Objective Type Questions

76
1. An isotone of 32 Ge is
77 77 77 78
(1) 32 Ge (2) 33 As (3) 34 Se (4) 74 Se
Sol. Answer (2)
Isotone means same number of neutrons

Number
of neutrons Mass number  Atomic number
Number of neutron in Ge = 76 – 32 = 44
Number of neutron in As = 77 – 33 = 44

2. The ratio of specific charge of an electron to that of a proton is

(1) 1 : 1 (2) 1837 : 1 (3) 1 : 1837 (4) 2 : 1
Sol. Answer (2)
e e
electron : proton electron Proton
m m
e
 e
Both e–  protons have same charge 1 :
1837 1
th
1
Mass e is the mass of protons  1837 : 1
1837

3. Atomic number and mass number of an element M are 25 and 52 respectively. The number of electrons,
protons and neutrons in M2+ ion are respectively
(1) 25, 25 and 27 (2) 25, 27 and 25 (3) 27, 25 and 27 (4) 23, 25 and 27
Sol. Answer (4)
Atomic number = 25
Mass number = 52
Number of proton = Atomic number = 25
Number of neutron = (Mass number – Atomic number)
52 – 25 = 27
 Number of e– = Number of protons,
but M2+ ion means 2e– are removed
 Number of e– = Number of protons – 2
= 25 – 2 = 23
4. According to Bohr’s theory angular momentum of an electron in 6th orbit is

h h h 2.5h
(1) 2.5 (2) 6 (3) 3 (4)
   2
Sol. Answer (3)

nh
mvr  (n = number of shell)
2
Angular momentum

6h 3h
for 6th shell
 
2 

5. If r1 is the radius of the first orbit of hydrogen atom, then the radii of second, third and fourth orbits in term
of r1 are
(1) r12, r13, r14 (2) 4r1, 9r1, 16r1 (3) 8r1, 27r1, 64r1 (4) 2r1, 6r1, 8r1
Sol. Answer (2)

r0  n2
rn 
z
z=1
(for 2nd orbit) (for 3rd orbit) (for 4th orbit)
 r 2 = r 1 × 22 r3 = r 1 × 3 2 r4 = r 1 × 4 2
= 4r1, 9r1, 16r1
6. Electronic energy is negative because
(1) Electron has negative charge
(2) Energy is zero near the nucleus and decreases as the distance from nucleus increases
(3) Energy is zero at infinite distance from the nucleus and decreases as the electron comes towards nucleus

(4) These are interelectronic repulsions

Sol. Answer (3)

At infinite distance energy of electron will be zero and it will decreases as the electron approaches towards
nucleus

7. An electron jumps from lower orbit to higher orbit, when

(1) Energy is released (2) Energy is absorbed (3) No change in energy (4) It radiates energy
Sol. Answer (2)
When e– jumps from lower to higher energy level absorbed.
When e– comes from higher to lower energy level released.
8. If the energy difference between the ground state and excited state of an atom is 4.4 × 10–19 J. The wavelength
of photon required to produce this transition is
(1) 4.5 × 10–7 m (2) 4.5 × 10–7 nm (3) 4.5 × 10–7 Å (4) 4.5 × 10–7 cm
Sol. Answer (1)

4.4 × 10 19 J
E = [Excited state  ground state] 

nhc hc
According to Plank's quantum theory  E = =
 E

6.6  10 34 J-s  3×108 m/s

 19
 4.5  10 7 m
4.4  10 J

9. The number of photons of light of wavelength 7000 Å equivalent to 1 J are

(1) 3.52 × 10–18 (2) 3.52 × 1018 (3) 50,000 (4) 10,0000
Sol. Answer (2)
nhc  E 7000  1010 m  1J
E= n= 
 h  c 6.6  1034 J-s  3×108 m/s

10. The threshold energy is given as E0 and radiation of energy E falls on metal, then K.E. is given as

E  E0 E
(1) (2) E – E0 (3) E0 – E (4)
2 E0
Sol. Answer (2) E
E = Incident energy E0 K.E.
E0 = Threshold energy
e– e– e–
E = E0 + K.E.
e– e– e–
K.E. = E  E0 E = Incident energy

11. The frequency of a wave is 6 × 1015 s–1. Its wave number would be
(1) 105 cm–1 (2) 2 × 107 m–1 (3) 2 × 107 cm–1 (4) 2 × 105 cm–1
Sol. Answer (2)

1 Velocity (c)
Wave number (  )  
Wavelength ( ) Frequency ( )
c 
c       c 
 c

6  1015 s1 1
  8
 2  107 m
3.0  10 m/s

12. If threshold wavelength (°) for ejection of electron from metal is 330 nm, then work function for the
photoelectric emission is
(1) 6 × 10–10 J (2) 1.2 × 10–18 J (3) 3 × 10–19 J (4) 6 × 10–19 J
Sol. Answer (4)
hc 0 threshold frequency
Work function = h0 
0 0 threshold wavelength

6.6  10 34  3  108

0 = 330 × 10–9 m Work function = J
330  10 9
13. The ionization energy of the electron in the lowest orbit of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. The energies required
in eV to remove electron from three lowest orbits of hydrogen atom are
(1) 13.6, 6.8, 8.4 (2) 13.6, 10.2, 3.4 (3) 13.6, 27.2, 40.8 (4) 13.6, 3.4, 1.51
Sol. Answer (4)
I. E. = E  E1

I.E. = 13.6 eV given

E  0

13.6 0  E1

E1  13.6 eV
E1 13.6
E2 2
12 
 
3.4 eV
n 4
E1 13.6
E3    1.51 eV
3 2 9

 I  E1  E  E1  0   13.6  13.6 eV
I  E2  E  E2   0   3.4  3.4 eV

I  E3  E  E3  0    1.51 eV   1.51 eV

14. A certain metal when irradiated with light ( = 3.2 × 1016 Hz) emits photo electrons with twice kinetic energy
as did photo electrons when the same metal is irradiated by light ( = 2.0 × 1016 Hz). Calculate 0 of
electron?
(1) 1.2 × 1014 Hz (2) 8 × 1015 Hz (3) 1.2 × 1016 Hz (4) 4 × 1012 Hz
Sol. Answer (2)
K. E. = h( – 0)
K.E. of photoelectrons when  = 3.2 × 1016 Hz
K. E1 = h (3.2 × 1016 – 0)
K. E. of photoelectron when  = 2.0 × 1016 Hz
K. E2 = h(2.0 × 1016 – 0)
According to question K  E1  2K  E2
 h(3.2 × 1016 – 0) = 2h(2.0 × 1016 – 0)
3.2 × 1016 – 0 = 4.0 × 1016 – 20
0 = 4.0 × 1016 – 3.2 × 1016 = 0.8 × 1016 Hz = 8 × 1015 Hz = 8 × 1015 Hz

15. En = –313.6/n2 kcal/mole. If the value of E = –34.84 kcal/mole, to which value does ‘n’ correspond?
(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) 2 (4) 1
Sol. Answer (2)

313.6
En  E = – 34.84
n2
313.6 313.6
 – 34.84 = n2  9
n2 34.84

n 
9 3
n3
16. Which transition of Li2+ is associated with same energy change as n = 6 to n = 4 transition in He+?
(1) n = 3 to n = 1 (2) n = 8 to n = 6 (3) n = 9 to n = 6 (4) n = 2 to n = 1
Sol. Answer (3 )
In He ; n = 6 the corresponding energy level in Li2+ ion will be
⎡For He ⎤ 1312 1312 1312
⎥  E6  2   2  
2
⎢ 4 
⎣z  2 ⎦ 6 36 9

Li2 1312 1312 2

 2  3 
2
Corresponding energy level for   n 
81 n 
9
( z  3) n 9

In He n = 4; the corresponding energy level in Li2+ ions

For He 1312 1312

E4   4 
 z  2  4 2 4

Corresponding energy level for Li 1312 1312
2   3  
2

 z  3 n 4
n2 36
 n 6
Shortcut
1 2⎡ 1 1⎤
R   2 ⎢ 2  2 ⎥
 ......(1)
He2  ⎣4 6 ⎦

1 2⎡ 1 1⎤
R  3 ⎢ 2  2 ⎥
 ......(2)
Li2  ⎢⎣ n1 n2 ⎥⎦
For same energy equation (1) must be equal to equation (2) which only possible when
n1 = 6 and n2 = 9

17. Zeeman effect refers to the

(1) Splitting of the spectral lines in a magnetic field
(2) Splitting up of the spectral lines in an electrostatic field
(3) Emission of electrons from metals when light falls on it
(4) Random scattering of -particles by gold foil
Sol. Answer (1)
Splitting of line in magnetic field is known as Zeeman effect

18. Number of spectral lines in Balmer series when an electron return from 7th orbit to 1st orbit of hydrogen atom
are
(1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 21 (4) 15
Sol. Answer (1)
As only visible lines have to be calculated i.e. Balmer lines n=7
n=6
n=5
Visible lines when ground state = 2
n=4
n1 = 2 n=3
Possible arrangements 7  2, 6  2, 5  2, 4  2, 3  2 n=2
Total number of spectral lines = 5 n=1

All have visible region because n1  2

19. If kinetic energy of a proton is increased nine times, the wavelength of the de-Broglie wave associated with
it would become

1 1
(1) 3 times (2) 9 times (3) times (4) times
3 9
Sol. Answer (3)

1 1
mv 2  K.E. ⇒ m2 v 2  m  K  E
2 2

h
m2 v 2  2m  K  E  substitute the value of mv
mv
h 1

mv 2m  K  E   ...... (1)
2m  K  E K E
1
From equation (1) when K.E. of the electron increased 9 times. The de-Broglie wavelength decreased by
3
times.
1 1
 
9 3

20. The number of waves in the third orbit of H atom is

(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 3
Sol. Answer (4)
Number of waves = Number of shell

Circumference
Number of waves = 
de Broglie 
h

mv
2r  mv
Number of waves =
h
nh
mvr =
2
Number of waves = n
Number of waves in third orbit = 3

21. The de-Broglie wavelength of an electron travelling with 10% of velocity of light is equal to
(1) 242.4 pm (2) 24.2 pm (3) 2.42 pm (4) 2.424 pm
Sol. Answer (2)
v = 10% of velocity of light
10
  3.0  10 m/s  3.0×107 m/s
100

 9.1 1031 kg
m

h 6.6  1034 J-s


   24.2  1012 
m 24.2 pm
mv 9.1 1031  3  107
22. The wavelength associated with a ball of 200 g and moving with a speed of 5 m/hour is of the order of
(1) 10–10 m (2) 10–20 m (3) 10–30 m (4) 10–40 m
Sol. Answer (3)
5
v = 5 m/hour = m/s
3600
m = 200 g = 0.2 kg

6.6  1034 J-s  3600


0.2  5
= 23760 × 10–34
= 2.3 × 10–30 m

 1030 m

23. The momentum of a particle which has a de-Broglie wavelength of 0.1 nm is

(1) 3.2 × 10–24 kg ms–1 (2) 4.3 × 10–22 kg ms–1
(3) 5.3 × 10–22 kg ms–1 (4) 6.62 × 10–24 kg ms–1
Sol. Answer (4)
h
 momentum P = mv
mv
h 6.6  10 34 kgm2 s1
P  
 0.1 10 9 m

P 6.6  10 24 kg ms1



24. The uncertainty in velocity of an electron present in the nucleus of diameter 10–15m hypothetically should be
approximately
(1) 10–11 m/s (2) 108 m/s (3) 1011 m/s (4) 10 Å/s
Sol. Answer (3)
x = 10–15 m

h
m = 9.1 × 10–31 kg x  mv 
4

6.6  10 34 kg m2 s 1 6.6


⇒ v 15 31
  1012 m/s
10  9.1 10  4  3.14 114.296

= 0.05  1012 m/s

App. = 0.5  1011 m/s

25. The set of quantum numbers not applicable to an electron

1 1 1 1
(1) 1, 1, 1,  (2) 1, 0, 0,  (3) 1, 0, 0,  (4) 2, 0, 0, 
2 2 2 2
Sol. Answer (1)
The value of l can never be equal to n
 n = 1, l = 1 which is not possible
26. The principal and azimuthal quantum number of electrons in 4f orbitals are
(1) 4, 2 (2) 4, 4 (3) 4, 3 (4) 3, 4
Sol. Answer (3)
⎡Principal quantum number (n) = 4 ⎤
For 4f electron ⎢ ⎥
⎣ Azimuthal quantum number (l) = 3 ⎦
⎡l  0 s ⎤
⎢ l  1 p⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢l  2 d⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣l  3 f ⎦

1
27. How many 3d electrons can have spin quantum number  ?
2
(1) 5 (2) 7 (3) 8 (4) 10
Sol. Answer (1)
For 3d number of electrons will be 10

1
5 e– have clockwise  
2
1
5 e– have anti clockwise  
2
For l = 2 m = –2, –1, 0, +1, +2
⎡5 orbital = 10e  ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢half are clockwise ⎥
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ⎢and half are anticlockwise ⎥
          ⎣ ⎦
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

28. The correct order of increasing energy of atomic orbital is

(1) 5p < 4f < 6s < 5d (2) 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d
(3) 4f < 5p < 5d < 6s (4) 5p < 5d < 4f < 6s
Sol. Answer (2)
More the (n + l) value ; more will be the energy
5p 4f 6s 5d
(n + l) (5 + 1) (4 + 3) (6 + 0) (5 + 2)
6 7 6 7
According to Aufbau principle
Smaller the (n + l); smaller will be energy
For same (n + l); smaller the value of n ; lesser will be energy

 increasing order 5 p  6s  4f  5d

29. Which shell would be the first to have ‘g’ sub-shell?

(1) L (2) M (3) N (4) O
Sol. Answer (4)
For g-subshell l = 4; the value of n will be = (l + 1) = 5
K, L, M, N, O
n 1 n 2 n 3 n 4 n 5
 For n = 5 corresponding is 'o' shell and it contain 'g' subshell.
30. For which one of the following set of quantum numbers an electron will have the highest energy?

1 1 1 1
(1) 3, 2, 1, (2) 4, 2,  1, (3) 4, 1, 0,  (4) 5, 0, 0,
2 2 2 2
Sol. Answer (2)
Larger the value of (n + l) ; larger will be the energy

1
(1) 3, 2, 1, (n + l) = 3 + 2 = 5
2

1
(2) 4, 2, –1, (n + l) = 4 + 2 = 6 (Max energy)
2

1
(3) 4, 1, 0,  (n + l) = 4 + 1 = 5
2

1
(4) 5, 0, 0, (n + l) = 5 + 0 = 5
2

31. The energies of orbitals of H-atom are in the order

(1) 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p (2) 3s < 3p < 3d < 4s < 4p
(3) 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p (4) 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s < 4p
Sol. Answer (3)
As 'H' have 1 electron
 Orbitals are not degenerated
3s = 3p = 3d < 4 s = 4p
same energy same energy

32. Which of the following set of quantum number is possible?

1
(1) n = 4, l = 2, m = –2, s = –2 (2) n = 4, l = 4, m = 0, s =
2
1
(3) n = 4, l = 3, m = –3, s = (4) n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = 0
2
Sol. Answer (3)
Option 1 not possible because s can never have –2 value
Option 2 not possible because n and l cannot have same value
Option 4 not possible because s cannot have zero value
 Correct answer = 3
1
n=4 l=3 m = –3 s=
2

33. The maximum number of electrons in an atom which can have n = 4 is

(1) 4 (2) 8 (3) 16 (4) 32
Sol. Answer (4)
Number of electrons = 2n2 (n = shell number)
For 4th shell = 2 × (4)2 = 32 electrons
34. In the presence of magnetic field, the possible number of orientations for an orbital of azimuthal quantum
number 3, is
(1) Three (2) One (3) Five (4) Seven
Sol. Answer (4)
When magnetic field is applied subshell will give orbital i.e.,

l=3 m = –3, –2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3

(Total 7 orbitals are possible)

35. Assuming the velocity to be same, the wavelength of the waves associated with which of the following particles
would be maximum?
(1) An electron (2) A proton (3) An -particle (4) A deutron
Sol. Answer (1)

h 1
  for same velocity
mv m
Mass of electron is minimum than proton, deutron and -particle

i.e., me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg mD = 1 unit mparticle = 4 unit

 e– will have minimum mass and maximum wavelength

36. For a ‘p’ electron, the orbital angular momentum is

(1) 6 (2) 2 (3)  (4) 2

Sol. Answer (2)

h
Orbital angular momentum = l  l  1  l  l  1 
2

For p-electron value of l = 1

 Orbital angular momentum  l  l  1   2

37. Which of the following electronic level would allow the hydrogen to absorb a photon but not emit a photon?
(1) 3s (2) 2p (3) 2s (4) 1s
Sol. Answer (4)
1s-orbital is the ground state
Further emission is not possible i.e. de excitation not possible

38. Which of the following transition will emit maximum energy in hydrogen atom?
(1) 4f  2s (2) 4d  2p
(3) 4p  2s (4) All have same energy
Sol. Answer (4)
Transition energy depends upon the shell number i.e. value of principle quantum number 'n' in all the case
transition is between 4th energy level to 2nd level
 All have same energy
39. In an atom, which has 2K, 8L, 18M and 2N electrons in the ground state. The total number of electrons having
magnetic quantum number, m = 0 is
(1) 6 (2) 10 (3) 7 (4) 14
Sol. Answer (4)
Total number of e– = 30. Therefore, e– configuration will be
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10
n=1 n=2 n=2 n=3 n=3 n=4 n=3
l=0 l=0 l=1 l=0 l=1 l=0 l=2
m=0 m=0 m = –1, 0, +1 m=0 m = 0, –1, +1 m=0 m = –2, –1, 0, +1, +2
For s-subshell 1 orbital have m=0
For p-subshell 1 orbital have m=0
For d-subshell 1 orbital have m=0

 Total 7 orbital have m = 0 in above configuration. Therefore, total number of electron = 7 × 2 = 14

40. The probability density curve for 2s electron appears like

2 2
R
2 2
R R R
(1) (2) (3) (4)

r r r r
Sol. Answer (1)
Graph is not correct [because 2s have only one node]
Correct graph will be

R2

41. A p-orbital can accommodate upto

(1) Four electrons (2) Six electrons (3) Two electrons (4) Eight electrons
Sol. Answer (3)
In any orbital maximum two electrons can accommodate
[A p-orbital can accommodate upto two electrons]

42. If the uncertainty in the position of electron is zero, the uncertainty in its momentum would be

h h
(1) Zero (2) Greater than (3) Less than (4) Infinite
4 4
Sol. Answer (4)

h
x  P  if x = 0
4
h h
P   
4  x 4  0
43. The number of radial nodes in 4s and 3p orbitals are respectively
(1) 2, 0 (2) 3, 1 (3) 2, 2 (4) 3, 2
Sol. Answer (2)

Number of radial nodes = n  l  1

⎪⎧For 4s n 4 l 0  4  0  1 3
⎨
⎪⎩For 3 p n = 3l 1  3  1 
1 1

44. Which of the following orbital is with the four lobes present on the axis?

(1) d z2 (2) dxy (3) dyz (4) d x 2  y 2

Sol. Answer (4)

dx2  y2 (all the lobes are present on axis)

X
d
x2  y 2

45. Which of the following statement concerning the four quantum number is incorrect?
(1) n gives the size of an orbital
(2) l gives the shape of an orbital
(3) m gives the energy of the electron in orbital
(4) s gives the direction of spin of electron in the orbital
Sol. Answer (3)
m = represents the orientation of orbital in magnetic field.
m = orbitals

46. Which of the following has maximum number of unpaired electrons?

(1) Mg2+ (2) Ti3+ (3) Fe2+ (4) Mn2+
Sol. Answer (4)
Number of unpaired
Mg2+ = 10 = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6 0
Ti3+ = 19 = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s0, 3d1 1
Fe2+ = 24 = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s0, 3d6 4
Mn2+ = 23 = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s0, 3d5 5 maximum number

47. Two electrons in K shell will not have

(1) Same principal quantum number (2) Same azimuthal quantum number
(3) Same magnetic quantum number (4) Same spin quantum number
Sol. Answer (4)
As K shell is the 1st shell and have maximum two electron. Therefore, to Pauli's exclusion principal two
electrons can't have the same value of all the four quantum number.
Therefore, can't have same spin quantum number
48. Which of the following electronic configuration is not possible?
(1) 2p3 (2) 2d5 (3) 4s1 (4) 5f 8
Sol. Answer (2)
Value of l cannot be greater or equal to n.
For 2d n = 2, l=2 not possible

49. The orbital diagram in which both Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule are violated is
2s 2p
(1) (2)

(3) (4)
Sol. Answer (1)

2s 2p
According to Pauli number two electrons have same value of all the four quantum numbers i.e. pair in 2p orbital
have same spin not possible.
According to Hund's rule electrons are firstly clockwise arranged then pairing is done which is not in 2p
subshell.

50. Which of the following electronic configuration is incorrect?

(1) 1s2, 2s2, 2px2, 2py2, 2pz2, 3s2, 3px1 (2) 1s2, 2s1, 2px1, 2py1, 2pz1
(3) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d5, 4s2 (4) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3px1, 3py1, 3pz1
Sol. Answer (2)
Before 2s completely filled electrons are not further added into higher energy level.
Therefore Option 2 incorrect.

Objective Type Questions

1. What will be the longest wavelength line in Balmer series of spectrum of H-atom?
(1) 546 nm (2) 656 nm (3) 566 nm (4) 556 nm
Sol. Answer (2)
All the wavelength are in visible region i.e. between 400 nm to 760 nm. Therefore maximum wavelength line
will be 656 nm.

2. The uncertainty in momentum of an electron is 1 × 10–5 kg-m/s. The uncertainty in its position will be
(h = 6.62 × 10–34 kg-m2/s)
(1) 5.27 × 10–30 m (2) 1.05 × 10–26 m (3) 1.05 × 10–28 m (4) 5.25 × 10–28 m
Sol. Answer (1)
P = 10–5 kgms–1
h
x  P 
4

6.6  1034 J
x 5
 5.2  1030 m
10  4  3.14
3. In hydrogen atom, energy of first excited state is –3.4 eV. Then find out KE of same orbit of hydrogen atom

(1) +3.4 eV (2) +6.8 eV (3) –13.6 eV (4) +13.6 eV

Sol. Answer (1)

KE
 1
ETotal

Total energy = –3.4 eV (Given)

 KE = –(–3.4 eV) = +3.4 eV

4. Maximum number of electrons in a subshell with l = 3 and n = 4 is

(1) 10 (2) 12 (3) 14 (4) 16

Sol. Answer (3)

 l 3 means 4f
n 4,

for l = 3, m = –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3 = 7 orbital

Therefore, maximum 14 electrons are present.

5. The total number of subshells in fourth energy level of an atom is

(1) 4 (2) 8 (3) 16 (4) 32

Sol. Answer (1)

6. For which of the following sets of four quantum numbers, an electron will have the highest energy?

n l m s

(1) 3 2 1 +1/2

(2) 4 2 –1 +1/2

(3) 4 1 0 –1/2

(4) 5 0 0 –1/2

Sol. Answer (2)

Energy of an electron depends upon (n + l) value

More the (n + l) value more will be the energy

n l m s (n + l)

(1) 3 2 1 +1/2 5

(2) 4 2 –1 +1/2 6 Max. (n + l). max. energy

(3) 4 1 0 –1/2 5

(4) 5 0 0 –1/2 5
7. A transition element X has a configuration (Ar)3d 4 in its +3 oxidation state. Its atomic number is
(1) 22 (2) 19 (3) 25 (4) 26
Sol. Answer (3)
Total number of e– in X+3 = [Ar] 3d4
= 18 + 4 = 22

 Number of electrons in X = 22 + 3 = 25

Atomic number = 25

8. Among the following which one is not paramagnetic? [Atomic numbers; Be = 4, Ne = 10, As = 33, Cl = 17]
(1) Ne2+ (2) Be+ (3) Cl– (4) As+
Sol. Answer (3)
Ions having all the electron paired will be non-paramagnetic or diamagnetic

Ne+2 = 8 = 1s2, 2s2, 2p4 2 unpaired e–

Be = 3 = 1s2, 2s1 1 unpaired e–

2s

Cl– = 18 = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6 0 unpaired e–

3p

As = 33 = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p3 3 unpaired e–

9. Isoelectronic species are

(1) CO, CN–, NO+, C22– (2) CO–, CN, NO, C2–
(3) CO+, CN+, NO–, C2 (4) CO, CN, NO, C2
Sol. Answer (1)
Isoelectronic species have same number of electrons

⎡CO = 14 e  NO  14 e ⎤
⎢  ⎥ [All have same number of electrons]
⎢⎣CN = 14 e  C22   14 e  ⎥⎦

10. Consider the following sets of quantum number

n I m s
(i) 3 0 0 +1/2
(ii) 2 2 1 +1/2
(iii) 4 3 –2 –1/2
(iv) 1 0 –1 –1/2
(v) 3 2 3 +1/2
Which of the following sets of quantum number is not possible?
(1) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) (2) (ii), (iv) and(v) (3) (i) and (iii) (4) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Sol. Answer (2)
(ii), (iv), and (v) are not possible
(ii) n = 2 l=2 m=1 s = +1/2 l not equal to n not possible
(iii) n = 1 l=0 m = –1 s = –1/2 Not possible because m = –1 where l = 0
(iv) n = 3 l=2 m=3 s = +1/2 Not possible because m = 3 is not for l = 2

11. Two particles A and B are in motion. If the wavelength associated with particle A is 5 × 10–8 m; calculate the
wavelength associated with particle B if its momentum is half of A.
(1) 5 × 10–8 m (2) 10–5 cm (3) 10–7 cm (4) 5 × 10–8 cm
Sol. Answer (2)

h h 1
A B PB PA (Given)
PA PB 2

h
 A PA PB 1
 
B h PA Putting PB = 2 PA
PB

 A 1 PA

B 2 PA

B = 2A [A = 5 × 10–8m]

B = 2 × 5 × 10–8

= 10 × 10–8m ∵ 1 m = 100 cm
= 10–7 m = 10–5 cm

12. Any f-orbital can accommodate upto

(1) 2 electrons with parallel spin (2) 6 electrons
(3) 2 electrons with opposite spin (4) 14 electrons
Sol. Answer (3)
Any orbital have maximum of two electrons with opposite spin.

13. Total number of spectral lines in UV region, during transition from 5th excited state to 1st excited state
(1) 10 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) Zero
Sol. Answer (4)
As 1st excited state means n1 = 2
For 5th excited state means n2 = 6
 e– will transit between 6th level to 2nd level
No transition will be upto 1st level. Because no line will appear in Lyman series i.e. UV region.
14. For principal quantum number n = 5, the total number of orbitals having l = 3 is
(1) 7 (2) 14 (3) 9 (4) 18
Sol. Answer (1)
For l = 3 m = –3, –2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3
i.e., 7 orbitals are present
15. The first emission line in the atomic spectrum of hydrogen in the Balmer series appears at

5R 3R 7R 9R
(1) cm 1 (2) cm1 (3) cm1 (4) cm1
36 4 144 400
Sol. Answer (1)
st
1 line in the Balmer series means n1 = 2, n2 = 3

1 ⎡ 1 1⎤
v  R ⎢ 2  2 ⎥ z2 for H z=1
 ⎢⎣ n1 n2 ⎥⎦
1 ⎡1 1⎤ 2 ⎡ 1 1⎤ 5R
v  R ⎢ 2  2 ⎥  1 R ⎢  ⎥  cm1
 ⎣2 3 ⎦ ⎣4 9⎦ 36
16. The four quantum numbers of valence electron of potassium are
1 1 1 1
(1) 4, 0, 1, (2) 4, 1, 0, (3) 4, 0, 0, (4) 4, 1, 1,
2 2 2 2
Sol. Answer (3)
K = 19 = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1 last e–
Last electron 4s1
1
n=4 l=0 m=0 s= 
2
17. In a hydrogen atom, if the energy of electron in the ground state is –x eV., then that in the 2nd excited state
of He+ is

4 9
(1) –x eV (2)  x eV (3) +2x eV (4)  x eV
9 4
Sol. Answer (2)
⎧Eground  x eV given
⎪⎪
Eground state
En  z2 ⎨n  3 because 2nd excited state
n 2 ⎪z  2 because
⎪⎩

x 4
  2 
2

  x eV
3 2 9
18. In the ground state, an element has 13 electrons in its M-shell. The element is
(1) Manganese (2) Cobalt (3) Nickel (4) Iron
Sol. Answer (1)
M shell means 3rd orbit
2 2 6 2 6 2 5
Mn = 25 = 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d total 13 e– in 3 orbit
8 5
Co = 27 = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d7 total 15 e– in 3 orbit
Ni = 28 = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d8 total 16 e– in 3 orbit
Fe = 26 = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d6 total 14 e– in 3 orbit
19. The wavelength of radiation emitted, when in He+ electron falls from infinity to stationary state would be
(R = 1.097 × 107 m–1)
(1) 2.2 × 10–8 m (2) 22 × 10–9 m (3) 120 m (4) 22 × 107 m
Sol. Answer (1)

n1 = 1 For He z = 2
n2 =  given

1 ⎡1 1⎤
 R ⎢ 2  2 ⎥   2
2
He ⎣1  ⎦

1
 109678  4 cm1
He

1 1
He    2.2  10 6 cm
109678  4 438712

 2.2  108 m
20. In Bohr series of lines of hydrogen spectrum, the third line from the red end corresponds to which one of
the following inter-orbit jumps of the electron for Bohr orbits in an atom of hydrogen?
(1) 3  1 (2) 5  2 (3) 2  5 (4) 3  2
Sol. Answer (2)
Third line means third excited state
i.e. n1 = 2 Balmer series (visible region)
n2 = 5 Third line
 Third line will appear when electron comes from 5th energy level to 2nd level.
21. The correct order of energy difference between adjacent energy levels in H atom
(1) E2 – E1 > E3 – E2 > E4 – E3 (2) E2 – E1 > E4 – E3 > E3 – E2
(3) E4 – E3 > E3 – E2 > E2 – E1 (4) E3 – E2 > E4 – E3 > E2 – E1
Sol. Answer (1)
In H atom

1312 1312 1312 1312 1312

E1 = E2 = E3 = E4 = E5 =
12 4 9 25 36

 (E2 – E1) > (E3 – E2) > (E4 – E3) .......

[Alternatively as the distance from the nucleus increases the value of E (energy difference between two shell)
decreases]
22. Which of the following electronic in a transition hydrogen atom will require the largest amount of energy?
(1) n = 1 to n = 2 (2) n = 2 to n = 3 (3) n = 1 to n =  (4) n = 3 to n = 5
Sol. Answer (3)
Largest amount of energy is required for the transition between 1 

1 ⎡1 1⎤
E hc  ⇒ hcR ⎢ 2  2 ⎥ [Large the difference between n and n large will be the value of DE]
 ⎣⎢ n1 n2 ⎥⎦
1 2
23. Which combinations of quantum numbers n, l, m and s for the electron in an atom does not provide a
permissible solutions of the wave equation?
1 1 1 1
(1) 3, 2,  2, (2) 3, 3, 1,  (3) 3, 2, 1, (4) 3, 1, 1, 
2 2 2 2
Sol. Answer (2)
n = 3 l = 3 [Not possible because value of l can never be equals to n]

24. The orbital angular momentum of electron in 4s orbital is

1 h h h
(1) . (2) Zero (3) (4) (2.5)
2 2 2 2

Sol. Answer (2)

h
Orbital angular momentum = l  l  1
4
For 4s electron the value of l = 0  [orbital angular momentum = zero]

25. Radial nodes present in 3s and 3p-orbitals are respectively

(1) 0, 2 (2) 2, 1 (3) 1, 1 (4) 2, 2
Sol. Answer (2)
Radial nodes = (n – l – 1)
for 3s (3 – 0 – 1) = 2 ; For 3p (3 – 1 – 1) = 1

26. Quantum numbers for some electrons are given below

A : n = 4, l = 1 B : n = 4, l = 0
C : n = 3, l = 2 D : n = 3, l = 1
The correct increasing order of energy of electrons
(1) A < B < C < D (2) D < C < B < A
(3) D < B < C < A (4) C < B < A < D
Sol. Answer (3)
Energy = (n + l)
A=n=4 l=1 =4+1=5
B=n=4 l=0 =4+0=4
C=n=3 l=2 =3+2=5
D=n=3 l=1 =3+1=4
According to Pauli exclusion principle
(1) Larger the (n + l); larer will be energy
(2) Same value of (n + l) ; smaller n ; more will be energy

 DBC A

27. The number of lobes in most of the d-orbitals are

(1) 6 (2) 8 (3) 10 (4) 4
Sol. Answer (4)
28. For which of the following options m = 0 for all orbitals?

(1) 2s, 2px, 3dxy (2) 3s, 2pz , 3d z2 (3) 2s, 2 pz , 3d x 2  y 2 (4) 3s, 3px, 3dyz

Sol. Answer (2)

Value of m = 0 for 3s, 2Pz and 3d z2

29. Which is the correct graphical representation based on photoelectric effect?

No. of photons
K.E. K.E. K.E.
I. II. III. IV.

 0  Intensity of light Intensity of light

(1) I & II (2) II & III (3) III & IV (4) II & IV

Sol. Answer (4)

For photoelectric effect

KE = h( – 0)

KE = h – h0
No. of photons 
KE 

0  Intensity of light 
(II)
(IV)
0 = Threshold frequency

 [KE of e– increases after crossing. Threshold frequency]

30. The time taken by the electron in one complete revolution in the nth Bohr’s orbit of the hydrogen atom is

(1) Inversely proportional to n2 (2) Directly proportional to n3

h n
(3) Directly proportional to (4) Inversely proportional to
2 h

Sol. Answer (2)

circumference 2r n3
Time period =   2  1.5  1016 seconds
velocity vn z

Time period  n3
31. What will be the ratio of the wavelength of the first line to that of the second line of Paschen series of H
atom?
(1) 256 : 175 (2) 175 : 256 (3) 15 : 16 (4) 24 : 27
Sol. Answer (1)
First time of paschen series n1 = 3, n2 = 4
1 ⎡1 1 ⎤
 R⎢  ⎥
1 ⎣ 9 16 ⎦
1 7R 144
 1
1 144 7R
Second line of paschen series n1 = 3, n2 = 5
1 ⎡1 1 ⎤
 R⎢  ⎥
2 ⎣ 9 25 ⎦
1 16R 225
 2
 2 225 16R
1 144 16R 2304 256
   
2 7R 225 1575 175

32. In any sub-shell, the maximum number of electrons having same value of spin quantum number is
(1) l (l  1) (2) l + 2 (3) 2l + 1 (4) 4l + 2
Sol. Answer (3)
Total number of electron in subshell = 2(2l + 1) l = angular quantum number
2  2l  1
Number of electrons having same spin =   2l  1
2
[Because half e– have clockwise and half e– have anti clockwise spin]

33. For the transition from n = 2  n = 1, which of the following will produce shortest wavelength?
(1) H atom (2) D atom (3) He+ ion (4) Li2+ ion
Sol. Answer (4)
1 ⎡1 1⎤
 R ⎢ 2  2 ⎥ z2 as n  n are constant
 ⎣⎢ n1 n2 ⎦⎥
1 2

1
   2 more the nuclear charge smaller will be the 
z
H=z=1
D=z=1  Li2+ have shorter wavelength

He = z = 2
Li2+ = z = 3

34. If each orbital can hold a maximum of 3 electrons. The number of elements in 2nd period of periodic table
(long form) is
(1) 27 (2) 9 (3) 18 (4) 12
Sol. Answer (4)
For 2nd period electronic configuration = 2s2, 2p6
If each orbital have 3e– then electronic configuration = 2s3, 2px3, 2py3, 2pz3
Total 12 e– will present
Question 2.1:
(i) Calculate the number of electrons which will together weigh one gram.
(ii) Calculate the mass and charge of one mole of electrons.

Answer 2.1:
(i) Mass of one electron = 9.10939 × 10–31 kg
Number of electrons that weigh 9.10939 × 10–31 kg = 1
Number of electrons that will weigh 1 g (1 × 10–3 kg)

= 0.1098 × 10–3 + 31

= 0.1098 × 1028
= 1.098 × 1027

(ii) Mass of one electron = 9.10939 × 10–31 kg

Mass of one mole of electron = (6.022 × 1023) × (9.10939 ×10–31 kg)

= 5.48 × 10–7 kg
Charge on one electron = 1.6022 × 10–19 coulomb
Charge on one mole of electron = (1.6022 × 10–19 C) (6.022 × 1023)

= 9.65 × 104 C

Question 2.2:
(i) Calculate the total number of electrons present in one mole of methane.
(ii) Find (a) the total number and (b) the total mass of neutrons in 7 mg of C.
14

(Assume that mass of a neutron = 1.675 × 10–27 kg).

(iii) Find (a) the total number and (b) the total mass of protons in 34 mg of NH 3 at STP.
Will the answer change if the temperature and pressure are changed?

Answer 2.2:
(i) Number of electrons present in 1 molecule of methane (CH4)
{1(6) + 4(1)} = 10
Number of electrons present in 1 mole i.e., 6.023 × 1023 molecules of methane
= 6.022 × 1023 × 10 = 6.022 × 1024
(ii) (a) Number of atoms of C in 1 mole= 6.023 × 1023
14

Since 1 atom of C contains (14 – 6) i.e., 8 neutrons, the number of neutrons in 14 g of

14

C is (6.023 × 1023) ×8. Or, 14 g of

14
C contains (6.022 × 1023 × 8) neutrons.
14

Number of neutrons in 7 mg

= 2.4092 × 1021
(b) Mass of one neutron = 1.67493 × 10–27 kg
Mass of total neutrons in 7 g of C
14

= (2.4092 × 1021) (1.67493 × 10–27 kg)

= 4.0352 × 10–6 kg

(iii) (a) 1 mole of NH3 = {1(14) + 3(1)} g of NH3

= 17 g of NH3
= 6.022× 1023 molecules of NH3

Total number of protons present in 1 molecule of NH3

= {1(7) + 3(1)}
= 10
Number of protons in 6.023 × 1023 molecules of NH3

= (6.023 × 1023) (10)

= 6.023 × 1024

⇒ 17 g of NH3 contains (6.023 × 1024) protons. Number

of protons in 34 mg of NH3

= 1.2046 × 1022
(b) Mass of one proton = 1.67493 × 10–27 kg

Total mass of protons in 34 mg of NH3

= (1.67493 × 10–27 kg) (1.2046 × 1022)
= 2.0176 × 10–5 kg
The number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in an atom is independent of temperature
and pressure conditions. Hence, the obtained values will remain unchanged if the
temperature and pressure is changed.

Question 2.3:
How many neutrons and protons are there in the following nuclei?

Answer 2.3:
6C:
13

Atomic mass = 13
Atomic number = Number of protons = 6
Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) – (Atomic number)
= 13 – 6 = 7

:
Atomic mass = 16
Atomic number = 8
Number of protons = 8
Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) – (Atomic number)
= 16 – 8 = 8

:
Atomic mass = 24
Atomic number = Number of protons = 12
Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) – (Atomic number)
= 24 – 12 = 12

:
Atomic mass = 56
Atomic number = Number of protons = 26
Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) – (Atomic number)
= 56 – 26 = 30
 :

Atomic mass = 88
Atomic number = Number of protons = 38
Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) – (Atomic number)
= 88 – 38 = 50

Question 2.4:
Write the complete symbol for the atom with the given atomic number (Z) and Atomic
mass (A)
(i) Z = 17, A = 35
(ii) Z = 92, A = 233
(iii) Z = 4, A = 9

Answer 2.4:

(i) (ii) (iii)

Question 2.5:
Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wavelength (λ) of 580 nm. Calculate the

frequency (ν) and wave number ( ) of the yellow light.

Answer 2.5:
From the expression,

We get,

……………………………………. (i)
Where, ν = frequency of yellow light
c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3 × 108 m/s

λ = wavelength of yellow light = 580 nm = 580 × 10–9 m

Substituting the values in expression (i):

Thus, frequency of yellow light emitted from the sodium lamp =

5.17 × 1014 s–1

Wave number of yellow light ,

Question 2.6:
Find energy of each of the photons which

(i) correspond to light of frequency 3× 1015 Hz.

(ii) have wavelength of 0.50 Å.

Answer 2.6:
(i) Energy (E) of a photon is given by the expression,

E=
Where, h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10–34 Js
ν = frequency of light = 3 × 1015 Hz
Substituting the values in the given expression of E:
E = (6.626 × 10–34) (3 × 1015)

E = 1.988 × 10–18 J

(ii) Energy (E) of a photon having wavelength (λ) is given by the expression,

h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10–34 Js

c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3 × 108 m/s
Substituting the values in the given expression of E:

Question 2.7:
Calculate the wavelength, frequency and wave number of a light wave whose period is
2.0 × 10–10 s.

Answer 2.7:

Frequency (ν) of light

Wavelength (λ) of light

Where,
c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3×108 m/s
Substituting the value in the given expression of λ:

Wave number of light

Question 2.8:
What is the number of photons of light with a wavelength of 4000 pm that provide 1 J of
energy?

Answer 2.8:
Energy (E) of a photon = hν
Energy (En) of ‘n’ photons = nhν

Where, λ = wavelength of light = 4000 pm = 4000

×10–12 m c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3 × 108
m/s h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10–34 Js

Substituting the values in the given expression of n:

Hence, the number of photons with a wavelength of 4000 pm and energy of 1 J are
2.012 × 1016.

Question 2.9:
A photon of wavelength 4 × 10–7 m strikes on metal surface, the work function of the
metal being 2.13 eV. Calculate
(i) the energy of the photon (eV),
(ii) the kinetic energy of the emission, and
(iii) the velocity of the photoelectron (1 eV= 1.6020 × 10 –19 J).

Answer 2.9:
(i) Energy (E) of a photon = hν

Where, h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10–34 Js

c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3 × 108 m/s

λ = wavelength of photon = 4 × 10–7 m
Substituting the values in the given expression of E:

Hence, the energy of the photon is 4.97 × 10 –19 J.

(ii) The kinetic energy of emission Ek is given by

= (3.1020 – 2.13) eV
= 0.9720 eV
Hence, the kinetic energy of emission is 0.97 eV.

(iii) The velocity of a photoelectron (ν) can be calculated by the expression,

Where is the kinetic energy of emission in Joules and ‘m’ is the mass of the

photoelectron. Substituting the values in the given expression of v:

v = 5.84 × 105 ms–1

Hence, the velocity of the photoelectron is 5.84 × 10 5 ms–1.

Question 2.10:
Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 242 nm is just sufficient to ionise the sodium
atom. Calculate the ionisation energy of sodium in kJ mol –1.

Answer 2.10:

Energy of sodium (E)

= 4.947 × 105 J mol–1

= 494.7 × 103 J mol–1

= 494 kJ mol–1

Question 2.11:
A 25 watt bulb emits monochromatic yellow light of wavelength of 0.57µm. Calculate the
rate of emission of quanta per second.

Answer 2.11:
Power of bulb, P = 25 Watt = 25 Js–1

Energy of one photon, E = hν

Substituting the values in the given expression of E:

E = 34.87 × 10–20 J

Rate of emission of quanta per second

Question 2.12:
Electrons are emitted with zero velocity from a metal surface when it is exposed to
radiation of wavelength 6800 Å. Calculate threshold frequency ( ) and work
function (W0) of the metal.

Answer 2.12:
Threshold wavelength of radiation = 6800 × 10–10 m

Threshold frequency of the metal

= 4.41 × 1014 s–1

Thus, the threshold frequency of the metal is 4.41 × 1014 s–1.

Hence, work function (W0) of the metal = hν0

= (6.626 × 10–34 Js) (4.41 × 1014 s–1)

= 2.922 × 10–19 J

Question 2.13:
What is the wavelength of light emitted when the electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes
transition from an energy level with n = 4 to an energy level with n = 2?

Answer 2.13:
The ni = 4 to nf = 2 transition will give rise to a spectral line of the Balmer series. The
energy involved in the transition is given by the relation,

Substituting the values in the given expression of E:

E = – (4.0875 × 10–19 J)
The negative sign indicates the energy of emission.

Wavelength of light emitted

Substituting the values in the given expression of λ:

Question 2.14:
How much energy is required to ionise a H atom if the electron occupies n = 5 orbit?
Compare your answer with the ionization enthalpy of H atom (energy required to remove
the electron from n =1 orbit).

Answer 2.14:
The expression of energy is given by,

Where,
Z = atomic number of the atom n
= principal quantum number
For ionization from n1 = 5 to ,
Hence, the energy required for ionization from n = 5 to n =
Energy required for n1 = 1 to n = ,

is 8.72 × 10–20 J.

Hence, less energy is required to ionize an electron in the 5 th orbital of hydrogen atom as
compared to that in the ground state.

Question 2.15:
What is the maximum number of emission lines when the excited electron of an H atom in
n = 6 drops to the ground state?

Answer 2.15:
When the excited electron of an H atom in n = 6 drops to the ground state, the following
transitions are possible:
Hence, a total number of (5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1) 15 lines will be obtained in the emission
spectrum.

The number of spectral lines produced when an electron in the nth level drops down to

the ground state is given by .

Given, n = 6

Number of spectral lines = 15

Question 2.16:
(i) The energy associated with the first orbit in the hydrogen atom is –2.18 × 10–18 J
atom–1. What is the energy associated with the fifth orbit?
(ii) Calculate the radius of Bohr’s fifth orbit for hydrogen atom.

Answer 2.16:
(i) Energy associated with the fifth orbit of hydrogen atom is
calculated as:
E5 = –8.72 × 10–20 J

(ii) Radius of Bohr’s nth orbit for hydrogen atom is given by, rn = (0.0529 nm) n2

For, n = 5
r5 = (0.0529 nm) (5)2

r5 = 1.3225 nm

Question 2.17:
Calculate the wave number for the longest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of
atomic hydrogen.

Answer 2.17:
For the Balmer series, ni = 2. Thus, the expression of wavenumber is given by,

Wave number is inversely proportional to wavelength of transition. Hence, for the

longest wavelength transition, has to be the smallest.

For to be minimum, nf should be minimum.

For the Balmer series, a transition from ni = 2 to nf = 3 is allowed.

Hence, taking nf = 3, we get:

 = 1.5236 × 106 m–1

Question 2.18:
What is the energy in joules, required to shift the electron of the hydrogen atom from the
first Bohr orbit to the fifth Bohr orbit and what is the wavelength of the light emitted when
the electron returns to the ground state?
The ground state electron energy is –2.18 × 10–11 ergs.

Answer 2.18:
Energy (E) of the nth Bohr orbit of an atom is given by,

Where,
Z = atomic number of the atom
Ground state energy = – 2.18 × 10–11 ergs
= –2.18 × 10–11 × 10–7 J

= – 2.18 × 10–18 J

Energy required to shift the electron from n = 1 to n = 5 is given as:

∆E = E5 – E1
Question 2.19:
The electron energy in hydrogen atom is given by En = (–2.18 × 10–18)/n2 J. Calculate the
energy required to remove an electron completely from the n = 2 orbit. What is the longest
wavelength of light in cm that can be used to cause this transition?

Answer 2.19:
Given,

Energy required for ionization from n = 2 is given by,

= 0.545 × 10–18 J
∆E = 5.45 × 10–19 J

Here, λ is the longest wavelength causing the transition.

= 3647 × 10–10 m
= 3647 Å

Question 2.20:
Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 2.05 × 10 7 ms–1.

Answer 2.20:
According to de Broglie’s equation,

Where, λ = wavelength of moving

particle m = mass of particle v =
velocity of particle h = Planck’s
constant
Substituting the values in the expression of λ:

Hence, the wavelength of the electron moving with a velocity of 2.05 × 10 7 ms–1 is 3.548
× 10–11 m.
Question 2.21:
The mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10–31 kg. If its K.E. is 3.0 × 10–25 J, calculate its

wavelength.

Answer 2.21:
From de Broglie’s equation,

Given,
Kinetic energy (K.E) of the electron = 3.0 × 10–25 J

Substituting the value in the expression of λ:

Hence, the wavelength of the electron is 8.9625 × 10–7 m.

Question 2.22:
The mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10–31 kg. If its K.E. is 3.0 × 10–25 J, calculate its

wavelength.

Answer 2.22:
From de Broglie’s equation,
Given,
Kinetic energy (K.E) of the electron = 3.0 × 10–25 J

Substituting the value in the expression of λ:

Hence, the wavelength of the electron is 8.9625 × 10–7 m.

Question 2.23:
(i) Write the electronic configurations of the following ions:

(a) H– (b) Na+ (c) O2– (d) F–

(ii) What are the atomic numbers of elements whose outermost electrons are represented

by (a) 3s1 (b) 2p3 and (c) 3p5?

(iii) Which atoms are indicated by the following configurations?

(a) [He] 2s1 (b) [Ne] 3s2 3p3 (c) [Ar] 4s2 3d1.

Answer 2.23:
(i) (a) H– ion
The electronic configuration of H atom is 1s1.
A negative charge on the species indicates the gain of an electron by it.
Electronic configuration of H– = 1s2
(b) Na+ ion
The electronic configuration of Na atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1.

A positive charge on the species indicates the loss of an electron by it.

Electronic configuration of Na+ = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s0 or 1s2 2s2 2p6

(c) O2– ion

The electronic configuration of 0 atom is 1s2 2s2 2p4.
A dinegative charge on the species indicates that two electrons are gained by it.
Electronic configuration of O2– ion = 1s2 2s2 p6

(d) F– ion
The electronic configuration of F atom is 1s2 2s2 2p5.

A negative charge on the species indicates the gain of an electron by it.

Electron configuration of F– ion = 1s2 2s2 2p6

(ii) (a) 3s1

Completing the electron configuration of the element as
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1.

Number of electrons present in the atom of the element

= 2 + 2 + 6 + 1 = 11
Atomic number of the element = 11

(b) 2p3
Completing the electron configuration of the element as
1s2 2s2 2p3.

Number of electrons present in the atom of the element = 2 + 2 + 3 = 7

Atomic number of the element = 7

(c) 3p5
Completing the electron configuration of the element as
1s2 2s2 2p5.

Number of electrons present in the atom of the element = 2 + 2 + 5 = 9

Atomic number of the element = 9

(iii) (a) [He] 2s1

The electronic configuration of the element is [He] 2s1 = 1s2 2s1.
Atomic number of the element = 3
Hence, the element with the electronic configuration [He] 2s1 is lithium (Li).

(b) [Ne] 3s2 3p3

The electronic configuration of the element is [Ne] 3s2 3p3= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3.
Atomic number of the element = 15
Hence, the element with the electronic configuration [Ne] 3s2 3p3 is phosphorus (P).

(c) [Ar] 4s2 3d1

The electronic configuration of the element is [Ar] 4s2 3d1= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1.

Atomic number of the element = 21

Hence, the element with the electronic configuration [Ar] 4s2 3d1 is scandium (Sc).

Question 2.24:
What is the lowest value of n that allows g orbitals to exist?

Answer 2.24:
For g-orbitals, l = 4.
As for any value ‘n’ of principal quantum number, the Azimuthal quantum number (l) can
have a value from zero to (n – 1).
For l = 4, minimum value of n = 5

Question 2.25:
An electron is in one of the 3d orbitals. Give the possible values of n, l and ml for this
electron.

Answer 2.25:
For the 3d orbital:
Principal quantum number (n) = 3
Azimuthal quantum number (l) = 2
Magnetic quantum number (ml) = – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2
Question 2.26:
An atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35 neutrons. Deduce
(i) the number of protons and
(ii) the electronic configuration of the element.

Answer 2.26:
(i) For an atom to be neutral, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
Number of protons in the atom of the given element = 29
(ii) The electronic configuration of the atom is
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10.

Question 2.27:
Give the number of electrons in the species , H2 and

Answer 2.27:

:
Number of electrons present in hydrogen molecule (H2) = 1 + 1 = 2
Number of electrons in =2–1=1

H2:
Number of electrons in H2 = 1 + 1 = 2

:
Number of electrons present in oxygen molecule (O2) = 8 + 8 = 16
Number of electrons in = 16 – 1 = 15
Question 2.28:
(i) An atomic orbital has n = 3. What are the possible values of l and ml ?
(ii) List the quantum numbers (ml and l) of electrons for 3d orbital.
(iii) Which of the following orbitals are possible?
1p, 2s, 2p and 3f

Answer 2.28:
(i) n = 3 (Given)
For a given value of n, l can have values from 0 to (n – 1).
For n = 3
l = 0, 1, 2
For a given value of l, ml can have (2l + 1) values.
For l = 0, m = 0 l = 1, m = – 1, 0, 1 l = 2, m = –
2, – 1, 0, 1, 2
For n = 3
l = 0, 1, 2
m0 = 0
m1 = – 1, 0, 1 m2 = –
2, – 1, 0, 1, 2
(ii) For 3d orbital, l = 2.
For a given value of l, ml can have (2l + 1) values i.e., 5 values.
For l = 2 m2 = – 2,
– 1, 0, 1, 2
(iii) Among the given orbitals only 2s and 2p are possible. 1p and 3f cannot exist.
For p-orbital, l = 1.
For a given value of n, l can have values from zero to (n – 1).
For l is equal to 1, the minimum value of n is 2.
Similarly,
For f-orbital, l = 4.
For l = 4, the minimum value of n is 5.
Hence, 1p and 3f do not exist.
Question 2.29:
Using s, p, d notations, describe the orbital with the following quantum numbers.
(a) n = 1, l = 0; (b) n = 3; l =1 (c) n = 4; l = 2; (d) n = 4; l =3.
Answer 2.29:
(a) n = 1, l = 0 (Given)
The orbital is 1s.
(b) For n = 3 and l = 1
The orbital is 3p.
(c) For n = 4 and l = 2
The orbital is 4d.
(d) For n = 4 and l = 3
The orbital is 4f.

Question 2.30:
Explain, giving reasons, which of the following sets of quantum numbers are not possible.

a n = 0 l = 0 ml = 0

b n = 1 l = 0 ml = 0

c n = 1 l = 1 ml = 0

d n = 2 l = 1 ml = 0

e n = 3 l = 3 ml = – 3

f n = 3 l = 1 ml = 0
Answer 2.30:
(a) The given set of quantum numbers is not possible because the value of the principal
quantum number (n) cannot be zero.
(b) The given set of quantum numbers is possible.
(c) The given set of quantum numbers is not possible.
For a given value of n, ‘l’ can have values from zero to (n – 1).
For n = 1, l = 0 and not 1.
(d) The given set of quantum numbers is possible.
(e) The given set of quantum numbers is not possible. For n = 3, l = 0 to (3 – 1) l = 0 to
2 i.e., 0, 1, 2
(f) The given set of quantum numbers is possible.

Question 2.31:
How many electrons in an atom may have the following quantum numbers?

(a) n = 4, (b) n = 3, l = 0

Answer 2.31:
(a) Total number of electrons in an atom for a value of n = 2n2
For n = 4,
Total number of electrons = 2 (4)2 = 32

The given element has a fully filled orbital as

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10.

Hence, all the electrons are paired.

Number of electrons (having n = 4 and ) = 16

(b) n = 3, l = 0 indicates that the electrons are present in the 3s orbital. Therefore,
the number of electrons having n = 3 and l = 0 is 2.
Question 2.32:
Show that the circumference of the Bohr orbit for the hydrogen atom is an integral multiple
of the de Broglie wavelength associated with the electron revolving around the orbit.

Answer 2.32:
Since a hydrogen atom has only one electron, according to Bohr’s postulate, the angular
momentum of that electron is given by:

Where, n = 1, 2, 3, …
According to de Broglie’s equation:

Substituting the value of ‘mv’ from expression (2) in expression (1):

Since ‘2πr’ represents the circumference of the Bohr orbit (r), it is proved by equation (3)
that the circumference of the Bohr orbit of the hydrogen atom is an integral multiple of de
Broglie’s wavelength associated with the electron revolving around the orbit.

Question 2.33:
What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength as the Balmer
transition n = 4 to n = 2 of He+ spectrum?

Answer 2.33:
For He+ ion, the wave number associated with the Balmer transition, n = 4 to n
= 2 is given by:
Where, n1 = 2 n2 = 4
Z = atomic number of helium

According to the question, the desired transition for hydrogen will have the same
wavelength as that of He+.

By hit and trail method, the equality given by equation (1) is true only when
n1 = 1and n2 = 2.
The transition for n2 = 2 to n = 1 in hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength
as Balmer transition n = 4 to n = 2 of He+ spectrum.

Question 2.34:
Calculate the energy required for the process

The ionization energy for the H atom in the ground state is 2.18 ×10 –18 J atom–1

Answer 2.34:
Energy associated with hydrogen-like species is given by,

For ground state of hydrogen atom,

For the given process,

An electron is removed from n = 1 to n = ∞.

The energy required for the process

Question 2.35:
If the diameter of a carbon atom is 0.15 nm, calculate the number of carbon atoms which
can be placed side by side in a straight line across length of scale of length 20 cm long.

Answer 2.35:
1 m = 100 cm
1 cm = 10–2 m
Length of the scale = 20 cm
= 20 × 10–2 m
Diameter of a carbon atom = 0.15 nm
= 0.15 × 10–9 m
One carbon atom occupies 0.15 × 10–9 m.

Number of carbon atoms that can be placed in a straight line

Question 2.36:
2× 108 atoms of carbon are arranged side by side. Calculate the radius of carbon atom if
the length of this arrangement is 2.4 cm.

Answer 2.36:
Length of the given arrangement = 2.4 cm
Number of carbon atoms present = 2 × 108

Diameter of carbon atom

Question 2.37:
The diameter of zinc atom is .Calculate (a) radius of zinc atom in pm and (b)
number of atoms present in a length of 1.6 cm if the zinc atoms are arranged side by side
lengthwise.
Answer 2.37:

(a) Radius of zinc atom

(b) Length of the arrangement = 1.6 cm

= 1.6 × 10–2 m
Diameter of zinc atom = 2.6 × 10–10 m

∴ Number of zinc atoms present in the arrangement

Question 2.38:
A certain particle carries 2.5 × 10–16C of static electric charge. Calculate the number of

electrons present in it.

Answer 2.38:
Charge on one electron = 1.6022 × 10–19 C

⇒ 1.6022 × 10–19C charge is carried by 1 electron.

∴ Number of electrons carrying a charge of 2.5 × 10–16 C
Question 2.39:
In Milikan’s experiment, static electric charge on the oil drops has been obtained by shining
X-rays. If the static electric charge on the oil drop is –1.282 × 10–18C, calculate the number
of electrons present on it.

Answer 2.39:
Charge on the oil drop = 1.282 ×10–18C
Charge on one electron = 1.6022 × 10–19C

Number of electrons present on the oil drop

Question 2.40:
In Rutherford’s experiment, generally the thin foil of heavy atoms, like gold, platinum etc.
have been used to be bombarded by the α-particles. If the thin foil of light atoms like
Aluminium etc. is used, what difference would be observed from the above results?

Answer 2.40:
A thin foil of lighter atoms will not give the same results as given with the foil of heavier
atoms.
Lighter atoms would be able to carry very little positive charge. Hence, they will not cause
enough deflection of α-particles (positively charged).

Question 2.41:

Symbols can be written, whereas symbols are not

acceptable. Answer briefly.
Answer 2.41:
The general convention of representing an element along with its atomic mass (A) and
atomic number (Z) is

Hence, is acceptable but is not acceptable.

can be written but cannot be written because the atomic number of an

element is constant, but the atomic mass of an element depends upon the relative
abundance of its isotopes. Hence, it is necessary to mention the atomic mass of an element

Question 2.42:
An element with mass number 81 contains 31.7% more neutrons as compared to protons.
Assign the atomic symbol.

Answer 2.42:
Let the number of protons in the element be x.
Number of neutrons in the element
= x + 31.7% of x
= x + 0.317 x
= 1.317 x
According to the question,
Mass number of the element = 81
(Number of protons + number of neutrons) = 81

Hence, the number of protons in the element i.e., x is 35.

Since the atomic number of an atom is defined as the number of protons present in its
nucleus, the atomic number of the given element is 35.
The atomic symbol of the element is .
Question 2.43:
An ion with mass number 37 possesses one unit of negative charge. If the ion contains
11.1% more neutrons than the electrons, find the symbol of the ion.

Answer 2.43:
Let the number of electrons in the ion carrying a negative charge be x.
Then,
Number of neutrons present
= x + 11.1% of x
= x + 0.111 x
= 1.111 x
Number of electrons in the neutral atom = (x – 1)
(When an ion carries a negative charge, it carries an extra electron)
∴ Number of protons in the neutral atom = x – 1
Given,
Mass number of the ion = 37
∴ (x – 1) + 1.111x = 37
2.111x = 38 x
= 18
∴The symbol of the ion is

Question 2.44:
An ion with mass number 56 contains 3 units of positive charge and 30.4% more neutrons
than electrons. Assign the symbol to this ion.

Answer 2.44:

Let the number of electrons present in ion

∴ Number of neutrons in it = x + 30.4% of x = 1.304 x
Since the ion is tripositive,
⇒ Number of electrons in neutral atom = x + 3
∴ Number of protons in neutral atom = x + 3
Given,
Mass number of the ion = 56

Number of protons = x + 3 = 23 + 3 = 26

The symbol of the ion

Question 2.45:
Arrange the following type of radiations in increasing order of frequency: (a) radiation
from microwave oven (b) amber light from traffic signal (c) radiation from FM radio (d)
cosmic rays from outer space and (e) X-rays.

Answer 2.45:
The increasing order of frequency is as follows:
Radiation from FM radio < amber light < radiation from microwave oven < X- rays <
cosmic rays
The increasing order of wavelength is as follows:
Cosmic rays < X-rays < radiation from microwave ovens < amber light < radiation of FM
radio

Question 2.46:
Nitrogen laser produces a radiation at a wavelength of 337.1 nm. If the number of photons
emitted is 5.6 × 1024, calculate the power of this laser.

Answer 2.46:
Power of laser = Energy with which it emits photons

Power
Where,
N = number of photons emitted

h = Planck’s constant

c = velocity of radiation

λ = wavelength of radiation

Substituting the values in the given expression of Energy (E):

= 0.3302 × 107 J
= 3.33 × 106 J
Hence, the power of the laser is 3.33 × 106 J.

Question 2.47:
Neon gas is generally used in the sign boards. If it emits strongly at 616 nm, calculate (a)
the frequency of emission, (b) distance traveled by this radiation in 30 s (c) energy of
quantum and (d) number of quanta present if it produces 2 J of energy.

Answer 2.47:
Wavelength of radiation emitted = 616 nm = 616 × 10–9 m (Given)

(a) Frequency of emission

Where, c = velocity of
radiation λ = wavelength of
radiation
Substituting the values in the given expression of :

= 4.87 × 108 × 109 × 10–3 s–1 ν

= 4.87 × 1014 s–1

Frequency of emission (ν) = 4.87 × 1014 s–1
(b) Velocity of radiation, (c) = 3.0 × 108 ms–1
Distance travelled by this radiation in 30 s
= (3.0 × 108 ms–1) (30 s)
= 9.0 × 109 m
(c) Energy of quantum (E) = hν
(6.626 × 10–34 Js) (4.87 × 1014 s–1)
Energy of quantum (E) = 32.27 × 10–20 J

(d) Energy of one photon (quantum) = 32.27 × 10–20 J

Therefore, 32.27 × 10–20 J of energy is present in 1 quantum.

Number of quanta in 2 J of energy

= 6.19 ×1018
= 6.2 ×1018

Question 2.48:
In astronomical observations, signals observed from the distant stars are generally weak.
If the photon detector receives a total of 3.15 × 10–18 J from the radiations of 600 nm,
calculate the number of photons received by the detector.

Answer 2.48:
From the expression of energy of one photon (E),

Where, λ = wavelength of
radiation h = Planck’s
constant c = velocity of
radiation
Substituting the values in the given expression of E:
E = 3.313 × 10–19 J

Energy of one photon = 3.313 × 10 –19 J

Number of photons received with 3.15 × 10–18 J energy

= 9.5
≈ 10

Question 2.49:
Lifetimes of the molecules in the excited states are often measured by using pulsed
radiation source of duration nearly in the nano second range. If the radiation source has
the duration of 2 ns and the number of photons emitted during the pulse source is 2.5 ×
1015, calculate the energy of the source.

Answer 2.49:
Frequency of radiation (ν),

ν = 5.0 × 108 s–1

Energy (E) of source = Nhν

Where,
N = number of photons emitted
h = Planck’s constant ν =
frequency of radiation
Substituting the values in the given expression of (E):
E = (2.5 × 1015) (6.626 × 10–34 Js) (5.0 × 108 s–1)
E = 8.282 × 10–10 J

Hence, the energy of the source (E) is 8.282 × 10–10 J.

Question 2.50:
Lifetimes of the molecules in the excited states are often measured by using pulsed
radiation source of duration nearly in the nano second range. If the radiation source has
the duration of 2 ns and the number of photons emitted during the pulse source is 2.5 ×
1015, calculate the energy of the source.

Answer 2.50:
Frequency of radiation (ν),

ν = 5.0 × 108 s–1

Energy (E) of source = Nhν

Where,
N = number of photons emitted
h = Planck’s constant ν =
frequency of radiation
Substituting the values in the given expression of (E):
E = (2.5 × 1015) (6.626 × 10–34 Js) (5.0 × 108 s–1)

E = 8.282 × 10–10 J

Hence, the energy of the source (E) is 8.282 × 10–10 J.

Question 2.51:
The work function for caesium atom is 1.9 eV. Calculate (a) the threshold wavelength and
(b) the threshold frequency of the radiation. If the caesium element is irradiated with a
wavelength 500 nm, calculate the kinetic energy and the velocity of the ejected
photoelectron.
Answer 2.51:
It is given that the work function (W0) for caesium atom is 1.9 eV.

(a) From the expression, we get:

Where, λ0 = threshold
wavelength h = Planck’s
constant c = velocity of
radiation
Substituting the values in the given expression of (λ0):

6.53 × 10–7 m

Hence, the threshold wavelength is 653 nm.

(b) From the expression, , we get:

Where, ν0 = threshold
frequency h = Planck’s
constant
Substituting the values in the given expression of ν0:

(1 eV = 1.602 × 10–19 J) ν0
= 4.593 × 1014 s–1

Hence, the threshold frequency of radiation (ν0) is 4.593 × 1014 s–1.

(c) According to the question:

Wavelength used in irradiation (λ) = 500 nm
Kinetic energy = h (ν – ν0)
= 9.3149 × 10–20 J
Kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectron = 9.3149 × 10 –20J

Since K.E

v = 4.52 × 105 ms–1

Hence, the velocity of the ejected photoelectron (v) is 4.52 × 105 ms–1.

Question 2.52:
Following results are observed when sodium metal is irradiated with different wavelengths.
Calculate (a) threshold wavelength and, (b) Planck’s constant.

λ (nm) 500 450 400

v × 10–5 (cm s–1) 2.55 4.35 5.35

Answer 2.52:
(a) Assuming the threshold wavelength to be , the kinetic energy of
the radiation is given as:
Three different equalities can be formed by the given value as:

Similarly,

Dividing equation (3) by equation (1):

So, threshold wavelength = 540 nm

Note: part (b) of the question is not done due to the incorrect values of velocity given in
the question.

Question 2.53:
The ejection of the photoelectron from the silver metal in the photoelectric effect
experiment can be stopped by applying the voltage of 0.35 V when the radiation 256.7
nm is used. Calculate the work function for silver metal.

Answer 2.53:
From the principle of conservation of energy, the energy of an incident photon (E) is equal
to the sum of the work function (W0) of radiation and its kinetic energy (K.E) i.e.,
E = W0 + K.E
⇒ W0 = E – K.E
Energy of incident photon (E)

Where, c = velocity of radiation

h = Planck’s constant

λ = wavelength of radiation

Substituting the values in the given expression of E:

E = 4.83 eV
The potential applied to silver metal changes to kinetic energy (K.E) of the photoelectron.
Hence,
K.E = 0.35 V
K.E = 0.35 eV
Work function, W0 = E – K.E
= 4.83 eV – 0.35 eV
= 4.48 eV

Question 2.54:
If the photon of the wavelength 150 pm strikes an atom and one of its inner bound
electrons is ejected out with a velocity of 1.5 × 107 ms–1, calculate the energy with which
it is bound to the nucleus.

Answer 2.54:
Energy of incident photon (E) is given by,
Energy of the electron ejected (K.E)

= 10.2480 × 10–17 J

= 1.025 × 10–16 J

Hence, the energy with which the electron is bound to the nucleus can be obtained as:
= E – K.E
= 13.252 × 10–16 J – 1.025 × 10–16 J
= 12.227 × 10–16 J
Question 2.55:
Emission transitions in the Paschen series end at orbit n = 3 and start from orbit n and
can be represented as v = 3.29 × 1015 (Hz) [1/32 – 1/n2]
Calculate the value of n if the transition is observed at 1285 nm. Find the region of the
spectrum.

Answer 2.55:
Wavelength of transition = 1285 nm
= 1285 × 10–9 m (Given)

Since

Now,

ν = 2.33 × 1014 s–1

Substituting the value of ν in the given expression,

n = 4.98 n
≈5
Hence, for the transition to be observed at 1285 nm, n = 5.
The spectrum lies in the infra-red region.

Question 2.56:
Calculate the wavelength for the emission transition if it starts from the orbit having radius
1.3225 nm and ends at 211.6 pm. Name the series to which this transition belongs and
the region of the spectrum.

Answer 2.56:
The radius of the nth orbit of hydrogen-like particles is given by,

For radius (r1) = 1.3225 nm

= 1.32225 × 10–9 m
= 1322.25 × 10–12 m
= 1322.25 pm

Similarly,
⇒ n1 = 5 and n2 = 2
Thus, the transition is from the 5th orbit to the 2nd orbit. It belongs to the Balmer series.
wave number for the transition is given by,

1.097 × 107 m-1

= 2.303 × 106 m–1

Wavelength (λ) associated with the emission transition is given by,

= 0.434 ×10–6 m λ
= 434 nm

Question 2.57:
Dual behavior of matter proposed by de Broglie led to the discovery of electron microscope
often used for the highly magnified images of biological molecules and other type of
material. If the velocity of the electron in this microscope is 1.6 × 106 ms–1, calculate de
Broglie wavelength associated with this electron.

Answer 2.57:
From de Broglie’s equation,

= 4.55 × 10–10 m λ = 455 pm de Broglie’s wavelength

associated with the electron is 455 pm.
Question 2.58:
Similar to electron diffraction, neutron diffraction microscope is also used for the
determination of the structure of molecules. If the wavelength used here is 800 pm,
calculate the characteristic velocity associated with the neutron.

Answer 2.58:
From de Broglie’s equation,

Where, v = velocity of particle

(neutron) h = Planck’s constant
m = mass of particle (neutron)
λ = wavelength
Substituting the values in the expression of velocity (v),

= 4.94 × 102 ms–1 v

= 494 ms–1

Velocity associated with the neutron = 494 ms–1

Question 2.59:
If the velocity of the electron in Bohr’s first orbit is 2.19 × 106 ms–1, calculate the de

Broglie wavelength associated with it.

Answer 2.59:
According to de Broglie’s equation,

Where, λ = wavelength associated with the

electron h = Planck’s constant
m = mass of electron
v = velocity of electron
Substituting the values in the expression of λ:

λ = 332 pm
Wavelength associated with the electron = 332 pm

Question 2.60:
The velocity associated with a proton moving in a potential difference of 1000 V is 4.37 ×
105 ms–1. If the hockey ball of mass 0.1 kg is moving with this velocity, calculate the
wavelength associated with this velocity.

Answer 2.60:
According to de Broglie’s expression,

Substituting the values in the expression,

Question 2.61:
If the position of the electron is measured within an accuracy of + 0.002 nm, calculate the
uncertainty in the momentum of the electron. Suppose the momentum of the electron is
h/4πm × 0.05 nm, is there any problem in defining this value.

Answer 2.61:
From Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle,
Where,
∆x = uncertainty in position of the electron
∆p = uncertainty in momentum of the electron
Substituting the values in the expression of ∆p:

= 2.637 × 10–23 Jsm–1

∆p = 2.637 × 10–23 kgms–1 (1 J = 1 kgms2s–1)

Uncertainty in the momentum of the electron = 2.637 × 10–23 kgms–1.

Actual momentum

= 1.055 × 10–24 kgms–1

Since the magnitude of the actual momentum is smaller than the uncertainty, the value
cannot be defined.

Question 2.62:
The quantum numbers of six electrons are given below. Arrange them in order of
increasing energies. If any of these combination(s) has/have the same energy lists:
1. n = 4, l = 2, ml = –2 , ms = –1/2
2. n = 3, l = 2, ml= 1 , ms = +1/2
3. n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0 , ms = +1/2
4. n = 3, l = 2, ml = –2 , ms = –1/2
5. n = 3, l = 1, ml = –1 , ms= +1/2
6. n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0 , ms = +1/2
Answer 2.62:
For n = 4 and l = 2, the orbital occupied is 4d.
For n = 3 and l = 2, the orbital occupied is 3d.
For n = 4 and l = 1, the orbital occupied is 4p.
Hence, the six electrons i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are present in the 4d, 3d, 4p, 3d, 3p, and
4p orbitals respectively.
Therefore, the increasing order of energies is 5(3p) < 2(3d) = 4(3d) < 3(4p) = 6(4p) < 1
(4d).

Question 2.63:
The bromine atom possesses 35 electrons. It contains 6 electrons in 2p orbital, 6 electrons
in 3p orbital and 5 electrons in 4p orbital. Which of these electron experiences the lowest
effective nuclear charge?

Answer 2.63:
Nuclear charge experienced by an electron (present in a multi-electron atom) is dependant
upon the distance between the nucleus and the orbital, in which the electron is present.
As the distance increases, the effective nuclear charge also decreases.
Among p-orbitals, 4p orbitals are farthest from the nucleus of bromine atom with (+35)
charge. Hence, the electrons in the 4p orbital will experience the lowest effective nuclear
charge. These electrons are shielded by electrons present in the 2p and 3p orbitals along
with the s-orbitals. Therefore, they will experience the lowest nuclear charge.

Question 2.64:
Among the following pairs of orbitals which orbital will experience the larger effective
nuclear charge? (i) 2s and 3s, (ii) 4d and 4f, (iii) 3d and 3p

Answer 2.64:
Nuclear charge is defined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in the
orbital of a multi-electron atom. The closer the orbital, the greater is the nuclear charge
experienced by the electron (s) in it.
(i) The electron(s) present in the 2s orbital will experience greater nuclear charge (being
closer to the nucleus) than the electron(s) in the 3s orbital.
(ii) 4d will experience greater nuclear charge than 4f since 4d is closer to the nucleus.
(iii) 3p will experience greater nuclear charge since it is closer to the nucleus than 3f.

Question 2.65:
The unpaired electrons in Al and Si are present in 3p orbital. Which electrons will
experience more effective nuclear charge from the nucleus?

Answer 2.65:
Nuclear charge is defined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-
electron atom.
The higher the atomic number, the higher is the nuclear charge. Silicon has 14 protons
while aluminium has 13 protons. Hence, silicon has a larger nuclear charge of (+14) than
aluminium, which has a nuclear charge of (+13). Thus, the electrons in the 3p orbital of
silicon will experience a more effective nuclear charge than aluminium.

Question 2.66:
Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in:
(a) P, (b) Si, (c) Cr, (d) Fe and (e) Kr.

Answer 2.66:
(a) Phosphorus (P):
Atomic number = 15
The electronic configuration of P is:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3

The orbital picture of P can be represented as:

From the orbital picture, phosphorus has three unpaired electrons.

(b) Silicon (Si):

Atomic number = 14
The electronic configuration of Si is:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2

The orbital picture of Si can be represented as:

From the orbital picture, silicon has two unpaired electrons.

(c) Chromium (Cr):

Atomic number = 24
The electronic configuration of Cr is:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5

The orbital picture of chromium is:

From the orbital picture, chromium has six unpaired electrons.

(d) Iron (Fe):

Atomic number = 26
The electronic configuration is:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6

The orbital picture of chromium is:

From the orbital picture, iron has four unpaired electrons.

(e) Krypton (Kr):

Atomic number = 36
The electronic configuration is:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6

The orbital picture of krypton is:

Since all orbitals are fully occupied, there are no unpaired electrons in krypton.
Question 2.67:
(a) How many sub-shells are associated with n = 4?
(b) How many electrons will be present in the sub-shells having ms value of –1/2 for n =
4?

Answer 2.67:
(a) n = 4 (Given)
For a given value of ‘n’, ‘l’ can have values from zero to (n – 1).
l = 0, 1, 2, 3
Thus, four sub-shells are associated with n = 4, which are s, p, d and f.

(b) Number of orbitals in the nth shell = n2

For n = 4
Number of orbitals = 16
If each orbital is taken fully, then it will have 1 electron with ms value of .

Number of electrons with ms value of is 16.