Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
As the air gap between the stator and rotor winding increases then the leakage
reactance decreases and thus the leakage flux increases.
Leakage inductance:
Reactance due to rotor flux lines that do not couple with stator windings.
If the bars of the cage rotor are placed deeper into the rotor surface, the leakage
will be more and X2 is large.
6.2 Slot leakage
o The flux that follows the path from tooth to tooth across the slots as
shown in figure. In this process it links stator/rotor windings.
o The path of slot leakage flux is perpendicular to the main flux which
passes radially down the teeth and a small potion of it straight down the
slots.
o It is observed that small amount of magnetic leakage flux links bottom
conductors in slots than top conductors.
o The slot leakage is dependent upon the shape of slots. It is larger in semi-
closed slots used in induction machines.
6.3 Tooth-tip leakage
o In the case of induction machines both the stator and rotor are slotted so
that some of the flux follows the path alternating between stator and rotor
teeth as shown in Figure.
o This flux therefore alternately links conductors in stator and rotor slots and
is known as zig-zag leakage. Because of its nature it cannot be clearly
assigned to either the stator or rotor windings.
o It is considered that half of this flux links the stator winding while the other
half links the rotor winding. This type of Magnetic Flux Leakage is an
exclusive feature of the induction machine and its value is a function of
the percentage of the slot-pitch occupied by tooth in the rotor and stator
and upon the length of the air-gap.
The amount of this leakage depends upon the proximity of conductors and their
relative location with respect to both the core and end-shields. This leakage is
generally small because of the large air paths involved.
Reactance X = 2 π f T 2 L λ
= 2 π f Zs2 L λ s q
If the conductor of a phase under all the poles are connected in series the slot leakage reactance per
phase
Similarly
Problem:
A 3 phase 50Hz, 6 pole induction motor has 3 slots per pole per phase.
The stator core length is 0.12 cm and there are 225 turns per phase in
stator. Two alternative sizes of almost equal area fig(a) and (b) are
available for stator slots. Calculate the stator slot leakage reactance
per phase in each case and comment on the result. The machine has a
single layer winding.
Stator slots
From fig(a)
Specific slot permeance,
= 4 π x 10 -7
[ 28/ 3 x 10.5 + 1/ 10.5 + 2x3.5/10.5+3 + 1/3] = 23.1 x 10 -7
.
xs=8 π f T ph 2
L ( λs / pq) = 8 π x 50 x (225)) 2
x 0.12 x 23.1 x 10 -7
/ 6 x 3 = 0.98
Ω
from fig(b)
λs = 4 π x 10 -7
[ 35/ 3 x 8.5 + 10.5/ 8.5 + 2x3.5/8.5+3 + 1/3] = 30.5 x 10 -7
xs = 8 π x 50 x (225)) 2
x 0.12(30.5 x 10 -7 / 6 x 3) = 1.29 Ω
The leakage reactance in case of b is higher. Thus, a deep and narrow slot gives
high leakage reactance as compared with shallow and wide slot.
Problem:
A 3-phase 50 Hz alternator has parallel sided slots 0.6 m long and 20mm wide
and 100 mm deep. There are 8 poles with 4 slots per phase and 10 conductors
per slot.
The coils are full pitched and connected in series. Determine the leakage
reactance per phase due to the slot flux.
Solution:
Height of insulation = depth of slot – height of wedge- height of conductors.
= 100 – 20 – 60 = 20mm
The insulation is 10mm at the top and 10mm at the bottom of conductors with
the insulation between conductors being neglected.
= 4π x 10 -7
[ 60/3 x 20 + 10/20 + 2 x 20/20+20 ] = 10 π x 10 -7
Total no of slots = 3 p q = 3 x 8 x 4 = 96
Total conductors = no of slots x conductors / slot = 96 x 10 = 960
Tph = z/6 = 960/6 = 160
Leakage reactance due to slot leakage
xs = 8 π f T ph 2
L ( λs / pq)
= 1.89 Ω
6.7 MMF calculation for air gap :
Usually MMF is required to overcome the reluctance of iron parts which is small
as compared to mmf required for airgap.
Length of air gap is not constant over the whole pole pitch . The length of airgap
at pole is more than the centre of the pole shoe. The ratio of average flux density
in airgap is aclled field form factor Kf.
Problem:
Calculate the mmf required for the air gap of a machine having core
length = 0.32m including 4 ducts of 10mm each pole arc=0.19m ; pitch
= 65.4 mm; slot opening = 5mm ; air gap length = 5mm; flux per pole =
52 m Wb. Given Carter’s co-efficient is 0.18 for opening/gap = 1 and is
0.28 opening/gap = 2.
Solution:
-2
Kyd = L / L – KcdmdWd = 0.32 / 0.32 – 0.28 x 4 x 1 x 10 = 1.036.
Flux density at the center of pole Bs = flux/pole / pole arc x core length
-3
= 52 x 10 / 0.18 x 0.32 = 0.854 Wb/m2 .
A 175 MVA 2θ pole water wheel generator has a core of length 1.72 m
and diameter of 6.5 m . The stator slts have a width of 22mm , the slot
pitch being 64mm and air gap length at the center of the pole is 30mm.
There are 41 radial ventilating ducts each 6mm wide . The total mmf
per pole is 27000A. The mmf required for the air gap is 87% of total
mmf per pole. Estimate the average flux density in the air gap if the
field form factor is 0.7 .
Ks = 2/ π [ tan -1
y – 1/y log (1 + y2) ½
]
Ws,Wd are widths of slot and duct respectively and lg is the length of air gap.
Solution:
= 0.05
Graphical method :
The mmf per metre for the whole length of tooth is not uniform as the flux
density is not same everywhere. Therefore, to obtain correctly the value of
total mmf it is necessary to construct graph showing in manner in which
ah varies over the length for the whole of the teeth.
The total mmf for the teeth is given by ∫ H dL the integrator being carried
out for the complete height of tooth.
= atmean x I1 = atmean x ds
Simpson’s rule :
This method is applied to teeth of simple form and of small taper and is based on
the assumption that the curve relating ‘at’ with flux entity is a parabola.
In this method the vaues of at are obtained at three equidistant points , the ends
of the teeth and its center.
This method is applied to teeth of small taper and based on the assumption that
value of at is obtained for flux density at a section 1/3 of tooth height from
narrow end is the mean of ‘at’ for the whole of the tooth. This method is most
simple and results accurate if the teeth are worked at low saturation.
Let Bt1/3 = flux density at 1/3 height from narrow end.
At 1/3 = value of mmf per metre for Bt1/3 as obtained from B-‘at’ curve.
Total mmf for teeth At = at1/3 x lt = at1/3 x dc.
Problem:
A laminated tooth of armature steel in an electrical machine is 30mm
long and has a taper such that the maximum width is 1.4 times the
minimum. Estimte the mmf required for a mean flux density of 1.9
Wb/m2 in this tooth. Use Simpson’s rule .
Let Wt1 , Wt2 and Wt3 be the maximum , mean and minimum widths of tooth
Wt1 = 1.4 Wt3
Wt2 = Wt1 + Wt3 /2 = 1.2 Wt3
Flux density at any section of tooth Bt = flux/tooth/ area of section
= flux/tooth ÷ net iron length x width of tooth
The flux density at any section of the tooth is inversely proportional to the tooth
width .
Let Bt1,Bt2,Bt3 be the minimum,mean and maximum flux densities.
Bt1 = Bt2 Wt2/ Wt1 = 1.9 x 1.2 / 1.4 = 1.63 Wb/m2
Bt2 = 1.9 Wb/m2
Bt3 = 1.9 x 1.2 = 2.28 Wb/m2
The B-at curve is plotted in Figure. From this curve the vaues of mmf per metre
for flux densities Bt1 = 1.63 Wb/m2 Bt2 = 1.9 Wb/m2 Bt3 = 2.28 Wb/m2
at1 = 4500 A at2 = 17000A and at3 = 100,500 A
Applying Simpson’s rule the mean value of mmf per metre
atmean = at1 + 4at2 + at3 / 6
= 4500 + 4 x 17000 + 100,500/6 = 28833 A/m.
-3
Total mmf required = atmean x l1 = 28833 x 30 x 10 = 865 A
Kf = φ
Gap density at the centre of pole Bg = flux per pole / pole arc x length of core
-12
= 72 x 10 / 0.3 x 0.36 = 0.667 Wb /m2
MMF required for air gap = 800,000 Kq Bq Iq
-3
= 800,000 x 1.41 x 0.667 x 8 x 10 = 4870.
b) MMF required for teeth neglecting saturation.
Net iron length = K Ø (L – ndWd) = 0.9 (0.36-5x10x 10-8 ) = 0.279 m
-8
No of teeth in pole arc = pole arc / tooth pitch at the gap surface = 0.3/25 x 10
= 12
Tooth width at the top of slot = 25 – 12 = 13mm
Tooth width at the bottom of slot = 22 -12 = 10mm
Flux density in the tooth is maximum at the bottom as the section there is
minimum calling this as Bt (mcs).
Bt (mcs) = flux per pole / number of teeeth in a pole arc x t x width of tooth at
the bottom.
-3 -3
= 72 x 10 / 12 x 0.279 x 10 x 10 = 2.15 Wb/m2
c)
Step (1)-
The stator slot pitch various from 15mm to 25mm.calculate the range ofstator
slots using the equation.
Step (2)
Step (3)
Select the choice of stator slots which are common between the valuesobtained
in step(1) and step(2)
Step (4)
The best choice of stator slots is given by the value of slots in the list obtained
from step(3) and satisfying the slot loading.
Area of each slot = Copper area per slot/space factor = Zss*as/ space factor
Space factor vary from 0.25 to 0.4After obtaining the area of the slot, the
dimensions of the slot should be adjusted. The slot should not be too wide to
give a thin tooth.
Stator teeth
The minimum width of stator tooth is either near the gap surface or at one third
height of tooth from slot opening.
Flux density lies between 1.2 to 1.5 wb/m2Flux passing through the sector core
is half of the flux per pole
Flux = Фm / 2
where p – no of pairs of poles, AT 30 – Total ampere turns of the magnetic circuit
at 300 from the centre of the pole, Tph – Number of stators turns per phase.
No load Power Factor: No load power factor of an induction motor is too poor.
As the load on the machine increases the power factor improves. No load power
factor can be calculated knowing the components of no- load current.
Ex. While designing the stator of a 3 phase 10 kW, 400 volts, 50 Hz, 4 pole,
wound rotor induction motor, following data are obtained.
Number of conductors/slot = 38
Based on the above data, calculate the following performance data for this
motor.
(i) Flux per pole (ii) Iron losses (iii) Active component of no load current (iv) No
load current (v) No load power factor
Assuming star delta connection for the motor Vph = 400 volts
= 0.00827 wb
(ii) Iron losses
Total Iron losses = Iron losses in stator teeth + Iron losses in stator core Iron
losses in stator teeth:
For the given stator length assuming one ventilating duct of width 1cm and iron
space factor of 0.95,
= (0.125 -1 x 0.01)0.95
= 0.109 m
Area of the stator tooth per pole A't = b't x li x number of teeth per pole
= 0.00746 m2
Mean flux density in stator teeth B't = Φ / A't = 0.00827/ 0.00746 = 1.10 9 Tesla
Volume of all the stator teeth = b't x li x height of teeth x number of teeth
= 0.001044 m3
Weight of all the teeth = volume x density Assuming a density of 7.8 x 10 3 kg/
m3
Weight of all the teeth = 0.001044 x 7.8 x 10 3 = 8.14 kg Total iron losses in the
stator teeth = Total weight x loss/kg
Iron loss in the material at a flux density of 1.66 Tesla from graph PP-22 of DDH
loss/kg = 23 w/kg
Iron losses in stator core : Sectional area of the stator core = li x dc = 0.109 x
0.03 = 0.00327 m2
Mean diameter of the stator core below the slots = 0.19 + 2 x 0.035 + 0.03 =
0.29 m
Volume of the stator core = π x D x Acs = π x 0.29 x 0.00327 = 0.002979 m3
Flux density in stator core = Φc / Acs = 0.00827/(2 x 0.00327) = 1.264 Tesla
Total iron losses in the stator = 187.22 + 394.91= 582.13 watts (iii) Active
component of no- load current
Assuming the friction and windage losses as 1% of output Friction and windage
loss = 100 w Total no load losses = 582.13 + 100 = 682.13 watts
Iw= Total no load losses / ( 3 x phase voltage) = 682.13/( 3 x 400) = 0.568 amps
Pole pitch at he mean diameter of the stator core = π x D/ P = π x 0.29/ 4 = 0.23
m Length of the flux path in stator core = 1/3 x 0.23 = 0.077 m
Ampere turns per meter at a flux density of 1.264 Tesla from graph (PP-22 of
DDH) 400 AT
Hence total ampere turns required for the stator core = 400 x 0.077 = 31
Flux density in stator teeth at 300 from the pole centre = 1.36 Bt’
= 1.36 x 1.10 9 =1.508 Tesla Ampere turns per meter at a flux density of 1.508
Tesla (from graph PP-22 of DDH) is 1000 AT
Hence total ampere turns for the stator teeth = 1000 x 0.035 = 35
Length of the air gap = 0.2 + 2√DL = 0.2 + 2√0.19 x 0.125 = 0.51 mm Average
flux density in the air gap = Φ/ (π x DL/ P) = 0.4696 Tesla
Diameter at 1/3rd height form the narrow end of the teeth Dr’ = D – 2 x 2/3hrs
Area of the stator tooth per pole A'tr = b'tr x li x number of teeth per pole
Ampere turns/m at this flux density, from graph (PP-22 of DDH) = 2800
Ampere turns/m at this flux density, from graph (PP-22 of DDH) = 380
Mean diameter of the rotor core = Dr – 2 x hrs – dcr = 0.189 – 2 x 0.03 – 0.03 =
0.099 m
Length of the flux path in rotor core = 1/3 x 0.078 = 0.026 m Total ampere turns
for the rotor core = 380 x 0.026 =10
Total Ampere turns for the magnetic circuit = 31 + 35 + 371 + 84 +10 = 531
AT
Magnetising current Im = p(AT30) / (1.17 x Kw x Tph)
= 4.2 amps
= 4.24 amps
Defining the losses in the machines as P loss , equation (1 ) can be written in other
forms:
Losses in the motor directly affect the cost of operation in it and indirectly the
motor rating. The efficiency is frequently determined by measuring the losses.
Types of Losses in the Induction Motor
Resistive or I2R losses are frequently referred to as copper losses found in stator
and rotor windings of the induction machine. Typically, in the induction motor,
the stator copper loss is about 33% and the rotor copper loss is about 15% of the
total loss of the machine.
Mechanical losses include friction and windage.