SVKM’S NMIMS

Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Department of Electronics &Telecommunication Engineering

BEE & Electronics Lab

Course: - Basic Electrical Engineering

Experiment 4 a

Super Position Theorem

Aim:
To analyse the given circuit using Super Position Theorem to calculate
the load current and hence verify the same practically.

Components:
DC Ammeter (0-10 mA), Resistances (1K, 3.3K, 1.5K, 2.2K, 560Ω), DC
Power Supply (10V, 5V), Breadboard, Connecting Wires, etc.

Circuiit Diagram:

Fig a. V1 = 10 V and V2 = 5V
 Fig b. V1 = 10 V and V2 =0V

Fig c. V1 = 0 V and V2 = 5V

Theory:

There are some powerful network theorems that allow us to easily analyze
complex circuits. The Superposition Theorem allows us to determine a load
voltage or current by analyzing the effects of each source acting
independently. The purpose of this experiment is to verify this network
theorem.

Superposition theorem: In a linear network containing more than one active

source, the resultant current in any element is the algebraic sum of the
current that would be produced by each source acting alone, all the other
sources being represented by respective internal resistance.
The Superposition Theorem may be employed whenever there are multiple
sources in the circuit. To use Superposition:
1. Remove all sources but one.
2. Replace theVoltage sources are replaced by short and current sources
are replaced by an open.
3. Calculate the node voltage or current.
4. Repeat for all other sources one at a time.
5. The final load voltage or current is the algebraically sum all the
individual voltages or currents.

Procedure:
1) Measure and record the values for all the resistors in Table 1.

2) Direct Measurement of IL:

a) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram(a)
b) Adjust V1=10V and V2= 5V and measure the current trough RL

3) Measurement of IL using superposition principle:

3.1 To measure IL’:

a) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram(b)
b) Keep V1= 10V connected in the circuit and replace V2 by short circuit.
c) Measure the current through RL. this is IL’

3.2 To Measure IL’’:

a) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram(c)
b) Keep V2= 5V connected in the circuit and replace V1 by short circuit.
c) Measure the current through RL. this is IL’’

3.3Find IL by superposition theorem as : IL= IL’ + IL’’

Observation Table:

Resistor R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
Rated value 3.3 KΩ 1.5KΩ 560Ω 1KΩ 1.7KΩ
Measured
value
 V1 (Volts) V2 (Volts) Current Through RL
(mA)
10 5 IL =
10 0 IL’ =
0 5 IL’’=

Calculations: (Solve by Theoretical method)

1) For direct measurement of IL:

2) For Measurement of IL’:
3) For Measurement of IL’’:

Result Table: (Currents in mA)

By Direct By Superposition By Calculations

Measurement Theorem(Practical
Method)
IL IL ‘ IL ’’ IL IL ‘ IL ‘’ IL

Conclusion: To be written by student.

 SVKM’S NMIMS
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Department of Electronics &Telecommunication Engineering

BEE & Electronics Lab

Course: - Basic Electrical Engineering

Experiment 4b

Thevenin’s Theorem

Aim:
To analyze the given circuit using Thevenin’s Theoremto calcuate the
load current and hence verify the same practically.

Components:
DC Ammeter (0-10 mA), Voltmeter (0-10V), Resistances (1K, 3.3K, 1.5K,
2.2K, 560Ω), DC Power Supply (10V, 5V), Breadboard, Connecting Wires, etc.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig a. Thevenins Equivalent ciruit across RL.

 Fig b. Thevenins Voltage between terminals A and B.

Fig c. Thevenins Equivalent resistance between terminals A and B.

Theory:
Thevinin’s theorem is a mathematical technique for replaces a given network
when viewed from output terminals by a single voltage source in series with
resistance. It makes the solution of complicated electronic network easy,to
find current in RL.

The current through a load resistance (RL) connected across any two
terminals A and B of a linear active bilateral network as viewed from
terminals A and B.
 IL = Vth/RL+Rth

Vth: Thevenins equivalent voltage between terminals A and B.

Rth: total resistance between terminals A and B with all voltage sources
replaced by their internal resistance and current sources by Infinite
resistance.

Procedure:
1) For Direct Measurement :
a) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram(a)
b) Adjust V1=10V and V2= 5V and measure the current through RL

2) For measurement of thevenin’s voltage:

a) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram (b)
remove load RL
b) Keeping the values of supply voltage same as in step 1 measure the voltage
between the open circuited load terminals. this is thevenin’s Voltage (VTH)

3) For measurement of thevenin’s Resistance:

a) Replace all the voltage sources by short circuit as per ckt (c)
using the multimeter measure the equivalent resistance between the open
circuited load terminals. this is thevenin’s resistance ( RTH )

4) Find the load current as

V TH
IL = R TH +R L

Observation Table:

Resistor R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
Rated value 3.3 KΩ 1.5KΩ 560Ω 1KΩ 1.7KΩ
Measured
value

V2 IL (By direct VTH (Volt) RTH

 V1
(Volts)
(Volts) Measurement)

Calculated Observed Calculated Observed Calculated Observed

Calculations: (Solve by Theoretical method)

1) For direct measurement of VTH:
2) To find RTH:

Result Table: (Currents in mA)

By Direct By Thevenin’s By Calculations

Measurement Theorem
(Practical Method)
IL VTH RTH IL VTH RTH IL

Conclusion: To be written by student.

SVKM’S NMIMS
 Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Department of Electronics &Telecommunication Engineering

BEE & Electronics Lab

Course: - Basic Electrical Engineering

Experiment 4c

Norton’s Theorem

Aim:
To analyse the given circuit using Norton’s Theorem to calculate the
Load current and hence verify the same practically.

Components:
DC Ammeter (0-10 mA), Resistances (1K, 3.3K, 1.5K, 2.2K, 560Ω), DC
Power Supply (10V, 5V), Breadboard, Connecting Wires, etc.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig a. Nortons equivalent across RL

 Fig a. Nortons Equivalent current through terminals A and B.

Fig a. Nortons equivalent resistance across terminals A abd B

Theory:

It states that any two terminal of a network can be replaced by an equivalent

circuit current source and an equivalent parallel resistance which would flow
in the short circuit placed across the terminals. The parallel resistance is the
resistance of the network when viewed from these open circuit terminals,
after all voltage and current source have been replaced by their respective
internal resistance.
 Procedure:
1)For Direct Measurement:
a) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram(a)
b) Adjust V1=10V and V2= 5V and measure the current through RL
2) For measurement of short circuit current:
a) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram ( b)
b) Keeping the values of supply voltages same as in Step 1
c) Measure the current through short circuited load terminals. this is short
circuited current Isc.
3) For measurement of norton’s resistance:
Directly using multimeter:
a) Replace al the voltage sources by short circuit as per ckt(c).
b) Keeping multimeter measure the equivalent resistance between open
circuited load points. this is norton’s resistance (RN)
RN
4) Find load current as IL = Isc * RN + RL
Observation Table:

Resistor R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
Rated value 3.3 KΩ 1.5KΩ 560Ω 1KΩ 1.7KΩ
Measured
value

V1
V2 IL (By direct RTH
(Volts) VTH (Volt)
(Volts) Measurement)

Calculated Observed Calculated Observed Calculated Observed

Calculations: (Solve by Theoretical method)

1) For Measurement of IL:

2) For Measurement of RN.:
Result Table: (Currents in mA)

By Direct By Norton’s Theorem By Calculations

Measurement (Practical Method)
IL Isc RN IL Isc RN IL

Conclusion: To be written by student.