in
speaking of things. ‘ Aka ’ and ‘ ali ’ are really preterit forms,
the stems being respectively ' ka ’ and ‘ li ’, yet ‘ aka ’ and
ali ’ are used in asking questions as if they were present
tense forms, as :
Pakti ataktsv yong aka asv maka ? Kar.
M at to weave splints are or not are ? Are.
[Are there splints or not for weaving a mat? There are.]
Here we have a present tense question put in preterit
form, and the answer in a proper present tense form. T he
;same may be said of ‘ali,’ a s :
Pa kidange ali asv mali ? Lir.
He house in is or not is ? Is.
[Is he in the house or not ? He is in.]
As noted in remarks on conditional forms under Potential
■and Subjunctive Moods, ‘k a ’ has sometimes the meaning of
‘ though.’
‘K a r’, the present tense form o f ‘ak a ’, sometimes implies
•ownership, and is equivalent to the English has or have, as,
‘shironge ki k a r’ jackals have holes ; ‘ozve tesep kar' birds
have n e s ts : in these sentences ‘shironge’ (jackals) and ozve
(birds) cannot be in the possessive case, for they both end in e,
which is the nominative sign. ‘Pae teti takvm kar' he ever
lasting life has.
I Under Secondary Conjugations was given et as imparting
the idea of persistency, continuance; ‘a k a ’ taking this modify
ing suffix presents the forms ‘a k e t’, ‘k e t’, ‘k e te r’, meaning, is
fast to, adheres to, has constantly, has belonging to it. ‘Pa
tezak-nung aryr keter’ there is dirt adhering to his face, his
face is dirty. ‘Nashizi tezv ana a k e t’ the cow has two horns,
she has them constantly, they belong to her. ‘Nisung
D
tetsung ana aket, nashi tetsung pezv keter’ man has (as a
part of him) two legs, cattle, have four.
‘ Ali ‘ li ’ may mean simply to be, or it may mean to
continue to be, to live,' to remain, to reside, and to be
habitual, to be customary :
Pae kechi nung liasv, angzi ana nv ‘ ali.
He what place in was, there two days remained.
‘ Scv aben ’ means to put on or wear a shawl, and ‘pa scv
abena ali’ she was wearing a shawl, or she was accustomed
to wear a shawl. ‘ O-li aru-li ’ habitually going and coming. It
will be noted, as in the first of these illustrations, that liasv is
sometimes used as a preterit instead of ‘ali ’. It may also be:
observed that for the stem li the form le will sometimes be
heard, especially in the negative, and it will be remembered
th at the negative participle ends in e. ‘L i’ o r ‘le’ joined with
a verb in the negative indicates determination or resolution,,
as, ‘ni mole’ I am not going, am determined not to g o ; ‘lir ’
with a present participle is much used in forming a.
periphrastic present tense, as, ‘pa mena lir’, he is sitting; ‘ pa.
noktaka lir’ he is standing.
The substantive verb ‘asy,’ ‘sv’ means not only to be, but
also to cause to be, to make, and is frequently used where in
English do is used, as where we would say, do it, do so,
as when one boy a little distance from another, threatening to-
hurl a spear a t him, the latter may reply, ‘syang,’ do, or d o it;
a mother teaching her child to speak may say a word or a
sentence and wishing the child to repeat it, say, ‘sv an g ’
( ‘sang’) do it, meaning say it.
‘T esy ’ don’t do, ‘yamae tesv,’ or ‘azi oda tesv ’ do not do
like that, or do not do so. ‘Kechi asv’ ? or ‘kechi asvr’ ? what
is done ? or what has happened ? or what is the m atter? ‘P a
asoshi’ (or ‘pa a g e ’) ‘kechi asvtsv’ ? what will be done with this ?
or what can be made of it? what is it good for? ‘Na kechi
a s v ? ’ what are you doing? ‘P a ’ may mean he, she, dr it, so
‘pakecha m asvtsv’ he, she, or it is not good for anything, i.e.,
useless, w orthless; ‘ni pa indang kechi asv tsv ?’ what will I
do with him, with her, or with it ? ‘ Na kechi svnvr ’ ? what do
you wish to do ? or wish done for you ? ‘ Azi oda mesynve ni
bilim er’ I am not disposed to do thus.
For making or building a house ‘asv ’ is the word used,
as, ‘parenoke ki svdage’ they are building a house. There is
an ‘a s y ’, ‘sv’ which means to die ; the imperative of ‘asy’ to be
and ‘asy ’ to die is ‘svang’ pronounced ‘sa n g ’, in other words
SUBSTANTIVE VERBS. 35
by the pronunciation of the imperative ‘asv sang' all that is

left of the verb ‘asv ’ is the letter ang being the imperative
suffix.
For the ordinary uses of a substantive verb, ‘a sv ’ renders
little.service as compared with ‘a k a ’ and ‘a li’. A sa v e rb /tffe
‘asv ’ comes in frequently as a helper, and so it may perhaps be
characterised as an auxiliary substantive, and as such its
more common meaning is being so, or with ‘nung’ as ‘asv-nung1'
because so; ‘azi sv ra ’ if this be so, or if it be so ; 'aeisa asy-
n ung’ because there were many. ‘A sy’ is used frequently
as a helper in the formation of connectives whether con
junctions or adverbs. It serves as an interrogatory particle, as x
Tezangzi tamen asy?
The fruit ripe is ?
a fuller form is—
Tezangzi tamen asy mamen ?
The fruit ripe is (or) not ripe?
[Is the fruit ripe or not ?]
In instances like this the English renders asv by or, but in
the Naga mind it probably retains the idea of an interrogative
substantive verb. As a substitute for or between wTords or ideas
in the same sentence ,‘asv’ renders much service, but ‘asv’ is not
used between different sentences ; for such an or the Aos have
no good word. ‘Na aotsy asy maotsv ?’ is correct Ao Naga for
‘ will you go or not go ? ’ But for such an expression as, ‘ I will
go to-day’ or ‘I will go to-m orrow’, for this or ‘asy’ will not
answer. The statem ent ‘I will go to-day or to-morrow’ may be
put in another form, as, ‘ if I do not go to-day, I will go to-mor
row ’, and this latter form can easily be put into Naga, a s :
Tanv ni odi mesyra (or azi mesvra) asong
To-day I will go not be if (this not be if) to-morrow
aotsy.
will go.
Another way is—
Tany ni maora, asong aotsy.
To-day I not go if, to-morrow will go.
‘ S v’ the stem of .‘ a s y ’ enters into two other words, which
in English are rendered or, viz., ‘ svshia’ and ‘ syli ’, as,
Nisung ka, tebur svshia, tetzvr syshia, tain syshia,
Person one male if be, female if be, old if be ?
tanur syshia, yage arung ma.
young if be, here come.
[L et one person come here, male or female, old or young.}
D2
3^ AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
In the foregoing, ‘ svli ’ may be substituted for ‘ svshia

From asv ’ we have ‘ asvbo ’ if, ‘ svra ’ if, ‘ mesvra ’ if not,
‘ m a s v ’ is n o t; ‘ A sy ’ enters into the composition of
‘ kechiasvr,’ ‘ kechisv d a n g ’, ‘ kechisvnung’, a n d ’ sv d i’.
Verbs.—Miscellaneous R emarks.
‘ N u h g ’ may be a postposition, but ‘ n u n g a’ is frequently
used for no, not so, it is not so, and ‘ nung ’ as an imperative
means don’t, do n o t ; this is probably the only negative
imperative th at does not require t or ts as a prefix.
' Ma ’ as an expression of dissent has about the same force
as to impoliteness and meaning as ‘ I won’t ’.
The substantive verb is frequently omitted, as, ‘ pa ma-
zu n g’ it bad, for ‘ it is bad ’.
If a participle and a verb are related to each other as
cause and effect, that which expresses the cause usually
precedes, as, ‘ pa arua ashi ’ he coming said, or he by coming
said. But this order is in a few instances reversed, as, ‘ pa
tena a sv k ’ he shivered with , cold, here cold ( ‘a sy k ’ ) is the
cause of the shivering or trembling, and according to the
usual order the phrase would be ‘ pa asvka aten ’ instead
of ‘pa tena a sv k ’; ‘ aw ang’ means to warm, so ‘amua aw ang’
having become brittle by heating, by the general rule would be
‘ awanga a m u a’ instead of ‘ amua aw ang’; ‘azv a tsu n g ’ means
blood gathered and settled, and we have ‘ azv atsunga aku ’ for
‘ aku-nung ’, ‘ azv atsung ’, because of a blow the blood settled.
4 Meso ’ means to lift, and ‘ nung ’ to shove or push, and
when these two verbs are united in a compound signifying to
lift and shove, the usual order would be ‘ m eso-nung’, but in th e
case of this compound and a few others the order is reversed,
and we have ‘ nung-meso ’.
There are some verbs which appear to be properly
agglutinated compounds, which either ( i) are not proper
compounds, or (2) their negative forms are irregular, as
4arishi ’, which, if not a proper compound, should be ‘ aria ashi ’,
but the form is ‘ arishi ’, and so should in the negative be
‘ m arishi’, but tH£ negative is ‘arim ashi’; so ‘ sensakasem ’,
negative should be ‘ mesensakasem ’, but it is ‘ sensak-masen ’;
‘ ja-atu ’ is in negative ‘ ja-matu ’, and ‘ akvmtsubu ’ is in nega
tive ‘ akvm-metsubu’. But if the constituent p a rts of the
compound have become obsolete as single words, or if in the
VERBAL DISCRIMINATIONS. 37
compound the parts have been so changed that the original forms
are difficult to identify, in such cases the compound takes the
negative as u su al; examples : ‘ zymbi negative ‘ mezvmbi
‘ inyak negative 1mainyak ‘ yanglu negative ‘ meyanglu
In like manner ‘ tsubu ‘ reprang ‘ bilim and many others ;
of these-quite a number beginning with m, as, ‘ m ishi’,
‘ mepishi etc.
There are only a few double negatives in Ao Naga ; they
occur usually when words of similar meaning are associated
together, and the second word becomes a sort of reduplication
of the first, as, ‘ kyta asen,’ the ‘ k y ta ’ is probably from * k a’
one, or ‘ ketang ’ one, and ‘ ketang asen ’ shortened to ‘ keta ’
(or ‘ kyta ’), ‘ asen ’ would mean to agree in purpose or sentiment
as one, and as persons so agreeing become attached to each
other, so ‘ kyta asen ’ came to mean to love, and finally both
‘ kyta ’ and ‘ asen ’ would be occasionally used separately with
the meaning of ‘ to love ’ or to be united as one ; in other words,
‘ asen ’ came to be a reduplicate of ‘ kyta ’ or ‘ keta’ : so now we
have ‘ kyta asen ’ to agree as one, to love, and *mvkvta masen ”
to disagree, to be at variance. So also ‘ azvk aru ’, negative
‘ mazvk maru ’, and ‘ anvb alu ’, negative ‘ manvb malu ’. Simi
larly constructed are the double negative compounds ‘ mezyng-
meshi’, ‘ magi-marutsv’, and (m esen-m etu’, ‘ m esa-m echi’.
A verb stem may take t or te as a prefix, and be inflected
without any essential change of meaning, except in th e
imperative mood, where the prefix t or te becomes a formative
element, and imparts a negative force. Aside from the im
perative, this prefix is seldom used, except with the present
and future tenses and participles to impart some emphasis,
as, ‘ onok pezy taoutsv’, we four are going— going is the word
with us ; ‘ parenok taor ’ they are just going, or have just gone,
or they are indeed going. The following participial adjectives
always take this prefix : ‘ tanganvtsyka ’ desirable or pleasant
to hear, ‘ taginvtsvka ’ desirable to receive, acceptable,
‘ tajinytsyka ’ pleasant to see, attractive to the eye.
Verbal Discriminations.
The Ao language is meagre as to generalization, but th e
verb is rich in discriminating terms. The long list of modi
fiers under Secondary Conjugations illustrates this fact,
and nice discriminations of closely related acts are also
indicated by different verbs, as, ‘ alep’, *lep ’ has a somewhat
general meaning, signifying to cut : ‘ alang ’ means to cut by a

light blow, as to hack, to gash a little, or cut off small things ;
‘ aji ’ to cut and cause to lean over, as to open a path through
thick sprouts by cutting and causing the little trees to lean
‘•one side or the other from the intended path ; ‘ a le n ’ to cut
down a largish tree, not a small one ; ‘ aren ’ to cut by hard
steady pressure of the hand, as to shave off smoothly the end
•of a small, hard stick ; ‘a rv n g ’ to cut with a drawing or shaving
m otion’by something having a rough edge, something that
■cuts and tears ; ‘ aten ’ to cut rattan, especially to cut it in
suitable length to bring from the jungle ; ‘ atsvng ’ to cut with
a n instrument like an axe, to chop ; ‘ awa ’ to cut with a shaving
o r drawing motion, but not with an instrument having a
rough edge ; ‘ ayip ’ to cut by horizontal strokes, as to mow.
Again, ‘ ashi ’ or ‘ shidok ’ is the more general word signify
ing to wash, to cleanse by washing, as, 1scv ashi ’ or ‘ scv
shidok ’ to wash clothes, but to wash the face the verb is ' mei ’
or ‘ meitok to wash hands, ‘ metsvk ’, ‘ metsvktok to wash the
legs and arms 1m eit-dok’; to bathe the body. ‘ tzvshigo to
bathe knd wash ‘ tzvshigotok’, ‘ tzvsentok’; to wash the mouth
4 mechutok to immerse ‘ tzysen’.
This sharp discrimination of closely related acts enables
a speaker to express himself with much precision, but it is a
little hard on the memory of foreigners. Though the language
is capable of such precision as to the matters of ordinary life
o f the people, yet it must be remembered that they live in
■Asia, and that it is characteristic of Asiatics to use language
with more latitude than do E uropeans; words are not used
with so close a regard to their precise meaning. The standard
of truthfulness here is not so high and exact as in countries
•moulded by Christianity. If the friends of a sick person
are alarmed and. desire medicine administered quickly, they
will, perhaps, say the person is dying, when in reality he may
or may not be seriously ill. An arm somewhat badly bruised
may be spoken of as broken, when in fact there is no indica
tion of a fracture. A man may be asked for change for a
rupee, and perhaps he will reply that he has no small coin,
when all he means is that he has none he wishes to spare.
A D V ER BS.
Adverbs not serving as conjunctions are usually placed
before and near the verbs they qualify, but ‘a sh i’ or ‘ashiko,’
ADVERBS. 39
meaning perhaps, is usually placed early in a sentence, not

unfrequently the first word, or it may constitute the only
word in response to a question. Adverbs often serve as con
nectives between sentences, and- then their position is early
in the sentence they introduce. ‘ Svdi, ’ meaning probably,
follows its verb. 0
The comparison of adverbs resembles that of adjectives
as—
Padang nae tazungba inyak.
H e than, you well (or best) worked.
[You woiked better than he.]
Azakdang nae tazungba inyak.
All than, you well worked.
[You worked the best of all.]
In the above illustrations ‘ tazungba ’ is in form a noun,
'but qualifies the verb ‘ in y ak ’ like an adverb. Comparison is
not made much by adverbs, the tendency being to construct
sentences in such forms that comparison can be by adjectives.
There are few adverbs that are used exclusively as such ;
as in other languages, verb stems and adjectives slightly
modified serve as adverbs. * But into the composition of
those of more frequent use enter nouns, pronouns, and postposi
tions, as, ‘ kolene,’ whither, has as its base ‘ len ’ meaning path
-or direction, to which is prefixed ‘ ko ’ the stem of the interroga
tive pronoun ‘ koba,’ thus we have *kolen ? ’ what path or what
direction ? putting the dative suffix to 1kolen,’ we have ‘ kolene ?’
whither? so that ‘ kolene’ is really a compound noun in the
dative. In ‘ ama’, ‘ atenzi’, ‘ ilene’, ‘ ibagvtsy ’, ‘ idakzi’, ‘ idangzi’,
.and ‘irriamae,’ the initial vowels are stems of demonstrative
pronouns ; ‘ azage ’ is a contraction of ' azi age ’. The postposi
tions or case endings ‘age’, ‘ nung’, and ‘ n u n g e’ will be recog
nised in several words in the list below, which embraces many of
the adyerbs in most common use :
‘ Ai ’, ‘ aih ’ yes, just so. Atuseir ’ after that, after-
‘ Alvmle ’ formerly, anciently. wards.
‘ Ama ’ so, like this. ‘ Au ’, ‘ ao ’ yes.
‘ A ngnunge’ thence. ‘ Azage ’ thither.
' ‘ A ngnungzi’ thence. • *Azi oda ’ that manner, so.
‘ A ngzi’ there, then. ‘ Azyke ’ upward.
‘ Apiga ’ far in time or place. ‘ Elene ’ this way, thither.
' Atangshi ’ truly, truthfully. ‘ Elenzi ’ this way, thither.
A te n zi’ with that, then.
4o AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
‘ Ibagvtsye ’ after that, after ‘ K odanga ’ with negative,

ward. never.
‘ Idage,’ ‘ idake ’ hither, here. ‘ Kode ’ with negative, no
‘ Idakzi ’ here. way, never.
‘ Idangyongzi ’ then, imme ‘ Kolene ’ whither ?
diately. ‘ Kolen-nunge ’ whence ?
‘ Idangzi ’ at that time, then. ‘ Komama ’ like what ?
‘ Ilene ’ this way. ‘ Kong ’ where ?
‘ Imamae ’ thus. ‘ Konge ’ whither ?
‘ Jijila ’ truly, truthfully. ‘ Kong-nunge ’ whence ?
‘ K aatsv ’ why ? ‘ Kopiga ’ how far (in time o r
‘ K ala ’ very well, well said. place) ? *
‘ K anga ’ very, greatly. ‘ Lene ’ toward.
‘ K ara-kara ’ quickly. ‘ Luage ’ down there..
‘ K echa ’ with negative u tter ‘ Ma ’ interrogative and impera
ly, entirely. tive particle.
‘ Kechiasvr ’ why, wherefore ? ‘ No ’ or ' noh ’ indeed ?
‘ Kechiba ’ why ? ‘ Nung ’ or ‘ nunga ’ no.
‘ Kechi k o d a ’ how ? ‘ Oage ’ yonder.
‘ Kechinung ’ in what, where ? ‘ Olene ’ thither.
‘ Kechinunge ’ from what, ‘ Ongzi ’•there.
whence ? ' Otia ’ publicly.
‘ Kechishi ’ why. ‘ Pamae ’ thus.
‘ Kechisv ’ why ? ‘ Piketa ’ not far in time or space...
‘ Kechisvdang ’ when ? ‘ Qeiben ’ how many times ?
‘ K ehisydanga ’ with nega ‘ Sashia ’ sharply, thoroughly.
tive, never. ‘ Svdi ’ probably.
‘ Kechisvnung ’ wherefore. ‘ T a li’ too much, exceedingly-
‘ Kechiyong ’ why ? ‘ Tamalen ’ forward.
‘ Keleme ’ along with, toge ‘ T a n g ’ now, immediately.
ther. ‘ Tangyonge ’ immediately.
‘ Kelene ’ that way, thither. ‘ Tesye ’ subsequently.
‘ Kelen-kelena ’ every direc ‘ Tesvlen ’ backward.
tion,this way and that way. ‘ Time ’ properly, according to
‘ K ena ’ again. good usage.
‘ Ken-ken ’ .occasionally. ‘ T u a g e ’ up yonder.
‘ Kenvmati ’ .daily. ‘ Y a g e ’ hither.
‘ Kenyny ’ frequently. ‘ Y akte ’ quickly.
‘ Kenyonge ’ at once. ‘ Yamae *thus.
‘ K esa ’ why ? ‘ Y aseir’ after that, sub
‘ Kobala ’ like what ? sequently.
‘ K oda ’ how ? ‘ Zung-zunga ’ well, properly,,
* K odang ’ when ? thoroughly.
POSTPOSITIONS. 4f
Interrogative adverbs may be used relatively. There is no

proper adverb for ‘ only ’. For numeral adverbs see Numerals.
P ostpositions .
Particles preceding nouns and governing them are called
prepositions, so when like words follow the nouns governed
they are called postpositions. A few of these are from other
parts of speech, as, ‘asvshi’ (pronounced ‘aso sh i’), from the
verb 1asy ‘ den ’ (or ‘ ten ’), from the verb ‘ aten ’ ; ‘ kelen ’
from ‘ ka ’ and ‘ len’ ; ‘ madak ’ from ‘ ma ’ surface ; ‘ zaktang ’
from ‘ zak ’ or ‘ tezak ’ the face ; ‘ matsungdang ’ from ‘ ma ’
before, and ' tsung ’ fe e t; of ‘ rongnung ’ ‘ rong ’ is a noun
meaning a clump or group. Some postpositions take the dative
suffix e, indicating motion to, as, ‘ kelen’ one side or beyond,.
‘ kelene ’ to the other side, across ; so ‘ madang ’ in presence of,.,
and ‘ madange ’ to the presence o f ; also ‘ matsungdang ’ in pre
sence of, and ‘ m atsungdange ’ to the presence of.
‘ Den ’, or ‘ ten ’, also ‘ nung ’ and ‘ nunge ’, are classed
below as postpositions, but they probably should be considered
as suffixes of nouns, because ‘ den ’ and ‘ nung ’ are treated
as parts of the nouns they follow; for, as if forming a com
ponent part of the noun, note how the demonstrative suffix z i
is appended, how meaning also, is appended, and how dang
as an emphatic particle is appended :
Boy to the give S j correct, but
Tanurzi nung agyzang ; incorrect because the

Boy the to give ) ’
should follow nung as if ‘ tanurnung ’ were one word. So we
have ‘ibadenzi’ rather than ‘ ibazi d e n ’. ‘ K ongshir’ to
touch, requires ‘ nung ’, and as there is no adverb meaning only,,
emphatic particles are used to give the idea of only, so we h a v e :
Ni pa scvnungdang kongshira.
I his garment to touch if.
[I his garment to (emphatic) touch.] [If I only touch h is
garment.]
Panunga agyzang.
Him to also give.
[Give to him also.]
Padena medemer ka lir.
Him with also associate one is.
[W ith him also is an associate.]
If ‘ nung ’ is classed as a case-ending, so also must ‘ n u n g e ’

be so considered, for the one is only a different form of the
other.
A List of P ostpositions .
‘ A ge ’ by, with. ‘ M adange’ to presence of, to.
J Alyma ’ beyond, besides, over. ‘ M a e ’ before, outside.
‘ Amae, mae ’ like. ‘ Melen ’ or ‘melene ’ in place
‘ Ana ’ near. of, exchange for.
‘ A nasa’ near. ‘ Meyong ’ for, belonging to.
‘ Any m a ’'against, opposed. ‘ Mykyta ’ around.
Asvshi ’ (pronounced asoshi) ‘ Nung ’ in, to, at, on, by.
for, for sake of, in order to. 1N unge’ from.
‘ Atvma ’ by, in name of. ‘ Rongnung ’ among.
‘ Chia, zia ’ exceeding, more than. ‘ Rongnunge ’ from among,
from.
‘ Den, ten ’ with, in connection ‘ Svlen ’ after, behind.
with. ‘ Tali ’ exceeding, more than.
‘ D o n g a’ to, unto, until. ‘ T a m a ’ before.
‘ Indang ’ respecting. ‘ T am asa’ before, in front of.
‘ Kelen ’ at one side, after, be- ‘ T a sh i’ until, as long as, as
yond. far as.
* Kelene ’ across. ‘ T elun g ’ inside, within.
‘ Kvbok ’ under, below. ‘ Tesy ’ behind.
‘ K vtsv ’ after. ‘ T etsu n g d a’ between.
‘ M adak ’ over, upon. ‘ Yong ’ for, by.
4 M adang ’ in presence of, before. ‘ Zaktang ’ in front, before.
‘ Zaktange ’ to the presence of, to the front.
C O N JU N C TIO N S.
Among the Aos, thoughts are conceived and expressed as
related by cause and effect, by sequence, unity, or opposition,
or as related by time as before, or after, or eotemporaneous, but
the adding of one idea to another is not a favorite mode of
expression ; in other words, the conjunction aseir (and) is little
used between sentences, the use of participles frequently
obviating the need of a n d ; even in connecting words it is not
so much used as in English. Sometimes between words, where
the English would insert and, the Aos string them together
without any conjunction. Sometimes o appended to such
words serves as a sort of conjunction, as, ‘Ali-o, tzy-o, nisung-o,
SYNTAX. 43
shiruru-o, ozv-o, ango-o, scongdong-o, ya azak, Tsungrem age

yanglu Earth, water, man, animals, birds, fish, trees, all
these were made by the Lord.’
As has been previously remarked, many adverbs of place,
time, and manner serve as conjunctions to connect sentences.
There are but few’ words used exclusively as conjunctions. As
noted in adverbs, so in the composition of conjunctions, abbre
viated phrases are much used. To bring this fact prominently
before the eye a long list of adverbs has been given, and as in
this respect conjunctions are so similar to adverbs, a list of
conjunctions is not given, but instead the learner is referred to
the Vocabulary.
IN T E R JE C T IO N S .
Interjections of the Aos present no special features worthy

o f note. Some of the more common are here given :
‘A il’ ‘ h a i! ’ Beware !
‘ A iatai! ’ ‘ a iy atai! ’ Alas ! woe !
‘ Ho ! ’ ho-ho ! halloo !
‘ Uh ! ’ disgust.
‘ K v ta ’, ‘ k a la ’, so be it, very well.
‘ L a n li! ’ bravo ! well done !
‘ Nei ’, placative, indeed.
‘ No 1’ indeed 1
SYNTAX.
The Ao language has sufficient inflection to allow of

flexibility in the arrangement of subordinate sentences. Long
involved sentences are generally avoided, hence the construc
tion is marked by simplicity. The relative positions of
different parts of speech have already been noted in previous
chapters. The adverb ‘ svdi ’ (meaning probably) follows the
verb qualified, but usually the chief verb is l a s t ; the subordi
nate clauses, are arranged as best they may be to secure perspi
cuity. The subject nominative may be first in a sentence, or
in any other place where it may best serve the full and clear
•expression of the main and subordinate thoughts. As partici
ples and verbal nouns may have a subject nominative, some care
m ust be exercised that the main nominative is not placed where

it would be deemed the subject of these participial forms as :
Nok age alepdak-nunge azy aeim.
Dao by cut place from blood flowed.
[Blood flowed from the wound cut by a dao.]
In this sentence blood is the subject, and if it were placed
before the verbal noun ‘ alepdak it would become its subject
and so destroy the sense. The sentence may be lengthened,
so as to give ‘ alepdak a proper subject as :
Pa pei teben nok age alepdak-nunge azy aeim.
H e his own arm dao by cut place from blood flowed.
In this sentence pa, he, is the subject of ‘ alepdak ’ , (cuf
■place') or, as we say, the cut. To express the thought of this
sentence in English, it must be entirely recast, as, the blood
flowed from a cut he (made) on his arm.
As was remarked under Substantive Verbs, the verb to be
is frequently omitted where it would be deemed necessary in
English. So also when from the context or from the subordi
nate clauses the main subject nominative is apparent, it m ay
not be expressed ; and a like remark applies to the objective.
Ni pa scvnungdang kongshira anybtsy.
I his garment to (only) touch if will be healed.
In this sentence ‘ n i’ (/) is the subject of ‘ kongshira’, and’
m ust be also considered the unexpressed subject of ‘ anybtsy
Ni padang shir nedange yok.
I to him speaking to you sent.
I instructing him sent (him) to you ; in Ao the second him
as the object of yok (sent) is not expressed, because in the
N aga mind it is evident who is sent. This suppressing of a.
nominative or an objective can only be properly done whew-
such suppression causes no ambiguity.
Numerals.
Cardinals.
Ka. 8. Ti.
Ana. 9. Tvko.
Asvm. 10. Ter.
Pezv. 11. Teri ka.
Pungu. 12. Teri ana.
Trok. 13. Teri asym.
T enet. 14. Teri pezy.
NUMERALS. 45
15. Teri pungu. 36. Lir maben trok.

16. M etsv maben trok. 40. Lir.
17. Metsv maben tenet. 46. Tenem maben trok.
18. M etsv maben ti. 50. Tenem.
19. M etsy maben tvko. 56. Rokvr maben trok.
20. Metsy. 60. Rokvr.
;2i. Metsvri ka. 70. Tenem ser metsy (50 &
20).
:22. Metsvri ana. 80. Lir anasv (twice 40).
26. Semvr maben trok. 90. Telang tvko.
27. Semvr maben tenet. 100. Telang or Noklang.
30. Semvr. 1000. Meyirizang, meirzang.
As will be observed from the above, the Aos have distinct

■names for the digits, and the compounds are regularly formed
’Up to sixteen, as, ten and one are eleven ‘ teri ka,’ ten and two
are twelve ‘ ten ana’, &c.; also from twenty to twenty-six, twenty
.and one ‘ metsvri ka,’ twenty and two ‘ metsvri ana ’, &c. The
same with thirty, forty, &c. But when the six is reached in
the compounds, the succeeding ten seems to be anticipated,
.and we have for sixteen ‘ metsy maben trok ’ twenty not brought
six, equivalent to the sixteen before tw en ty ; ‘metsv; maben
tenet, the seventeen before twenty, &c. In the same manner
from twenty-six to thirty, on reaching the six, thirty is antici
pated, thus ‘ semyr maben trok ’ the six before thirty,
"twenty-six, ‘ lir maben trok ’ the six before forty, thirty-six,
■&c.
This method of counting is very objectionable to children
learning the use of figures, as in adding up a column if the ,
.amount is seventeen— ‘metsv maben tenet ’— the mind catches
the twenty, and two is very likely carried instead of one to
the next column. In the schools an effort is being mhde to
discard the above irregularities, and count regularly thus, ‘ teri
trok ’ sixteen, ‘ metsvri trok ’ twenty-six, &c.
Ordinals.
First, second, third, &c., are formed by adding ‘sv’ or ‘buba ’
to the cardinals, except for the first, as—
First, ‘ M vzyng’, ‘ k e sv ’, or ‘ kesvka’.
Second, ‘ Anasv ’ or ‘anabuba’.
Third, ‘Asymsy’ or ‘asvmbuba’, &c.
N u m era l Adverbs are formed by adding the suffix ‘ b e n ’

to the cardinals, but as in the ordinals the first (once) is an,
exception.
Once = Kendang.
Twice = Anaben.
Thrice = Asvmben, &c.
M nltiplicatives are formed by adding ‘ b e n ’ or ‘ s v ’. t o 1
the cardinals.
Fractions.
One-half = teradang, terama (or) anasa alemer shilemka.
{or talemka).
One-fourth = pezv alemer shilem ka {or talemka).
Two-fifths =■ pungusv alemer shilem ana (or talem ana).
Two and one-half = ana aseir anasv -alemer shilem ka -(or:
talem ka).
D ivision of T ime.
Years.
Year =■ Kym.
This year = Takvm.
Next ,, = Sangkvm.
Year after next = Sangkvmba.
Last year = Yakym.
Year before last =s Yakvmba.
Yearly = Kvmshia.
Seasons.
Cold weather, dry season = Tsungkym.
Warm weather, wet season = Mei, or meyi.
M onths.
The new year begins with the reaping of paddy, and the-
moon in which the first bit of ripe grain is brought up to th e
village marks the first month of the year :
First month = Ita ka.
Second ,, = Ita ana.
Third ,, = Ita asvm.
Fourth ' „ = Ita pezv, &c, up to the sowing of pen?.
rice, wdfich is the ninth month, when the count is as follows :
Ninth month = Pentensy ita (sowing pen rice).
Tenth ,, = Luti tensy ita (sowing lu ti rice).
Eleventh ,, = M oatsy ita (village festival).
Twelfth „ = Ja-me-za i,
/
TIME. 47
Thirteenth month = Amla'ita, shila maza.

M onthly = Itashia.
Moon = Ita (or) i (a month).
New moon " = Ita asong.
Half ,, — Ita mangku lepma.
Full ,, = Ita anvmi, ita naridang.
Moon waning = Ita imar.
Moon perished = Ita ima.
Interval between moons (moon invisible) == Ita irem,
yirem.
Days.
The Aos had no division of time into weeks and no specific
names for days, but counted forward and backward as follows:
To-day = Tany.
To-morrow = Asong.
Day after to-morrow = Yanv.
Second day after to-morrow = Imnv.
Third „ ,, ,, = Mokony.
Fourth - = Mykyny.
Fifth = Songtoknv.
Yesterday = Yashi.
Day before yesterday = Yakvnv.
One, two, or three days before that = Yakynyba.
Daily — Kenvmati, anogoshia.
Nights.
Night = Aonung, amang.
To-night — Taonung.
To-morrow night — Asong-onung.
Night after to-morrow night = Yanv-onung.
Second night after to-morrow night = Imnv-onung.
Third „ „ „ „ = Mokonv-onung.
Fourth „ „ „ „ = Mykvnv-onung.
Fifth „ „ „ „ = Songtokny-onung,
Last night := Yasong.
Night before last = Yakonung.
One, two, or three nights before that = Yakonungba.
Nightly = Amangshia, kununga-mati.
D ivisions of Day and Night.

Just before cock crowing = Aenkungbang.
First cock crowing = Myzvng aenkung.
Just a t dawn — Sangwabang.
'Twilight — Kiba-rerer, tangdang-rera, zyngia-zyngia.
Reddening of the s k y .= Anv-tsung ayang.
'.Sunrise = Anvpunge.
A bout 9 or io a.m. = Toroto.
A bout I p.m. = Anzongmeshi.
About 3 p.m. = Anzongmanga.
About 4 or 5 p.m. = Akpur meshi.
Sunset = Any aeir, any taor.
Early evening = Likongtsvtsv, likongdang, nikongtsvtsy,
nikongdang.
After evening meal = Tzv-ki sen.
<9 or io p.m. = Kishirep (doors all fastened),
io or ii p.m. = Yiprep, mezangrep (all asleep).
M idnight = Aietrvm.
Measures of Length .—(Tasa zyk .)
Am ka = Distance between tip of fingers across the breast

with both arms extended.
Toko chima = Distance from breast bone to tip of fingers
of one arm extended.
Syklep ka = One cubit.
Aka k a One span.
K atsvba = A short span.
Kalangba = A long span.
Tekabu alem = A hand’s breadth.
Yong-sym alem = Three fingers’ breadth (temeyong
asvm alem).
Yong-na alem = Two fingers’ breadth (temeyong ana
alem.
Temeyongka alem = One finger’s breadth.
An am 's length of course varies somewhat with different
persons as do the other measurements ; but an am is from 5
feet to 5 feet 6 inches.
WEIGHTS, 49
D ry Measure (Paddy Measure).—(Tatak zvk .)

Imzi = The village measure.
Pua = There'were formerly four ‘ puas ’ to one ‘ imzi now
in some villages there are only a little more than
two).
Yi molok = One half a 'p u a ’.
Nvbu molok = About two and half make one ‘ p u a /— a
day’s wages in paddy.
Aentzy molok = One-half a ‘yi molok’,—value of an egg.
In villages bordering on Assam the ‘imzi’ is smaller than in th e
villages farther back : the small ‘ imzi ’ of paddy may be about
ten seers, and the largest may be twenty seers. In measuring,
the ‘ imzi ’ is always heaped.
A ‘ pua ’ is a little more than five seers.
A ‘ yi molok ’ of paddy is estimated as equal in value to a
‘ tzvma-scong ’ of fermented rice ready to be made into ‘ yi *
(m aud}, hence the name ‘ yi m olok’.
Tekabu ka = One handful.

„ ana = Two handfuls.
,, asvm = Three handfuls.
,, medema = One double handful.
,, ,, ana = Two double handfuls.
,, „ a s v m = Three „ ,, &c.
,, ka medemtet = To scoop up a single handful.
,, medemtet = T o scoop double handfuls.
Weights .
Scongti = About two and one-half seers.

Tzvma-scong = About one-half a scongti.
Some villages have a weight called ‘ puakypba’, interm e
diate between ‘ scongti ’ and ‘ tzvma-scong ’.
E
5° AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
IL L U S T R A T IV E P H R A S E S
Is he able to carry that load ? Ku azi abentsy pae akok asy

makoktsv ?
H e is now able to walk about Tangbo pae imtong-nung senzv-
the village, but unable to ter saka areme motet.
go into the jungle.
H e intended to go, but was Pae moe ati.
unable.
Are they able to carry the Parenoke scongdong apur otet
lo g ? asy motet ?
T hey say they are unable. Parenoke menangznk.
Gd and bring as much rice Tsvk takok ta sh i abene oang
as you are able to carry. (wang), (or) tsyk tabentsi}
ta sh i abene oang.
W hile milking, give the cows Nashi mamatzv imdang, nashi
as much ground rice as tsyk menungsaba qei chinv-
they will eat. dir, azi chidakzangma.
"Thfe Nagas stood about the Ao-nungere Sa-ab mijkypbanga.
Saheb. lir.
A bout what did the quarrel K echi age rarabangsen tenzvk ?
begin ?
Som e men are talking about Nisung kare Tzvmae alutsy
going to the plains. zvmbidage.
H e inquired about you. Ne indang pae asongdang.
T h e woman seems about to Tetzvrzi tasvr ama lir, (or)
die. tetzyrzi asy akvmna tsungda-
nung lir, (or) tetzyrzi tasyr lir.
I will remain here about a Yange ni ita Yashi lidi.
month.
A bout .how many fowls are Aen qeike shia lir ?
they ?
T h e boy has been absent Tanurzi kakvt ashidak pezv ny
from school four days. maten.
H is family have been absent Asen imtak pa kibong kvm
from this village a year. keta male.
W hy do you abuse that man ? Nae kechiba pa sensatsvr, (or)
atalatsvr ?
H e abuses his child. Pa pei chir mTjkvt meson.
Those men are abusing Parenoko parenokna sensatep-
each other. er.
T hese two men are abusing Iba nisung anetzi kanga tilutep-
each other at their backs er, (or) pi matsungdang
(backbiting). tenvng menyktsvr.
PHRASES. 51
He says his head aches, his Tokolak menyr, teperem ashir,

back aches, his tooth tepo angur ta, pae mozy
aches, and he asks for mishir.
medicine.
H er head aches because she K u reta aben-nung pa kolak
has brought a heavy load. ashir.
A fte r you have eaten come Zi chiyongerang kv madange
to me. arung ma.
A fte r finishing that work go Azi mapa inyak;«flr ne kidange
to your house. oang ma.
A fte r this I will go. Azi seirkytsy ni odi.
I will go after Sunday._ Amung nv kelen ni odi, (or)
Deobar mungeran^g ni odi.
"This news reached our village Asen imvr alue kvpa or kelen
after all had gone to cul azi osang im atong.
tivation.
"The boys followed after him. Tanurtvm pa sylen anitak, (or)
anishi.
"They hurried after the Parenoke arvr ina ao, saka
enemy, but did not over memenep.
take them.
T hey hastened after the Parenoke Sa-ab aritaka ao,
Saheb, but, not over memenep-nung shia-aru.
taking him, returned.
Com e after a little while P iga lir arung ma, (or) ken
lir arung ma.
Sweep this room and a fte r' Iba taktangzi oktokang, tesy
wards dust it well. zung-zunga aeidokang.
.Have all the cows come up ? Nashi azake adoker ma ? (or)
arogo ma ?
Take all the medicine in the Kakvt-nung mozy alepba tem -
paper. shia (or azaki) chiang.
I never saw anything so bad Yamazi tamazung kechasvdan-
in all the country. ga alima temang-mxng, ni
manguka.
Yesterday I waited for him Yashi pa ashoshi ni ango
a ll day. m ung a ata ali.
He worked all day. A ny lua ta sh i pae mapa inyak.
Get all the things (every Aene aotsv auybalu renemang.
thing) ready for the jour
ney.
Bring all the rice from the Alu zen-nunge tsvk arukushia
granary on the cultivation. benang ma.
Gather up all the grain you Pua ayuba tsvk okshia lokang.
put out to sun.
E2
Em pty out all (every bit) of Zi-nunge tsvk tem shia tokzyk
the rice from the rice ang.
basket.
There are almost four mea Tsvk imzi pezv tera m azungza'
sures of paddy. (or) mesongza.
H e has almost finished his Pa tainyakmar lir (or) mapa
work. inyakmar atem ata lir.
The boy is almost well. Tanurzi m a zungtur (or)
Tanurzi anvb^a manyb.
W e were almost at the village Im matong tsungda Sa-ab azu-
when we met the Saheb. ru, (or) im tsung-nung (or) im
tong ana, Sa-ab den azurutep..
The widow lives alone. Pa kija amir.
They left him alone and fled. Parenoke pa kija toksvr azen.
H e alone (he only) said so. Pae sa yamae ashi.
H e alone is bad. Padfow^ mazung.
M an shall not live by bread Nisunge am tesa age malitsy.
alone.
Let the child alone} and it Tanurzi odang yuzang, pa:
will do well enough. azungtsv.
This is the best m at among Pakti azakdang tazungba ya.
them all.
The boy stood among the Tanurzi tambur rongnung nok-
men. taka ali.
M ethan are among the cows. Nashi-atezz (or rongnung') scy
lir.
A male methan is among the Scvbong ka nashi telok tsu n g -
cows. da-nung lir.
H e reaped another man’s Pae />z lu aru.
cultivation.
Bring a book ; bring another K akvt ka bena arung ; anu ka.
still benang.
Two men are going to the Nisung ana Tzvmae alutsv,.
plain, another is going tangare tzv yoke aor.
a fishing.
After resting on the Sabbath Deobar munger asen imer
our people arise early the asongzi yakte shishir.
next morning.
T he council arose and dis Im mungdang aramesor sen-
persed. . shia ao.
They arose and were off. Parenoke apusoa ogo.
H e arose to speak with much Pae nvlak asongtsv m ezy
self importance. mvkvma noktak.
T he young woman is asleep. Aeirzi mezanga lir.
PHRASES. S3
'T he child is sleepy. Tanurzi amonva lir.

He is lying down but is not Pae yipten-nung mepitaka lir,
asleep. saka mezanga mao, (or) me-
zange moe rongtaka lir.
•Sitting by the fire makes one Mimung anaSae amen-nung te-
sleepy. nuk svremer.
She did not take the medi Mozv taku zsy-nung pae
cine because it was machi.
bitter.
1 came because of what he Pae ' zvmbi age (or yong} ni
said. aru.
He came because I called Ni 3.23,-nung pae aru, (or) ni
him. azar anungzi pae aru.
He should take the medicine Zi zwachiyongdang pae ' mozy
before eating. achitsv tim (or) chilaba.
I told you before, that you M vzvng na to ta, ni shikato.
could not go.
M ultitudes went before him Pa tamalen, tesvlen nisung te-
and followed after him. lokti ao.
“Since our village was formed Asen im kvmer, pae nashi
has he stolen cows ? No, aoyar asv, masv ? Masv,
before that. agidang.
H e was before my time. Kvdang tama pae liasv.
Do not stand before the Sa-ab zaktang tenoktak.
Saheb.
They went before the Saheb. Parenoke Sa-ab-dang tamasa
ao.
Our ancestors formerly Tzvrebure aliomle pa mae
{before'} had this practice. benshi.
Your house is better than Kv kidang ne ki tazungba.
mine.
I think you better send the Padang o ya mae shioktsy
man this word. zunger ta ni bilimer.
Is the sick man better to Tanyp shirangba nisungzi zung-
day ? tu r ma ?
Blow the fire until it blazes. Mi mezangro tashi apuang, (or)
mi mvka ao tashi apuang.
T h e wind blows so hard he Mopung kanga a^/z-nung pae
is afraid of falling tree tokusyktsy tsvremer.
branches.
.B o ilthe milk and put it away. M amatzv aketa sor yuzang ma.
W hen the water boils, boil an Tzv j a a tu te k z , entzy ka m e -

egg- tang.
A large boil has appeared on Pa tokong-nung mesonga waka
his n e c k ; it is a carbuncle. komo tulu adok ; pa n a sh i
komo, (or) shi komo.
H e has borrowed two rupees Pae tatsvk ana agua agi yong.
and will pay in rice. tsvk ataktsv.
He wishes to borrow money Pae metemedang «/>«nyr, saka
without interest, but if mangurabang tatem aguvarc.
unable he will borrow and
pay interest.
H e breaks a great many Pae lung so aeiga raksar (or)
dishes. chakmar.
The cooking pot fell and Zibo tsyka kusa.
broke in pieces.
B reak the nut and eat the Tezangto chakrega chiang ;
fru it; do not break the entzvzi techakma, nei.
eggs.
He broke my walking stick. Pae kv mechi kusvk.
The bridge breaking, the cow Apu kusvka nashizi tsyka
fell through and broke her tetsung svktang.
leg.
The pigs broke through the Ak atsv rakgoka atsvki aeir,
fence and got into the (or) atsye aeir.
garden.
The bull broke the rope while Nashipungzi alendang lisv tok-
being bound. tang.
T he boys broke the rope by Tanurtvm e lisv atsvtepdang
pulling. raktang.
H e stepped on the bamboo Pae maravk ajymre/> ; nokzv
cup and broke it ; he broke age pae tzy shi kureg.
the bamboo water pail by
striking it with the back
of his ' dao
H e struck the slate with a Pae scongsv age lungpak teg-
stick and broke it. reg (or) tepsa.
The basket is bent together Molok negreg (or) nepsa.
and broken.
The women are bringing Tetzvrzi tzy ta-a bendage ;
water ; the boys have gone tanurtvm scong bene ao.
to bring wood.
Young men have gone down Sepai ku abentsn asangur alur..
to bring up loads for the
sepoys.
PHRASES. ss
The sick man’s companions Medemere shirangba gunger

have brought him up. at-okogo.
Moses brought the Israelites M osae Yihudanunger Miz lima
out of Egypt. nunge anir ao.
T h e boys bring up the cows Nikongdang tanurtyme nashi
a t night. akymer.
By hard language his relatives Soseme pa kangshir anir- aru.
brought him.
T he slave was brought by Alarzi merenshia bener aru.
force.
They brought away his ' dao ’ Parenoke pa nok rakzvka bener
by violence. ao.
W hen will you tear down Na pei ki kodang bensa a asy ?
your house and reb u ild !
I am building a new one now. Tan ni ki tasen sydage.
H e builds a back platform to Pa pei sconglang atemer.
his house.
Can you make (build) Kakvt ashidak men den y a n g -
benches for the school lu ter ma ?
house ?
A bridge has been built across Milaktzv-nung apu ala} aseir
the Jhanzi river, and by it pa azanga lemang zung-
a good road is made. zunga agi.
Some of our villagers are Asen imer kare pakti a ta ktsy
shaving splints to make yong mechia nadage.
mats.
T he child burned its hand Tanurzi mizang age teka arong.
with a coal of fire.
T he leg smarts where it was Tetsung in tatsvk age a/^Z-nung
burned by a hot iron. wangwanger.
I burnt my hand 4n the Kv kabu aot-nung belem.
embers.
I burned an orifice in the pipe Bong mesye-atsy age tembok.
stem with a hot wire.
Yesterday I saw Temlu Yashi Temlu im arongba ni
village burn. angu.
This wet wood will not burn. Scong taei-nung mi myka aotsy.
Strong chillies burn the M eresa kanga ashi-nung tebang
mouth. amer.
H e has heart-Z>Mr«. Pa temulungzang azyr.
Naga custom is to burn off Aonunegre ak meroker.
the bristles of dead pigs.
I sent medicine by the boy. Tamxx-nung ni mozv bener yok-
T h e news came by- the Wa- Iba osang W aramongnunger
ramong men. sanga aru.
This was spoken by the Ainkar age o ya zvmbi.

prophet.
T hey went to Suzu by way Parenoke Asangma azanga
of Acangma. Suzu imtake atu.
H e crossed the river by a Pae rong age (or n,ung) tzy
boat. zui ao.
S tand by me (with me). Kv madang liang (or ky den
Jiang).
B y and by we shall go down Piga lir onoke Tzymae alutsy,
to Assam. (or) yam j-im m j Tzymae
alutsy.
Be careful. K vm dangang.
U se your books carefully. Nenoke pei kakyt anga benshi-
ang ma, (or) nenoke pei
kakyt zungzunga benshiang
ma.
She puts away her things Tetzvrlae pei oset (or kizen)
very carefully. «/-ayu.
Open the box at Amguri and Amguri aliba scongden agen-
count the things carefully. pok oset zung-zunga zvng-
dangang, (or) zung-zunga
svkdangang.
H e attends carefully to his Pae pei mapa nentak-nentaka
business. bilim.
C arefully consider what he Pae kechi shidir sashia m etet-
says. ang ma.
C arefully heed what the Saiyutsungir kechi saiyudir te-
teacher says. mulung-nung tenok tenoka
bilimang.
Can four men carry the Mem Nisung pezv Mem Sa-ab W a
Saheb to W aramong ? ramong imtake apungtsv
koker ma ?
Five load-carriers will be K u abenda pungu agitsy.
necessary.
Nagas do not carry their Ao-nungere pei chir azunger
children in their arms, but mao, saka p linger ao.
carry them on their backs.
Did those who went fishing Tzy yokere ango kanga apu asy
catch many fish by mapu ?
poison, ?
T he hawk caught a hen. Orija aen ka sva ao.
T he hawk caught a hen, Orija aen ka ajeptur yutsy.
but did not carry it
off.
PHRASES. 57
He caught fever by sleeping Pa arem-nung ayip-nung imra

in the jungle. mena, (or) imra mlok, (or)
imra enlok.
The boy ran and caught up Tanurzi aritaka aru-nung onok
with us. (or onokden) menatep.
On what did his cloth P a scv kechi-nung itak ?
catch ?
The cat caught the cloth in Tanye scv-nung a] epet.
her claws.
H e caught the orange. Pae jembeny’^ ^ A
He caught the small-pox from Pae pi imerdak aiak mena aru,
another village. (or) menatep.
Give me change for this rupee. Tatsyk ka meyong tanyk
sen kva.
The load is not too heavy if Nenoke melentep melentepa
you change often. benera, ku kanga maretsv.
H e changed daos, and has Pae nok melena kv nok bener
carried off mine. ao.
Day and night change suc Amango sangwana belentepa
cessively. lir.
Yesterday he told a different Yashi zvmbiba o tany pae aset-
story, he changes his state shi.
ments.
Don’t change your statement. O tasetshi, (or) o tesenchi,
(or) o tasepshi.
H e changes his story much. Pa o tejep-tejep, (or) o tesem
tesem.
The village officers have been T atar menden atsyng.
changed.
H e had a fever chill this Pa anvptang atena shiranger.
morning.
Did he have a chill last Yasong pa shiranger aet asy
night ? maet ?
He is chilled by getting wet Tsunglu aja-nung, pae ayanga
in the rain. ashir, (or) ayanga lir.
■This is a very chilly day. Tanybo kanga asyker.
In climbing a tree, one boy Scongdong azyk atudang ta-
climbs by shinning up, nur ka asepa atu, tangar ka
another cuts notches and zenzang alanga atu, tangar
climbs, another climbs like ka ajepa atu, tangar ka aen
a cat, and another climbs jaja atu.
by clinging and.walking up.
Clim b the tree and pick me Scongdonge tuang tezang
some fruit. kvnym ongzang.
Close the door. Kishi ayubangang, (or) kisht

tsybangang, (or) ki shiang
f i t . fasten), (or) ki shibang-
ang f i t . fasten).
Close your books and put K akyt lembanga yuang.
them up.
H e closes his eyes as if he P a mezanga ao ama tenuk
were asleep. amur.
H e closes his mouth. Pae tebang mejemb anger.
T he cold season has come, Tsungkym arur nisunge aene
and men are travelling. aotsy lir.
T he weather is cold and wet. Tsungsang mokong-mokongert
(or) tsungsang ter a ajir.
The boy says he has no cloth Scy makanung asyker ta tanur
and is cold. ashir.
T he child is ill with a cold. Tanure im ra age shiranger.
I will not bathe in cold water, T zyzy age ni tem ang mechi-
bring me warm water. gole (meshigole) tzy miri
benang ma.
Come here. Yage arung.
H e came yesterday. Pae yashi aru.
Come, let us go. Arungzong odi.
Come down to the cultivation. Alue arung ma.
Come down from the tree. Scongdong azyk-nunge alu n g
ma.
Come out of the house im Kidang-nunge aluma-ang.
mediately.
The Assamese came up to Tzvma-nunger im tonger ozo
the village, and came into kidange atu.
our house.
T he coolies complain that K u abenba pei ku tali aret-
their loads are heavy. xoxagjashia ashir.
H e complains about his pay. Pa ta indang tem ulung m ackr
ashi, (or) nvbu indang pa
tem ulung m achi ashi.
H e made complaint to the Pae o akar.
court.
W hat are you doing here ? Yange kechi svr? O kar.
A case in court.
He confuses his statements. Pa o aeitep.
His mind is confused, he P a shisa tsungmi-nvmg meshi-
cannot say. ter.
There is great confusion in Im tak kanga rong-rong shishir^
the village.
PHRASES. 59
In the house everything is Ki oset tem tak scongnanger.

in confusion.
W hosoever shall confess me Shiresa nisung madang ni
before men. nangzvkdir.
H e confesses that he is Kv taei lir ta, pae au-ra-aka
guilty. (or) nangzyk.
W ho did this ? I am the Ya shibae amshir? Ni arer.
one.
Cook rice, cook vegetables, Zi soroang, ain soang, nashi sh t
and cook the beef in the zibo-nung sangang.
pot.
Warm (cook over) the fowl Yashi asoba aenzi solemang..
that was cooked yester
day.
W hen the bread is light bake Am pokraka viangang.
it (cook it).
R oast (cook) a couple of Aot lem-nung gnv anet tsvkang,
yams in the ashes. (or) pelemang.
Is there any cooked rice and Ziz^?, ainr<? aka asv maka ?
vegetables ?
T he child should eat only soft Tanurzi zi tejepra achitsy tim.
cooked rice.
H e speaks the Ao language Pae Ao o pendeta ashir.
correctly.
If you do not reckon Shitak mezvngtera nae meshi-
correctly, you cannot trade shitetsv.
well.
W hen you come before the Nae Sa-ab madang arura, &
Saheb, state the facts atangshi zymbiang ma.
correctly.
This man is courageous, but Iba nisungzi tascv aet saka
that one has not a f article pabo aen m ulungzang tener.
o f courage.
Some of the villagers have Im kare kare pokpa-pokri.
very little courage.
Bring the cover to the tin Merangbongdang tem vkvtsvzi
and put it o n ; cover the bener arua m vkytang; zibozi
cooking pot. kvpbangang.
Cover the rice pot and vege Zibo, ambo lembangang.
table pot with a leaf.
Cover the sick man with his Shirangbazi pei scv abenlok-
cloth. zang ma.
T he tiger is hid under a cover Keyibazi scongo pok-nung
of weeds. atsyka lir.
T h e growing rice covers the Tangbo mo age ali sembanga

ground now. lir, (or) mo mesonga lir (or)
m otsung zin tu r.
T he cultivation is covered Alu aei semshia meigo, (or) alu
with weeds. aei age sakogo.
Cover the basket with a palm Kuzi scera shi age meibangang.
leaf.
Cover over the grain with a Tsvkzi molok sgprem bangang.
basket.
Cover the fowl with a basket. Aenzi molok age sembangang.
The load is well covered. Kuzi zungzunga meia lir.
The sun is covered (obscur Any mepeta tsybanga lir.
ed) by a cloud.
T h e boy has cut his toe with Tanurzi pei temeyong nok age
a dao, and this man has alep, aser tamburzi teka
cut his hand with a knife. kotare age wazyk.
He cut his leg with a sharp Pa pei tetsung anisem-nung
bamboo. aryng.
He cut his foot against a Pa pei tetsung ao tembang-
sharp bamboo stump. nung chizyk.
Cut down the dry tree and Ya scongdong takong lenzyka
cut it up for firewood. soang.
C ut the wood short and fine Mimung asoshi scong tatsvtsy
for the stove. lepsa-ang.
C ut open this tin with a Tambongdangzi kotare age
knife. •wapokang.
How many heads were cut Azi leptepdang tokolak qei
off in th at affray. atang ?
C ut off the end of the pipe Luli bang rentokang.
stem.
Cut off eyen and square the Scongdong metema alangtok-
end of the stick. ang.
C ut the grass in front of the Kima aei ayvpang.
house.
She cut her cloth with the Tetzvrzi pei scv mejeptsv age
scissors. mejep.
He cut the tin in two with Pae tam mejeptsy age mejepma.
the shears.
D ig a ditch, and dig holes Kvlentzv eitang, tungshi,
for the posts. tungnv ongken toang.
T he child disobeys his Tanurzi pei tzvrebur o mangar,
parents. (or) tanurzi pei tzvrebure
a sh i mangar.
PHRASES. 6t
D on’t disobey Government Kompani ozvng teraksa ma.

orders.
I have discharged the man. Ni pa tenyng zentsy, (or)
zendoktsy.
H e will get no more money Pa sen-atsv memenok tashi,
until he discharges his debt. pae anu sen mangutsv.
Among the children one has Iba tanur rongnung kabo kym li
an amiable disposition, synyr, kabo k vm li sakli
another has a bad temper, m azung, kabo m eit tema-
another is quick tempered, bang, parenok tetzy kym h-
and their mother is ir r it tam u.
able.
H e was very obstinate yes Yashi pa tem ulung melem, ken.
terday, sometimes he is ken pae lungkak aeter.
incorrigible.
D on’t! ... N ung!
D orit use that, don’t touch A zitam shim a! (or) tekongshi !.
th a t!
D on't do th u s ! Azi oda tamshi ma (or) tesv !
D on't bother me ! Zangzonga teli, (or) m ein ateli!
I doubt the truth of his state Ni pa o atsy ayonger.
ment.
Why do you stand doubting. Nenoke kechiba ajitaka a l i i
D rive the pigs away, drive the Ak aridokang, atsyki-nunge
fowls out of the garden. aen intokang.
Day before yesterday they Yakanv parenoke Tzvma-
drove up cows from Assam nunge nashi akym, aser
and drove them into the areme akymoktzy.
jungle.
T he man is drunk. Nisungzi y i age mesep.
Spread the rice in the sun T svk puang, or pudakang.
to dry.
Is the rice dry ? If it is dry, Tsvk ara asv m ara? A ra r a
gather it up. lokang.
If the cloth is dry fold it and Scv takong svra kuleptena
put it away. yuang.
T he springs are dry because Tsunglu maru-nung tzvbu:
of deficient rainfall. rosep.
By the water cooking out Ambo tzv rosep-xwzxg ain
(drying out) of the pot rongtaker.
the vegetables burned.
The cut jungle on the culti Alu ajiba kongseta ali-nung,
vation being very dry, it kao arong.
burned well.
-62 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
If the thatch is dry I will Azy tasy asvbo ni alidi.

buy it.
H e has searched everywhere^ Pae azaklen bushir, nok mang-
and cannot find his ur.
dao.
H e has left it somewhere Pae langka-nung toksvr svdi.
probably.
C onduct yourself properly Nae kechisv-nung lider, tazung
wherever you are. imsev benshiang ma.
W h e r ever he went he told his Pae konge ao, pei o ashi.
story.
W herever the Saheb goes Sa-abe kolene odir, ilenzage
we will go. ozoe aotsv.
H e has been fa i t h f u l in his Pae ta ngsh i tangshia inyak.
work.
According to your f a i t h be it Nenok amangba amazi, nenok-
unto you. dang svang.
He is u n fa ith fu l Pa m ulung matang.
He would not go alone into Kei Zsz^w-nung pa kija areme
the jungle for fe a r of maonvr.
tigers.
LMen should fe a r the Lord .. Meimchire anung Tsungrem
tsungken tsybutsv tim.
T he women going for wood Tetzvr scong bene ao-nung
were thoroughly frig h te n ed tsybuseta (or) aoksa, »or
and fled. tsyrem seta, (or) ajym seta
(or) tsyseta pungshi azen.
F eed the fowls, fe e d the Aen-nung chidakzang, ak j e f
pigs, and fe e d the horse. ang , qor goksyang.
Because the grass is short Chiyongtsv maka-nung nashi,
the cows fe e d a long arem talangka-nung chiyong-
distance away. er.
W hen the mother goes to Tetzv alue aodang, tenylae nu
the cultivation, the little jebtsyr.
sister fe e d s the child.
I forbidYixs going to the old Pa imzenbae tokotsv ni
village, but give him scongtem saka Tzvmae
permission to go to the alutsv melar.
plain.
You forgot to ask him yes Yashi padang asongdangtsv
terday, do not fo rg e t it to nae amar, tanvbo bilim tet
day. ma.
I shall not fo rg et you when Ni aene aodang nenok bilimtsy
I am away. f it. will remember).
PHRASES. 63
H e is a very forgetful servant Azi kilirzi temulung mazvng.

H ave the lamps been filled. Tanv milen bong-nung totzv
to-day? They have been shiok asv meshiok ? Shiok-
filled. ogo.
He gives the village measure Pae imzi mesonge ataker.
crown ing fu ll.
F i l l the box even f u l l of Tsyk age scongden tebang
grain. medcma songa yuang.
T h e streams are fu ll to over Ayong metsunga moe ao.
flowing.
G ather up all the rubbish Jana azak hendena tarongtsv
and pile it in a heap to burn.nanga tenang.
■Gather all the fruit on the Scongdong-nung tezang azak
tree. aongang.
G ive him the book. Kakvtzi panvm agvzang.
•G ive me the book. Kakvtzi kv-nung kwang
(gyang).
If he is ill I will give him Pa shiranger svra, ni panym
medicine. mozv zvm d a ktsvd i {lit.
cause him to drink).
Parents should govern their Tzvrebure pei chir azvoktsv
children. tim.
An ungoverned child is very Mazvokba chir tesempar.
disagreeable.
The village officers govern Tatare pei im azvok, (01) zung-
the village. zunga kazvker.
T he plants in the garden Atsvki-nung tsvnvtsy zung-
are growing nicely. zunga meidage.
T his boy is growing very fast Iba tanurzi mela-mela indage.
When he is grown^ he will be Pae indakakibo. Temang tulu
large. akymtsv.
H e says he cannot grind the Pae kijae tsyk menungsatsv
grain alone, you help him. menangzvk, nae ken semang
ma.
You must help him bring up Na-na {lit. you two) azv sente-
the thatch. f a (or semtefa') apuang.
Help the sick man. Nae shirangbazi riariang.
I think there is no help for Shiranger ibaebo anogo maka
this sick man. ta ni bilimer.
.How f a r \\a.s he gone? He Pae kofiga ao ? Talangka mao
did not go far. (or) apigate mao.
H ow large is the boy ? As Tanurzi kopiga, (or) shir
large as this one ? About banger? Pa den sakcsa?
so large. Eipigate.
It is so big, that size. Eitetete, (or) iba tetet, (or) pa

tetet.
Is it like this ? Ibala lir ma ? or imama lir ?
H ots} long will he stay in Pae Rvngpur-nung kopiga
Rungpur ? alitsv ?
A s long as I give him liberty. K otashi (or kopigai) ni me-
latsv.
Now-a-days how many m ea Tanv asong tatsvk ka yong
sures of rice can you buy imzi qei aliter (or) atakteper.
for a rupee ?
In one day how m any times Ken nv yong na alu-nunge
can you go and bring grain tsvk bene qei bentet ?
from your cultivation ?
I f that is the case, he cannot Azi ode svra, pa motetsv, (or)
go- ode kibo pa motetsv.
I f he had understood, he Pae m etet asvbo (or m eteta.
would not have come. sang), marula.
I f our boxes are a t Amguri, Amguri-nung ozo scongderr
bring them up. lirabangila, bener atung ma.
/ / y o u are going to K otak Nae tanv K otake tudi svra
to-day, start early. yakte apusoang ma.
I f he thinks he is able to go, Pae aotsv nangz-vkvra pa.
let him go. oarag.
I f the weather is bad we will Tsungsang mazungm z tsvk
not winnow the grain. maentsv.
Even z /th e weather is bad, Tsungsang mazungsAzzz tsyk
the grain must be win aentsyla.
nowed.
//o th e r s get angry, conduct Tebangere ain adoksZtzzz na
yourself properly. time liang ma.
I f \k is your wish, I’ll send Ne mulung-nung eiterzz ni o
word. shioktsv.
Even i f I die with you, I will Ne-den keleme sy-aka ni na me-
not deny you. nangzvka ta mashitsv.
It had been good for that Pa masoe ali, pa meyong ta-
man i f he had not been zungba svla.
born.
H e made a mistake, but his Pa jimi-aka, saka pa m u lu n g -
intentions were good. sen tazung.
I s he in the house or not ? Pae kidang ale (ali) asv male
(mali) ?
I s it necessary for him to Pa aotsv tenungdaktsv aka.-
go? asy maka ?
PHRASES. 65
I s there water in the spring ? Tsvbu-nung tzv aet asv m aet?

A re there splints for weaving Pakti ataktsv yong aka asy
mats ? maka ?
H e is mistaken. Pae aei ar , (or) pae aeitep, (or)
jimi, (or) tsungmi.
It is my will. Kv mulung nung er, (or) eiter,
(or) lir, (or) ir.
Because his word is reliable, Pa o atangshi asy-nung, ni.
I believe him. amanger.
W hat villagers are these ? Parenok qei imer ?
A re your villagers well ? Nenok imer (or im) zunger
Hr ma ?
T he girl keeps her books Aeirzi pei kakvt zung-zunga.
clean. mervka benshir, (or) meshi-
meshia benshir.
The boy keeps all the pice Tanurzi kechi poisa angu, azi
he gets. azak rizunga ayur.
T he boy’s older brother kept Pa tamazung len-nunge teti sot,
him from evil ways. (or) pa mazunge ali teti sai-
yutet, (or) tamazung lea
meyoke saiyutet.
Keep secret what I have told Ni nadang o shiaka rema lia n g
you. ma.
I know she tells the truth. Pa ashiba o atangshi ni meter..
I don’t know. Ni vnemetet.
I know him, he used to live Ni pa shiter, alvmle pae asea
in our village. imer.
H e knows what you say. Na zvmbiba o pae angater, (or)
shiter, (or) metet.
It is dark now, come when it Tang amanger, sangwadang
is light. arung ma.
L ig h t the lamp first, then Tam asa milen tsyklokang tesv
lig h t the fire. mi apuang.
The lamp is dim, make it Milen mechi-mechir, zangrodak-
brighter {lighter} ; turn it up. ang m a ; preptetang.
T urn the lamp down and let Milen prepoka yuzang ma.
it be.
If you are the lig h t of the Nenok alima sangwa svra sang-
world, let your lig h t shine. wazang ma.
W hen the Nagas are in the Aore arem-nung ali dang, mit-
jungle, they lig h t their svktsv renra age mokobong
pipes by flint and tinder. tsykloker.
T hese loads are very light. Ku ibaebo pungpar-punghar.
F
Feathers are light. Enyo reper-reper.

T h e bread is light. Am pokraka lir.
Y our cloth is lig h t colour. Ne sen temesong (or) ne scy
scybu (or) tzn-rempelok.
In darkness and in lig h t God M angli-sangwali-m mg Tsung-
keeps us. reme onok kvmzvka lir (or)
sota lir.
G et out of the l i g h t ! Telemdang, takvm dang, te-
tongdang !
D id the lightning strike the Scongdong iba-nungzi ts u n g i
tree ? aei asy maei.
H e has gone to look for his Pa pei nashi bushia ao.
cow.
H e has gone to look for eggs. Pae entzv ajidange ao.
Look well after white ants Toko-nung oa shipo atu asy
underneath the house. matu zung-zunga reprangang
ma.
S he could not come to school Tanur reprangba male-nung
because there was no one pae skule maruter.
to look after the child.
H e went to look after his Pa pei lu semdange ao.
cultivation.
H e went to look for a cul Pa lu sydange ao.
tivation.
They went to look over all Parenoke im lu azak sydange
the village cultivation. ao.
W hen the mother is away, Tetzv malidang teyi nu a jir.
the older sister looks after
the child.
H e has lost a g o a t; he lost Pa nabong ka madok ; K otake
three rupees while going atudang pae tatsyk asym
to Kotak. endok (or) endoker adok.
Where did you lose your Nae kechi-nung sen endoka-
money ? nang ? (or) kong madoka
nang?
You tost much by not hear Tanvp Laishibaotsv mangashi-
ing the Scripture lesson nung na kanga akoksa.
this morning.
In going to W aramong we Onoke Waramonge atudang
met Songrachi men. Songrachi-nunger azurutep.
Women have gone to meet Tebur ku abenba tetzvr len zi
the men bringing loads. ao.
PHRASES. 67
'T he Waramong and Yazang W aramong aser Yazang lemang

paths meet near the Tiro Tzvrvng merepa lemjem.
river.
I met him yesterday. Yashi ni pa angur {lit. saw).
He is m ending the hole in Pae atsv tapok tangdage.
the fence.
M end the hole in the roof. Kilim tapok syokiang.
M end the hole in the mat, Pakti tapok syang, pakti bangzi
mend the edge of the mat, syang, aseir menden raksaba
and mend the broken chair. yanglushiang.
They are in the boat Parenoke rong-nung zvtzvk
mending the fish-nets. metena lir.
The woman is mending Tetzvrzi pei scv tapok Yz.ateg-
one hole in her cloth by dage aseir tapok ka arerdage.
patching and one hole by
darning.
T h e Saheb is repairing Sa-ab ki tufignu, tungshi me-
{mending') the house posts tendakt syr.
by splicing.
S u g ar is m ixed with the me Mozv mojitsv den meyokteg-
dicine, so that he cannot nung kecha makur (or) ta-
taste the bitter. ku machitet.
The cook is in the cook house, Zi sorobae sorojiokdak ain
macerating and m ixing menemtsv oset aeishia lir.
curry stuff.
While cooking the food, m ix Ziongtsv asodang menemtsv
the seasoning well. oset zung-zunga arertegang.
T h e Nagas in cooking toge Aore ngashi, azvngkenshi aso
ther decayed fish, beans, dang ain menemtsv zung-
&c., m ix in seasoning well. zunga arershir.
M y brother and my elder sis K y nu aseir ke\ kv den lir.
ter live with me.
When I was asleep, he stole Ni mezanga alidang pae ke in
m y iron. (or k’in) aoya.
Whose hog is this ? Mine. Y a s h ir a k ? Tf’ak.
This is OTjy walking stick. Ibaebo ke mechi.
Who brought this news') Iba osang shibae sanga aru.
How old are you ? Na sor kvm qei (or) qei ka?
He is old and infirm Pa «5«-nung mvkokmein.
The old woman wears an old 7a n tz y r z i scv zen abefier.
cloth.
Give me one pencil; there is Tezilutsv ka kv-nung kwang
only one. (gyang) ; ketang lir.
F 2
I told you once, how many K endang ni ashir, o shilu qei-

times must I repeat it ? ben zvmbitsv ?
Open the box and take out Scongdenzi lapoka oset agi-
the things. tetang.
Open the package. Talepzi sala-ang.
Open out the mats, I want to Pakti sala lemang, ni aji—
see them. dangdi.
H e stood with mouth open in Pae bangka noktaka lir.
astonishment.
H e opened the fish’s mouth Pae angu bang ayu-nung bo-
and took out the hook. roki atsvzvk.
How can I open this bottle Teprepba malidang bong-
without a corkscrew ? dangzi koda lapoktsv ?
T he children can pick up the Alima-nung tsvkba tezang'
fruit that has fallen on the tanurtvm shitenang, scong-
ground, but must not pick dong-nung tang aliba tong
any from the tree. ma.
T hey have gone io pick ’ pan.’ Parenoke patiwa atene ao.
Strangers sometimes pick our Aener kare masongdange ozv
flowers without asking. naro ken-ken apeter.
P ick the fowl. Enyo pet-tokang.
H e picked the sliver out of Pa pei temayong-nunge aer.
his own finger. kitokogo.
In pouring milk out o f the Bongdang-nunge maravk-
bottle into a cup, some was nung mamatzv inokdang
spilled (poured') on to the (or enokdang') kare ali-nung
ground. intok.
In pouring grain out of the T svk zi-nunge tokzvkdang.
basket, some fell (was/>0wx- tsvk kare ali-nung toktok.
etP) on the ground.
In pouring grain into the bas Tsvk molok-nung tokokdang:
ket, don’t pour it on to the ali-nung tetokshi.
ground.
Pour the rice into my bag. Zang kv zuli-nung svdakang.-
P our out the bad water from Tzv tamazung maravk-nunge
the cup, and pour in clear intoker, tzv m ervk-mervker
water. izfka n g .
P o ur water on to my hands to Teka metsyktsv tzv izvkang.
wash them.
T h ese give p roof against you ; Ibatvme- na anvma k u li a g v t-
show your proof. svr ; nae tetezvtsv saiyuang..
PHRASES. 69
"They sought -proof to con Pa aeitsytsv asoshi parenoke

demn him. mokolung bushir.
W hen it is proved you will Tezvr m etetsv (or) tezvdang-
know. er metetsy.
While the sick man is quiet, Shirangbazi scongzema ali-
the children should be dang tanurtym mokorae
quiet. alitsvla.
W hy this noise? Keep quiet. Kechiba azatepa ? (or) kechi-
ba rongronger ? Tokora
liang.
Go quietly. Taneme jaja wang (oang)
ma.
The food is ready, let us eat Zi renema lir onok zi ziyong-
at once. madi.
Everything is ready for the Aene aotsv anvbalu, asenok
journey, let. us start. apusoang.
W e will rest on the bank of Tzyrvng tzykvm-nung anendi.
the Tiro river.
■You said you were very tired Yasong na kanga anir ta ashi
last night, are you rested tanvp aniscongzvktogo m a?
this morning?
H e says he is very -weary (all Temang azak tam en kvmogo
tired out). ta, pa ashir.
In weighing the load, don’t let Azongdang ku ali-nung tajen-
it rest on the ground. tak ma.
The Molung school house is Molung skul ki lung ma-nung
built by placing the sills on scongpak lar, iba ma-nung
stones, and on these the tungnu ajeneta yanger.
posts rest.
T he wall rests on that timber. Jarazi iba scong-nungzi ajen.
We are going travelling from Tang onoke imlusva or, ny ter
village to village, and will shilangtsv.
retu rn after ten days.
They are going, to Amguri Tanvbo parenoke Amguri lu-
and return to-day. lene aotsv.
The goods having been re Shishi lutep-wong, sen shia-
turned, the money was re agvts-qogo.
turned also.
Ripe fruit is good to eat, but Tezang tamen achitsv zunger
unripe and half-ripe fruit is zokorla tezang tazy, tokolu
not eatable. machila.
..Are the raspberries ripe ? Not Koreishi zang tamen asy ma«
yet. m en? Anu mamen.
7© AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
T h e guavas are ripe. Moduriam zang mesconga lir.

Is the boil r ip e ! Ripe, but Komo tenra asv m atenra?'
not opened. tenraka metembok.
R ub (polish) the silver spoonsTaribi chikoko, kotario me-
and knives. y u a n g ma.
I will rub medicine on your Ni ne-nuk-kypsv-nung mozv
e yelids, but do not rub them age m ezytsyd i (or nvtsvdi),.
w ith your fingers. nae tanetshi ma.
Is he sa tisfie d ! He is well Pa m ulung achir asv machir ?
pleased. Temulung.anen.
H e asks if the Mem Saheb is Pa aliba oset-nung, Mem S a
satisfied with the things he ab tenuk asung asv masung
bought. ta pae asongdanger.
They ate and drank and were Parenoke ziyong-qeyonger
satisfied. tipatym .
These men are always grum Ibae nisung temulung teti.
bling and dissatisfied. machi-nung, nem-nemshia
lir.
I wish to send this letter to Amguri aliba Sa-ab dang iba
the Amguri Saheb. kakvt ni bendaktsynyr fix)
yoknvr.
I sent a man yesterday. Yashi nisung ka ni yokogo.
I have sent word to all the Im ime ni o shiokogo.
villages.
He is shaking with fever. Pa ramin age atena lir.
Shake the tree, gather up the Scongdongzi anokshia tezang
fruit and bring it in. shitena bener arung.
Does your house shake in a M opung kanga aondang, na
strong wind ? ki senshi asv masenshi ?
(or anokshi ?).
Shake the dust off your feet Kidange matudang tetsung-
before coming into the nunge aoyi temtoka tokang.
house.
Shake the tablecloth. Zi ziyongdang alemba scy
ajatokang.
The dog seized the cat and K7no tanv ngur rykten.
shook it.
This mat is shorty it will not Paktizi tatsy, maeimtsy.
do.
T h e centre post is short, it Tungshizi nangdanga, tilaka-
will not reach. matong.
PHRASES.
C u t short wood for the stove, M erang mimung-nvm scorig

long wood will not go in. tatsv soang,. scong talang-
bo masem.
T he potatoes are a seer short Shizang seret ka mabensa.
weight.
T he potatoes brought are a Shizang abenba seret m atu.
little short weight.
T his fruit is very sour (acid). Iba tezangzi kanga tasen.
T he milk is sour, skim it. M amatzv tain, tymo tep tet-
ang.
The cloth is spread out on Scy mescongdaktsvtsy aei
the grass to bleach. ma-nung alem.
T he tree spreads out its Scongdongzi kongsang sanga
branches, and shades the path lemang akvmbang.
The news spread throughout Osangzi imshia sangtong (or)
all the villages. osangzi aeim songa ao.
Wring the wet clothes, and Scvzi mesentoker aei ma aen-
spread them on the grass. toka yuang.
From the Jhanzi river to Bura Milaktzv-riunge imzen kimung
Haimong the path is very donga, lemang kanga atang,
steep and in some places tesvm tesvm kanga ja n g -
precipitous. tak.
T h e rock is too steep, they Lungbang tasak ali-nung
cannot get up. parenoke matuter.
Yonder peak is steep and high. To-age tenemti temesong.
In time of famine many villa W ara alidang im aeiga kang-
ges suffered. shir (or) to a sh i (or) tim a -
tvm.
Although you have great pain Na tesa kanga angu aka, saka.
in your side, you will not teneploktsv m arem ter n a !
suffer (endure) a plaster ! aremang ma.
suffer it.
H e was grieved (suffered) Teti aretsv zvmbiba o anga-
because of his elder brother’s shi-nung tenu mulung zvrep-
reproof. er.
This cloth is thick, that which Iba scyzi temelem, nae ya-
you bought yesterday is shi alibazi tapu (or) apu-
thin. apur.
The milk is thick, loppered. Mamatzv telunga lir.
The cows are th in, because Aei tareptsy maka-nung, n a-
the grass is short. shi kongra adok (or) kongra
ao.
T h e water having cooked Tezang ain rosej> (or kong-

out (evaporated) of the sep} nung, aintzy mvkang-
fruit, the juice is thick. mvkanger.
Elephants have thoroughly Shiti mo ajvm.?# (or a jy m r^ )
trampled down the growing
grain.
T h e cultivation was thorough Alu kao arung.
ly burned.
Because he was ill, he let his Pae shirang-nung pa lu inyak-
cultivation go without tho toa ayu.
rough weeding.
If food is thoroughly chewed, Ziyongtsv mejak^zz svra, mela-
it is easily digested. melar aresa aotsv.
H e was faint and thoroughly Pae lumese/zzlir.
exhausted.
'Question him thoroughly about Iba o indangzi padang sashia
the affair. asongdangang ma.
H is elder brother killed a deer Pa teti mescvzi ny age tsyng-
by spearing it (spearing set.
thoroughly}.
Though you go I will not. Nae oaka nibo moli.
Though I told you, you do Ni nedang shiaka na mamang-
not believe. er.
A lthough he is bad do not Pa mazungs^z# na ain tadok
get angry. ma.
T he boys threw clubs at the Tanure shingodak sconga me
monkeys and stoned them. re j), lunga aon.
H e threw a spear at the deer Pae mescvdak ny yoker (or
but did not hit it. tsvoktsyr) metsvngshi.
T hese vegetables are decayed, Ainsotsvzi tashi ar endokang
throw them out. (or) shikur entokang.
It is tim e to go. Taotsy meshigo (or) aotsy
m afang.
Is it tim e to reap ? Not quite Alu arutsy ma/pang aet asy
yet. m aet? Anur.
L ast cold season I went to Yakvm ni Rvngpure ao aser
Rungpur, at that tim e I met 'fo2.-tensazi Bor Sa-ab-den
the Bor Saheb. azurutep.
H a d I known what tim e you Koba-z2?z<?£7?-nung nae arutsy
would come, I would have ta ni metet asybo atalila.
waited.
PHRASES. 73
’T he girl was late to school Tanvp tetzvrzi skule menur

this morning, and there was aru-nung kakvt zilutsv ano-
no tim e to write. go maka.
There is no tim e for the work Zoko mainyakzungka, asong
now, I’ll do it to-morrow. inyakdi.
'There is tim e to do the work Anu azibo inyakzunger, in-
now, do it. yakang.
W hen the Saheb was here, Sa-ab yange alidang iba ozi
there was no tim e to talk indang zymbitsv mazung,
about this. (or) mezvmbizung.
He has not come for a long Pae apiga maru, (or) pae
time. telangka maru.
T h e women take turns in Tetzyrtvme sarasadem ki
sweeping the ch ap el; whose zvnga tena a o k er; parenok
tu rn is it now ? rongnung tang shiba ata
(or shir a ta jl
D o not go u n til I come. Ni maru ta sh i toe liang.
As for me, I am not going to Alu zungzunga raam en& z^
reap u n til my crop is ripe. nibo marule.
From his coming u n til now he Pa arur (or aruba)-nunge tang
has given me trouble. ta sh i ni jashidaktsvr.
The ‘moatsy’ holidays begin Tanv-nunge moatsy tenzvk,
to-day, and will last u n til tan honibar donga amung-
Saturday. tsvla.
U n til he is grown, he is not Nvbu m azungdang pae saiyu-
suitable to teach. tsungitsv tim masv, (or) pa
maindangbo tim masv.
Use this hoe to work in the Atsyki-nung apitsy, kotrang
g ard en ; don't use that one. ibaebo benshiang; azibo
tebenshi (or) tamshi.
There is no rice in the tin, M erang zangketsv-nung zang
it is all used up. maet, agim ar (or) lum ar.
He uses a walking stick. Pa mechi (or azok) benshir.
It is useless to talk thus. Azi oda zymbitsv amazok (or)
angateketa (or) tezangzvk
maka (or) samesa.
D on’t talk nonsense (useless Mesa-melem tezymbi (or)
talk). atvm ata „ (or)
mesa-mechi ,,
D on’t use quarrelsome lan Jana sembong tezymbi.
guage.
H e is better of his illness, and Shirang zungtu-nung pae 1m-
walks about the village. tak senzTjr (or) ja ja r .
The child is able to walk a Tanurzi tere me] aka aor.

litile.
How many steps did he take ? Kamere qeika ao? (or) qei-
ben mej aka ao ?
She is w alking back and fo r th Pa kima sei.
in front of the bungalow.
‘ Asen,' ‘ sen,' and combinations.
H is house leaks, he is a lazy Pa kilim tapok aeisy-nunge

fellow. tsunglu asen, pa azy
masenba.
H e is ill with dysentery, Pa azv-aw z-nung shiranger,
and cannot walk in the imtong-nung mesenzvr.
village.
H e conducts his business Pa pei mapa zung-zunga
well. asener, (or) sen-sena inyak-
er.
Some neighbours are kind Kishikinar kare kyta asencs
and affectionate, others lir, kare senentepa lir.
behave badly towards each
other.
A crowd of Sangtong people Sangtong-nunger sena adok-
are coming. dage.
H is word is authority in our Asen imtak pa o sena lir.
village.
T h e woman gets money for Tetzvrzi tsvk asew-nung sen
pounding rice. angur.
W hen he goes out, he puts Kim ae ao-nung pa korang
on his hat, he takes it off asener, kidange atu-nung
when he comes in. korang senzvker.
T he enemy set fire to the Arvrzage imtak mi sener
village, and fled. senshi ao.
Your new cloth looks very Ne scy tasen tajinvtsyka.
nicely.
H e is comfortable now, but Tangbo pae senega lir,
I will come and see him zokorla ni asenvp pa aji-
in the morning. dange arudi.
H e is to the manor born. Pae sensoba.
H ave you put up the horse ? Qor sent aka yogo ma ?
PHRASES. 7S
They w ent to pillage the Parenoke im sen senmake ao.

village.
Shove up the fire brands Zibo mimung-nung milung
under the cooking pot. sang asenokokang, (or)
ajvmokang.
H e is making brass chains. Pae yongmen sen asener.
H e has inherited property, he Pae sen amang-nung, sentem
puts his money at interest, agytsy azi oda pa tali
and thus adds to his senlokogo.
property.
Twist the rope. Lisvzi senang.
Strain the soup. Shitzv senzvkang.
I t is wrong for you to treat Pa sensaker asv-nung nae
him disrespectfully because sensatsn mazung.
he is poor.
W hen the people are collected, Nisung senteper Tsungrem.
we will begin worship. kylvmtsy tenzyktsv.
The posts are not perpendic Tungshi tungnu senshia, (or)>
ular. senprepa lir,
One side of the N A g a 'd a o ’ Ao nok kelen sentsv, kelen
is steel, the other side is noksv aser teroraba zunga
iron ; if well tempered it sentet, saka terobet mazung.
holds an edge well, poorly
tempered is bad.
In cutting up a dead animal, Tashi shi ss^zdang, pa ket-
some meat poison ■entered nung zvbu tila liasv-nung
a slight wound in his hand, tasv shi mozv ia pa mang-
and produced carbuncles nung nashira komo adok.
on his body.
Is the fruit sweet or sour? Tezangzi tanang asy tasen?
W hen travelling they cook Aene aodang parenoke angoF
fish and rice in a section zi bongdang-nung asener.
of bamboo.
W ater percolates through the Lung mori-nunge tzy asener.-
jar.
H e perspires freely under the Pa ku teret ben-nung asentzv
heavy load. kangadang imer.
A woman gossiping about Tetzvr ka nvngstfzza nyngs^zza-
caused a great quarrel. jaja-nung bangs^/z tulu-
adok.
■^6 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
'Six days shalt thou labour Trok nv tasena ne mapa azak

and do thy work. inyakang.
On the Lord’s Day four of his Ken Tsungrem amung ny-
disciples were baptized. nung pa nvtsung pezy
tzvsenogo.
‘ Aten ’ ‘ ten] and combinations.
T h e children are gathering Tanurtvm e ken atentsv aten-

to sing. dage.
H e is whistling a tune. Pae pio age ken tendage.
T h e cows are gathered in a Nashi telung atena lir.
huddle.
Listen if you wish to know Ashiba o metetnvra tenarong
what is said. tenang ma.
W hen it thunders the child Tsungmuk «/£w-nung tanurzi
shakes with fe a r; I’ll stay atena lir ; ni pa-/£« alitsv.
with her.
Try and see if you can ford Tzy atentet asy m atentet
the stream. tendangang ma.
As there are many men to-day Tanvp nisung aeigate scong-
hollowing out the big village kong zz/^z-nung yakte
drum, it will soon be done. tem boktsv (z^zzpoktsv).
T he bird bringing material for Ozv tesep atendang scong-
a nest has lighted on the dong kongsang-nung te-
tree branch. ma lir.
Yesterday the young men Y ashiasangurtym earer atentsy
went into the jungle to cut areme ao ; tanvp parenok
rattan ; to-day they are tzvbu arok-aroka atendage.
enlarging (digging deeper)
the spring.
T he abscess is ripe, and should Komo tenra lir, pa tembok-
be opened. tsvla (z'ezzpoktsyla).
T he village officers have O tulu songloktsytsv tatare
assembled to investigate atenshi.
important affairs.
In bad weather paddy is dried Tsungsang-mazung-nung tsvk
on the shelves over the fire. tsvk-z^zz atener.
Is the water pail under the K in yang-yang-nung tzvshi
eaves ? aten asy maten ?
T hey are sowing and cover Alu-nung parenoke m etsy
ing over the grain. proker atener.
PHRASES. 77
It is proper for the mother to Tetzvesa pei chir tebanga aten-

reprove her child, but dangtsy tim, saka pi aeiga
other people should not atentoka tezvmbi.
censure and harass it.
In spreading mats on the floor, Atvm-nung pakti tera aten-
let them lap a little. tepa lemang.
They were sent to spy out the Ali tendang ten rir parenok
land. yoker.
Hold out your hand, and I Teka tentakang, ni langka
will give you something. agvtsvdi.
T he Miri Nagas dye yarn red. Mirie song ang atener.
H e run a knife into the fleshy Pa pei tebentsv-nung kotari
part of his arm. aten.
1A z y ’ ‘ zy? and combinations.
The blood circulates through Temang-nung tezv age azy
the body. aru-li-oli.
Blood flowed freely from the ^wbu-nunge azy kanga ima
wound, but it was arrested lir, saka scongpet renra
by the application of scrap neplok-nung azy im anen,
ings of inside bark of ash. (or) azy mesep.
He singed his cloth by the Pae pei scv mi age (or nung)
fire. azyr.
Our people are clearing up Asen imer alu azy-azyr.
their cultivation.
T hatch is better than ‘ okshi ’ Kilim atongtsv okshidang
for roofing. azy tazung.
T he water is deep, and they Tzy a ^ -n u n g parenoke tashi'
must cross by their might. age atentsvla.
T h at young man is very Asangurzi tashi ta zy tulu.
strong.
T he bean vine twines around Loli zy zya scongdonge atur.
the tree.
T he mother embraces her Tetzv pei chir azy aeter, (or)
child. ,, „ ,, azybunger.
T he child clings to his father Techir pei bu Tzvm ae meyo-
to prevent his going to the kle, pa tetsung-nung azy
plain. ata ali.
He was cured of the cramp Tezv svtetdak azy ajet-nung
by cupping. pa anvb.
H e covets desirable things. Pae taginvtsvoset azyabunger.
By chopping hard wood, the Scong intsv alen-nung po
edge of the axe was turned. zyket.
•58 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
H e grieved, because his culti Alu shiti ajvmsa-nung pa

vation was trampled down temulung azyr.
by elephants.
“T he tree sways in the wind. M opung aen-nung scongdong
azy alu, azy atu.
Force a bend in the ridge Scong azyoka alenang.
pole, and fasten it.
T he eyes smart with smoke. Mokozv age tenuk azyr.
Some of the Wabi dogs are Wabi kare, kare shims’# tesashi.
good hunters.
Decked out in ornaments, he Pa sobutsv sobur azy-azyr.
appears well. » »’ ag e
He works with dexterity, but Pae zyba-zyba mapa inyak,
his work is slovenly. saka inyak sajep.
Turn around the cooking pot. Zibo azyang.
Bring the raw meat and cold Shi tazy aser tzv-^# bener
water. arung.
His visit to Rungpur was Rvngpure ao azyyz. adok.
unsuccessful.
The housewife serves her Kibutzv pei kidang sentepba
guests with f maud. ’ aener yi zwazya (g>&zy)
agvtsvr.
Promiscuous Phrases.
Where were you ? Where have Na kechisa ali (or) kechi-nung

you been ? ali ? Kolene ao ?
W here are you going ? Kolene aotsv ?
W hen will you return ? K odang shilangtsy ? (or)
shia-arutsv ?
Have you a family? Yes, I Na ki nunger ali asv mall ? Au,
have a wife and four children. kibutzy aser tanur pezv lir.
W hat do you worship ? Nenoke kechisa kvlvmer?
You do not appreciate the Anung Tsungrem meim aka,
Lord’s kindness. ntnoke temeim mazar (or)
pa meim memetet.
He is shivering with cold, let Pa atena svka lir, mi awangtsv
him come to the fire and pa arung.
warm.
He scooped up water in his Pae tzv teketa m edem teta
hands and drank. azvm.
My father is ill, and wishes Kv bu shirang-nung mozv
medicines. azymnyr (or mishir).
PHRASES. 79
How is he ill, ? what is the Pae komama shiranger, tashi-

m atter ? dak kong ali ? (or) tashidak
kobala ?
H e says his whole body is Tem ang azak shiranger ta pa
sick, and he has fever every ashir, aser tia tia aeter, (or)
other day. tialili shirangli, (or) ken n y
shirangli, ken ny tili.
Y esterday he was moderately Pae yashi shirang tiyari ka aet.
ill.
A decoction of guava leaves Moduriam to metazyker azvm-
is good to stop diarrhoea. nung pokshi anentsv zunger.
H e was a strong man, but is Agidang nisungzi tashi tulu,
debilitated by long illness. saka apiga shirang-nung, pa
tashi azvm, (or) tashi atang
"The swelling on his side is Pa tesa awakba aremdage (or)
subsiding. anendage.
S ince the rains are over the Mei sei-nung ayong akonger,
streams are subsiding. (or) tsungkvm aru-nung tzv
akonger.
W ith your mouth full of Tebang sali age sunga lir,
chewing bark, how can you kechi koda o areptetsv?
articulate yourwords ? With Tebang-nung sali mangvmer
chewing bark in your mouth, kechi koda o zymbitsy ?
how can you talk ?
T o be chewing bark and spit Sa-ab madang sali chir aseir
ting in the presence of the metsv metsvrdang akvm
Saheb is disrespectful. metsvbur.
W hy are you going to Rung- Na kechiba Rvngpure ao ?
pur ? I am taking down Shishitsv pakti bener ao.
mats to trade.
Jewelry is cheap at Rungpur, Sobu solemtsv Rvngpur-nung
but high priced in the hills. talitsv shizvba (lit., easy
trade) azi Ao lima-nung
shisak.
At the market people sell for Wati-pure jeptaksa ayoker.
cash only.
In Naga Hills some buy and Ao lima-nung nisung kare
pay down, others buy on jeptaka ali, kare bangtsva
credit. ali.
Will the women sell their Tetzvrtvm pei azvk yokdisv,
ornaments ? Better buy at meyokle ? Kongtu-n u n g
Jorhat. alitsy zunger.
Have our villagers finished Tangbo asen imer alu inyak-

weeding their rice? They ira asv masv ? Parenoke
are weeding for the last reprar.
time.
Is there prospect of a good Takvmbo tsyk arutsv mesv--
harvest this year ? ker ?
Paddy on forest cultivation is Mein lu tsyk merang, (or),
hard to thrash. anetsy tasak.
Paddy on old cultivation is Pen lu tsyk mela, (or) anetsy
easy to thrash. mela-melar.
T he cultivation has gone bad. Alu shioka ao.
T he meat is going bad, there Shizi shizvker svdi, tashinem
is a bad smell. menemer.
She was ashamed to ask for Pae tak-nung memishir.
what she wanted.
To-morrow I wish to begin Asong-nunge ni ki svnvr,;.
building a house, get fifty nisung tenem, rokvr imang..
or sixty men.
I will pay the usual daily Nybu yari agvtsvdi.
wages.
Twenty men go to bring posts, Nisung metsy tungshi tungnu
fifteen men to bring bam apue aotsv, nisung teri
boos and poles, six men to punguzi scongkvm bene
bind thatch for roofing, aotsv, nisung trok azv me-
eight men to bring founda jeptsv, nisung ti lung nok-
tion stones, and five men to tang apue aotsv, nisung
level off the ground. pungu ali medem-medema
apitsv.
I want a large quantity of Arerlang aeiga aginvr; koda-
ra tta n ; how can it be sa alidir? (or) kodasa shi-
bought? (or) what is the shir ? (or) kodasa yokdir ?
price ? (lit., how is it sold) ?
In sawing planks, saw straight, Scongpak rvngdang indang-
crooked or warped ones are indanga rvngangma, scong
objectionable. pak tekirak, mesena aor
mazung.
Yesterday when our people Yashi asen imer tzve ayok-
went fishing, did they get nung ango aeiga apu asv
many fish ? mapu ?
H e does not wish to go, he is Pa monvr lendong ka azuru
afraid of danger on the azvmer (or) lendong langka.
path. azuru azvmer.
PHRASES. 81
L ast night two men did not Yasong nisung ana madok,
come up, they may have parenoke tzvngi-kechi ka
met with an accident. asv, svdi.
You do not come to chapel Tanv asong nae sarasadeif-
now-a-days, why? W hat is dake maru, kechisVnung ?
the m atter? kechi asy ?
I ’ll come. Arutsv, (or) arutsvdi.
I reproved him, but did not Padak ni mazyke aretsvogo.
punish him.
I punished him by reproof Ni tebanga aretsvkur tem a-
only. renshi.
Some ‘ methan ’ have short Scv zv kare maravkba (like a
thick horns, some have maravk), kare zv sangba.
long horns.
T hat young man and Asangure aeir aniasong,
woman are engaged and will yakte anioktsv.
soon be married.
T h at young woman was mar Tetzvrzi yasong^kei ao.
ried yesterday.
W hat is the m atter in the Imtak kechiasv ? kanga
village ? I hear a great rongrongshishi angashin
tumult.
L ast night all the village was Yasong ime teyiprep-nung ali,
sound asleep, and no one menoknok shingae meme*
felt the earthquake. tet.
W hen the blind woman comes Tenuk tapokba tetzyr ozy
to our house, she finds the kidange arudang, atsy ki-
gate by feeling with h ef shi teketa ajymdanga angur,
hands, as men in the dark ya mae amang ijipchi-nung
ness find the path by feel nisunge ajymzya len shiter.
ing with their feet.
P ut more wood under the Zibo mimung-nung scong
rice pot. tsvkang
H ave you splints enough for Molok ataktsv yong agishi asy
the basket ? Not quite. magishi ? (or) molok
meyong, yong peri asy
meperi ? Anu.
H ave you eaten ? not yet. Nae zi ziyonger m a? Anu.
Have you had a good meal ? Na chiyongshia asy mechi-
I have. yongshi ? Chiyongshigo.
They eat rice with their hands. Parenoke zi teketa tepteta
azung.
G
D o you wish my ‘ dao ’ ? Take Kv nok mishir na? Ang.

it
Groom the pony, bring him Qor kupetsv age mesvshizang,
to me, and hold him until qor kvdange anir arung,
I am ready. ni merenem tashi sota liang,
( or) mechioke liang.
Pull up and throw out the Aei tulu atsvteta endokang,
coarse grass, lest it smo azi mesvra arer yi muksep-
ther out the ‘ doob ’ grass. tsv.
Look well to the cow’s Nashi zvbu-nung metsvk kulo-
wound, and see if there be ka, mesen ali asv mali,
flyblows or maggots. zungzunga ajidangang ma.
T h e boy said he was not A tsv atsvba ni bena lir, scong
bringing firewood, but maben ta tanurzi shiaka.
material for fencing.
A fter talking much about Pa tem teta ao.
going and threatening to
go, he went.
H e intended to go but did not Pa moe ati.
I am busy now, come again. Tangbo ni mazvngka, te sy
arung ma.
Well, what do you wish ? Na kechi mishir ? K echa
Nothing, I have come memishir, ni kazv ali-nung
because I was at leisure. arur.
M y hands are full of w o rk ; Nibo mapa tenuk ar ; pa tela.
he is very idle.
T h e fruit is good and meaty. Tezangzi zyngzynger.
T h e fruit is light and worth Tezangzi mazvng, tachitsy
less. maet.
T h e fruit is blasted. Apung-nung tezang m azvng
(or) tazvngla.
H is house is full of things Pa ki mazvngka.
{lit. no empty place).
H e is thoughtless, inconsi Pa temulung mazvng, yakte
derate. amar.
T h e woman is pregnant and Tetzvrzi temang mazvng, nu
near delivery. amungtsv mapanger, (or)
tangbo iba tetzvrzi tem ang
mazvnger.
By the old custom the house Agi imscv age tetzvr tan g set
and things belonging to a asy-nung, pa ki, scvoshi,
woman dying in childbirth sobutsv azak menen toker.
were cast away as sinful.
PHRASES. 83
T h e Ao people formerly Alvmle Aore asangchir tvkong-

strangled illegitimate chil nung lenseta entok.
dren and cast them away.
■She is very sad on account Pei chir asv-nung pa temulung
of the death of her child, ashir, menungradang alir,
she mourns continually. (or) menungraseta lir.
I know your sorrow, and sym Ne temulung raksa-nung (or)
pathize with you. ayanger, (or) jashi-nung,
kv mulung ashir.
L a st night we heard wails Yasong nisung asv-nung,
for the dead, and to-day onok mangy ima ola anga-
the body has been carried shir, tanv tasv m ang
away. apuoktsvogo.
TJaga parents love their chil Aor tzvrebure pei chir meimer,
dren and relatives are kind sosemo sosemna kvtao asen.
and affectionate.
T he child is disheartened, and Tanurzi menangzvke bilimer,
you should encourage him. nae padang azong-me-
sotsv tim.
T h e y agreed to meet at T er nv lir kvtsvr, parenoke
W aramong after ten days. W aramong imtak senteptsy
anogo azvng, (or) azyngtep.
T or 15 cattle he promised to Nashi teripungu yong, scy-
give a male methan. bong ka yokdi ta, pae zynga
ashi, (or) 0 azyng,
T h e young men going on a Asangur keyi bushi-nung, pa,
tiger hunt, on finding the den azurutep nisung ka
tiger one man was seized. angu.
'W as the man seized, killed ? Angubazi asv, asv masv ?
.He is still alive, but cannot Tangbo masvka, saka
survive. makymtsvla, (or) tangbo
takym, saka makymtsv.
Euphemisms sometimes used "| Pa scongo age ama.
to mean that a person has Pa ter age ama.
been killed by a tiger. J Pa areme achi.
T h e Bor Saheb visited all the Bor Sa-abe Ao im asv, (or)
villages of the Ao tribe. Bor Sa-abe Ao im sya jajar,
(or)
Bor Sa-abe Ao im lu sv.
.Dry-season travellers are Tangbo tsungkym en-jeter
coming in now. atongdar, (or) atongetdage.
Rainy-season travellers go at Mein-jeter pei mulung age
any time. aene ao.
G 2
As soon as the cold season Tsungkvm arudang, onok

comes, we shall begin to yakte aene aotsv.
travel.
Some of our people are going Asen imer kare kare tem bar-
to visit friends in other den nguteptsv, (o r
villages. azuruteptsv) aene aor.
N aga villages that have been Kompani apu akvm-nung, Ao*
a t variance will become mvputepe aliba im azak
reconciled under English puteptsy.
rule.
How can people of a village I memo imerna mvkyt mesene
live at variance with each lira, kechi koda litetsv ?
other ?
In the cold season Suzu Tsungkvm-nung Suzu-nungere
villagers are passing back Tsvm ae aludang asen.
and forth through our im tak seisvbunga lir.
village to the plain.
D«kha Haimong villagers are Imzenba-nungere asen im take
continually going to and fro olia roli (o-li aru-li) ta lir..
between their village and
ours.
T he village is peaceful and Im sadok-sadoka lir.
prosperous.
T hey are a prosperous Kiji kizung, (or) kisa kilim.
family.
In passing under the fallen Scongtnang laoba kyboke
tree trunk will my head aodangkv tokolak tsv k ta -
hit ? ktsv asv masv ?
D on’t hit the curtains in Kikym seidang te to n g -
passing through the door dangtsv-nungzi tekongshi,.
way. (or) tetsvkshi (or) tetangshi.
I cannot understand you, Ni mangater, o re p te ta
speak more distinctly. zvmbiang, (or) o arepta
zvmbiang, (or) o rateta-
zymbiang.
H e goes rapidly from one P a o zvmbidang o punga-
point to another in his talk. punga zymbir.
H e errs in his statem ents, I P aeo jimia ta (or) otsungm ia
cannot have any confidence ta, nibo mamanger.
in him.
PHRASES. 85
Mis word is of no account. Pa o, masen mea, (or)

pa o shingae masen, (or)
pa o mazyng meshi, ( or)
pa o tila, (or) pa o mesa
mechi.
H e has no reputation in his Pa pei imtak taso meshika, (or)
own village. pa pei imtak taso mashi
(/?/.,) birth not spoken of).
He has no regard for village Pae im o mesen metu.
authority.
He has . great confidence in P a k o k e rta nangzvka lir, (or)
his own ability. paebo nangzvker.
W hatever happens tell the Kodakirna tiazy tezvmbi.
truth.
W h y are you out of temper Tanvpyia kechi-nunge tsyki
this morning ? aka ? (or) tanvpyia kechi-
nunge tsvkia-nang ?
Do not speak disrespectfully. Tzvya oya zvmbia teli, (or)
tzv machi o machi zymbia
teli.
The boy is impudent, send Tanurzi mezy-mykyma,
him away. telidaktsv.
;Some men are proud of a Nisung kare kare nvngsang
great name, and like to be tulu aginyr asykym, takar-
aristocratic. den kichir synvr, (or) tezak
merem asar.
They had a plot to seize the P a aputsv parenoke tasa asar,
man. (or) pa ashitsv parenoke
sang asu.
They did not accomplish their Parenok sa-nung matalok,
purpose. (or) parenok tasa makym-
tet.
They arrested him by force. Parenoke pa tashi ima apu.
In former times the upper vil Alvmle ayongbang-nungere im
lages when they saw what tila-nung kechi taginytsy
they wanted in smaller vil ngura, azi parenoke rakzvk
lages, took it away by force. rakteme bener ao.
*The man was accused of slan Pa kiyonger tiazy ta ashi-
dering his neighbour, but nung, okar o zvmbi-nung
upon inquiry his innocence pa temeten akym.
was established.
T he woman brought a suit in Tekinungpo pei kinungtzy

court against 1. husband pala-nung, tetzvrlae paden>
for putting her away. okar.
Is the case decided ? It is. Tangbo iba o tamen asy m a -
men ? O zymbizvk, (or},
o renemogo.
T he man was found guilty, Tebur taei adok, pa tetzvr-
and the court decreed that nung aluo, tsyko, oset azalc.
the cultivation, the grain, lemdangtsy zvmbigo.
and other property should
be divided half and half.
H as the decree of the court O bendangtetogo ma ? Au,„
been executed ? Yes, the ladangtsyogo.
separation is complete.
If we had not returned from Tsunglu maru dang aene aoba-
touring before the rain, nunge shia-malu asybo,„
what would we have done ? onok koda svla-nang ?
W ithout the old people what Tam bure malira tanur kechi
would the children have svla ?
done ?
W hatever the Lord purposes Anung Tsungreme kechi
comes to pass. svnvr azi asvtsv, (or) kechr
asatsv azi adi.
Bring a handful of rice. Zang pa-ar arung, (or) zang-
pateta bener arung.
T he spices have lost their Menemtsv oset osaosar,—ayi-
flavour, are tasteless. ayir.
There is an abundance of Imchi imzung.
food in the village.
T he village officials proclaimed Tany im tzybu mesemtsy, ta m -
that to-day the village bur svli, tanur svli, shingaer
would clean the springs, and alue maotsv ta, tatare aeim-
that no one, old men or dang.
boys, should go to the cul
tivation.
In harvest time the village Alu arudang tatare ken kens.,
officers often forbid the im aen azvng.
people going abroad.
T he village is ‘ bound ’ for M oatsydang aen azyng.
‘ Bihu.’
T h e village shook off all re Ime pa indang scy aja.
sponsibility for him.
PHRASES. 87
There is always a hum in a Im tulu nanung teti aeter.

large village.
He is skilled in war. Pa aryr sala metet.
^Messengers on im portant Tzydang odangtsv tongogo.

affairs have come.
M essengers on im portant Tzydang odangtsy ogo.

affairs have been sent.
W e expected the weather Tsungsang mazungtsy ta

would be bad, but it is bilim, saka kanga azung.
good.
You did not go to the plain Tanyp nae Tsvmae malu ?

this morning? No, I was Au, tsunglu ajaba tsubur
not afraid of getting wet by masv, tzy metsung ajymer.
the rain, but was afraid of
the swollen streams.
T he boy brought a load of Tanurzi scong bener, kimae

firewood, threw it down scongku shizvk (or scong-
before the house, split it, ku shitok) tesv, scong soa
gathered it up with both kidang aremketa ayu (or
hands, and put it in the apuketa ayu).
house.
T he Nagas believe if the Shim tasv age nvlak-nung

point of the spear which zung-zunga mezvrabang,
they stick in the ground bener sei nvbo pangji ni-
when walking is well sungdak angutsv, tesy
smeared with bears’ bile, yakte amatsv, kym asvm
the leeches along the path tashi ya lemang jajadang
which the man goes may nisungdak mangutsv ta
be troublesome for that day, Aore bilimer ; aser ya mozy
but will soon perish, and will nylak-nung temezy nyzi
not trouble men for three alitsy.
years. This smearing of the
spear will retain its virtue
for a day.
$8 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY.
A, an {lit. one) Ka, ketang.
Abandon Toktsy.
Abate Anen, arem.
Abdomen Tepok.
Abhor Sempa, tenra achir, m etsyk-
mokong.
Abide Ali.
Able Akok, tizyk, (te t’ as verbal suffix.
Abortion Anogo maet aso, tanur tokshi,
moposhia entok.
Aboriginal Alipoker nisung.
A bout In d a n g ; ‘chika,’ ‘shika,’ ‘shi’ as
verbal suffixes.
About (around) Mvkvta, mvkvpbang.
About (near) Ana.
A bove Tama, teka.
Absent Male, (mali) maten.
Absorb Mesep, asemshi, metenzvk.
Absurd Mamangtsv, mamangtetsv,
tangatsv o masy.
A bundant Aeiga, aiyiga, aeisa, timba.
Abuse, v. Sensa, sensa masa, atala.
A ccept Agi, agizyk.
Accident Tsvngzi kechi, aoksairo, aoksa
kangshitsv.
A ccom pany Den, medem, meina, meina ao.
Accomplish Atalok, kvmtet.
Account, n. Tazvngba, tazvngdangba, yong-
syk amba, yongsvk-sykba.
Accuse Aietsv, oka.
Accurate Shitak, zungpung, oji, ojishi.
Ache Angu, ashi, mener.
Acid Tasen.
Acquaintance Shitetba.
A ct Yangluba, benshiba, amshiba.
Active T ekymdang, terurur, ashi-abung.
A cute (intellectually) R atet, shisarasa,api-apa, tasang-
ra, sangra sangji, purapuji.
Adapt Apet, sytep, putep.
Add Benden, loktep.
Adhere Amen, mena, menalok, mejatep.
Adhesive Mena, mena-menar, meja.
Adjacent Ana, anasa, merepa.
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 89
Admire Tenuk asung, tenuk sunga aji,

mere, nukshi.
Admit Au-ra-aka, ai ta asy, nangzyk,
idaktsv.
Admonish Aretsv,areja, nemtem, nungtem.
Adorn Azv-azv, sobutsy-sobu, azvk-
azvk.
Adultery Nuktapangta, jabojare.
Adversary Anymer, tenukenvr, tsvkchir,
metpur.
Affair O.
Affection Temeim, temerer.
Afflict Kangshi, kangshidaktsv, tima-
tvmdaktsv, toshidaktsv.
Affliction Timatvm, toshi.
Afoot T etsung age.
Afraid Tsvbu, azvm, tzvrem, atsy,
aoksa.
After Tesy, k elen ; ‘ang’ as a verbal
suffix.
Afterward Ibakvtsvr, yaseir, tesylen, atuseir.
Again Tana, tanaben.
Age Asor kvm.
A ged Tain, tambur, tantzvr, arishir.
Agile Tebungpaba, takvmdangba.
Agony Zyrok-roka angu, shing-shinga
angu.
Agree Putep, o enjem, o entep,
pangjem, kvta-asen, sytep.
Agreement, n. O zvmbitep, tatongshi.
Agreement, to make an Tatongshi, o zvmbizvk,o renem.
Aid, v. Yiari, yari, riyari, asem.
Ail Manem.
Aim at Tindang tezv, teka mvzyng.
Air. Tangu, mopung.
Alarm, v. Sangok, sangoktsv, tsvbudaktsy
Alas Aiatai, aya-tai.
Alike Kasa, metem, sako.
Alive Takvm.
All Azak, temang, inti.
Allow Mela ; daktsv as a verbal suffix.
Allure Mescyshi, mescvtet.
Almost 'Chia’ as a verbal suffix, ‘sh?
as a numeral suffix.
Almighty Takokba.
Alms Maong, angati agvtsvbar
odedang agvtsvba, masasa.
agytsvba.
Alone Kija, kisong, mesong, ‘ d a n g ’’
and ‘ sa ’ as suffixes.
Along with Den, ten, den medem.
Already, adv. Tanga.
Also A, 0, as suffixes ; ya.
A ltar Tenladak, apu.
A lthough Azi saka ka, and shia as sufExes-
Altogether Azake keleme, azake kenyonger
meja.
Always Teti, kenvmati.
Amazed Scongmanger, bangkar.
Amber Bvrem, b’rem lung.
Ambiguous Tetezytsv anet.
Ambitious Temaren kymnvr, ulunvr.
Ambush M endang, lemene ao.
Amidst Tetsungda, tsungda, rongnung^
tiung.
Among Rongnung, tsungda-nung.
Amount Bendenba.
Am putate Oat ok, rongtok.
Amuse Mescvzvk, peladaktsv.
Anchor Rongsotsy.
Ancient Alvmle, tari, alipokdang, puti.
Ancients Tarinunger, alvmle pur,tzvrebur
And Aser, a se ir; and ‘ 0 ’ affixed to
nouns.
Angel Teyar, tenyar.
Anger Ain, terasa.
Angle Tanep, takudak.
Angry Ain adok, temulung jashir,rasar.-
Anguish Temulung ayang, temulung ashir
Animal Shiruru.
Animal (domestic) K idang shiruru, kiset shiruru..
Ankle T enyklang.
Anna (4 pice) Sorotia.
Annihilate Sama.
Announce Sangok, aeimten aeimdang..
Annoy Mescvshi.
Annual Kymshia.
Annul M asendaktsy, mangadaktsy.
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 9»
A noint Mezy, any, mezytsy, nytsv.

Another Tangar tebanger.
Answer, v. Langzv.
Ant Meja, meritsy, senshibong.
A n t (black) Mejanak.
Ant (red) Metemi.
Ant (white) Shipo.
Ant (living near water) Akvm meja.
A nt (living in trees) Orabi.
Ant-hill Azungnem, shipo mejaket, all
nungtet.
Antagonist Anvmer, anyma aliba, metpurr
tsvkchir.
A ntidote Teliwatsy mozy.
A ntipathy Tenukentsv, mokok ajir, mu-
lung age sempa.
A ntler Tezv pangjara.
Anvil Insem.
Anxious Shisa bulua, shisa amsa, tem u-
lungzang zvrepa, tem ulung-
zang zvseta.
Anybody Kare.
Anything Langka.
Anyway or manner Koda, langka oda, komama.
Anywhere Kechisvnung, langkalen, lang-
kete.
Apartm ent Taktang.
A pe Shingo, mvket.
A perture Tapok, topok.
Apostle Teyar, tenyar.
Apparel Scv, scvoshi, sobutsy.
Apparent Adoka lir.
Appear Adok.
Appearance Tybur.
A ppearance (bad) . Tvbur mazung.
Appearance (good) Tybur azung, tenuktang azung.
Appearance (distinguished) Mera aket, akvm aket.
A ppease Melimok, scongzvkdaktsy, me-
pitem, nemtem, nungtem.
Applaud Tenvng asang, lanli ta ashi.
Apple Matoklashi.
Appoint Tenzyk, mendaktsv, atadaktsy.
A pportion Alem, lemshi, lemzyk, sadang
>92 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
A ppreciate Bilimter,meimmetet, meim azar.

Approach Anasae aru, aet.
Appropriate Tim, zori agi.
Approve Zunga bilim, ai asy, temulung-
asv, au-ra-aka.
Arbitrate Tetsungdae aei.
Ardent Temulung alet, temulung alem,
temulung lungso.
Argue Zvmbitep,atet-tep, tebangsentep.
Arise Shishi, ara meso.
Aristocratic Takar kia, takar den medemer,
takar den kichir svnvr.
Arm Teben.
Armlet Pembang.
Armour Zong-o-nv, nok-o-nv.
Army Temerangertvm, arishirtym.
Aromatic Toronem.
Around Mvkvta, mvkvpbang.
Arouse, v. Meso, ari meso, azongmeso,
azongshi.
Arrest Apu, teka aei.
Arrive Atong, adok, toko.
A rrogant Ngabaso, ken-ta-mata, asokvm
(asykvm).
Arrow - Lasangzang, lijakzang, izang.
Artery Tezvtongtiba, temulungzang zy.
Artful T asa asar, kvlaker, purapuji.
Articulate 0 lepteta, o repteta.
Artillery Ram.
As large as Eitetete, pa tetete.
As many as Paei kete, paei kechi.
As much as Paei kete, paei kechi.
Ascend Atu, toko.
Ascent Atang.
Ashamed Aker, maksyr, nv mamadang.
Ashes Ap, aot.
Ask Asongdang, mishi.
Aslant Angia, manga ao, senchia ao.
Asleep Mezanga, ayip, anvnvr.
Assam Tzvma.
Assemble Sentep, senten, aten, aniten,
ayongtep, zatep.
A ssent, v. Au-ra-aka, temulung asy.
Assess Saro lemsa, saro zyngsa.

Assist Asem, yari, riari.
Assign Nunglok, nungena yutsv, shi-
loka yutsv, asem, lemzvk.
Associate, n. Medemer.
Associate, v. Medem, metem.
Assort Shim, shimtet.
Assuage Melimuk, mepitem, nemtem,,
scongzemshi, mezvmuk.
Assure M aiitakdaktsv, majvmdaktsy.
Assurance Nangzvk.
A sthm a Asara.
Astonish, v. Scongmangdaktsv, ra-ta-m ata-
daktsy.
Astonished Scongmanger, ra-ta-matar,.
bangkar.
A stringent Pakla-paklar.
A t once Kenyonge.
Atonement Pungi.
A ttack R ara tenzvk.
A ttach Atalok, tanglok, enlok, malok,
kanglok, kulok, itak, temu-
lung atok.
A ttentive Angar, anga lir, rertaka, temu-
lung-nung aet, temulung
tenoka,' tenarong aten.
Auction Talang shishir yokshi.
Audacious Tara, tenarong marepzyr.
A ugur Tepreptsv.
Aunt Amu.
Austere Tetoktak, maochi.
Authentic Jijila, atangji.
Authority Asa, bangdak, o bang.
Avail Azangzvk, kvmtet.
Avaricious Temuru, muru-murur, libong-
lira, nukshia, azy-abung.
Avenge Mangyang, yangtep.
Average Teyare, tiungsvba, tiungsvka,
tetsungda ka.
Avoid, imp. Edenzi temeten, anasae tei,
anasa taet, anasae to.
Await Ata ali.
Awake Saka ali, saktet.
Awaken Meso.
Awe Tsungken, tsungken tsybur,
akvmtsybur.
Awl Tetopoktsv, tererpoktsy.
Axe Po.
B.
B abble O tejiptejipzym bi,opula-pushi.
B abe M amadang tanur, nu merem,
lanuba.
Bachelor Sangremer.
Back, n. Teperem, terongtong, tam a-
nakshi.
Backbone Terongtongret, tongtiret.
Backbite T otep tilutep.
4 Backsheesh ’ Maong, sempet, tsuba tenia,
tsuba kati.
Backwards Tesylen.
Bad Mazung, tamazung.
B adge Temaeitsv inlokba, tem aeitsy
sobutsv, sosang shisangtsy.
Bag Zuli, chitem yangku.
B aggage Aene aotsy oset, ku.
Bait, n. Temescvtsy.
Balance (remainder) Tanung, tanendak.
Balance (scales) Seret, alimang seret, alimang
scong, scongti.
Bald Tsvdok, svdok.
Ball Kazatsv.
Bamboo Lungmi, ani, ao, ashiwarok.
Banana fruit Scongmumu zang.
Banana tree Scongmumudong.
Band (waist) Scvzy, aeiscy, teperem scy.
Bandage Talen, tarakba.
Bank ( of stream) Tzykvm.
Banish Aridok, metoktsv, melidaktsv.
Baptize Tzvsen, tzv-nung tzvsen.
Barb Titaktsy.
Barber Tokolak asvr, tokolak sy ta
achiba.
Bargain Shitangtep, shitangtet.
Bark, n. Tekap, anvm.
Bark, v. Asa, asang, arong.

Barrel (cask) Asvmbong.
Barrel of a gun Tegi.
Barren Tebung, tezang matang.
Barricade Atsvki, tsvki, lung tsyki.
B ase, n. Tazvngdak.
B ase (mean) udj. Liro mazung, chilu mazung,
jakla mazung, tsvkchir,
tesempar, tukuru.
Bashful Aka, aker, nv mamadang.
B asket (general term) Molok.
B ask et (for carrying loads) Ku.
B asket (open work) Makang.
Basket (for carrying paddy) Zi.
Basket (for holding paddy) Anung, zara mykvt.
B asket (for holding rice) Zangbong, zangketsv.
Basket (for bringing water) Tzyshi.
Bat La.
B athe Tzy shigo, tem ang chigo.
. B attle T ungbangrarar.
Bawl Aeima azeb, aeimtena azeb.
Bazar Shishidak, wati.
Be (to be) Ali, li, asy, aka, er, ar.
Bead Azvk, ‘ zvk ’ as a suffix, me-
sem zvk, b’ r e m z v k ,
lozyzangzyk, majajemzyk.
Beads, string of Azvktui.
Beak Tebang, bangsang.
Beam Kikvp.
Bean Azvngken, alizyngken, azyk-
zvngken, luli.
Beans, peas, &c. Zvngkenzangna.
Bear, n. Shim.
Bear, a burden Ku aben.
Bear, to endure Arem, azvzvk.
Beard Bangsemo.
Beast Shiruru.
Beat Azvk, ama, atsvng, takaraba,
terangrangba, tapungpaba.
B eat a drum Atem, ajen.
Beautiful Meraketa, tvbur zungyr, taji-
nvtsvka.
Beaver Shirem.
Because Nung (follows a verb), k e -
chiasvr.
Become Akvm.
Bed Yipten, mezangdak.
Bee Ninang.
Bee bread Mangiben, mangisen.
Bee’s wax Nirep.
Beef Nashi shi.
Before, in time and place Tama, tamasa.
Before, in presence of Madang, matsungdang.
Before, the face in front Tezakdang, zaktaka.
Beg Mishi, mepishi.
Beget Aso, pozvk, poktet.
Beggar Mishimetsyr.
Begin Tenzyk, meso.
Behaviour Jakla, jakla liro, tebenshte.
chilu.
Behead Tokolak atang, kongdang.
Behind Tesy, tesvlen, svlen.
Behold Reprang, aji, ajidang.
Believe Amang.
Bell Tsungtsung, sangshi.
Bellow Arvr.
Bellows, n. Misembong.
Belly Tepok.
Belong Meyong, den.
Below Kvbok, tekvboklen, imlanglerL
Belt Nangri, teperem scv, scyzy.
Bench Langbang.
Bend Kirak, azrok, azvzv, mangazy.
Beneath Kybok, telung, toko.
Benefit Tazangzvk, tsungmen,
Benevolent Zungnvr, meimtepnyr, zung-
tepnvr.
Benumb Aei aeir, tayanger, pezv-pezya..
Bequeath Lemsa ayu, lemsa agytsv,,
nungena yutsv.
Berry Koreishi.
Beseech Mepi, mepishi, moposhi.
Besides Alvma.
Besiege Mykvtbang, mvkvta am en-
bang.
Besmear Aryr ketyr, aryr mvzytsy.

B est Tazungba.
Bet, v. Zvngshi.
B etelnut Qei zang.
Betray Medemer shioktsy, medemer
belepoktsv, medemer me-
yipoktsy.
B etroth Ani asong, songeta-ayu.
Between Tsungda-nung, tiong-nung.
Beware Kvmdang, reprang, reprang-
korang, saksa-alvma.
Bewildered Rata-m ata, rata-ratar, bang-
katep.
Beyond Kelen, alvma.
Bible Laishiba Kakyt.
Big Tulu, tuluba, ulu.
Bind Alen, arak, sentak.
Bile Tasy.
Bird Ozv.
Birds of all kinds Ozv sangnu.
Birth, to give Aso, nu tongdang, nu amung.
Birth of animals Mopo, pokzvk.
Birthplace Asodak.
Bite Angu, metep, mechi.
Bitter Taku, ku-kur, kusak-kusaker.
Black Tanak, nak-naker.
Blacksmith In tsynger, nok tsynger.
Bladder Poktzvtem.
Blame, v. Aeitsy, aeija, taei enloktsy.
Blaspheme Atala.
Blaze, v. Zangro.
Blaze, n. Milak.
Bleat Asa.
Bleed Azy aeim, im.
Bless Moatsy.
Blind Tenuk tapok, tenuk asep.
Blister Aputet, apu aso.
Blood Azy, zv.
Blossom, v. Apung.
Blow, a fire Apu.
Blow, of wind Aen, aon, ain.
Blue Amak-amakyr, tzvrem pelok,
H
Blunder Chimi, jimi, taei, tsungmi.

Blunt Sytem, sytem-sytemer, machi-
ra, temtem-temtemer, tem ok,
Blur, of the eye Tenuk jia, tenuk rabang.
Blush Ny-ma-madang.
Boar (tam e) Tesy.
Boar (wild) Pungzi taei.
Board Scongpak.
Boast Ngasa-ngatym, mezyakvm,.
kymtet kymera.
Boat Rong.
Boatman R one aeir.
Body Temang, mang.
Boil, v. Ja atu, aja, aket atu.
Boil, n. Komo.
Boiling water Tzv miri, aketa atu, tzv melu-
Bold Tara, tasy aet, tem ulungzang
tulu.
Bone Teret, ret.
Book K akyt, laishiba.
Border Aryr.
Border on cloth Scvhang, scytsung.
Bore Prep, prepshi.
Borrow Apu.
Borrow money on interest Sentem atsv.
Borrow „ without „ Tapu atsv.
Both Anet, anaprungla; na, a suffix^
B ottle Bongdang.
B ottom Telang, ‘la n g ’ as a suffix.
Boundary Aryr.
Bow, down Mokrym, kokrok, manga aoP
mangazy, kirak, mechilep.
Bow, n. I, lasang, lizak.
Bowels Tepok, tar.
Box Scongden,scongketsv.
Boy Tanur tebur.
Brace, n. Yokshi.
Bracelet Kap, kisen.
Braid, v. Mechi.
Brain Tokolok.
Branch Kusang, scongsang.
Brand, v~ Mescy ayu.
Brand, fire Milung sang, mitsung, sem-

bang.
Brass Yongmen.
Brave Tasv aet, tara, tem ulungzang
tulu.
Bread Am, amtsvk.
Break Atsvk, raksa, syktang, kusyk,
kudang, raktang, chakma,
chakrep, rakpok, toktang.
Break, fine Syksa, meyoksa, tepsa, akusa.
Break, in two Syktang, sykzyk, sadang,
chakma, sang ma.
Breast Mama.
Breast (the chest) Toko.
Breath Tesashi, tangu.
Breathe Sashi.
Breeze M opung sem-semer, mopung
azyra.
Brethren Tetinu, tenununger.
Brethren and sisters Adi anu, tenutvm.
Brew Yi asa, moko yi aso.
Bribe Sarem, scvpokrem, tebangnem.
Bride Kei (kie) aola, aniokla.
Bridegroom Taniokba, kei (kie) aeimer.
Brief O tatsyka.
Bright Ayar, sentsv.
Brim Tebangzong, melepbangzong.
Brimful Tebang metem.
Bring Aben, anir aru, akymket,
punger aru.
Brittle Amu-amur.
Broad Lenten tulu, lenten maren,
meya-meyar, sadem-sadem-
er.
Brook Ayong, ayong nu.
Broom Kioktsv.
Brother, elder Adi.
Brother, younger Tenu.
Brothers and sisters Adi-anutvm.
Brush, small wood Ongchirang, scongzanglizang.
Brush, for clothes Scy petoktsv.
Brush, for hair Kupetsy.
H 2
1OO AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
Bucket Lalok.
Bud, v. Mechi, mechizyk.
Bud, n. Teben, temechi, scongsem .
Buffalo Zang, aremzang, kisetzang.
Bugle Zangzy.
Build Asy, yanglu, atem.
Bullet lnzang tulu.
Bunch Tejep, terong, rong.
Bundle Talep, lep, tebong.
Burden Ku.
Burn, v. Arong, alet, aten.
Burn, n . Mi arongba, aletba.
Bur Kozvzang.
B ury Arem.
B ushes Scongzanglizang.
Business Mapa.
Busy Mazvngka, mapa kar, mapa
tenuk ar, mapa-nung amet.
But Azi saka, saka, zoko, zokorla.
Butterfly Shiny.
B utton Tulazang, tatangtsy.
B utton hole Lakvpsen.
Buy Ali.
Buzz Aryr, aryrtepa.
B y (by means of) Age.
By (through) Azang.
B y and by Piga-piga, apiga.
C.
‘C abbage Zibizang.
Cackle K otak metak.
Cage . Arvngbang, ki, atsybang.
Calam ity W ara, takoksa, rema asy.
Calf Nashi chanu.
Calf of leg Temola.
Call, v. Aza, tanglatep, ola agytsvtep.
Call, n. Azaba, ola tangla, meyo meyu.
Call together Zatep, ayongtep.
Callous Alitetzy.
Calm Scongzyk, anen.
Can '‘K ok’ ‘te t’ as verbal suffixes.
ENGL1SM-A0 VOCABULARY. IOI
Cancel Kyptok, menok, kyptang,

ayangkypzyk.
Candle Temo milen.
Candlestick Milen aliba, milen atalokdak.
Cane Mechi, azok.
Cannibal Nychi.
Cannon Ram.
Cap Kurang, tesemokba.
Cape gooseberry Pokaklashi.
Captive Tapuba, nisung pur aoba.
Capture Apu.
C arcass Tasy mang, tasy shi.
Care Tebilim, apayu.
Careful Kymdang, zyngkvmsa, zyngta-
ka, rertaka.
Carefully Anyb alu, arukushi.
Careless Makymdang, myryrtak, shisa
maka, sataka, tem daka,
mang-mari.
Caress Meimshi.
Carpenter Scongyanglur.
Carrion Shi tashi.
Carry, a load K u aben.
Carry, a person Pungerao, punger aru.
Casual Kenken, aoksa.
C at Tanny.
C ataract Tzyin.
C ataract on the eye Menzang.
C atch Apu, ishi, itak, jepzvk, mena^
C atch, a disease Menatep, mena.
Caterpillar Lungben.
Caterpillar hairs Lungbenra.
C attle Nashi.
Cautiously Kvmdanga, saksa-alyma, me-
yak, tanem-taneme, mena-
mena.
Cave Leprvngki, shisenki.
Cease Anen, anyb.
Ceiling T sungbang.
Centipede Asangper.
Centre Tiong, tsungda.
Censure Taei enloktsy, aeitsy, aretsy^
Certainly Asangsang, zungpung, jijila.
102 AO-NAGA LANGUAGE.
Chaff Tsyksy, wanu.

Chain Sen, merang sen, yongmen sen.
Chair Menden.
Chalk Lung temesong.
Change, to alter Asetshi, meyipshi, aenshi, anok-
shi, atsyngshi, melen, belen-
tep.
C hange (small money) Tanvk sen.
C hapel Sarasademki.
Chapter Tapu.
C haracter Imscv, sendong, chilu.
Charcoal Mizang.
C harity Temeim.
Charm, v. Pua.
Cheap Shi-zvba {lit., easy trade).
C heat Kvlak, kvlakotsv, ajutsy,
shioktsv, meyipoktsy, belep-
oktsy.
C heek T enibong.
Cheerful Tescongzem, tesasa, kvmli
svner.
C hest (box) Scongketsv.
C hest (thorax) Toko.
Chew Mejak, mejaksa, alensa.
Chicken Aen techanu.
C hide Aretsv, metenok.
Chief, adj. Tuluba, temarenba, taoba,
tungti.
Chief man Tatar.
Child Chir, tanur, techanu, lanu.
Child-birth Nu amung, nu asor, nu
bendang.
Chill (of fever) Aten, svka aeter.
Chillies Meresv.
Chin Tekvm, tvkym.
Chips of wood Scongmetak, scongnvk.
Chisel Atembang.
Choice, n. Shimtsv, shimtetba.
Choice, adj. Tazung, tazungba, aginvtsy.
Choke Arak, anang, muksep, lenset.
Cholera M otongtaker.
Cholic Tashitsy atu.
Choose Shim, shimtet.
Chronic (disease) Ara-ashi, yareta, menet, teya-

retsyra, kymsa-lusa.
C hurch Arogo, K rista rogo.
-Churn, v. Prepshi, telungaten.
C igar Moko atsy.
-Cinder Insy.
Circle Temykvt.
Circumference Lenten asadang.
Citizen Imer, nytsung.
C ity Imti.
C ivet cat Myrymyr.
Clairvoyant Svli aoba, mangina ao, pok-
tena ao, tepet-ketvr.
Claw, v. Anak, anakshi, ajeb, ajebket.
Claw, n. Temezvng.
C lay Azungli, lishitsung.
Clean Mervk-mervker, temeryk,
temeshi.
Cleanse Shidok, meshidok, meshitet.
Clear Meryk-meryker.
C lim b Azyk atu, asepa atu, an jaja
atu, ajepa atu.
C ling Intaka ajeb, atsy et, amet,
ajeb et, azva ali, temulung
atok.
Clock Anytetsy.
C lose (near) Ana, merepa.
Close (a door) Kishi, kishi ayu, shibang.
C lose (a book) Nembang.
Close (the eyes) Tenuk amu.
Close (the mouth) Tebang mejem, tebang maka.
C loth Scv.
Clothes Scvoshi.
Cloud M epet.
Club, v. Merep, atep.
Club, n. Scongsy, tateptsv.
Cluck Tam uko ashir, techanu azar.
Clump T erong.
Cluster. Tezong, tejep.
C oals Mitsung, mizang.
C oarse Manyk {lit. not fine).
C o ast Tzykym, aryr.
104 AO NAGA LANGUAGE,
Coat Sepokscv.
Cob Mendidong.
Cobra Ongyang.
Cobweb Sorak sep, sorakzv, sorakzy
mesang.
Cock An tebong.
Cockroach Leplu.
Cocoanut Topazang.
Coffin Lep.
Cohabit Aiyip, meimtep.
Cohesive M enatep, mejatep.
Coil Tem ykvt.
Colander Sangku.
Cold, n. Imra, manga ashi, tasvk.
Cold, adj. Asyker, temokong, mokongmo-
konger, tenra-achir, svketa.
Cold season Tsungkvm, asvkwa.
Cold water Tzvzv, tzv tazv, asvktzv.
Collect Benden, akvmok, alok,
lokten.
Collect, revenue Saru, im saru.
Collide Atsvk, tsvktak, tsvkzvk, t e t -
sungmetsv, aji, ajitep, jizvk.
Comb, n. K u mesv.
Comb, v. K u mesv, mesvshi.
Comb, of a fowl Kokoroksong.
Come Aru.
Come down Alu.
Come up Atu.
Come into a house Atu, aket, kao.
Comet Petinu mokolung.
Comfort, n. Tesenvp, tescongzyk.
Command, v. Mela, o bangzymbi, bangdak~
Commandment Ozvng, o bang.
Commerce Shi shir, teshishir, shibelener.
Companion Medemer.
Compare Putepdaktsy, ‘dang’as a suffix.
Compassion Tashi ashi, temulung ashi, a p
ayu, mulungshir, meim.
Complain Aeitsy, temulung machi ashi.
Complain in court Oka.
Complainant Okaba, metpur, (m etp u r
strictly means a suitor).
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. IOS
Complete Renem, bensa, tok-toka; ‘ zyk ’

and ‘ m a ’ as verbal suffixes.
Comprehend A ngatet, shitet, metet.
Conceal Meimshi, meimbang, nembangr
arem.
Conceited Mapu-malem, mezymvkymr .
ngasang-ngatym, asokym,.
Condemn Aeitsv, taei agvtsy, taet
enloktsv.
Condition Tia, lemzvk.
Conduct Tamshi, tebenshi, sendong,
jakla, chilu.
Confess Nangzvk, au-ra-aka, kazyk,.
ai-ta-asv.
Confession Tenangzvk.
Confide Imla, amang.
Confident Nangzvk.
Confuse Belep, penja, beleptep, aeitep.
Confusion Terong-rong, terongzy.
Congenial Tatonger, tatong aru, kytep
sentep.
C ongregate Sentep, aten.
Conquer Akok, ajet.
Consent Mela, au-ra-aka.
Consecrate Atymzvk aiyu, atym a aiyu.
Consider Bilimshi, shisa, shisadang, shisa
bulua, lemdang, lemtep.
Constipation Tepok mashi.
Consume (by fire) Rongma, rongtym.
Consume (by eating) Chima, lalu.
Consumed (used up) Agimar.
Contagious Menatep.
Contain I ma, asa, asem, aei.
Contempt Azumetsv, sensamatsy.
Content Ajemalu, tipatvm, tescongzem .
Continue Teti, ‘ et,’ ‘ z e n ’ as verbal
suffixes.
Continually Ken-ny-mati, anogoshia, nen-
tak-nentaka, zongdak-zong-
daka, nenzong-nenzonga.
Contradict Bangsen, tebang sentep, rara-
bangsen, o meyipshi.
Contribute Agytsy.
io 6 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
'Control Azvok, atsvshi, atsy anemka,

azvzvk, nemet, arem, titem .
Convalescent Zungtur, anvbtur, sakatur.
Converse, v. Sensak-asem.
Convert (mind) Tem ulung meyip, temulung
tasen kvma.
Convey Ayok, nungena agytsv, nung-
loka yutsy, bendanga
agvtsv, bener ao.
Cook Soro, aso, awang, asang, atsyk,
sorojiok, amet, meta.
Cook-house Sorojioktak.
C ooking-vessels Zibo-vmbo, po, merangpo,
yongmenin po.
C opper Y ongmenin.
Cord Lisy.
Cork Temekvtsv, temekytsvkvp.
C orn Mendi.
Corn (ear, seed) Mendizang.
Corner Kinyk, takudak.
Corpse Tasvm ang.
Corpulent Pokak, teira, mangti.
C orrect Shitak, zungpung.
Correct use of language Pendet, tependet.
Corrupt Mescvshi, mescvtet, pakia-
adok, mashilen anitet.
Cost Alang, tali, ta, talangzyk.
C otton Kvmba.
C otton rolls Meti.
C otton tree Azyben.
Cough Aket.
Council, n. M ungdang.
Counsel Zvmbitep, tasa asar.
Count Azvng, azvngdang, yongsyk,
idang, atsyk, svkdang.
Countenance Tezak, zak.
Countenance, fine T ezak merem, anvb-anyber.
Countenance, sad, gloomy Tezak mykvm.
C ountry Lima.
Couple Anet, ‘ na ’ as a suffix.
Couple (man and wife) Apu-ani.
C ourage Tasv.
Courageous Tsy aet, ra, tara, tekvrvng,

kyryng-kvrynger.
C ourt Mungdang, okar.
Cover, n. Tenembangtsy, temykvtsvr.
Cover, v. Kypbang, remlok, nembang,
lembang, semshi, tembang.
Covet Nukshia, penyu.
Covetous Nukshi, temuru, jabojari, azv-
abung.
Cow. Nashi tzvla.
Cowherd Nashi nvker.
Cowardly Taramaet, temulung tata, tasy
maet, aen mulungzang ama.
Cowrie Zvbu.
Crab Tsungen.
Crack, n. Techakma, tasep, takangsa,
tatsvk.
Crack, v. Chakma, chakrep, chaksa,
sangma, pokma, akangma.
Cramp Kangtena, tetsung teben asora,
tezv sytet, tashitsy atu.
Crave Zangra, pangra, zangraseta,
sapu.
Crawl Jua ao, kula kushia, kuzya
jaja, aia, aiazv, apua ao.
Crazy Yiarer, tamatari.
Create Yanglu.
Creator Yangluba.
C redit on Pangtsv, bangtsv.
Creep Apuzvr, apua ao, kuzya jaja.
Crescent Ita asonger, songtet.
C rest Tenemti, tokozong.
Cripple T etsung tatsvk, teben tatsyk,
tokosvk (tukusvk).
Crock Mezy, kao.
Crocodile Tzy keyi, tzv pungzy.
Crooked Tekirak, kiraker, epa ao, azva
ao, kula, kula-kushi.
Crop Tsvnvtsy.
Crop, of a bird Zitem.
Cross, n. Kangkidong.
Cross, to be Kymli adok, kvmli mazung,
kymli mesynyr.
io8 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
Crotch Pangjara.
Crow, n . Waro.
Q tvw , v. Akung.
Crowd, n . * Telok, telokti, sena.
Crown, n. Tsuba korang.
Crucify Kangki-nung tefsetsy, kangki-
nung meta, (or) angenlok.
Cruel Tekangshitsy mulungsen, te~
sashi, osaosur, paki-pakra.
Crumb Tanyktare.
Crush Syksa, tejakrep, m enungsa,
ajymrep, nerep, kurep,,
meyoksa.
Cry Azeb, ajeb.
Cucum ber Ryngi, zyngi.
Cultivate Alu aeim.
Cultivation Alu, lu.
Cultivator Alu aeimer
Cup, n . Maravk, t a g .
Cup, v. Azy-jet.
Cure Anvbtsy, anybdaktsy.
Curdle M akang-makang, kangtakaF
telung aten.
Curl Kangtsv.
Current of a stream, mild Tzv lanu.
Current of a stream, strong Tzy kyprak, tzy tok-tok.
Current, main, of a stream Tzvret, tungti.
Curse Atakatym, o aei, o kao.
Curtain Tatongdangba, taendangba.
Custom Imscv, imya, tim.
Cut, n. Talep, talang, tawa, zvbu.
Cut, v. Alep, lepshi, lepzvk, lepto,,
leptok, leptang, alen, lenshi,
lentok, awa, alang, alangshi,
aryng, (or arong) aji, aten,.
atakzyk, aren, renshi, arerar-
dang, ayip, aso (to split).
Cyclone Tsungrem mopung.
Cylindrical Pulung-pulunger.
D.
Daily Ken-ny-mati, anogoshia, nyp-
sha.
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. I09
D am , n. Tzy bangdangba.
Dam, v. Tzv bangdang, tzy noktang,
tzy tangdang, m etsungdang.
D am age Takoksa, techinu, tsvkrep.
D am p, adj. Tzy taei, tzy meten.
D am pen, v. Tzy age meten, tzv-nung
meten, tzy tela, tsunglu aja.
D ance, v. Yare, meloshi, tsungsang, jok-
jur.
D anger Lendong.
‘ Dao ’ Nok.
4 Dao ’ holder Nokleptsv.
D ark Amang, mang-mangar, imang,
mvkym.
D ark (intense) Ijipji, imang.
Dark, a colour Tanak, nak-naker.
D aughter Zala.
Day Ny, anogo, tanung, ‘ nvp ’ as a
suffix.
Daybreak Sangwabang, sangwali, nuk-
saka nguli.
D ay and night Amang-sangwa, mangli-sang-
wali.
Dazzle Ayar, tenuk jia, yarer.
D ead Tasy, pelak, tesak atang.
Deaf Tenarong ajak, tenarong any,
any-anvr.
Dear (high price) Shisak, senti.
Debilitate Tashi ajem, tashi asep, tashi
atang, tashi atem.
D ebt Sentsv, sen atsv, sen apu.
D ebt, to discharge Menok, kvptok, ao.
D ecapitate Kongdang, tokolak atang,
tokola, lepzvk.
Decay Tashi ao ashitsv.
Decided M ulungtet, temulung mela.
Declare Kashi, kazvk.
Declivity Lungbang, lungren, metok.
Decorate Sobutsv, s o b u t s y s o b u r ,
azvktsv, azv-azvr agvtsv.
anu ayok, azvk-azvk.
Deep (of place, ravine, &c.) T ar ok, arok-arokvr.
D eep (of water) Tzy-azy.
I IO AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
D eer Mescv, shitsy.

Defame Sensa, sensa masa, tenvng m e-
nvktsv, nvngsen.
D efeat *Ma]et, makok, maeim.
Defenceless Lungla ali, sadaka.
Defenceless, of a person Taeimdong male.
Defend Kvmzyk, kazvk.
Defendant M etpur.
Deficient Meperi, mabensa, magishi, m a-
satsv, meimatsv, madoksa,.
pet-tak.
Deformed Tenya-tenko age mazy.
Defraud Kvlakoktsv, m e y i p o k t s y h
ajutsv, belepoktsv.
Delay Menu.
Delicious Tachiynvtsvka, t e c h i y o n g -
nvtsvka.
Delightful Tanganvtsvka, tajinvtsvka.
Delirious Yiarer, tamatari.
Deliver (over to) Bendanga agvtsy, b a lak a .
agvtsv.
Deliver (from) Kymzvk, anitet, kvmtet.
Den Ki, shimki, shirongki, lungki-
meja.
Deny M enangzvk, ou-ra-maka.
Depart Bendanga ao, kypa ao, to k -
tsvr ao.
Depressed mentally Tem ulung azanga, tem ulung
azangtaka, temulung ayanga.
Derision Temenvtsv, atalatsv.
Descend Alu, metokzvka ao.
D escendants Tangzykertym, razvkertym^.
pokzvkertvm.
Desire ‘ Nv ’ as verbal suffix, zangra,
sapu.
Desolate (condition) Yongiya, yongyarer.
Desolate (place) Azvngmeyakdak, yongyamara.
Despair Teimla maka, meimla.
Despise Sensatsv, mezvng-meshi, sem -
pa, atala, mokok ajir, tenra.
achir, azu metv, tilu.
D espondent Temulung atvm.
D estitute K echa maka, sensaker.
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. I ll
Destroy Sama, arem.

D etach Loktang, lokzvk.
Devour Achi, chimar.
Dew Azungtzy.
Dhan (paddy) Tsvk.
Dhobi Scy ashiba, scv shidokba.
Diarrhoea Tepokashi, pokshi, pokzen..
Die Asv, pelak, tesak atang.
Diet T achidayongtsv.
Different Balala, balaka.
Difficult Tasak, sak-saker.
Dig Ato, to, tegi meja.
D igest Aresv ao, jetsa ao.
Dignity Tsungken.
Diligent Zyngtaka, ryrtaka, tainyakba^
nentaka.
Dilatory Impazv, tepai, tezv alang,
tsunglung, azv masen, m enu..
Dim Milen mechi, milen pezy-
pezvr, mejakja.
Diminish Aso, tila akym, taro, ajem,
nu-nu, nem-nemer, rin.
Dip Ata, tatet, tatep, tepshi, ken-
shi, kenok, tashi.
Dipper T atetsv, tzytatsv.
Direction (way) ‘ Len ’ as a suffix.
Dirt Jana, chana, aoyi, arvr, anvk
awar.
Disagree M vputep, kvptep, o meinjem.
Disappear Tangudak-nunge aor, tangu-
dak male.
Disapprove Zunga mebilim.
Disbelieve Mamang.
Discern Shitet, ngutet, nguter.
Discharge Menok, tsyk, kvptok, chiok.
Discharge (a person in Tenyng jentsv, jendoktsv.
employ)!
D iscontent Temulung mescongjem.
Discouraged Temulung aso, temulung
atem, temulung raksar,.
menangzvk.
Discourse Nvlak asong, im o zymbi.
Discover Angu, ngudaktsy, putet.
D iscuss Zymbitep, o atep-tep, te -

bang-sentep.
Disease Tashidak, shilu-shira, ‘ ra ’ as
a suffix.
Diseased Manem, shiranger.
D isgrace Maksy, nyngku.
Disguise Pi atvma, pi sentsy nylok, pi
sobutsv sobur, pi sentsy agi.
D isgust Alak, talaktsy.
Disgusting M etsyk mokong, aji-ajir, ten-
ra achir, tesempa.
D isheartened Tem ulung ama, menangzyke
bilimer.
D ishonest Yazvr, ambangim.
Dislike Mokok ajir.
Dislocated, joint T eret loktet, teret chitep.
Dislocation, to set Ajetok.
Disparage Tenyng menvktsy, nyngku
bentet.
Disperse Senshi, tsvshi.
Displease Jashidaktsv, kuokdaktsy.
Displeasure Tenungsatsy, tejashi.
Disposition Chilu, kvmli, molungsen, jak-
la, liro.
Disposition (good) Ajem-alu, ajema ali, kymli
tazuug, kymli synyr.
Disposition (bad) Kymli mesynyr, kymli ma-
zung, chilu mazung, kymli
sakli mazung.
Dispute Bangsen, bangsentep, o atep-
tep.
Disobey Manga, tashi manga, tasam agi.
Disobedient Talepzyr, lungkakl u n g s h i ,
tashi mangar, tira.
Dissatisfied Tem ulung machi, tipmatym,
temulung mescongzvk, te
mulung masy, nungsatsy.
Dissolve Tzv akymtsv, metenzyk, aresa
ao, metensa ao.
Distance Piga.
Distillery Moko yi asor.
Distinguished Temarenba, tuluba, taoba.
Distress Toshi, timatym, tekangshi.
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY.
Distribute Angany agvtsv, lemshi, alem-

dang, atsy.
Ditch Tarok, kelentzv, impok.
Dive Azve aei.
Diverge Rashi, pala, tsvdang, kashia.
Divide Sadang alem, lemsa, lemshi,
lemdang, radang, odang.
Division Talemtsv.
Divisor Talemba.
Divine, v. Am asvdang, aen toktang, any
ajir, mi alep, miyong
toktang, miyong atsvdang.
Divorce Paia.
Dizzy Mang-manger, mang-mang
kori.
Doctor Mozy shitetba.
D og Azv, zy.
Domestic (opposed to wild) Kiset.
Do not (don’t) Nung.
Door Kishi.
Doorway Kikymbang.
Double Ana,.anaben, anasy.
Doubt Atsy ayong, ajitaka, nung-
nung. atsvtak, scongsaker.
Dough Am tazy.
Dove Posey, alutymtym, goduru,
ungym, zangia.
Down (soft feathers of birds) To tanvk, enyo lanu.
Downward Imlanglen, telunglen, tekvbok-
len, talulen.
Doze Anvnva, antzv nuk-mo, zvng-
taka ali.
Drag along Atsy, atsyshi, atsyra ao, atsy
meso.
Drain Kvlentzv, kelentzy.
Drake Padak tebong.
Draw Atsyshi.
Dreadful Taokroktsy, taokrongtsv.
Dream, n. Pungmangba, mangpuba.
Dream, v. Pung m a n g - p u n g m a n g ,
mangpu.
Dream (to interpret) Pungmang tezv.
l
ii4 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
D regs Tejok. ,
Dress Scyoshi.
Dress (full) Sobutsy teperi.
Drink, v. Azym, ayong.
Drive away Aein, in, aridok, meintok,
entok, akvmok, inti.
Drive up Akvma aru, akyma adok.
Drop, v. (of fluids) Zenok.
Drop, n. (a single drop) Ken zenok.
Droop K angten, kokten, manga
ao.
Drought Makakym, anvage mvkaok,
alu puok.
Drown Tzv-nung arakset.
Drowsy Anvnva ali, ryngtaka ali, entzy
nukmu.
Drum Asvm, scongkung.
Drunk Yi age mesep.
Drunkard Yi pur.
Dry, v. Apu, pudaktsv, aten, atendak-
tsy, akong, kongdaktsv,
kongsep, asep, rosep.
Dry, adj. Ara, takong, kongrep kongtet.
D uck Padak.
Dull Machir, svtem, tem-tem tem-
temer, temok.
Dumb Swarvr.
D ung Sv, jana.
Durable Arishitsv.
Dusk Mangsem rera, zvngyi-
zvngyia.
Dusk, of morning Sangwali, zyngyi-zvngyia,
tangdang-rera, kiba-rera,
mangsem-rera.
Dust Aozi, tanyk, lishi, lisem.
Dwarf Koktang, lungpu, mainer,
otzy, ari-in, rajang, ta-
jvmzyk, aso mazung, meret.
Dwell Ali.
Dwelling p Alidak.
Dye Arem, aso.
Dysentery Azy sen, azv ashi, azy ten,
azy ranu.
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. "5
E.
Each * Shia’ ‘aben’ as verbal suffixes.
Eager Sashia, temulung alet, lungso ;
kanga preceding the verb
and 'ny’ as suffix.
Eagle Reptitsv, orija.
Ear Tenarong.
Ear ornaments Tumbang, yongmen, scong-
dong bang, kiro, rong naro,
meti naro, pempi naro,
litsvk naro.
Early Yakte.
Earthenware Poteper yangluba oset.
Earthquake Menoknok.
Ease Sadok-sadoka, scongzvk.
Easily Zvba-zvba, mela-melar, temela.
E ast Anvtoklen, tensvlen.
Eat Achi, ziyong, azung.
Eatables Tachila oset, tachitsy oset.
Eat and drink Ziyong qeyong, zi-zung zi-
zym.
Eaves Azyyang-yangdak, azy jem-
jem.
Echo, n. M etanga aoba, aong m etang-
latsy.
Echo, v. M etanga ao, metangzyk.
Eclipse Keyi achi.
Economical Apayu, nypria yutsy, anyb alu.
Edge (of a tool) Nokpo.
Edible Tachila.
Educate K akyt ashitsy, saiyutet.
Eel Angolang.
Effort Temerang.
E gg Entzv. o
Egg-plant Pentu.
Elastic Atsvlang.
Elbow Teketsvla.
Eldest Tambu, tantzvr (taintzyr).
Elephant Shiti.
Elevate Meso, azongmeso, azongket.
Eloquent Oscv tazung, tebangraba.
Elsewhere Tangarlen, tangardak.
Em bankm ent Ali amukba.

Embassador Tenyar, teyar, chidango dang,
jidangodang, tzydangodang.
Em ber Aolem, ap tatsyk.
Em brace Azy aet, azytep, awabang.
Employment M apa.
Em pty, adj. Tazyngla.
Empty, v. Azyng, azyngtet, toktok,
tokzyk, intok.
Encircle Mykytbang, mykypbang, sa-
bang, asa.
Enclosure Arynygbang, atsybang.
Encourage Azongshi, majitakdaktsy,
temulung-nung meso, ma-
zymdaktsv.
End Tatym .
End (to the) Tatymdonga, tatymtashi.
Endless Tamatvm, tatym maka.
Endure Azyzvk, arem, atsyanem,
atsvanem ka.
Enemy Tsykchir, temirir, tesempar,
tenukener.
Enlarge Ulu, uludaktsy, metenlok,
inlok.
Enough Teperi, agishi, ozang.
Enter Aei, i.
Enter a house Atu, aket.
Enterprising Ashiabung.
Enthusiastic Lungso, lungsotepa, ashi
abung.
Entirely Azak, meja, meja-meja.
Entrails Tar.
Entreat Mepi, mepishi, kymli syshi,
moposhi.
Entrust (with) Nunglok, shilok yutsy, nung-
ena ayu, rizonga yudaktsy.
Entwine Naei, azy, zybang.
Envoy Teyar, chidangodang.
Envy Tenuken, mokok ajir.
Epilepsy Nashira.
Equal Kasa, sako, sytep, krisa.
Erase Aeidok.
Erect (perpendicular) Temotong, motong-motonger.
Err Aei, aeitep, chimi, tsungmi, ama.

Error Taei, ji-itsy.
Eructate Mokotet, meitet.
Escape, v. Azen, zymbu.
Esophagus Chizy.
Estim ate Tezy.
Eternal Teti, tetenzyk maka aser
tatym maka.
Evacuate Aeitsy.
Evacuate (the bowels) Tepok ashi, pokshi ao.
Evaporate Rosep, kongsep.
Even (though) Aka, ka ; shia, a verb suffix.
Evening Likongtsytsy, likongdang, ni-
kongtsvtsy, any merema.
Every Azak, shia.
Everywhere Azaklen.
Evidence Kuli, mokulung, metkulung.
Evil Tamazung.
Exact Shitak, zungpung, jijia.
Exaggerate O tsungloka zymbi, o chiloka
zvmbi, tali enloka zymbi,
osaobung.
Example Tansytsy, tajizyktsv, tajizvk-
daktsy, medemer saiyuba.
' Excavate Atenpok, jipok.
Exceed Tali, alvma, sari, chia, zia.
Exchange Melentep, mitep, belentep.
Excite Azongshi, mescyshi.
Exhale Tangu satok, sazyk.
Exhaust Tsysep, manglangtvm, luma,
asep ; sep as a suffix.
Exist Akym, ali, aka.
Expend Lalu, entok.
Expel Aridok, telitakdsy, aenshitsy,
iretoktsy.
Expensive Senti.
Explain Saiyu, metetdaktsy, ajidang-
daktsy, reprangdaktsy.
Extinguish Asep, sep as a suffix.
Extravagant Mezong-metu, mangmare, sen
mapayu.
Eye Tenuk, nuk, tenyk, nyk.
Eyeball Tenukzang.
Eyebrow Tenukkym.
Eye (iris of) Tenuknak.
Eyelash Tenuksemo.
Eyelid Tenuk kvpsy.
Eye (pupil of) Sangra.
Eyesore Tenuk ashi, tenuk ajar.
Eye (white of) Tenukpo.
F.
Fable Tarinunger otsv.
Face Tezak, zak.
Face to face Tezakdang, tezak chiteper.
Fact Zungpung o, atangshi o, o jiji.
Fade Sentsy petok, sentsy azen.
Fail Makvmtet, makok, mati,majet.
Faint Lula, lumi, lumiseta, svchi ao,
sami ao.
Fair (beautiful) Tebur zunger, tajinytsyka.
Fair weather Tsungsang tazung.
Faith Tamang.
Faithful Nisung tazung, temaiazy,
zangchilung, tsungchir.
Fall Tsyk, alang
False Tiazv, yazyr.
Fame Nyngsang, taso, kunang, na-
roka.
Family Kibong, kilen, kinunger.
Family generations Kidong, sosemtezy, kin,
sanger.
Famine Ayatsy.
Fan, n. Mayipro.
Fan, v. Aiyip, aiyipshi.
Far Telangka, apiga.
Farther Azidang telangka.
Fast (rapid) Tekara, terangrang.
Fast (tight) Tangtak, sentak and tak as
a verbal suffix.
Fasten Atalok, tanglok, alen, arak,
mejatep, mejalok, mejenlok,
ateplok, neplok, aei, izyk,
ishi, itak.
Fat, n. Temo, terang.
Fat, ady. Ira, teira, techiket, tejebket,
tesola. - - --
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. ii^
Fate Tia, telemzyk.

Father Tebu, bu.
Father-in-law Ogo.
Fatigue Ani, belem.
Fault Taei, jimi.
Favour Imli, imlibilim.
Fear Tsvbu, tsvbuseta, tsyremseta.
azvm, aoksa, okrong.
Feast Benzong, impoksy.
Feast (wedding) Kei (kie) poksy.
Feather Enyo, to.
Feeble Mokokmein, tashi ajem, tashi
asep, tashi atang tashi atem.
Feed Mescy, metsv, ajeb, chiyong-
daktsy, nujep, chilok.
Feel Amdang, ajymzv, ajvmdang,
asepdang, asepshi, asepzv.
Fell trees Alen, lenok, lenzyk, tsvngok,
lepok.
Female T etzvr; ‘l a ’ as a suffix.
Fence At sv.
Ferment, v. Pokrak, poja aja.
Fern Asang zak, amtsv.
Ferocious Sashia.
Ferry, n. Rongzuadak, tzvtendak.
Ferry, v . ' Rongzua.
Fertile Ali tanvp, ali tazung, ali intet.
Ferule Rerji, inlet,
Fester Tembok.
Festival Benzong, impoktsy, moatsv,
ki amak.
Fetch Aben, bener aru.
Fetter Tsungten chiok.
Fever Ramen, shiranga aeter.
Few Ishika, teradang, ishita.
Fickle Temulung tejep-tejep, temu-
lung ana, temulung me-
scongzem, memulung.
Fierce Sashi.
Fife Jemji.
Fig Mungo zynu, mungozang,
mongo tulutsvla, pangsem-
zang, ymshizang.
120 ao naga Language;
Fig tree Mungodong, pangsemdong,

ymshidong.
Fight, v. Rara, leptep tsvngtep, tum-
bangra.
Fight, 2>., of animals Tongtep, ngutep, mechitep,
ajatep, tsvktep, chitep.
Figure, numeral Tazvngdang, yongsvk.
File Meit, taoktsy.
Fill Asung, tebang metem.
Film Temo, amo arang.
Film (on the eye) Menzang, rabang.
Fin Tashikangzvk, tzyreptsy.
Find Angu, putet.
Fine, v. Akang.
Finger Temeyong.
Finger nail Temezvng temeyongzong.
Finish Ma, zyk as verbal suffixes.
Fire Mi.
Fire blaze Zangru, milak.
Fire brand Mitsung,milungsang, semsang.
Fire coals Mitsung, mizang.
Fire-fly Tsykji.
Fireplace Mimung, atep.
Fire sparks Mitsv, mi apokvr, mipok-
shiba.
Fire sparks from flint or iron Miren.
Fire (to strike) Mitsvk.
Firm Kvm-kymer, tekvprak, ma-
nokshi, mesenshi, temulung
melem.
Firmament Anung.
First- Mvzvng, tamasa, kasy; ma
as a verbal suffix.
Fish, n. Ango.
Fish, v. (with hook) Boroki age ao.
Fish (with net) Zvtzvk aon, zala mesang.
Fish t^with poison) Tzv ayok.
Fisherman Ngashir, zytzyk aoner ango
apuba.
Fish net Zytzyk, zala.
Fist Ajetrep.
Fit, n. Sychi ao, sami, nashira aet.
Fit, v. (to ) A pet, sytep, entep, am tep.
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. I2t
Flame Tezangru, milak.

Flash Pret, tsungpret.
Flat Matsvk, tapak, apak-apaker.
Flea Azvbong.
Flee Azen, zena ao.
Flesh Shi.
Fling Aon, aen, merep, tsoa yyk.
Flint M itsyktsv lung.
Flirt (of anything) Arvk, rykshi, ryktok.
Float Punga ao.
Flock Telok, telokti.
Flood Tzv atsungbang, moe ao.
Floor Atvm, tymdang, atem.
Flour Am, amdong.
Flow Aeim, ima ao.
Flower Naro, teben.
Fluid Tzy, tzv ama.
Flute Jemji.
Fly, v. Ima ao.
Fly, n. Manga, abung, songang.
Flyblow eggs Metsvk.
Foam Poja, metsy sem.
£°g, Tzvsv.
Fjdd, v. Nepten, neptep, kulep.
Follow Anitak, anishi, sylen ao.
Food Chiyongtsv, tachila, chi, zi.
Food and drink Tachidayongtsv.
Fool Swarvr, yiarer, tamaji.
Foolish Meshi-melu, tamashi.
Foot (of man) Tetsung, temopo.
Foot (of animals) Tetsung, temepi, temepi rang-
ben.
Foot 1of birds and fowls) Tetsung, ali somba, ali sotsy.
Footprint Tsungsy, tejangnyp.
Footstool Ajym-etdak.
For Asoshi, meyong, nung, nvm,
kechiasyr, kechiarer, ke-
chisynung.
Forbear Arem, azvzvk, atsunga-atsu-
nga, atsy anem, ajem-ajema.
Forbid Scongtem, nungtem, atendang,
nung, bangdang, scong-
dang, mepitem, metenok,
K
1 22 'AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
Forciblyy Rakzvka, amuka ao,tashi age,

tashi ima.
Ford, n. Tzv atendak.
Ford, v. Tzv aten.
Forehead Tenytsv.
Foreigner Aener, bendanger, impur.
Forest Mein, arem.
Forge, n. Insem, insembong.
Forge, work in metals Intsvng, noktsvng, atsvng,
ayang.
Forget Ama.
Forgetful Temulung mazvng.
Forgive Atok, adok.
Forgiveness Tad ok .
Fork Tato, aei, jarong.
Formerly Alvmle, agidang.
Forsake Toksv, entok.
Fortifications Sasong atsv atang.
Fortune (to tell) Am asvdang, aen toktang,
scongmuk lemdang, an-nv
ajidang, mi yongtoktang.
Forward Tama, tamalen.
Fowl Aen, an, en.
Fracture Tatsvk, syktang, kusvk, te-
chakma, tekangma.
Fragile Tamula, amu-amur.
Fragrance Toronem, tesanem.
Free Mesentak, nychir, nvji, sada-
ka, jungka (zvngka).
Fresh Tasen, tazv.
Frequently Tendong-tendonga, nenzong-
nenzonga, atong-atonga.
Friend Temba.
Fringe ScvtSung.
Frog Aloh.
From Nunge as a suffix.
Frost Aonrep.
Froth Poja.
Fruit Tezang.
Fruit stone Tezang ret. -
Fuel Scong.
Fugitive Azenba.
Full Tebang medem, asung.
Full (crowning) Entzybang.
Full (heaping) Mezong, mesong.

Full (running over) Mobang.
Fun Asaiya, menytsy.
Fur Tezvng anvk.
Furnace Misem, inrongba.
Future Asongany.
G.
Gabble 0 jep-jep.
Gad Senzv, senzva ao.
Gadfly Abung.
Gain Tezangzyk, tatem ; tem as a
a suffix.
Gale M opung kanga aen (o ra o n l
yipro.
Gall Tasy.
Gamble Aen toktang, syzvng saei.
Game (wild meats) Arem shi.
Gape Wamesa.
Gaping wound Atsy shia, kashia.
Garden Atsvki.
Gasp Tesak matang, arymshia
anung, tesanangdang, salem.
Gate Atsy kishi, atsvshi.
Gather Ben den, aten, atsy ten, nung-
ten, lok, lokten, okten, yaten.
Gaze Ajia ali, repranga ali, saklok.
Gecko Kitsungsv.
Generation Putu, kidong, poktet.
Generous Temela, tzvsa, mulungsa.
Gentle Ajemalu, scongjem-scongjem
er, ajem-ajema.
Genuine Ji, jiji, jijila.
Germ Temokotsy, tepony.
Germinate Mei, moko.
Get Angu.
Gift Sempet, maong, angau agytsv.
Gills (of a fish) Ango okshirep, tengaea,
tengaea bong.
Ginger Scongmuk.
Gird Akang, kang, alenlok, naei
yanget.
Girdle, n. Nangri.
Girdle, v, (a tree) Scongsep.
Girl Tanur tetzyr, aeir.
Give Agvtsv (im perative—to one’s
self) kyang (kwang), kva.
Gizzard Tejejet.
Glad Pela, pelaseta, temulung chia.
Gland Terizang, mechilung.
Glass Tungbang in, tanedangtsy in.
Glass window Tanedangtsv.
Gleam Pret, sentsy aet, ya, yamok,
remshi.
Glisten Remshi, pret.
Glory N vngsang, sentzy tw a n g s h i,
naroka.
Glow-worm Tsvkji apunger.
Glutton Chitiyongti, tepok tasak.
Gnash the teeth Tepo shitep.
Gnat Pezvnv, yimo.
Gnaw Ashi, shishi, moposhi, ngushi.
Go Ao.
Going and coming O-li, aru-li.
Goat Nabong.
God Tsungrem.
Goitre Kongwak.
Gold Hon.
Gong Shima.
Good, adj. Tazung, azung.
Goods, n. Oset, kizen.
Goose Chinga, kongkai padak.
Goose pimples Asykshizang.
Gore, v. Atong, tongset, kenpok.
Gourd Meso.
Gospel Otsv tazung.
Gossip O totep, nyngsen o, tsa-mesa,
mesa-melem, tebang lili.
Govern Azyok, im kvmzyk, jabang
aeim.
Govern (one’s self) Atsvshi, nemet, nemzyk, tem u
lung sot, temulung titem,
scongsashi.
Gradually Tanem-taneme, lasa-lasa, mei-
lunge, piga-piga.
Grain Tsvk.
Granary Tzen.
Grandchild Svmchir.
G randdaughter Svmchir tetzyr.
Grandfather Obu.
Grandmother Otzv.
Grandson Svmchir tebur.
Grasp Am, am-et, ajeb-et.
Grass Aei.
Grasshopper Zangkok.
Gratuitously Odedang, angati.
Grater Scongmeset.
Grave (a place for dead) Lepvr.
Gravel Lungsang.
Gravy (of meat) Shitzy.
„ (of vegetables) Aontzv.
Great Taoba, tuluba, tamaren.
Green Tajym, tazv.
Green (colour) Amak-amaker, kvmyang.
Grief Tejashi, temulung arir, teme-
nungra.
Grieve Temulung ashi, temulung
azang, menungra, temulung
ari, jashi, jashidaktsv, kuokda-
ktsv.
Grind Aei, aeishi, aeipok, aeisa, ashi,
menungsa.
Grindstone Lungzvk.
Groan Anung.
Groom (a syce) Pogimer.
Ground Ali.
Grouse Oscv.
Grow Mei, in.
Growl Aryr.
Grub, n. Sconglung, alitensy, tong-
lung.
Grudge Nuken, mokokaji, majinv.
Grumble Nem-nemshishi, jem-jemshishi,
tsung-tsung nanang, kangko-
kangji, metok-mesen.
Grunt Anung.
Guard, n . Meiker, tanyker, im nyker,
tsydimunger, meiter.
Guard, v. Anyk, im nyk,
Guardian Tanvker, terarir, tebu akvm,

temescyba, taeim dong.
Guard-house Semtu.
Guess Api.
Guest K idang anenba, kidang
atongba.
Guide, n. Leniba, len aniba, len saiyuba.
Guide, v . Len ani, leni.
Guilt Taei.
Guilty Met aeim, taei amen, taei enlok.
Gulp up wind Mokotet.
Gum • Ajaba, mejajvm, mesen, waro-
chi.
Gum (of teeth) Teponv.
Gun Brambong, ram.
Gunpowder Kari.
G utter Kelentzv, tarok.
H.
H abit Imya, timya, tim, timsybar
imscv.
Habitation Alidak.'
Hailstone Rer.
Hair of head Ku.
H air of body Tezyng.
Hair of animals Tezvng.
Half Odang, tesadang, teradang.
telemdang.
Halt Anen.
Hammer Intern.
Hammer, v. Atsyng, tsyngshi.
Hand Teka.
Handle, n. Sang, bang.
Handle, v. Am, amshi.
Handsome Tvbur zunger, ajitsv zunger,
tajinvtsyka.
H ang Itak, sentak, ajeptaka ali,
sotaka ali, soset.
Happy Pela, pelaseta, temulung chia.
H ard Merang, tasak.
Hard-hearted Taribangri, temulung matang,
temulung osaosar.
Harelip Tebang shima.
Harm Tekangshi, takoksa.

Harmony (union) Putep, kvta sentep, zungtep,
meimtep, tia ajem, tiatep.
Harvest Alu arur, tsvk arur.
Harvest time Alurudang.
H at Korang.
H atch Rerzvk.
Hate, v. Tesempar, tsvkchir, tenu-
kener, mokok ajir.
Hateful Mokong-mokonger, t enra
achir, tesempar, tsvngtsvng-
rangtang.
H aughty Mezy-mykvm, kvmtet kymra,
asokvm, maongka.
Hawk Orija, watilung, lungzvba,
reptitsv.
He Pa.
Head Tokolak, kolak.
Headache Tokolak menyr, tokolak angu,
tokolak ashi.
Heal Anvb, anvbdaktsy.
Healthy Tanema anvba ali, zunga ali.
Heap, n. Nangayuba.
Heap, v. Nang ayu, nangten ayu, apang
ayu.
Hear Anga, angashi.
Hearken Tenarong ten dak, ryngtaka
anga, taneme anga.
Heart Temulungzang.
Heart (of wood) Intsv, scong mulung.
Hearth Atep.
Heartily Temulungben, lungsotepa.
Heat, n. Tap, tatsvk.
Heat, v. Miri, melu, awang, wangshi,
aro.
Heaven Kotak.
Heavy Taret, ret-reta, azang-azanger,
zvng-zvnger.
Heed Anga.
Heedless Makvmdang, mvryrtak, sataka,
temulung mazvng, tem-
daka.
Heel Shivalang.
Heir Sen amangba, sen manger.

Heirloom Nvngshi oset, ain oset.
Help Yari, yiari, rari, riari, asem.
Help (no help) Anogo maka.
Hen Aen tetzv.
Hence Yangnunge, angnungzi,
ibazage, azangla.
H er Pa, padak, panung, padang.
Herb Aon, aonsotsv, aei.
Herd Telok.
Herdsman Telok anvkba.
Here Yange, idage, idake.
Here and there Tesvm tesym.
Hereafter Azisvlen, aziseirkytsy, yaseir,
ibakvtsvr, asonganvang.
H esitate Atsv ayung, ajitaka, menang-
zvk, memulung, mulung
mela masv, temulung pang-
jara.
Hew Scong ajak.
Hiccough Moko.
Hid Atsoka ali, atsokok, meima
ali.
Hide Nembang, meimbang, meim-
shi.
High Telangka.
Hill Tenem,
Himself Pa sasa, pei.
Hinder Noktang, sot, puet, meyok.
Hip Tesami.
Hypocrisy Anemtsy, lungkak aet, lungkak-
lung, kunem.
Hire, n. A, ta.
Hire, v. A, imtet.
H it Aka, kashi, achi, atsvk, tsykshi,
metsv, azvk.
H ither Yage, idage.
Hoarse Terok aset, terok asep.
Hoe, n. Kotrang.
Hoe, v. Ain, ainshi, aon, aonsa, aonshi,
api, pisa.
H og (tame) Ak.
„ (tame, female) Tin.
feNGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. 129
Hog (tame, male) Taei, tesv.

„ (wild) Pungzv.
„ (wild, female) Shiben, kymtzv.
,, (wild, male) Taei.
H old Amet, sot, apang, puet, ajebet,
Hold (to contain) I ma, asa, aei, asem.
Holder T aratsv, anar.
Hole Tapok, tegi.
Hole (in the ground) Ongken, kangla, tegi.
Hollow Tazvngla.
Hollow out, v. Aten, atenpok, jipok.
Hollow tree Scongrvr.
Honest Temeiazv, ojishir, tsungchir,
nyji-nylem, atangshi.
Honey Ninang, mojitsy.
Honey cell Mojitsv tejep.
Honey comb Ninang terep.
Hoof (cloven) Temepi.
Hoof (solid) Temepi rangben.
Hook, n. Zui, boroki.
Hook, v. (of animals) Aken, kenset, along, tongtep.
Hop, v. Jokjur, joka-joka, pungtena ao.
Hope Teimla, imlatsv.
Hopeful Nangzvk, temulung ulur.
Hopeless Menangzvk, mulungtem, anogo
maet.
Horn Tezv, zy.
Hornet Nati.
Horse Qor.
Hostile Anvma, tsykchir, tsvkchitepa,
tenukener, tesempar.
H ot Tatsvk, aper, melu, miri, awan-
ger, aro.
H ot season Mei, lemlua.
H ot water Tzv miri, tzy tatsvk, tzy melu.
House Ki.
House (stone or brick) Lungki.
Household Kibong.
Household goods Kizen, kisen, ki oset.
House site Kimung.
How ? K oda? kodasa? kechi koda?
kechi ama ? komama ? kobala ?
L
How far Kopiga ?

How large K ota keta ? kotaka ? kotetet ?
koteka ? shir banger ?
How long (in space or time) Kopiga.
How many ? Qeiketa ? qeikeshi ? qeiali ?
qeika ?
How many times ? Qeiben ?
How much ? Qeika ? qeiali ? qeiaet ?
However Azi saka, ode saka.
Howl Arong, azeb.
Hug Azv aet, azvbang.
Humble Ajemalu, ajem-ajemer.
Human being Nisung, meimchir, nv.
H unger Ayar.
Hunt Bushi, imya, im, shika.
Hunter Shikar.
Hurl Merep, aon, atsv, . tsvshishi,
tsvok, tsvtok, atsvng.
Hurricane Yipro, tsungrem mopung.
Hurry llung, kara kara, mapangsa,
lendongsa, svrok-roka, rara
rvrpunga.
Hurt Tekangshi, kangshidaktsy.
Husband Kinungpo, kibuba.
Hypocrite Anemtsyba, tepelemba, tepe-
lep.
I.
Ice Tzv0 lung.
o a
Idiot Swarvr, mechi-mera.
Idle Kazy alir, azvnga lir, kazvtsy.
Idol Scongyangluba.
If Asybo, ka, svra dir, s a n g ; ra,
rabangila, shia as suffixes.
Ignorant Tamashi, meshi-melu, meme-
tet, mashitet.
Ignite Tsvklok, mi meset, mi asen.
Shiranger, manem, mokok-
mein.
Illegitimate ( child ) Kidachir, asangchir.
111 repute Nvngsen, tenyngmenyk, nvng
ku bentet.
Jllustra:e Tetetzytsy, o entep, o putep.
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. *31
Illustrious Temaren, tenvngtetoko, nyng

sanger.
Imagine Apitet, ratet.
Imitate Chilu ajizvk, saiyi.
Immediately Tang, tangyonge, kenyonge,
idangyongzi.
Immerse Tzysen, tzv chigo.
Immodest Nv madang, makar.
Immortal Tamasytsv, teti alitsv.
Impatient Sensv tamu, meit-mapang,
meit keter, maremer.
Improper Tim masv, metemsv, miyari,
mesytep, mapet.
In Nung as a suffix.
Inappropriate Temiyare, mesytep, mapet,
mazy.
Inattentive Temulung-nung maet, m yrvr-
tak, menentak, tenarong
maten.
Incessantly Teti, kenymati, n e n t a k a -
nentaka, ryrta k-r y r t a k a,
zvngtak-zyngtaka atonga-
atonga.
Inconsiderate Temulung mazvng, mebilim.
Inciease Aren, ain, inlok, ulu, marenshi.
Incredible Mamangtsv, tangatsv o masv,
au ta mebilim.
Indecision Memulunger, mulung mela
masv.
In d e e d ! (exclamation) Toh ! aja ! koda !
Indelible M aeidoktet, meshidoktet.
India rubber Ngisa.
India rubber sap Angitzv.
Indignant Jashir, rasa.
Indigo Osakshilung.
Indigo plant- Osak.
Industrious Tainyaker, ta k y m d a n g e r,
temeranger, ashiabunger,
mazvnga ali.
Ineffectual Amazok, makymtet, matalok.
Inextinguishable Tamasepba, meremseptet.
Infant Ki nudang, numerem, mama'
dang, nurachanu.
Infirm Mokokmein, t a s h i m a e t ,
tekokrok, mokokprok, yare-
yabong.
Influence Mescvtet, tsyshi, a n i t e t,
azongshi, azongmeso.
Inform Ashi, shiyok, . metetdaktsy,
sashia ashi, angateta ashi.
Inhabit Ali.
Inhale Sashi, saok, saket.
Inherit Amang, senmang.
Injustice Ambangim, muru-murur.
Ink Tezilutsv angitsv, tateptsy
tzv tezilutsv mozv.
Innocent Temeten, maeitsy, taei maka
meshi-meshir.
Innumerable Onsara, mvzvngtet meitet.
Inquire Asongdang, b u s h i, sashia
bushi.
Insane Yiarer, tsvshi-tsyrar.
Insect Shiruru.
Inside Telung-nung, tiong-nung.
Insignificant Menvk, aso, tila, o samesa.
Instantly Tang, tangyonge, azongbena.
Instead of Melen, mei.
Instigate Nunglok, mescvlok, zonglok,
ajiok (orachiok).
Instruct Saiyu, saiyutsungi.
Instruction Saiyutsungiba.
Insufficient Meperi, magishi, mati, pet-tak.
Intention Asa, mulungsen.
Interest Tatem, tetemzyk.
Interpret 0 tongta, lem teta ashi.
Interpreter Tongtar, lempur.
Intestines Tar.
Into Nung as a suffix.
Intoxicate Yi age mesep, yi • age zymshi.
Invalid M a n e m, mokokmeim,
teyaretsyra.
Invent Asatet, shisatet.
Investigate 0 aeim, o bushi, o ashishi.
Iron Merang, in.
Irony Tesyki syki o, zuia zuia
zymbi.
Irritable Meit tema-nung, ain tema-

nung, meit temapang, kvmli
tamu, atazvr.
Is Ali, aka, asv, aet, er, aket, ar.
Island Tzv tetsungda, asetkong, tzv
mvkvtbang, momobang.
It Pa.
Itch, v. Mesak.
Itch (disease) Anakra, mesakra.
Ivory Shiti po.
J-
Jab Rerok, semok, tsvngok.
Jabber O tejep-tejep zvmbi, 0 mesa
melem zymbi.
Jackal Shirong.
Jacket Sepokscv, tula.
Jack fruit Pulungzang.
Jail Padak ki, tsungten chiokdak.
Jar, v. Temshi, temdong, kushi, kutok,
atashi.
Jaw (lower) Tekvmret.
Jaw (upper) Teponv.
Jest Kulu-kutvm o.
Jewelry Azvk, sobutsv, sobusolemtsy.
Join Mesemtep, mesentep, meten,
metentep, matep, asyktep,
malok, neplok, meilok, mena-
tep, tasvktep, zyktep, zvklok,
lungjem, enjem.
Joint Tenvk, tekulen, kula kushi.
Joke, v. Kulu-kutymer.
Journey Aene ao, bendange ao.
Joy Tepelaba, benzong.
Judge, n. O bendangba, tasongdangba.
Judge, v. O bendang.
Judgment day O bendang nv.
Juice Tzv.
Juiceless Teshira, shira-shirar.
Jump Punga ao, pungshishi, pungtena
ao, pungzv, jokshishi, alym-
shishi.
Jumble, v. Belep, beleptep, meyoktep,
mezytep.
134 AO NAGA LANGUAGE,
Jungle Arem, mein, pentong, meta.

Just Oji, ojishi, jijiba, zang chir,
tsungchir, meiazv atangshi.
Just so Odaka.
K.
Keen Sashi, tesangra.
Keep Ayu, zung-zunga ayu, rezung,
sot.
Keeper Anvker, anvkba, reprangba,
mapangtsvba.
Key Tererdangtsv, sabi.
Kick Aka, - ajvm, adokten, ajuten
» pungten.
Kid Nabong chanu.
Kidney Tezvngzang.
Kill Tefset, lepset, kaset, tsvngset,
tenset, waset.
Kind Meimer, imlibilimer, zungnyr.
Kindle (a fire) Mi apu, mi aputet.
King Tsuba, unger.
Kiss Tebang mesep.
Kite Kakvt imzvr.
K ite (to fly) K akvt imzydaktsy.
Kitchen Sorojioktak.
Knead Am ajep, am alung, lungshk
Knee Temokok.
Kneel Temokoka semet, semtaka
amen.
Kneepan Temokok scvzvng
Knife Qei lemnok, kotari.
Knit Mechi.
Knock Maten, tsungten.
Knot Mesv, mesvtep, mesvlok, nok-
tong, wakji.
Know Metet, shitet, angatet.
Knuckle Tekabonvk, temeyongnvk.
Kosu Gnv.
L.
Labour Mapa, inyaktsv.
Labourer M apa inyakba, ayanger.
Lac (gum ) Mejajym.
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. J35
Lamb San chanu.

Lame Tetsung tatsvk, teperem tatsvk,
teben tatsvk, tetsung ma-
nem.
Lamp Totsv milen.
Land Ali, alima.
Landslide Ali anen, alinen.
Language O.
Lap, n. Tepima.
Lap, v. Menakdang, atentep, seitep,
atep, ateptep, asvktep, me-
semtep.
Large Tulu, temaren, taoba.
Last Tatvm, tesv.
Late Menu, svzvker, tsungnung.
Laugh Menv, nienytsv.
Law Ozvng, obang, tim yangluba.
Lawsuit O akar, okar.
Lay eggs Entzv aku.
Lay (to place) Ayu.
Lazy Azv masen, paei-paeir, im.pazv,
lemla svla, yazv mara.
Lead, n. Rangin, tzvin.
Lead, v. Ani, anitet.
Leaf To, scongo, kakvt pak.
Leak, v. Tzv asen.
Leap, v. Pungtena ao, alvmshishi.
Lean (thin) Tekongra, teyaret.
Lean (to lean over) Senchia ao, senprepaao, manga
ao, angia ao.
Learn Ashi, ajizvk, angazvk.
Leather Shikap.
Leave (to abandon) Toksv, pala, pila, senshi.
Leave it alone Odedang toktsv, cdanga liang.
Leech Bangzi.
Left side or hand • Tabelen.
Leg Tetsung, tapu tsung, tayang
tsung.
Leisure Kazv, kazv ali, azyng, tela,
tayongla.
Lend Sen ayok, pangtsv yong ayok,
tatem yong ayok.
Leopard Chungny, keyi.
Leprosy Zvtsvra.
Let (allow) M ela ; daktsy as a suffix.
L etter Tezilu.
Level Lenten metem, metem-mete-
mer, svsy metem, svmetem.
Lever Temykyptsv.
Liar Yiazyr, tiazvr.
Lick Menak, mezvk.
Lid Temykvtsv, tekvpbangtsy, te-
nembangtsy, tezvkbangtsy.
Lie, n. Tiazv, yiazy, tekvlak.
Lie, to lie down Mezanga ali, mezanga ao, on-
taka ali, mepitaka ali.
Life Takym.
Lift Azong, azongket, meso, nung-
ket, oket.
Light, n. Tesangwa.
Light, v. Sangwa, tsvklok.
Light, adj. Pungpar, pungpa-pungpar, re-
per-reper, pokpa-pokpar.
Lightning Tsungpret, tsungi.
Like Ama, imama, mesyker, metem,
ibala, kasa, sako, krisa.
Limber Telala, lala-lalar, nepnep-nep-
neper.
Lime Shiny, lung shiny, amuk
shiny.
Lime fruit Ongshi, melak ongshi, nok-
pungshi.
Limit Arvr, tatvm.
Line Teptang, taren, lisv.
Line (a row) Taren.
Link Temaka, temvkytba.
Lip Tebang mechi.
Liquor Moko yi.
Listen Tenarong tendak, rvngtaka ali,
anga ali, tenarong aten.
Little Tila, tilala, tera, ishika.
Live, v. Takym ali, akvm.
Liver Temesen.
Lizard Sangken, kitsungsy.
Load Ku.
Loan, n. Tapu.
Loan, v. Apu, pangtsv (or bangtsy)

yong ayu.
Locality Ibadak, idakzi, an g zi; dak as
suffix.
Locality (healthy) Alinvk tazung, alima tazung,
tangu titet, mopung titet.
Locality (unhealthy) Alinyk mazung, ali tara, mo
pung mati, tangu mati.
Locust Ata-tangko.
Log Scong, scongtem, scongmang.
Loins Teperem.
Lonely Yongya, yongyia, yongyarer,
rongzen, rongzenseta, rong-
zenmata.
Long Talangka, apiga, apiketa.
Long for Zangra, zangraseta, aginy.
Look Aji, ajidang, reprang, ngutaka.
Look out Kvmdangang, reprangang.
Loom Takradong, takratsv. .
Loose, v. Chiok, lusa,
Loose, adj. Poksok, sepshi, zila-zilar, lok-
shi, lokzv, lokzvk, mesentak.
Lose £ Madok, entok.
Loss Takoksa, techino, lalu, tsvkrep.
Loudly Aeim, aeimtena, ayim.
Louse Atsvk, pezvnu, teruru, kvmtzy.
L ouse(hen) Entsvk.
Love, v. Meim, kyta asen, meimtep,
kytep-sentep kvtep.
Low Nemzyk, ajvmzyk.
Lucky Rema, tsungrem akyt, lanlia.
Luncheon Chitem, aentem.
Luggage . Aene aoba oset, oset-tsvset.
Lump Lung.
Lungs Tepokpok.
Lust Nuktapangta, jabojari muru-
muru.
Lustrous Sentsv etvr.
Lye Kalungtzy.
M.
Machine Temenungtsy.
Mad Yiarer.
M
13$ AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
Mad dog Azy yiarer.

Maggot Mesen.
Maiden Aeir, aiyir.
Make Yanglu, yangyu, ayang, asy.
Male (human) Tebur.
Male (beast) Tebong.
Malice Mokokajir, tenukener.
Mallet Tangentsv.
Man Nisung, ny.
Mangle Ashisa, shisa, menungsa, ngusa,
kusa.
Mango Teti.
Manipulate Azetshi, lenshi, nemshi.
Mankind Meimchir.
Many Aeiga, aiyiga, bulu, timba
ziner.
Mark, v. Alang ayu, mesv ayu, temaeitsy
enlok.
Market Wati, shishidak.
Marriage Kei (kie) aoba, tzvzyng ozyng.
Marrow Teret mo, tungtimo.
Marsh Tzvji, tzvta.
M aster Kibur, arogotong, skul rogotong.
Mat Pakti, apak.
Match, n. M itsvktsy.
Mates (male and female) Apu ani-na, atzv apungba-na,
tekinungtzv tekinungpo-na.
Matter (what is the) Kechi asy, kodasv.
Mature Tain, asangur, aeir, aiyir,
nykvmjem nvbu zung.
‘ Maud ’ Yi, mejemtzy.
‘ M aud’ (strong) Mejemtzy.
Meaning Tetezv, tetezytsv.
Measles Aozangra, yaksv.
Measure, n. Tasadang, tasazvk, imji, tsvk-
temji, pua, nvbu-molok, yi
molok, entzv molok, mori.
M easure, v. ' Asao asadang, asazyk, atak.
Meat Shi.
Mediator T e ts u n g d a e a e ib a , o
ben danger.
Medicine Mozv.
Meditate Shisadang, bilimdang, lemdang.
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. ’ 39
Medium Tetsungda ka, tiyare, tiong-

tsyka.
Meddlesome Zangzonga, zangzong mara,
meina.
Meek Ajemalu, ajem-ajemer.
Meet (of people) Azuru, azurutep.
Meet (of paths) Lemjem, enjem, intep.
Meet (to go to meet) Lenzi ao.
Melancholy Tezak mykym, kvmli mesyner.
Melt Melu, melushi, aresa ao.
Memorial Nyngshi oset.
Mend Tapok atang, tapok asy,
ta p o k a te p , m e te n ,
aryrbang, yanglushi.
Merchant Shibelener, shitibener, shitishi,
shishir.
Mercy Imlibilim.
Merciful Ao chia, imli aeter.
Merry Pela ali.
Messenger Teyar, o tongtar, teyokba,
jidangodang, chidangodang.
Metal In.
M ethan Scy, scybong, scytetzy.
Mew Asa.
Midday Anzongmeshi, anzong tenari,
tanela tenari.
Middle Tiong, tetsungda.
Midnight Aietrvm.
Midst Tsungda, rong-nung.
Milk, n. Mamatzv.
Milk, v. M amatzv aeim.
Milk clabber M amatzv telung.
Mince Jetsa, alangsa, tsyngsa, ajensa,
wasa.
Mind, n. Temulung.
Mind, v. Anga, tashi anga.
Minister, to Yari, riyari, anyb alu, aja-
ayang
Mire Tzysy, tzyta, tzyji.
Mirror Tanedangtsy.
Miserly Myru-myrur, tokuru, kurunak,
tesysy.
Tzysy.
I4 0 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
M istake Taei, aeitep, jimir, ji-ia.

M istress Kibutzy.
Mix Meyoktep, aeishi, ajeptep,
mezytep, arershi, zytep.
Moan Anung.
Mock Chilu saiyu, o shio.
Moderate, adj. Atsung-atsunger, t s u n g a-
tsunga, tsunglung, tsung-
nung.
M odest Ny akar, ny mamadang.
Moist, adj. Taei, temeten, tela.
Moisten, v. Meten, tela, tsunglu aja.
Molasses Mojitsy.
Mole Li peretsv.
M ollusk Nangti kvpra, keyi kvpra,
amok.
Money Sen, tatsyk.
Monkey Shingo.
M onth Ita, i
Moon Ita, i.
Moon (new) Ita asong, ita tasen.
Moon (half) Ita mangku lepma.
Moon (full) Any mi.
Moon, waning I mar.
Moons, interval between Ita irem, imang.
Moonlight Itaya, ita ayar.
Moon, rising Ita adok.
Moon, setting Ita taeir.
More Anu. •
Morning Tanyp, anyptang.
Morning (this) Anyptang. »
Morning (to-morrow) Asenyp, anyptang, asongnyp.
M orning (yesterday) Yashinvp.
M ortar M angku sem, sem, svm.
Mosquito Merila, kei merila.
M oss Mangrang.
Mother Tetzy.
Mother-in-law Onv.
Mother, my Ozyla.
Mould M angrang apung.
M ound Azungnem.
Mountain Tenem.
Mourn Temulung jashir, temulung

ashir, temulung shiranger,
temulung zebteper, tem u
lung azvr, temulung ayan-
ger, menungra.
Mouse Qeya, aeim qeya.
M oustache Bangsemo.
Mouth Tebang, bang, pang.
M outhpiece (of smoking pipe) Luli.
Mouth (of stream) Telungokdak.
M uch Aeiga, tim, jenti, bulu, ziner.
Mud. Tzvji, lishi, tzysy.
Multiplication Tabentsy.
Multiply Aren, aben ; ‘ben’ as a numeral
suffix.
M ultitude Telok, telokti.
Mumps Kongwakra.
Munching (crunching) Kvreprep.
M urder Tefset, lepset, tsvngset.
Murmur Kangkokangji, jem-jemshishi,
nem-nem-shishi.
Murmur (of a stream) Tzy arvr.
Mushroom K unger.
Musk rat Tsunger.
M ustard Zibi zang.
Mutual Tep, as a verbal suffix.
N.
Nail, n. Tangentepba, tangentsy.
Nail, v. Angenlok, angentep.
Nail (finger and toe) Temezyng, temeyong zong.
Naked Mangsa, pusa.
Name . Tenvng.
Name (in name of) Atvma.
Napping (to be) Anvnva ali, entzy nukmusa ali,
rvngtaka ali.
Narrow Temesv, aso.
Nations Nybu, nytepu.
Naughty Kymli mazung.
Navel Tepela.
Near Ana, anasa, merep.
Nearly ‘ C hi ’ as verbal suffix; ‘ chir ’ ver
bal suffix follow edby ‘ anen
Necessary Tenungdaktsy.
Neck Tvkong, terok.
Necklace W angkvm.
Needful Saktem, tenungdaktsy.
Needle Ajem.
Needle (wooden) Scongjem.
Needy Sensaker, aeimer.
Neighbour Kiyunger, kishikinar, kinapur,
kiyungkinar.
Nephew Onvk.
Nerve Temo tezy.
N est Tesep, scongki.
Nest (hen’s) Aenku.
Nettle Temungtsy, taklemtsv.
Never Kodang, teti, kechisvnung,
kechisvdang, each with a
negative.
Nevertheless ' Azi saka, azioda saka.
New Tasen.
News Osang, o tasen.
Next Anaba.
Nibble Ashi, metep, ngushi.
Niece Onvla.
Night Aonung, amang.
Night (last) Yasong.
Night (to-night) Taonung.
Night (to-morrow) Asongonung.
Nip Tera alen, metsyk.
Nipple Mamazang.
Nipple, of a gun Tepela.
No Nung, ma, masv.
Noise Ola.
Noise, to make a Asaten, asatep, aeimten.
None Maka, male, maet ; kecha,
with a negative.
No one Shingae, with a negative.
Noon Anzongmeshi, anzongnari.
Noose Sang.
Nor Mesyra. ‘
Nose Teni, ni.
Nostril Teniki.
Not so Masy, nunga.
Not yet Anu, with a negative.
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. M3
Nothing Kecha, with a negative.

Notify O shiok, o tongta, reroka o,
nvbutongta, o aeimten.
Notwithstanding Azisaka, odasaka.
Nourish Mescv, metsv.
Now Tang, tanga, tangbo, tan.
Now-a-days Tanv asong, asonganv, taoa.
Nowhere Kechisvnung male.
Numb Aei-aeir, pezy-pezvr, ayang.
Number Yongsvk, azvngba, zvngdangba.
Numeral Tezvngdangtsv o, yongsvk-
ertvm, tezvngdangertym.
Numerous Aeiga, aiyiga, ayisv, jenti,
unsara, magimarutsv, timba.
Nurse (ayah) Nujir, nubentsvr.
Nurse, v. (to aid, minister to) Riari, yiari.
Nut Tezang.
O.
Oak Scongsa, selim.
Oar Rongiba.
Oath Azyngashiba o, zvngtep o,
zvngia zvngko zvmbiba.
Obedient Tashi angar, azvok, tasa agi,
temulung atang.
Obey » Anga.
Objection Tenoktang, tezvngdang.
Obscene Taktsv, salepsario, zin zirar.
Observe Anga, anga benshi, agizyk,
amshi.
Obstinate Temulung melem, lungkak-
lung shi, tara tashi, atapisy,
tira.
Obtain Angu.
Ocean Tzy im.
Odour Menem, nem.
Odour (fragrant) Toronem, tesanem.
Odour (bad) Tesvnem, tezoknem.
Odour (putrid) Tashinem.
Offend Jashi, jashidaktsy, rasadaktsy,
kuokdaktsv.
Offering Tenia, tenlatsy oset.
Officer Tatar, so sang.
Officer, subordinate Tangla.
Offspring Chir, svmchir, tangzvk.

Often Tongkon g a-t o n g k o n g a,
kenynv, aeiben.
on Totzv.
Oil, petroleum Menemtsv totzy.
Old Tain, tasa, tambur, tantzvr,
(of things) tezen.
Omen Tsungrem tetezvtsy.
Omnipotent Takokba.
On Ma, ma-nung.
Once Kendang, kaben.
One Ka, aka, ketang (kadang).
Onion Lasong.
Only Sa, dang as suffixes; tesa,meja.
Ooze Aja, jatet.
Open Lapok, sala, luma.
Open (the eyes) Asak, saktet, saka.
Open (the. mouth) Tebang aka, sala.
Openly Otia, shisang-shisanga, rak-
poka, temae adoka, zung-
kae adoka.
Opinion Mulung.
Opponent Anvmer.
Opportunity Zengzang, anogo.
Opposed Anvma.
Or Svshia, svli.
Orange Jemben.
Order, n. 0 , ozvng, bangdak, o bang.
Order, v. Ozvng ashiba, mela, o azvng.
Originate Poktet.
Ornament, v. Azy -azyr, sobutsv sobur.
Ornaments Azvk, sobutsy, lakyp.
Orphan Lazar.
Oscillate Sozv, azvshi, ao n zv ; zy as
suffix to verbs of motion.
Other Tangar.
Our Asen, ozo, onok, ozonok, ozv.
Outside Tema, tezvlen, aenshi, teka.
Over Tema, tama, madak, tali,
alyma, chia.
Overflow Mobang, m oeao, moshia, mo-
zyka ao, m oteta ao.
Overseer M apangtsyr.
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. J45
Overshadow Amuk, mukbang, akymbang.

O vertake Menep, meneptep.
Overturn Mvkvp, mykvpzvk, mvkvptok,
kyptep.
Owe Atsv, sen atsv, sentsy atsv,
tapu atsv.
Owl Pokpo, kongkong.
Own Pei, pei-sa, aka, zori.
Ox Nashitoka.
P.
Package Talep, tetem, tari.
Pad Tanatsv, scv ana, scv meilok.
Pail Laluk.
Pain Toshi, ashi, menyr, angu.
Paint, v. Atep, mezvlok.
Pair Tapu medemer, tapuka.
Pair (male and female) Tetzvo tebungna.
Palate Rokshizang
Pale, of colour (faded) Pet-tok ; zen as a suffix.
Pale, face Tezak papar.
Palm of hand Tekabo.
Palm-leaf Scera, scera o.
Pan Patiwa, patia.
Pant Satema, tasanangdang.
Paper Kakvt.
Papia fruit Mamazvzang.
Papia tree Mamazydong.
Parable O entepa, tetezvtsv o.
Parallel Tetsungda sako.
Pardon Tadok.
Pare Asa, satet, sadok, alem.
Parents Tzvrebur, tetzyo tebu-na.
Parrot Oru.
Part, v. Pila, pala, sadang, radang,
lemdang.
Partition Sadang, jara.
Partridge Obeya.
Party Arogo, elenpur, kelenpur.
Pass (back and forth) Sei.
Passion Rasa, ain, tejashi, tezv aet.
Pasture Chimdak, chiyong.
Patch, v. Ateplok, scvtep.
Patch, «. Teplokba.
N
I4 6 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
Path Lemang, len, lungkong, lenret,

lenti, lenzang, yangi.
Patience Tescongzem, kymli tazung,
ajemalur, tazvzvk.
Patient Scongzema ali, arema ali,
azvzvk.
Pattern Angazvktsy, ajizvktsy, ajizvk-
daktsy.
Patriarch Tebutiba, tazvngti, tazvng-
nungbo, pabu.
Pauper Mishi-metsvr.
Paw, n. Tapu-tsung.
Paw, v. Aso, asvk, lisvk, aya.
Pay, n. Ta.
Pay, v. Ta agvtsy, menok, kyptok.
Peace Tescongzvk, tescongzem,
tezungtep.
Peacemaker Tezungtepdaktsvr.
Peach Am-pokri.
Pea fowl Tuti.
Peak Tenem.
Peck, v. Mechi.
Peel, n. T ekap.
Peel, v. Tekap ashi, shidok, asa, satet,
sazvk, satok, alem.
Pen Tezilutsv.
Pencil Tezilutsv.
Penurious Tukuru, kurunak, tesysy.
People Pur, meimchir; ‘ nvbu ’ as a
suffix.
People (other) Pi, tebanger, tatonger.
Pepper (black) Tanakla meresv.
Pepper (red and yellow) Meresv.
Perch Watemdong.
Perfect Teperi, tazung.
Perforate Ato, topok, tenpok, mescvpok,
mesve atsy.
Perfume Toronem, tesanem.
Perhaps Ashiko, svdi.
Perish Ama, asv, sama, arem.
Perjure Ozyng tiazv.
Perpendicular M etong-metonger, indang-
indanger.
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. H7
Perplexed Scongmang, bangkaali, tama-

tari.
Persecute Ngangshi, r i s h i k a n g s h i,
tsykokmenadaktsv.
Persevere Arema ali, zvng-zynga ali,
meranga ali.
Perspire Asentzv imer.
Perspiration Asentzv.
Pestilence Wara.
Pestle Ali.
Petal Pungiya.
Petition Temepishir, moposhir.
Petroleum Menemtzy totzv.
Petulant Kymli mesynvr, temulung
machi.
Phlegm Alok metsv.
Phosphorescence Tsvkji apung, scongshi mang-
rang.
Physic Mozy, tepok ashitsy mozv.
Pice Sorotia.
Pick (a flower) Apet.
Pick (fruit) Aong.
Pick (a leaf) Aten.
Pick (feathers, .&c.) Pet-tok, apet, api.
Pick up anything Shiten.
Picture Tanela, tezilutsy.
Pierce Ato, aten, tenset, atsvng,
tsvngshi, rerok, semok.
Pigeon (tame) Guduru.
Pigeon (wild) Alutymtvm, poscv, zangia.
Pile, n. Nangayuba, nangket, nanglok.
Pile, v. Nangayu, apangayu, nang-ten,
nanglok.
Piles Tokla alur, temesang alur.
Pillage Senmak, oset anen.
Pillar Tungshi, tungnu.
Pillow Tokolak mykymtsy.
Pin Ajem, tetoteptsy.
Pincers Temejeptsv, mejepro.
Pinch, v. Metsyk, mejep (/ jingtet ’ to
take a pinch of).
Pipe (for smoking) Mokobong.
Pipe (for stove) Inbong.
Pit Kangla.
Place, v. Aiyu.
Place, n. Dak, tak as suffixes.
Placenta Nti-sem.
Plain, level Ali lenten, lenten tulu.
Plait Nepten.
Plane, v. Oktok, aok.
Plane, n. Taoktsv.
Plank Scongpak.
Plant, n, Tsvnvtsv, tsvnvsvmbutsv.
Plant, v. Atem, azvng, tsvnv.
Plantain fruit Scongmomo zang.
Plantain weed Sanglem.
Plate So, sojung (sotsung), lungso.
Plat form Sabang, sconglang, salang,
scongsama, walem, meitsa,
apu.
Platter So, sosa.
Play, v. Asaiya, saei.
Please (if you) Nei, ma, imlibilima.
Pleased Temulungachi, temulung alet,
pela, tenuk asung..
Pleasant to hear Tanganvtsvka.
Pleasant to see Tajinvtsvka, tenukdang azung.
Pledge, v. Kuli, azvngashi, kuli agytsy,
kuli aeitsy, atemzvk, me-
tsvtem.
Plenty Aeiga, aiyiga, tali, jenti, agi-
shi, teperi, ozang.
Plot Tasa, tasa asar.
Plume Zongben.
Plump Chilung-chilunger.
Pod Tekap.
Poem Ken.
Point (to indicate) To-yu.
Point (of a thing) Taju, tejem-jem.
Poison, n. Meim (or meyim) mozv,
tasvtsv mozy.
Pole Perdong, perlang, rangtong,
lometong, scong tepeyong.
Polish Meyu, ashi.
Pollen Teso.
Pollute Menentsv.
Pompous Ngabaso, kentamata, asvkym.

Ponder Shisa bilim, sashia bilim,
shisa bulua, ret-reta bilim,
bilimtet, tenok tenoka bilim.
Pool Azv, azvtarok, tzytsung, awa-
tsung.
Poor Sensaker, sensakpur, leni-
maor, sensakpo, aeimer.
Pop Apok, pokma, mipok, mipok
ola.
Popcorn Mendipok.
Poprice Zangpok.
Pop (to pop corn, &c ) Asang.
Porcupine Jepchu.
Porcupine quills Jepchura.
Portion Shilem, telemzyk, telem.
Possible Svter, svteter, akokla.
Post Tungnu, tungshi, noktang,
azvng ayuba.
Post office O tongtardak, o tongtar ki.
Pot Po, poji, karapo.
Potter Poteper.
Potato Shizang, alu shizang.
Potsherd Porep.
Pound, v. Aku, atep, atsyng, tsyngshi.
Pound out rice Tsyk asen.
Pour into Inok, inzvk, izvk, asy, enok,
sydak, tokok, tokzvk, shiok.
Pour out Entok, toktok, tokshi, intok.
Pout Tebang mechushi, tebang me-
song.
Power Tashi, tashi tazv.
Powder Tongsa, tsyngsa, alisa, me-
nungsa.
Pow’der (gun) Kari.
Practice Amshi, benshi, imyasvba, tim-
svba.
Praise Tenvng asang, tenyng teshi,
tenvng atu, tenyng tushi,
nvngsang.
Pray Sarasadem.
Precede Tamalen, tamasa.
Precipice Lungbang, lungren.
’50 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
Precise Shitak, zungpung.

Pregnant Tem ang mazvng, mashisa,
poktasa, mashi-mazvng,
mazvngmashi.
Pregnant (of animals) Techanu merep.
Prepare Renem, anvb alu.
Presence of M atsungdang, madang, tezak
dang.
Present, v. Ali, aten.
Present, n. Sempet, maong.
Present time Tang (^dang), tan, tanbo.
Preserve Anvk (anuk) sot, anga ayu,
apa ayu, awatsv.
Press Anen, alen, nemet, nemshi,
ajetet.
Prevail Akok, tit'et, aeim.
Prick Ato, aki, tempok, topok.
Priest Putir, nokor, nokobang.
Print Temenungba age menung.
Prison Nisung puokdak ki, tsungten
chiokdak.
Privately Meima, zaena, tesvmkete,
kipok.
Privy place M etsy meshidak, amendak.
Probably Svdi, goti.
Proboscis Teni, ni.
Procession Atonga jajaba.
Profane Imscy mesen metu.
Profit Tazangzvk, ambangaru, tsung-
men, techizvk.
Prolific Soya-pokya, • mopokzvk,
tatangdong, aren.
Promise Kuli zvnga zymbi, alinvk o
azvng aniasong.
Prompt Zvngtak-zyngtaker, zvngkvm-
sa.
Proof Tetezytsv, kuli.
Prop Noktang, yokji, metang,
tanget.
Proper Tim, imya.
Property Sen, kisen.
Prophecy, n. Tetezvtsy o.
Prophesy, v. Tetezvtsy ashi, zymbi.
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. t5>
Prosperity Azyk aru, tia azung, sadok,

sadoka ali, tsungreme akvt
kisa kilem, kiji kizung.
Prostitute Noktapangta.
Prostrate Mepitaka, ontaka, intaka.
Protect Anyk,tongzvk, kvmzyk, anitet.
Protection Tepu akvm, taeimdong akvm-
bang, tongbang.
Proud Asvkvm, kymtet kvmra, me-
zyakvm, ngapaso.
Publicly Otia, shisang-shisanga, temae
ad oka, rakpoka.
Pull Atsv, atsyshi, tsyshi.
Pulp of fruit Tescv, tezangscv.
Pulverize Menungsa, tongsa, tsvngsa,
aeisa; ‘sa’ as a suffix to verbs
of rubbing or pounding.
Pumpkin Koromeja.
Punch Ato, toshi, topok, tsvngok,
rerok.
Pungent Sasar, tasa, ya-yar.
Punish Merenshi, kangshi.
Purchase Ali.
Pure Jijiba, marvk-maryker, ta-
scongtet, meja.
Purgative Tepok ashitv mozy.
Purpose Tasa, mulungsen.
Purse Sen zuli.
Pursue Arishi, aritak, nepetaari, intak.
Push Anung, nungshi, nungten,
nungok.
Put Ayu.
Put into Inok, asa, asenok, syok, oshi,
shiok.
Putrid Tashi.
Q-
Quack Padak asar.
Quail Obeya.
Quake Aten, anok, anokshi.
Quarrel Rara, raratep, rarabangsen
rongrongtep.
Queen Tsuba tzy.
Quell Anendaktsv.
Quench (a fire) Mi asep, remsep, tepsep,

pensep.
Question Asongdang.
Quickly Kara-kara, yakte, asvma, len-
dongsa, mapangsa, mulung-
bensa erpunga, rara, karatur.
Quiet Scongzvk, scongzem, ajem-
ajema ali.
Quiet (to be still) Taneme ali, tokora, time ali,
zyraka-mysve ali, yaka-
mvsve ali, mokorei.
Quietly Taneme, yaka mvsve
Quill Tashikang o, ozymi sang.
Quite Ma, as a suffix.
Quite (not quite) Anu; ' to,’ ‘ chi,’ as verbal modi
fiers.
Quiver, v. Anokshi.
Quotient Lem, lemshi.
R.
R ace Aritep, asvmtep.
Raft Rong.
Rafter Ain.
R aggedcloth Scvzen.
Rain Tsunglu.
Rainbow Tungnusen.
Rainy season Mei, lemlua.
Raise Meso, azong.
Raise upon A zongket; to lift down (///.
to raise down) azongzvk.
Ramrod Tasvmba.
Raspberry Koreishi, menaklashi.
R at Qeya, aeim (ayim) qeya.
R attan Arer.
Ravel Angscv lusa, lutet, lutok.
Raven Waro, wati waro.
Ravenous Tesaksak, saksak-rurur.
Ravine Tarok netok.
Raw Tazv.
R azor Kusvnok.
Reach, v. Atong.
R ead Ashi, azvngdang.
Ready Renema ali, anvb alu.
Real Jijiba, atangshi.
Reap Aru.
Rear, n. Tesy, tesylen.
Rear, v. (children) Mescv; to rear animals
‘ metsv.’
Rear, v. Tetsung arema alu.
Reason, n. Shisatsv.
Reason (illative) Ibayong, nung, anungzi,
ibamechi.
Reason (for what ?) Kechiyong? kechiba? ka-atsy ?
Rebuke, v. Aretsy.
Receive Agi, agizvk.
Recently Taoa, tan, tanbo.
Reckon Ratet, azvng, yongsvk, zyng-
dang, svktet, svkdang.
Recline Motonglok.
Recognize Shitet, shiter.
Recollect Bilimter, bilimtet.
Reconcile Meimtepdaktsv, zungtep-
daktsv, zungteptsv, putep-
daktsv.
Rec )ver Zungtu, anvb, shia aru, putet.
Red Temerem.
Reed Suzu, kymbok, paten, tzvtok,
vmsemtsv.
Reel Kala.
Reflect Bilimdang, shisadang, api-
dang.
Refuge Akym, akvmbang, zenokdak.
Refuse Magizvk, nung ta ashi, ma,
Refuse, n. Shimtok, tejok.
Rejoice Pela, pelaseta, temulung chia.
Relation Sosem, kimang, kichir, ki-
dong, kin.
Release Chi air, yok.
Relish, n. Maiyongtsv.
Remain Ali, ata ali.
Remainder Tanungba, tanendak, tanung
talu, taliba, teptak.
Remember Bilimter, bilimtet.
Rend Shima, shisa.
Repair, r. Yanglushi.
Repair, a fence Tapok atang.
Repair (a garment' Arer, arerbang, atep, ateplck.
O
’ 54 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
Repair (a net) Meten.

Repair (a roof) Syok, svoki.
Repair (by welding or splicing) Mesem, meten, zvkfep.
R epeat Lepshi, shilu ; ‘zen’ as a suffix.
Repent Temulung meyip.
Reply Langzv, langzva ashi.
Report, n. 0 , osang.
Report, v. Sangok.
Reprimand, n. Taretsv o.
Reprimand, v. Aretsv.
Reproach Maksv.
Reprove Aretsv.
Repulsive 'I esempatsv, tenra achir, mo-
kong-mokonger, tsung-
tsung-rangrang
Request Mishi.
Rescue Anitet, kymzvk, tongzvk.
Resemble Mesvk, ama.
Reservoir Tzyto, tzvbangdanger.
Reside Ali.
Responsible Ala, ata atong, tongzvk.
R est Alien, aniscongzvk.
Rest upon Ajen, ajentak.
Restrain Atsvshi, nemet, atsv anemka,
atsvet, sot, titem, atendang,
nemtem,nungtem, mepitem.
Resurrection Tanaben shia arutsy.
Retaliate Mangyang, yangtep, yangtet,
yangdaktsv.
R eturn Shia, as a prefix to a v e rb ;
shilangtsv, lutep.
Reveal Temae adok, adokdaktsy,
ngudaktsv, metetdaktsy,
shitetdaktsv, zungkae adok.
Revenue Temelen, ali melen, putisv.
Revolt Kyptep, toktep.
Reverse Shishitep, meyiptep, langku-
shishi.
Reward, n. Ta, tazangzyk, tayang.
R e ta rd , v. T a agvtsv, tazangzyk agvtsy
merenshi, yangtep.
Rhinoceros Kentok.
Rib Tesaret.
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. £55
R ice (dhan, paddy) Tsyk.

R ice (ahau) Pen.
Rice (hali) Luti.
Rice, hulled (‘saul’) Zang.
Rice, cooked ( ‘bhat’) Zi.
Rich Takar.
Rich soil Ali tanyb aliintet.
Ride Sanger ao.
Ridge Tvkong, kong.
Ridge pole Mung-mung.
Right, adj. Tazung, tim, temaiazy, shitak.
Right (to the) Tajichilen
Righteous Temaiazy, temeshi, jijila.
Rim Tebangzong.
Rind Tekap.
Ring (for finger or ear) Keri sepokba.
Ring, v. Aku.
Ripe Tamen.
Ripe (of a boil) Tenra.
River Tzy.
Road Len, lenti, lenzang, lemang,,
lungkong.
R oar Arvr.
R oast Asang, atsvk, pelem, awang.
Rob Anen, ashi, rakzvka ao.
Rock Lung.
Roll, v. Kazy, lungshishi, lunga ao,
mvkypa ao, meyipa ao,
mezye ao, mvka ao.
Roll up Atsy.
Roof Kilim.
Room Taktang.
Root, n. Tera, ra.
R oot (tap) Tongbenra.
Root, v. (of swine) Metsvng, metsvngshi, mo-
kong, mokongshi.
Roost, v. Ajepeta-mezang.
Roost, n. Ozv mezangdak, watym.
Rope Lisy, ninang.
Rotten Tashi ao, teshirep, shisa ao,
shizvka ao.
Rough Terara, rara-rarar, kyprang-
kypso, nepok-nepra.
Round Lunglung-lunglunger, tenari,

nari-narir.
Row (a line) Taren.
Row, v. Rong aei.
Rub Meyu, meyokshi, aeishi,
menokshi.
Rub f the eyes) Anetshi.
Rubber Ngisa, angitzv.
Rubbish Chana, jana.
Rule, v. Kvmzyk, azyok im-jabang.
Run Asym, asvm zena ao, aritepa
ao.
Rupee Tatsvk, tepak.
Rust, n. Song.
Rusty Song aja, jalok.
S. .
Sabbath Amung nv, temeshi nv.
Sack Zuli.
Sacrifice, n. Tenlaba, kylvm kvjaba.
Sacrifice, -j . Tenia, kvlvm kvja.
Sacred Temeshi.
Sad Temulung azv, temulung
nungsa, jashi, tezak makvm.
Sag Nepzv, nemzyk, nepoka aei,
taoka aei.
Salary • Ta.
Saliva Metsv.
Salt Metzv.
Salt, fine Lisem metzv.
Salt, rock Telung metzv, teret metzv.
Salvation Tekvmtet, tekvmzyk, anitetba.
Same Kasa, ka, meteme, sakosa.
Sand Lisem.
Sandfly Pezvnv.
Sap Scongtzv.
Sarcasm Tesvki, svkia.
Satisfied Temulung achi, tenuk asung,
temulung alem, temulung
scongzem, tipatym.
Saucy Machi-kochi o, machi kochitsy.
Save Kvmzvk, tongzyk, apayu, ani-
tet, noktang, awatsy.
Savory- Tesola, ajem-ajemer.

Saw, n. Scongryngtsv.
Saw, v. Aryng.
Say Ashi, zvmbi, azar.
Scab Komo kvp.
Scaffold Apu.
Scald Alet, tangu salok.
Scale of fish Ango yip, teyip.
Scales Seret, alimang scong, scongti.
Scale weights Seret lung.
Scalp, n. Tokozong.
Scandal, n. Tanem 0, nvngsen 0.
Scandal, v. Tilu, nemtep, nvngsen.
Scanty Meperi, tilaka, mato, masen.
Scar Tarak mung.
Scatter Senshi, sentok, prok, tsvshi.
Sceptre Tsuba shisangtsv.
Scissors Temejeptsv.
Scold Jashia aretsv, rasa, aretsv
atentoka zymbi, .arok-aroka
ashi, 0 metsungshiareta ashi.
Scorch A’zy, alet, arong.
Scorn Atalar, mazvng meshi, sensa,
sensa masa.
Scorpion Jepja.
Scout, v. Arvrgene ao.
Scowl Tezak ashi, tezak makvm.
Scrape Aok, aoktok, yaok, yaten,
meitdok.
Scratch Anak, anakshi, aso, som,
asvk.
Scream Aoksa ayimten.
Screen ' Taendangscv, tongdangba.
Screw, n. Tepreptsv.
Scribe Teziluba.
Scripture Laishiba o.
Scrotum Tatsv.
Scum Temo arang, poja.
Sea Tzv ini.
Seam Tarvr, tarvr mung, scvrvr,
srvrvr kong.
Search Bus hi, ajidang, reprangdang
aeim.
Season (dry) Tsungkvm.

Season (wet) Mei, lemlua.
Season (to season’food) Mayong yanglu, mayong ajep-
shi.
Seat Menden, tamendak.
Secret Nembang, meyimshi, temae
niadoka, meima, rema.
Secretly Meyima (or) meima.
Secret (talking in) Kipok-nung zvmbi.
Security Kuli.
See Aji, ajidang, angu, reprang,
semdang, asv.
Seed Tezang metsv.
Seed germ Temokotsv, tepony.
Seek Bushi, aeim, imya.
Seize Apu, amet, puok, puet.
Seldom Ken-ken, kenbo.
Select Shim, shimtet.
Self Peisa, sa, sa-sa.
Selfish Pei azung asa, mvru-myrur
tukuru.
Sell Ayok.
Send Yok, tenya.
Separate, v. Senshi, sadang, bendang,
pala, rashi.
Separately Balala, bendanga, pei meten.
Serpent Per.
Servant Alar, kilir.
Serve Tenzvk, scongpu apu.
Set Ayu.
Set a snare, or trap Asu.
Settle Ascongtet, nemzyk, ajema
alu.
Sew Arer.
Shade Akvmdak.
Shadow Akvm (of inanimate objects),
tanela (of animate).
Shake Anok, anokshi, senshi, aten,
rvkten, aja, ajashi.
Shake off (dust) Temtok.
Shallow (of water) Apu-apur, tembu.
Shallow (of a vessel) Latak-lataker.
Shame Tak, nyngku, maksy.
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. ’59
Shame (to be ashamed) Aka.

Shame (to cause) Maksvdaktsy, akdaktsy.
Shampoo Azetshi, nemshi.
Share, n. Shilem, telemzyk.
Share, v. Alem, lemsa, lemshi, aten.
Sharp r Techira, jemjem-jemjemer.
Sharpen Aei, aeishi, aeipok.
Sharp-witted Tesangra, shisarasa.
Shave Asv, ana, awa.
She Pa.
Sheath, n. Noklepsv, meiba, svdakba.
Sheathe, v. Asem, sema ayu, mei, svdak.
Sheep’ San, mer nabong.
Shelf Satem, taktang.
Shell, n. Tekap, terep, lakyp.
Shell, v. Asa, chakrep.
Shepherd San tanvker.
Shield, n. Zong, zongkok, yongzong.
Shield, v. Tongzvk, kymzvk, awabang,
azvbang.
Shine Apu, aya, yar, yarer.
Shiver Aten, atena-asvk.
Shoes, boots, stockings Tsungsem.
Shoot (an arrow) Lijakzang yok.
Shoot (a gun) Brangbong yok.
Shore Tzykvm, tzyjep.
Short Tatsv, tatsyka, nangdang.
Short (distance or time) Pikyt.
Shoulder (of man) Tapubang.
Shoulder (of animals) Taputsung,
Shout Ola agvtsy, olagytsvtep, aeim-
tena ashi, aeimtena aza.
Shove Nung, nungok, nungmeso.
Show Saiyu, toyu.
Shrivel Ashirep, kongrep, kangten,
chingten, achipela (or)
ashipela.
Shrink Kongtet, kongrep, ashirep.
Shrink, by cooking Sorep.
Shun Edenzi temeten, anasae taet.
Shut Kishi ayubang, ki ashi, shi-
bang, nembang, tsvbang.
Shuttle Scyksen.
l6o AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
Shy Tasv maet, meryk-meryker.

Sick Shiranger, manen.
Sickness Tashidak, shilu shira.
Sickle Linok.
Side Tesa, tena.
Sieve Waei, aeiba. »
Sift Aei.
Sigh, 7/. Anung.
Sign Temaeitsv, teshitetsv.
Silence Azvng-azvnger, azvngmeyak.
Silkworm Lungdang.
Silkworm chrysalis Lota.
Silver Taribi.
Similar Ama, mesvk, metem, imama.
Similar (in size or height)' Par banger, eitetete, pa tetete.
Sin Temenen, taei.
Since Aziseir, ibakvtseir, yaseir,
nunge as a suffix.
Sing Ken aten.
Singe Meru, merok, zvlem.
Single Ketang, kija, kisong, mesong.
Sink Telunge aei, telunge alu, ang-
ym aei
Sip Mvngym, mesepet.
Sirloin Terongtongset.
Sister Tenv, tenvla.
Sister (elder) Teyi.
Sister (younger) Tanutzv, tenu.
Sit Amen.
Sit kon eggs, as a fowl or bird) Amuk, amukbang,
Site Mung, dak, tak, as suffixes.
Skeleton Temangret.
Skilful fnyakshir, inyakazung, nybu-
tazung.
Skin, n. Tekyp, (or) tekap.
Skin, v. Asa, ashi, shizvk, shidok,
sazyk, sadok.
Skull Tokolakret, mangko.
Sky Anung.
Slack Chila.
Slack, in work Sajep, sajep-sari, azvba-
azvba, temdakba, scongto-
mata.
Slander Nvngsen, tilu, tenyng menvk-

tsv, yazv-yabong, kylak-
kvbong, tenemtep.
Slanting Angia, senchia, semprepa,
azva ao, manga ao.
Slate Lungpak.
Slave Alar.
Slay Tefset, lepset, kaset, tsyngset,
tepset, waset, tenset, onset,
kuset.
Sleep Mezanga, ayip, yiptsv ao,
amua ao.
Sleepy Anvnva, tenuk tzelar, mezanga
aonvr.
Slender Rangya, laklak-laklaker, lala-
lalar.
Slip Azutok, azushi, asetshi, asep-
shi.
Slippery Anela, azushishir.
Sliver Aei.
Slow Tetsunglung, atsung-atsung-
er, anvalyma, anv-anyr.
Slowly Meilung, taneme, lasa-lasa,
tsya-tsva, tezy alang.
Sly Temeryk, tesak, eita-eita,
war aka, toarak, laa-laa.
Small Tila, tala.
Small pox Ayak, sangpo ayak.
Sm art Alet, ashi, am, amtsy, wang-
wanger.
Smash Ajvmsa, neprep, tsyksa,
raksa, menungsa.
Sm ear Mezy, mejaket, neplok, ain.
Smell, v. Menem, menemdang, me-
nemshi.
Smell (bad) Tesvnem, tashinem.
Smell (fragrant)' Toronem, tesanem.
Smite Azyk, aku, atsvng, tsyngok,
ama, mar yutsv, atep.
Smith Intsvnger, noktsynger, ay anger.
Smoke, n. Mokozv.
Smoke, a pipe Bong achi, bong myngvm.
Smooth Tesvsv, sysy-sysyr.
P
Sm other Nenset, muksep, apset, remsep.

Snail Kvpra, amuk.
Snake Per.
Snap (of burning wood) Mi apok, mipokshi.
Snap (of a dog) Angu, angvpa yok, meten.
Snare Sang, tsungtok, kongnensang.
Snare (to set) Sang sua.
Snatch Rakzvk, raktep, ayipzvk.
Sneeze Hachi, achi.
Snore Teni akong.
Snot Nep.
Soak M etena ayu, tzynung rema ayu.
Soap Sabon, shidoktsy mozv.
Sob Nungprung.
Soft Tanvk, tanyb, lanu, tamen,
teiepra, iepra-jepra.
Soil, n. Ali.
Soil (good) Ali tanvp, ali intet.
Soil (bad) Tapu, teret.
Soil, v. Anvk mezy, arvrketdaktsy,
arvrket, menentsv.
Soldier Aryrshir, temeranger.
So large Eitetete, ibala, iba tetet.
So many ") Paei ka, paei keta.
So much )
So many as ") Paei kechi.
So much as J
Some Ishika, teradang, ishita.
Somebody Rare.
Somehow Langka oda.
Some one Rare.
Something Langka.
Sometimes Ren-ken.
Someway Langkalen.
Somewhere Langka-nung, langkalen, lang-
kete.
Son Tabaso.
Song Ren.
Soon Yakte, kara.
Soot Tsungminak, ponak.
Soothe Scongzvkdaktsv, melimuk,
senvptsv, mepitem nungtem.
Sore Romo.
'Sores (in infants’ mouth) Meimuk.

Sorrow Temulunganung, temulungashi,
temulung azang, jashi, shisa
amsa.
S ort, n. Tepu, tepu-tepuna.
S ort, v. Shim, shimtet.
Sound, n. Ola.
Sour Tasen.
Sow Tin, shiben.
Sow, v. Prok, aten.
Spade Sanang, tepru, tateptsy.
Span Aka.
Span long Kalangba.
S p an short Katsvba.
Spark Miren, mipokshiba, mitsy.
Sparkle Aya, yamok, remshi.
Sparrow Alushizvk.
Speak Ashi, zvmbi.
Spear, n. Nv, sangja.
Spear, v. Atsvng, tsyngshi.
Spear (to cast a ) Ny atsv, tsyok, tsyshishi, yok.
Spectacles T enuk azungtsy, tanedangtsy.
S peed Tarang-rang.
Speech O, otsy.
Speechless Koka mvsye.
Spherical Tenari, lunglung-lunglunger.
Spices Ain {or aon) menemtsy.
S pider Sorak, kuki.
Spider web Soraksep, sorakzy.
Spike, n. Tangentsv, tangenteptsy.
Spike, v. Angenlok.
Spill E ntok, sentok, moshi,motok.
S pin Ain.
Spin, a top - Mezvng mangar.
Spindle Pangtong.
Spine Terong teret.
Spirit Tanela.
Spit, v. Metsv-metsy.
Spite Tenuken, makok ajir.
Spittle Metsv, alok metsy, alok mei.
Spleen Tepa.
Splice Meten, metentep, tajentep,
mesytep, tasyktep, mesemtep.
Splinter Scongrati, rati.

Split Aso, pakma, ayama, ayasa, shi-
ma, soma, lepma, rongma.
Spoil Ama, sama.
Sponge Tzv apangba.
Spoon Chikok.
Sport Kazv, kazytsy, asaeyi, asaeyia.
Spotted Pungmen, ozv nuk zang.
Spout, T z v m e tu ; (to spout water from
the mouth) mutok, mulok.
Spout,, n- Tzv metur, tzvla.
Sprain Tetsung belep, anep, nepsyk,
meyip, kusvk.
Spread Alem, lemtsv, sanga ao, sang-
shi, sangtak, songtok, mea-
mear.
Spring, n. Tzvbu, tzyapok, tzvlok, tatem -
tzv.
Spring, a tra p Atem.
Sprinkle Tzv arvk, ryklok, rvkok,
tsunglu jenok.-
Sprout Mei, moko.
Sprouts Scongsem, mei, techanu ani.
Spy, n- . Eitang eitrir, liro tendanger,
tendang tenyir.
Square' Pezy nuk, tykong pezysy.
Squash Koromaja, mapo.
Squeeze Ajet, ajetshi, anen, ajeb, ajebet-
Squint Tenuk syrem.
Squirrel So sang.
Stab Semok, rerok.
Staff Mechi, azok, ajuk.
S tag g er Mangazyr, jepchia-jepchia.
jajar, aiazv kuzva jaja.
Stain Menen.
Stairs Jenzang, apu.
Stalk, n. Dong, as a suffix.
Stam m er Temeli tatsvk, 0 areptak,,
0 maleptet.
Stam p Tajentsv, ajymok, ajymshi,,
ajymsa.
Stand up Noktak.
S tand still Noktaka ali.
S ta r Petinv.
S tart (to do or go) Apuso, kypmeso.
S tart (sudden) Aoksa.
Starve Yaseta asy.
Stay. Ali, amung, lishi.
Steal Aoya (aoa).
Steam Tangu.
Steel Sentsy.
Steep Temezung, atang, lungbang,
lungren.
Steep, v. Meta, metazvk.
Stem Tesang, sang.
Step Jenzang, apu, kamara.
Sterile Tapung, ali tasv, ali tapu.
Stick Scong.
Stick walking Mechi, azok, ajuk.
Sticky Mena-menar, menateptsv.
Stiff Kvprak-kypraker, kym-kvmer,
merong.
Stile Sasong, apu.
Still (to be) Tokora ali, yaka mysve ali,
taneme ali, mokora ali.
Sting, v. Metak.
Sting, n. Tera, ra.
Stingy Tukuru, kuru nak, tezvya,
tesysy, zvya-zvbong, metsv
mena.
Stink Tashinem, tesvnem, tezoknem.
Stir Aeishi, arershi, arertep.
Stitch, n. Temungka, tarer mungka.
Stockade Im atsv, imtsvki, sasongatsy.
Stocks Tsungten chiokdak.
Stom ach Tepin, tepok.
Stone Lung.
Stone (of fruit) Tezang ret.
Stoop Kokrok, manga ao, mukrem,
mechilepa asa.
Stool Mvkvm chanu.
Stop Anen, anyb, noktang.
Stopple Temykytsy, tenembangtsy,
Storm Yipru, tsungsak.
S tory (n a rra tiv e) Otsv.
S to u t Tashi aet, tashi tazy.
i6 6 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
S to u t (afdermanic ) Pokak.
Straight Temotong, tindang.
Strain Senzvk, aeizvk, imzyk.
Strainer Sangku.
Strange Saiya-teyar, sco n g m an g er
Stranger Aener, ben danger.
Strangle Arak, arakseta asv.
Strap Shikap lisv.
Straw Mo-nv.
Stream Ayong, ayongnu.
Stream (bed of) Ayonger, kelen tzvr.
Stream (source of) Ayongbang.
Strength Tashi.
Stretch Atsvlang, atsvtet, mesang. '
Stretch (to yawn) Kulen kusv, wa mesa.
Strife Raratep, raktep.
Strike Azvk, atsvng, aku, atep, m ar
yutsv, ama.
String Lisv.
Strive Merang, aritep, raktep.
Strong Tashi aet, tashi tulu.
Stubborn Lungkak, lungkaklungshir
tem ulung melem, tara, tira.
Stum ble T etsung metsv.
Stum p Tembang.
Stupid M aratet, mapitet, shisa maka,
shisa rama, shitem-entem,.
swarvr, chitak-chitaker.
Subject to Pudoka kvbok.
Subject, n. Pudoker, nvtsung.
Subm erge T zv-nung arem, tzv-nung
angvm.
Subm it Anga.
Subside Anen, scongzvk, arem.
Substitute, v. Melentep, meitep.
Substitute, n. Temelen, temei.
S ubtract Luzvk, endok.
Subtrahend Tendokba.
Succeed (to be successful) Atalok, kvmtet, akok, titet.
Succeed (to take the place of) Melentep.
Such Ama, yamae, ibala, ya mesyk.
Suck Mamama ayong, asv, asvket
mesepket.
Suckling Mamadanger.
Suddenly Azongben, aoksadang.
Suffer Timatvm, kangshi, toashi.
Sufficient Teperi, agishi, ozang, ato.
Suffocate Tangu motoko, apset.
Sugar Mojitsv.
Sugarcane Moji.
Suicide Pei sasa asy.
Suitable Temsv, tetemsv, tiyari, tim,
apet.
Sulky Kymli mazung, tira, lungkak-
lungshi.
Sun Any.
Sunrise Anypunge.
Sunset Any aeir, any taor.
Sunshine Any aputak.
Support, v. (to care for) Mescy.
Support, n. Temescv, temescvba.
Supreme Takokba, taoba, tuluba.
Surely Atangshi, asangsang, zung-
pung, ji.
Surface Ma.
Surprise Scongmang, bangka, aoksa.
Surround Mvkvpbang, sembang, mvkyt-
bang, mvkazyka, meinbang,.
sabang.
Suspend Itak, sentak, sozv.
Suspicious Mamanger, atsv ayong.
Swagger Kenzva jajar, pelia jajar,
ngabaso jajar, kenta-mata.
Swallow, n. Rinvk.
Swallow, v. Meyok.
Swarm, n. Narenti.
Swarm, v. (of bees) Narenti aeim.
Swarm, v. (of white ants) Alung apunger.
Swear Azyng, zyngiazyngko,
Sweep Aok, oktok.
Sweet Tanang, nang-nanger.
Sweet (flag) Likokmeyi.
Swell Awak.
Swim Awa.
Swing Ozy, imzy, sozy.
Swoon Sychi ao, symanga ao..
Sword Noklangnok.
Sympathise Tashi ashi, temulung ashi,
temulung ayang, temulung
aria.
Syphilis Yaongra.
T•
Table Langbang.
Tail Teben, temi, taji.
T aint Tangu tulok.
T ake Agi, am, ang.
T alk 0 zvmbi, o ashi, sensakasem.
T alk (idle) Teleplep, jijinem-nem, atam ata.
T all Talangka.
Tallow Temo.
Tam e Kiset.
Tam ul Qei.
Tam ul nut Qei zang.
T ank Tzyto.
T ar Naktzv.
T a s te Menakdang, metakdang, ngu-
dang, chidang, myngymdarig.
Tatoo Atep, tep.
T au t (of a rope) Togim, tokim.
T ax Temelen, ali melen.
Taxes (to assess) Saro azvng.
T axes (to collect) Im saro.
T ax-gatherer Sarur, temelen saruba.
T ea Kylvptzv, scong o tzy.
T e a leaves Scong o, kvlup o.
T each Saiyu, saiyutsungi.
T eacher Saiyuba, saiyutsungir.
T ear Shisa, shima-shizyk, kisa.
Tears Nuktzv.
T eat M amazang.
T eething Tepo mei.
T ell Ashi, zvmbi.
Tem per, v. Aro, ro, roshi.
Tem peram ent Kvmli.
Tem pest .Yipro, tsungsak, tsungrem mo-
pong.
Temple Tsungrem ki, tenlaba, tenlatsyki.
Tem pt Tem escvtsy aiyu, atitang.
T em ptation T atitang.
Tender Lanu, tanvb.

Tenderloin Poknungset.
Tent Scv ki.
Terrible Tetsybutsv, taokreptsv, tok-
rongtsv, tetsybutsv kata.
Terrify Tsvbudaktsv, aokrokdaktsv.
T est Tatitang.
Testicle Tatsv tezang.
T estify Kuli agytsv.
Testim ony Kuli, mokulung.
Thaft Dang, as a suffix.
T hat Azi, ta, ongzi.
T h a t is so (responsive) Toh, au, ai.
T hat (way or manner) Pa mae, ode, azi oda, eitenzi. •
T hatch Azy.
T hen Azangla.
T hen (at that time) Idang, idangzi, idangyongzi.
Thence Angnunge, angnungzi.
There Idakzi, angzi, ongzi, oage, loage,
toage.
Therefore Anungzi, ibazage, iba mechi,
azangla, ayongzi, ibayongzi,
azage, abenzi, abenzage.
These Azi, ibatym, yatym ; zi, as a
suffix.
They Parenok, pare,
Thick Temelem, melem-melemer.
T hick (of fluids) Makang-makanger, telungaten.
Thief Aor (aoar), aoyaba.
Thigh Tesami, techimi.
Thin Ap u-apur, pongpar.
T hin (in flesh) Tokongera, kongrep, kongrasvk-
er, yaret.
Things Oset.
Think Bilim, shisa, lemdang.
Thirst Tzvra.
This Iba, ibae, ibazi, ya, azi, kabaz'i.
T his way (direction) Eilen.
T his way and that way Kvlen-kvlena, eilen olen.
Though Azi s a k a ; ka as a suffix.
T hought Tebilimtsv, shisa.
Thoughtless Temdaka, shisa maka, shitem-
entem.
Q
Thread (single) Ang.

T hread (double and twisted) Angsv.
T hreaten Atemdang, atem ayu.
Thresh Mo anet, mo ajvm, mo ari.
Threshing floor Motsungnem.
Thrifty Anvba, anvb-anvber, kibong'
zunger, kibong sasv anema,
sadoksadoka, azvkarua ali.
Throat Terok.
Throb Aten, qeatsvksen, tongtonglatsv,
Through (via) Azang.
Throw (away) Entok.
Throw (a club) Merepa yok.
Throw (stone) Lung aon, aen, ontak, entak.
T hrust Rerok, tsvngok, semok.
Thum b Kvmtzvti, jemtsvla.
Thunder, n. Tsungmuk.
Thunder, v. Tsungm uk aten.
Thus Azi oda, ya mae, pa mae,.
imamae.
Tick (of a w atch) Temshi, aku tener.
Tickle Ryryrtsy, kvlak.
Tie Mesy, mesvtet, alen, arak.
Tiger Keyi.
T iger cat Shitzvk.
T ight Togim, scongtep-scongteper.
Tim ber Scong.
Time Anogo, ny, meshi, mapang,
tensa.
Timid Tasv maet, temulung tata, tsvbur.
Tinder Renra.
Tipsy Yi age mesep.
Tired Anir, belem.
T oad Kang-kang.
Tobacco Moko.
To-day Tanv, tanvp.
Toe Temeyong.
T oe nail Temezyng, temeyongzong.
Together Den, ten, kelem.
Tom ato •Pentu, tsuba pentu.
Tom b Lepyr.
To-morrow Asong.
To-morrow (day after) Yanv.
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. I7E
T o ngs Mijepro.
T ongue Temeli.
To-night Taonung.
T oo 0 , a, as suffixes.
T ooth Tepo.
Top, n. Mezyng.
T op Tama.
T orch Milen.
Torpid Terinang, telula, svmanga ao.
Torture Takym kangshi.
Total Bendenba, loktepba.
T ottering walk Aiazy, mangazv, angia-angia.
Touch Kongshi, sodak.
Tough Achi-achir, tetsvna, tsvna-tsynar;
Towards Tsytsv, lene ; ‘e’ as a suffix.
Toy Tanur kazvtsv.
T rack Tsungtsv, tejangnvp.
Trade Shishir, shitishir, belentep.
T rader Shishir, shibelener, shitibener,.
shitishishir.
Tradition Shin, puti otsv.
Trample Ajvm, ajymket, ajymsa, ajymshi.
T rance Svli ao, poktena ao.
Transfigure Sentsv melen.
Translate 0 meyip.
Tranquil Scongzem, scongzvk.
T rap Lungnen, lunglen, asang, sang.
Travel Senzy, jaja ao, aene ao, sem a
ao, sya ao.
Traveller Aen jeter.
T read on Ajvm, ajvmok, ajvmshi.
T ree Scongdong.
T ree (base of) Scongdongzyng.
Tree (top of) Scongku, sconglak.
Trem ble Aten, senshi, anokzy.
Trench SeJ-to.
Tribe Nybu.
Trick Kylak, kylakzvk, tasa.
Trip Aleptak, metsvdaktsv.
T riturate Aeisa, ajensa, menungsa.
Trouble Timatvm, to ashi.
T rue Atangshi, jijila, maiazy.
Trunk (tree) Scongdong, scongm ang.
-172 AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
Trunk (of elephant, proboscis) Shiti ni.

Trunk (a box) Scongden.
Trust, v. Amang, imla.
T ruth Oji, ojiji, jijiba, atangshi.
Truthful Tamaiazv, atangshi, jang-ji-
lung. .
M erang, tezvdang, atitang.
Temok, lalok, sosa.
Tum our Komo.
T um ult Rong-rong, rongrong-shishir,
asateper,
Turmeric Wakong.
T urn Meyip, anep.
Turn (inside out) Beleptet.
Turn (over) Mvkvp, mvkypshi, mykvptet,
meyiptet.
Turn (upside down) Langku shishi.
Turns (to take) Melen, melentep, ata.
Turtle Sanu, kera.
Tusk Po, shiti po, shipo.
Twice Tanaben.
Twilight Mangsem rera, tangdang rera,
kiba rera.
Twinkle Remshi.
Twine around Azv, zva, azvet, prepa.
Twins Chakrep chir.
Twirl Peret, prep, prepshi.
Twist Asv, temesen, mesen.
U.
Udder Mama.
Ugiy Kymli sakli mazung.
Umbrella Shi, angshi.
Unable Makok, mati, menangzvk.
Unawares M emeteta, aoksa, azongben
makymdang.
Unbidden M azaba, maza.
Unbind Saia, chiok.
Uncertain Ashi, ashiko, shitak masy,
zungpung masv, atsv ayong,
tishi-nemshi.
Unclean Meshidok, menen, memervk.
Uncongenial Memeimtep, tatong maru,

mvputep, otsv majem, otsy
mapu, makvt masen, makvt-
tep.
Uncooked Mamen, tazv ; ‘ z v ' as a suffix.
Unconscious Temulung matang, sychi ao,
svmanga ao.
Undecided Temulung ana, memulung,
mulung mela masv, tem u
lung pangjara.
Under Tekvbok, toko, telung.
Understand Metet, shitet, angatet.
Undesirable Magi marutsv, tamagitsy.
Undisciplined Mazyok, temesaiyur.
Undress Lokzvk, semzvk, sepzyk.
Uneasy Temulung mescongzem, tem u
lung tipmatvm, wangwaria.
Unequal Sako masv, memeyong.
Uneven Rara, memetem, kvprang-
kvpso, nepok-nepra.
Unfasten Saia, chiok, lapok.
Unfaithful Tam angtsy masv, matangshi,
yazvr.
Unfit Memetemsv, mapet, meyari.
Unfortunate Tia maka, tia mazung, mazvk
maru, tsungrem makvt,
meya-mena, azyya, tanu.
Ungrateful Temeim memetet, temeim
mazar, zunga aka tazung
mazar.
Unfulfilled Matalok, makymtet.
Ungovernable Temdak, lungkaklungshi, tara
tashi, sa maru, saiyu machi.
Unhappy Jashir, temulung machi.
Unhealthy Manvb, manem.
Unhealthy climate Tangu mati, mopung mati,
ali nvk mazung.
Uninhabited Azvngmeyakdak, yongya
mara.
Unite Lungzem, lemzem, zyklok..
matep, keleme azurutep.
Unjust Ambangim, mvru-mvru.
Unkind Memeim, maochi.
AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
Unless Azi mesvra.

Unlike Memetem, memesyker, ibala
masv.
Unmerciful Tamaochi, memeim.
Unnecessary Tenvngdaktsv maka, magitsy.
Unprofitable Tezangzyk maka, tali maket,
atvm mata, techizyk maka.
Unripe Tazv, mamen, tokolu.
Unroll Saia.
Unruly Tasa magi, tashi mangar.
Unsafe Tajidaktsv kar, tetsvbutsy
kar.
Unsatisfied Temulung machi, tenuk ma-
sung:
Unskilful M atangshir, inyak mashi.
Unsuccessful Tazvya, matalok, makymtet.
Unsuitable Tim masv, mapet, mazy, ta-
maiyari.
Untie Saia.
Until Tashi, donga.
Unworthy Tamatemsv, temaiyari.
Up ‘ K et ’ as a verbal suffix.
Uplift Azongket.
Upper Tam aba, tamatiba.
U pright Temetong, indang-in danger,
temaiazv, tazung.
U pset Mvkvpbang, mykvptet,
mvkyptep.
Upward Tamalen, azvklen, anunglen.
Urge Azonshi, azonglok, mescvlok,
nunglok.
Urinate Ana, na.
Urine Natzv.
Use, v. Benshi, amshi.
Useful Tagitsv, saktem, tenung-
daktsv.
Useless Amazok, magitsy, metangshi,
angataketa.
V.
Vacant Tazvngla.
Vaccinate Ayak atep, sita atep.
Vail Meibangscv, tetong g'ngtsy.
ENGLISH-AO VOCABULARY. T75
Vain Asykvm, ngabaso, mezy-mak'-

vm, ngasa-ngatvm.
Vain ( in vain ) Amazok, angataketa.
Value Alang.
Vapour Tangu.
Vanish (of clouds or smoke) Sama, tsvshi.
Vanquish Azet, ajet, akok, aeim.
Vanquished Mazet.
Variance Mvputep, makvt masen ; ta-
tong maru.
Variegated Pungmen, tsvkrapusa, zilu,
yarapusa, tem dang pusa.
Variety Tepu, tepuna.
Varioloid Tzvma yak.
V ast 'Onsara, taoba, meya-meyar.
Vegetables Aon, ain, aonsotsy, tsvnvtsv.
Vehicle Talungtsv.
Velocity Terang-rang, tekara.
Vein Tezv.
V eranda Kimae, kiep, kilem.
Verdict O bendangtsy.
Verify Tezydang, tetezytsv/tezytet.
Vertebrae Tamentep.
Very Kanga. *
Vex Mescvshi.
Vi& Azang.
Vicious Ain mazung, talepzvr, ayipzyr.
Vicissitudes Belentep, melentep.
Victorious Azet, akok, nenket, aeim.
Victuals Tachi-tayongtsv, tachila.
Vigilant Kymdang, saksalvma, saka
ali, nuka ali, meryk-mervker.
Vigorous Melaa-melaa, ainer, tekvm-
dang, tetsung-ka tazung,
tashi majem;
Village • Im.
Vine Tezv, ninang, ‘ zv ’ as a suffix.
Violence Rakzvka, raktepa, ambangim.
Virgin Aeir (or) aiyir.
Vise Mejeptsv.
Visit Nguyue ao, semdange ao, asv,
Vitals Temulung, azvkidong.
Voice Ola.
Void Tazvngla, azvngazynger, a

masen.
Volcano Ali arongba.
Vomit Saktzy, meitet.
Vow Atem, atemzvk.
Vulgar Machi-kochi o, salep sari o.
Vulture Ogun.
W.
W abble Lok-lok, lokshi, lokzv.
W ade Tzv-nung jajar, tzv aten.
W ag Angvmzv, arepten.
W ages Ta, nvbua.
W agon Talungtsv.
Wail Mangim.
W aist Teperem .
W ait A ta ali.
W ait upon Awazy,anganv agytsy, tenzykr
yari.
W ake (a n o th e r) Meso.
W ake (one’s self) Sak, asak.
Walk, v. Jaja, seisvbung.
W alking stick Mechi, azok.
Wall Jara.
W ander Nemzv, chizv.
W ant, n. Wara, tesensak, lenimaor.
W ant, v. Ny as a suffix.
W ar Aryr, leptep, leptep-tsyngtep-
Warm, v. Awang, lemla, miri, melu.
W arm (to be) Alem, lema, lem-lemer, lem-
yir, aper, wang-wanger.
W arm season Lemlua, mei.
W arrior Aryr mapang, aryr kudong.
W arp (of cloth) Apama.
W art Chepna.
W ash Shidok.
W ash (the face) Tezak mei.
W ash (the hands) Teka meitsyk.
W ash (the arms and legs) Meitok.
W ash (the mouth) Tebang mechu, ot mechushia...
W ash (the body-bathe) Tzy shigo {or chigo).
W ash (clothes) Scv ashi, shidok.
Wasp Sangmungpi, ali .ninang,

yongra.
Wasteful Mang-mari, mezong riietu,
mapayu.
Watch, n. Anytetsv.
Watch, v. Anvk, meit, saka meit, saka
ali.
Watchman Tanvker, meikar, meiter.
Watchful Zungkvmsa, mapangSa, sak-
salyma, nvka ali, saka ali.
Water Tzv.
Water (clear) Tzv mvrvk, lungsang tzv.
Water (cold) Tzvzv.
Water (muddy ) Lishitzv, tzvbu.
Water (warm) Tzv miri, tzv melu, tzv atsyk.
Waterfall Tzv in.
Wave, 11. Tzvsem, tzvlok.
Wave, v. Ozv, oshi, jepzy, anokzy,
mangazy, awazy, azvzy.
Waver (in mind) Meyipshi, temulung senchi,
temulung asetshi, temulung
mescongzvk, memulung.
Wax (bees’) Nirep.
Wax (ear) • Narong sv.
Way (direction) Len.
Way (manner) Oda, ode, szi oda, mazi.
Way (road or path) Len, len'.i, lemang, lungkong.
Way, this way and that Elen olen, kelen-kelena.
Wayward Tayipzvr, saiyu machi, arepzvr.
We Ozo, ozv, asen, ozonok, onok.
Weak Tashi maet, tashi atang, tezv
atang, tashi ajem (or) atem.
Wealthy Takar.
Wear (clothes) Scv aben, scv asem.
Wear ' hat or cap) Asen, asem.
Wear (a coat) Tula asem, tula sepok.
Wear (shoes) Asem.
Wear (jewelry) Sobutsv sobu, azyk, anu,
sepok, ayok.
Wean, v. Mamadokdaktsv.
Weary Anir, belem, temang metsung
shia aret.
Weasel Inpok.
R
Weather Tsungsang
Weave Atak.
Wedge, n. Temajatsv, scongsoli, metang,
temetangtsy.
Weed, n. Aei.
Weed, v. Aei inyak.
Weep Azeb, zeba-zeba, mangim,
(mang-aeim).
W eigh Ao, odang, seret age ao, (or)
odang, seret atu.
Weld Zvktep, tasvktep, neptep,
mesemtep.
Welfare Tia, sadok-sadoka ali.
Well, adv. Zung-zunga.
Wen Tungtera.
Wet Taei, tela, aja.
What Kechi, koba.
Whatever ) Kechisa, kechisarena.
Whatsoever )
Whatsoever (way or manner) Kodakirna.
Wheel Talungba.
When Kodang, kechisvdang. (
Whence Kong-nunge, kechi-nunge,
kolen-nunge.
Where Kechinung, kong, kolene..
Wherefore Kechisvnung, kaatsv, ' ke-
chiba.
Whet Aeishi, aryngshi.
Whetstone Lungzyk.
Which Kechi, koba.
Which one Shir.
While Dang, daka, as suffixes.
Whimper ) Tsilu.
Whine j
Whirl Aon, aein.'
Whirlpool Tzv manga.
Whirlwind Tsungrem mopung.
Whisper Jem-jem shishi, jem-jem
zymbi.
Whistle Pio aten.
White Temescong.
White ant Shipo, tangti.
White of an egg Entzy teka.

Whitish Pu-pur, puyi-puyir.
Who Shiba, shir.
Whoever Shiresa.
Whole Temang, azak, inti, rangben.
Whooping cough Sarnia oa-ketra, aketlang.
Whose Shir, shir meyong.
Why Kechiba, kechishi, kechiyong,
kaatsv, kesa, kechisytsv.
Wicked Talepzvr, tatazvr, temenen
tayipzy.
Wide Sadem-sademer, meya-meyar,
lenten tulu, tulu.
Width of cloth Scvkong.
Widow Amitzyr.
Widower Sangremer.
Wife Kinungtzv, kibutzy.
Wild Temervk, mervk-meryker.
Wild animals Arem shiruru.
Wild fowls Omechi.
Wilt Azela, azvla.
Wind Mopung.
Wind v. Naei, aei, mei, azv, zya.
Wind a ball Naeiten.
Windpipe Terokzv.
Window Tanedangtsv.
Wine Tsykmenatsv tzv.
Wing Tashikang.
Wink Remshj, remten, arakzy.
Winnow AyipshJ, aen, apshi, inti, entsy.
Wipe Aeidok.
Wire In lisv, inscongzv.
Wisdom Shisatsv.
Wise person Tashi temeter, tetangshi,
shisa akaba.
Wish Ny, as a verbal suffix.
With Den, ten.
Wither Azela, azvla.
Within Telung, nung as a suffix.
Witness Kuli, mokulung.
W it's end Shisa tatvm, temulung atym.
W o lt T svnv.
i8 o AO NAGA LANGUAGE.
Woman Tetzvr, lar.

Womb Numenden, mashi so
W onder Tescongmang, tetania, tajidak.
Wonderful Saiya-teyar, tescongmangtsy.
Wood Scong.
Wood, gnarled Scongri, scongri-lungri.
Wool Tezvng.
W ord O.
Work, n. Mapa.
Work, v. Inyak.
World Ali, lima.
Worm Mesen, lungben.
Worm, intestinal Tsela, keyi, kymrem, atang.
W orship Kylvm, kylvm keja, (or) kyja,
yanglu kdri.
W orth Alang.
W orthy Tetemsv, tiyari, tesvtep, tim.
Wound, n. Teiro, iroba, zvbu.
Wound, v. Iro.
W rap Mei, meibang.
W rap a corpse Mangalung..
W rath Ain, rasa.
W rench Meyip, anep, kusvk.
W restle Melang, melangtep
W ring Mesen, mesentok.
W rinkle Jingten, ashirep, kongrep, kang-
ten, ashi, ashipela,
Wrist Tekanvk.
W rite Zilu, atep.
W rong Taei, tamazung, mashilen.
Y.
Yam Shi.
Yarn Ang, angsv.
Yawn Tebang wa mesa.
Year Kym.
Year ( this) Takym.
Year (next) Sangkym.
Year (last) Yakvm.
Year (full) Kym rentet, kvm tabensa.
Yearly Kvmshia, kymaben.
Y east Peazv,
Yell Aeimten, aeimtena ola agvtsy.

Yes Au, toh, ai.
Yesterday. Yashi.
Yesterday (day before) Yakynv.
Y et Anu, azi saka.
Yonder Oage (wage), tuage, luage.
You. Na, nenok.
Young (human) Tanur, lanu, techir.
Young (beasts) Techanu.
Young people (men and Changya la ia ; tenyla tebusang ;
women) aeir, asangurtvm.
Z.
Zealous Tm ulung nung aeter, sashir,

lungso, ashi abung.
THE END.
A. 3. P. 0 . (General) N o, i ig—5o4~3o-3-J3.

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AO NAGA GRAMMAR

ILLUSTRATIVE PHRASES AND VOCABULARY,

fa y PRINTED AT THE ASSAM SECRETARIAT PRINTING OFFICE.

ILLUSTRATIVE PHRASES AND VOCABULARY,

A SSA M S E C R E T A R IA T P R IN T IN G DEPARTM ENT,

I n the preparation o f th is work, I have had access to

and am also indebted to him fo r personal assistance,

especially on the Grammar .

Adjectives . ... 13-16

Conjunctions ... 42- 43

D ivision of T ime 46-48

Measures of Length and W eight 48-49

I llustrative P hrases ... 50-87

E nglish-Ao Vocabulary 88-181

Vowels and D iphthongs .

i has the sound of i in pm and ptque.

eat a meal, and ziyongtsv is fo o d ; ‘ ali ’ means to be, to

applied to plants and flowers of which the sexes are distinguish­

T he dative suffix of place must sometimes be translated by

himself as associated with the others included in the terms

sometimes appears as a demonstrative stem, as ‘ elen’, ‘ elenzi’,

‘ nisung qei ? ’ how many men ? ‘ nisung asym ’ three men. On

Idakzi kechi tali zymbitsy ?

Another form of same meaning is ‘idangzi tali kechi

European ideas of language, classic or modern, are run

adok ’ he turned up sick, ‘ pa mazvmbie adok ’ he not speaking

remarked that, while the postposition 1age ’ is limited to the

For other participial forms see Verbal Nouns under Nouns

R emarks on I nfinitive Mode.

Langka asongdangtsv yong ni aru.

R emarks on P otential and S ubjunctive Modes.

‘ a o ts v ’ (infinitive of go), and ‘aliba’ was necessary, full,

Asong pa aotsvla or olaba.

Pae yamae shira ni odi.

But when bo is affixed to a verb form it has usually the

cause to carry or cause to bring, and causing to carry is som e'

adhesive substance, ‘ azunglok ’ and ' nunglok ’ to urge others

R e f conveys the idea of thoroughness and completeness,

rubbing against so as to become fast, ‘ a je p ta k ’ to grip on to

hill top ; ‘ zyk implying completion, corresponds as noted above

‘ Ar ’ and ‘ er ’ are present tense forms, and when used mean

by the pronunciation of the imperative ‘asv sang' all that is

In the foregoing, ‘ svli ’ may be substituted for ‘ svshia

general meaning, signifying to cut : ‘ alang ’ means to cut by a

meaning perhaps, is usually placed early in a sentence, not

‘ Ibagvtsye ’ after that, after­ ‘ K odanga ’ with negative,

Interrogative adverbs may be used relatively. There is no

Tanurzi nung agyzang ; incorrect because the

If ‘ nung ’ is classed as a case-ending, so also must ‘ n u n g e ’

shiruru-o, ozv-o, ango-o, scongdong-o, ya azak, Tsungrem age

Interjections of the Aos present no special features worthy

The Ao language has sufficient inflection to allow of

m ust be exercised that the main nominative is not placed where

15. Teri pungu. 36. Lir maben trok.

As will be observed from the above, the Aos have distinct

N u m era l Adverbs are formed by adding the suffix ‘ b e n ’

Thirteenth month = Amla'ita, shila maza.

D ivisions of Day and Night.

Measures of Length .—(Tasa zyk .)

Am ka = Distance between tip of fingers across the breast

D ry Measure (Paddy Measure).—(Tatak zvk .)

Tekabu ka = One handful.

Scongti = About two and one-half seers.

applied to plants and flowers of which the sexes are distinguish

‘ Ibagvtsye ’ after that, after ‘ K odanga ’ with negative,

"They sought -proof to con Pa aeitsytsv asoshi parenoke

H e grieved, because his culti Alu shiti ajvmsa-nung pa