CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTERS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. MAIN BLOCK DIAGRAMS WITH DESCRIPTIONS

3. POWER SUPPLY UNIT

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Block Diagram

3.3 Circuit Diagram

3.4 Brief Explanations of Components Used In Power Supply

4. ATMEL 89S52 MICRO CONTROLLER

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Block Diagram

4.3 Pin Configuration with Description

4.4 Oscillator Characteristics

4.5 Various Modes Operated In ATMEL

4.6 Programming the Flash

4.7 Features of ATMEL

5. RF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

6. H-BRIDGE DRIVER L293D

7. RS-232

6.1 Circuit Diagram

6.2 9-Pin Connector

8. MAX-232

7.1 Pin Configuration

7.2 Circuit Diagram with Explanation

9. H-BRIDGE DRIVER L293D

10. WORKING PROCEDURE WITH OUTPUT

11. ATMEL CODING

12. APPLICATIONS

13. ADVANTAGES & FEATURES

14. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

15. CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES
 INTRODUCTION

An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform

one or a few dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints. It
is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical
parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC),
is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded
systems control many devices in common use today.

Embedded systems are controlled by one or more main

processing cores that are typically either microcontrollers or digital signal
processors (DSP).Typically, an embedded system is housed on a single
microprocessor board with the programs stored in ROM. Virtually all appliances
that have a digital interface -- watches, microwaves, VCRs, cars -- utilize
embedded systems.
 MAIN BLOCK DIAGRAMS

TRANSMITTER

PC

MICROCONTROLLER
Max 232
AT89S52
ENcoder RF Tx

RPS

Crystal
 RECEIVER

Robot
platform

MICROCONTROLLER
L293D
AT89S52
DECODER RF Rx

RPS

Crystal

BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION:

A robot can talk, walk, run and do anything as per logic

embedded in it even though the robot can do the above things. It seems a useless
thing if it is uncontrollable. Here controlling a robot is main task has to consider
while designing any robot.

In this project a robot is controlled by using our personal

computer. Rf transmitter will be attached to the pc and the rf receiver will be
connected with the receiver means robot. In this project there are two embedded
systems based microcontroller boards. Among which one is transmitter connected
to the pc through max 232 and the receiver board has a robot platform. When ever
we want control the robot the commands are given from the pc keyboard and these
commands are encoded and transmitted through rf tx and the code is received by rf
rx and decoded in the decoder. Depending upon the command received the control
compare with the predefined commands programmed. Depending upon the
command received the robot will be controlled.

The receiver consists of dc motors interfaced to

microcontroller through h-bridge driver. The role of the h-bridge is to provide the
commutation action. Two bits are required for controlling the motor. Braking also
may be programmed in to the micro controller.

POWER SUPPLY UNIT

BASIC REQUIRMENT

The following are the basic five requirements of microcontroller

1. Power Supply

2. Crystal Oscillator

3. Reset

4. SIP Resistor

5. Resistor for EA Pin

1. Regulated Power Supply

In mains-supplied electronic systems the AC input voltage must be

converted into a DC voltage with the right value and degree of stabilization. The
common DC voltages that are required to power up the devices are generally in the
range of 3 VDC to 30 VDC. Typically the fixed types of DC voltages are 5V, 9V,
12V, 15V and 18V DC.
 POWER SUPPLY MODULES:

 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

 BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER

 VOLTAGE REGULATORS

Transformer

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of
power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains
electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers
reduce voltage.
A step down power transformer is used to step down the AC voltage from the

of 110 VAC or 220 VAC i.e, it converts higher voltage at the input side to a lower
voltage at the output.

Rectifier

There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert AC to

DC. The bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces full-wave varying
DC

Bridge rectifier Output: full-wave varying DC

Alternate pairs of diodes conduct, changing over (using all the AC
wave)
the connections so the alternating directions of
AC are converted to the one direction of DC.

Filter

Filtering is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the

DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying
DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unfiltered varying
DC (dotted line) and the filtered DC (solid line). The
capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as
it supplies current to the output.

Typically 1000 μf capacitor is used

Regulator

This is a simple DC regulated supply project using 7805 voltage regulator to obtain
a variable DC voltage range from 5V to 15V

Pin out of the 7805 regulator IC.

1. Unregulated voltage in

2. Ground

3. Regulated voltage out

If you need other voltages than +5V, you can modify the circuit by replacing the
7805 chips with another regulator with different output voltage from regulator
78xx chip family. The last numbers in the the chip code tells the output voltage.
Remember that the input voltage must be at least 3V greater than regulator output
voltage ot otherwise the regulator does not work well.

Crystal Oscillator
The 8051 uses the crystal for precisely that: to synchronize it’s operation.
Effectively, the 8051 operates using what are called "machine cycles." A single
machine cycle is the minimum amount of time in which a single 8051 instruction
can be executed. Although many instructions take multiple cycles.  8051 has an on-
chip oscillator. It needs an external crystal that decides the operating frequency of
the 8051. The crystal is connected to pins 18 and 19 with stabilizing capacitors. 12
MHz (11.059MHz) crystal is often used and the capacitance ranges from 20pF to
40pF.

A cycle is, in reality, 12 pulses of the crystal. That is to say, if an instruction takes
one machine cycle to execute, it will take 12 pulses of the crystal to execute. Since
we know the we can calculate how many instruction cycles the 8051 can execute
per second:

11,059,000 / 12 = 921,583

11.0592 MHz crystals are often used because it can be divided to give you exact
clock rates for most of the common baud rates for the UART, especially for the
higher speeds (9600, 19200).
Reset
RESET is an active High input  When RESET is set to High, 8051 goes back to the
power on state.The 8051 is reset by holding the RST high for at least two machine
cycles and then returning it low. Initially charging of capacitor makes RST High,
When capacitor charges fully it blocks DC.

SIP Resistor
Sip Resistor is a single in pack Resistor (i.e.,) 8 resistors connected in series.
Basically SIP resistor is a 9 pin connector first pin is for power supply to the entire
8 resistors in SIP.

Generally SIP Resistor is used to close the open drain connections of Port 0.
AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with
8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured
using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with
the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash
allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional
nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-
system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a
powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded control applications.

8051 PIN DIAGRAM

AT89S52 Architecture consists of these specific features:

 8 bit CPU with registers A (Accumulator) and B

 16 bit Program Counter(PC) and Data Pointer (DPTR)

 8 bit Program Status Word (PSW)

 8 bit Stack Pointer (SP)

 Internal ROM of 8k

 Internal RAM of 128 bytes

 Four Register banks each containing eight registers

 Sixteen bytes, which may be addressed at the bit level

 Eighty bytes of general purpose data memory

 32 I/O pins arranged as four 8-bit ports: P0,P1,P2,P3

 Two 16-bit Timers/Counters: T0 and T1

 Full duplex serial data Receiver/Transmitter : SBUF

 Control Registers: TCON, TMOD, SCON, SMOD, PCON, IP and IE.

 Two external and three internal interrupt sources.

 Oscillator and Clock circuits.

Pin Description

Pin ( 32 – 39 ) Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional port. As an open

drain output port, it can sink eight LS TTL loads. Port 0 pins that have 1s written to
them float, and in that state will function as high impedance inputs. Port 0 is also
the multiplexed low-order address and data bus during accesses to external
memory. In this application it uses strong internal pull ups when emitting 1s. Port 0
emits code bytes during program verification. In this application, external pull ups
are required.