INTRODUCTION

Wastewater treatment process is the treatment process of the polluted water.

Wastewater comprises a mixture of domestic sewage (waste from household toilets, sinks,
showers and washing machines), industrial effluent, occasional run-off of surface water and
ground water which has infiltrated into the sewers. Wastewater contains amount of dissolved
or suspended solid matter. Basically, the wastewater undergoes several processes to clean
it before discharge or reuse. 

The important step in water and wastewater treatment is the coagulation and
flocculation process which is widely used due to its simplicity and cost effectiveness. The pur
pose ofcoagulation/flocculation is to remove suspended matter, turbidity, colour,
microorganisms and odour producing substances. The efficiency of coagulation and
flocculation strongly affects the overall treatment performance. Hence, the increase of the
efficiency of coagulation stage seems to be a key factor for the improvement of the overall
treatment efficiency.

Coagulation is the process whereby destabilization of a given colloidal suspension or

solution is taking place. The function of coagulation is to overcome the factors that promote
the stability of a given system. It is achieved with the use of appropriate chemicals, usually
aluminium or iron salts, the so- called coagulant agents. Flocculation refers to the induction
of destabilized particles in order to come together to make contact and thereby to form large
agglomerates which can be separated easier usually through gravity settling.

Flocculation occurs after coagulation, when the solution is destabilized Coagulation

usually completes in a very short periods of time, whereas flocculation occurs usually take
more time than coagulation. The major operational parameters influence the process is pH,
surface over flow rate of coagulant and the retention time of the reaction. The small-scale
process in the lab is adapted from industrial application, industry such as food industry, water
treatment plant and others related. The other chemical process that been applied in industries
is disinfection, ion exchange and others related.

OBJECTIVE

 To determine the optimum coagulant dosage and pH by using jar testing.

Ref
 Alabama Department of Environmental Management. 1989.
Water Works Operator Manual 
 . Belmont Water Treatment Association. 1997 Coagulation
 Kerri, K.D. 2002.
Water Treatment Plant Operation
. California State University: Sacramento.