PSC Notes

VELAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
UNIT I INTRODUCTION – THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR
1.1 BASIC CONCEPT AND INTRODUCTION:

Prestressed concrete is basically concrete in which internal stresses of a suitable magnitude and distribution
are introduced so that the stresses resulting from external loads are counteracted to a desired degree. In reinforced
concrete members, the prestressed is commonly introduced by tensioning steel reinforcement.
1.2 ADVANTAGES:
 To carry heavy loads.
 Failure will be less.
 Easy to install.
 More durability.
 It take full advantages of high strength concrete and steel
 No cracks are developed
 Use the entire section to resist the load
 Better corrosion resistance
 Good for eater tanks and nuclear power plants.
 Very effective for deflection control.
1.3 ASSUMPTIONS:
 Concrete is homogenous and elastic material.
 Within the range of working stresses both concrete and steel behave elastically, not withstand the
small amount of creep which occurs in both the materials under restrained loading.
 The plain section before bending remains plain after bending.
1.4 NEED FOR HIGH STRENGTH MATERIALS:

a) Steel
 As a working stress of 120 N/mm2 in mild steel is more or less lost due to elastic deformation.
 Normal loss of stress in steel is generally above 100-240Mpa, to avoid this the stress in the steel in
the initial stages must be very high above 1200 to 2000 Mpa
 These high ranges are provided only with the use of high strength steel.
b) Concrete
 As the material offers high resistance in tension bond and bearing.
 As the bearing stresses are being higher, high strength concrete is required at anchorage zone.
 High strength concrete invariably preferred to minimize cost
 It has less liable to shrinkage cracks and has higher modulus of elasticity and smaller ultimate creep
stress resulting in a smaller loss of prestress in steel
 Reduction in cross section dimension.
SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

NAME OF THE FACULTY : Mr.G.RAJASEKAR
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 Due to the reduced dead load or dead weight, spans became technically and economically be
practical.
1.5 TENSIONING DEVICES:

 Mechanical device
 hydraulic device
 electrical(thermal) device
 Chemical device
1.6 METHOD OF PRESTRESSING:

1) Pre- tensioning
2) Post- tensioning
1.6.1 PRE- TENSIONING SYSTEM:

 Prestressed before concrete is poured into the mould.
 High early strength concrete is often used for moulding.
 Prestressed are transferred to the concrete by bond, mostly near the ends of the beams.
 No special anchorage is required.
 Large hydraulic jacks are used.
 Generally rods of 18mm dia and high tensile wires of 7mm are used.
 Supplementary anchoring device are required of single wire of larger diameter (more than 7mm)
are used.
Note: tendon – the wires or rod which is used of tensioning or prestressing are called tendons.

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1.6.2 POST- TENSIONING SYSTEMS:

 Prestressed after concrete is casted.
 Forces are transmitted to the concrete by means of end anchorages.
 Space between tendons and the ducts, is generally grouted (injected) by using mortar after the
tensioning.
Principal of anchoring the tendons:
 Wedge action producing a frictional grip on the wires.

 Direct bearing from rivet or bolt heads.
 Looping the wires around the concrete.
The post-tensioning system are based on wedge action includes Freyssinet method, Gifford-Udall method,
Magnel – Balton method.
1.6.2.1 FREYSSINET METHOD:

 Widely used in Europe and india consist of cylinder with a conical interior through which the high
tensile wire are passes through in and gripped them by small piece of cone after tensioning.
 The main advantage of this method is large number of wires can be simultaneously tensioned using
double acting hydraulic jacks.
1.6.2.2 GIFFORD- UDALL METHOD:

 Developed in UK.
 Consist of split cone and cylindrical cone and which is bearing against steel plates.
 Each wire is anchor aged by forcing a sleeve into a cylinder resting against plate.

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1.6.2.3 LEE – MACALL’S METHOD:

 The diameter of the tendons varying from 12-40mm which are threaded at the ends.
 Bars are screwed by nut and washer tightly against the end plate.
 Curved tendons cannot be used.
1.6.2.4 MAGNEL – BALTON METHOD:

 Metallic sandwich plates, flat wedges and a distribution plates are used for anchoring each plate as
whole to anchor four pair of wires.
 2 to 64 numbers of wires can be anchored.

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1.7 ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSS:

a) For concentric tendons:
b) Eccentric tendons:
c) Resultant stresses: total stress in a prestressed concrete member after live load and dead load act on
the structure.

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1.11 PRESSURE LINE OR THRUST LINE AND INTERNAL RESISTING

COUPLE:
The locus of the points of application of resultant force in any structure is termed as pressure or thrust line.
For prestressed concrete structures, the location of pressure line depends upon the magnitude and direction of
moment applied and the magnitude and distribution of stress due to prestressing force.

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Internal resisting moment:
By using direct method of analysis of resultant and pressure line concept, the internal resisting couple
method or c-line method.

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1.8 CONCEPT OF LOAD BALANCING:

 It’s possible to select suitable cable profile in a prestressed concrete member such that the
transverse component of the cable forces balances the given type of external load.
 The various types of reactions of the cables upon a concrete member depends upon the shape of the
cable profile
 In general this requirement will be satisfied with the cable profile in a prestressed member
corresponding to the shape of bending moment diagram resulting from the external load.

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1.9 STRESS IN TENDON:

Effect of loading on the tensile stresses in tendons, in prestressed member undergoes deformation due to the
action of the prestressing force and transverse load acting on the member. Consecutively the curvature of the cable
changes which results in a slight variation of stress in tendons.
This deformation is calculated by using rotation of beam due to prestressing force and external load by
using Mohr’s theorem. Were slope is equal to

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1.10 LOSSES IN PRETRESS:

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1.10.1 LOSS DUE TO ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF CONCRETE:
Its mainly depends upon the modular ration and average stress in concrete.
1.10.2 LOSSES DUE TO SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE:
If;
1.10.3 LOSS DUE TO THE CREEP OF CONCRETE:

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Where, the value of Ф = 1.5 for wet condition and 4.0 for dry condition.
1.10.4 LOSS DUE THE RELAXATION OF STRESS IN STEEL:
I.S code recommended the loss value varies from 0.9m MPa for stress in the wires varying from 0.5fp to 0.8
fp .,where fp – characteristic strength of pre-stressed steel. From IS cde page no. 32
1.10.5 LOSS OF STRESS DUE TO FRICTION:

Mainly due to two reasons;
i) Loss of stress due to curvature effect, which depends upon the tendons alignment which generally
follows a curved profile along the length of the bar.
ii) Due to the wave effect, this depends upon local deviation in the alignment of the cables.

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1.10.6. LOSS DUE TO ANCHORAGE SLIP:
In most post – tensioning systems, when the cable is tensioned and the jack is released to transfer prestress
to concrete, the friction wedge, employed to grip the wires, slip over a small distance before the wires are firmly
housed the wedge. The magnitude of slip depends upon the type of wedge and stress in the wires.
PROBLEM ON TOTAL LOSSES:

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UNIT – II
DESIGN FOR FLEXURE AND SHEAR
BASIC ASSUMPTION:
 Concrete Is Homogenous And Elastic Material.
 Within the range of working stresses both concrete and steel behave elastically , notwithstanding
the small amount of creep which occurs in both the materials under sustained loading.
 The plain section before bending remains plain after bending.
PREMSSIBLE STRESSES IN CONCRETE:

The maximum permissible stresses in concrete depends upon:
1. Grade of concrete – larger stresses are permitted in stronger or higher grade concrete.
2. Technique of prestressing.(pre-tensioning and post-tensioning).
3. Stage considered.(initial or transfer stage and final stage)
4. Zone to which the member belongs (zone 1 – part of the section in which the compressive stresses
are not likely to increase in service end or zone 2- I which compressive stresses are likely to
increase in service)
5. Type of flexural member. (type 1 and type 2)
The maximum permissible stress in concrete in bending compression at the final stage in accordance
with IS code
σcbc = c1.fck , where c1 = 0.41 for M30 to 0.35 for M60 concrete for zone 1, 0.34 for M30 to
0.27 for M60 for zone 2.
Values of c1 can be taken from Page. No 56 of IS 1343-1980.
The maximum permissible stresses in bending compression at initial stage as per IS Code.
σcbci = c2. fci, where fci = 0.5. fck and c2 taken from Page. No.56 of IS 1343-1980.
The direct compression stress at final stage. σcc = 0.8.σcbc, and the direct compression stress at initial
stage , σcci = 0.8.σcbci
PRELIMINARY DESIGN:
STEP 1:- Select an appropriate overall depth of the beam D. the overall depth varies from span/15
to span /25. D may be increased by 50% for cantilever beam.

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STEP 2:- Determine the dead load moment MD, the aspect ratio of rectangular section, various
from 1.5 for small beam to 3.0 for large section. Therefore breadth = D2/1.5 to D2/3, in case of flanged
section, breadth = D2/3 to D2/4.
STEP 3 :- Determine the live load moment ML,
ML = 0.125WL2
Therefore total working moment at the final stage, MW = MD + ML
STEP 4 :- Determine the effective prestressing force ,P
P = MW / j.dp
The ratio of dp/ D is usually ranges from 0.85 to 0.95, where j = 0.5.D
The initial prestressing force Pi = P/η
Where η = 0.75 to 0.8 for pre-tensioning and 0.8 to 0.85 for Post-tensioning.
STEP 5 :- Determination of area of the beam,
For unsymmetrical section: type 1 beam,
pi = Pi/A = (Yt/D) σcbci
p = P/A = (Yb/D) σcbc
for symmetrical section : type 1 beam
pi = Pi/A = 0.5 (σcbci - σcti)
p = P/A = 0.5 (σcbc - σct)
The higher area value is taken from the above two equations
STEP 6 :- Determination of section modulus Zt and Zb,
Zt ≥ Ml .
(σcbc +σcti) - ((Pi – P)/A). ((ep .Yt/k2) -1)
Zb ≥ Ml .
(σcbci +σct) - ((Pi – P)/A). (ep .Yb/k2) +1)
Where, (ep .Yb/k2) and (ep .Yt/k2) = 3.0 for rectangular section and 2.0 for flanged section.

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STEP 7:- Selection of correct size of the beam,

Mostly rectangular section is preferred. in case of I section the width of top flange = 0.4D
to 0.6D and thickness of top flange = 0.15D to 0.25D.the ratio of b w/bf = 0.2 to 0.3, in case of curved
tendons, the minimum thickness of flange of 120 to 150mm and web thickness of 40 to 60mm is
selected.
STEP 8:- Determine safe zone for cable line.
ecu
C3 C4
C1 C2
C5 C6
eci
eci = ((σcbci.A/P) -1).(k2/Yb) or ((σcti.A/Pi) +1).(k2/Yt)
Similarly ecu = ((σcbc.A/P) -1).(k2/Yt) or ((σct.A/Pi) +1).(k2/Yb)
Problem: 1
Design a rectangular section for a pre-tensioned beam for an industrial shed. The effective span is
15m. The beam carries only its own weight at stress transfer. It has to carry a superimposed load of
4.2kN/m at the final stage. Concrete is of M40 grade. The strength of concrete at stress transfer, fci =
30Mpa. The ultimate tensile strength of high tensile steel, fpu = 1600Mpa. The beam has to be of Type
1 (full prestress). Take working stresses pertaining to zone 1 as per Indian code.
Given :
Span L = 15m. Live Load = 4.2 kN/m, Fck = 40N/mm2, fci= 30Mpa.fpu = 1600Mpa.
STEP : 1
Overall Depth = Span/25 = 15/25 = 0.6m = 600mm.
STEP : 2 Self weight of the beam,

Adopting the aspect ratio, D/b = 3, the breadth b= 0.2m,
Hence, unit weight of concrete γc = 24 kN/m3.
Therefore Wb = 0.2x0.6x1x24 = 2.88 kN/m.

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STEP : 3 Total working Moment
Dead load moment Md = 0.125.Wb L2 = 0.125x2.88 x 152 = 81 kN.m
Live load moment ML = 0.125.q. L2 = 0.125 x 4.2 x 15 2 = 118.125 kN.m
Total working moment Mw = Md + ML = 199.12 kN.m.
STEP : 4 Finding prestressing force,
Prestressing force at final stage, P = Mw/ j.dp = 199.12/0.15 x 0.6 = 663.72kN
Taking P = 700 kN and assuming loss of prestress = 20 %
Therefore, Prestressing force at initial stage, Pi = 700/0.8 = 875 kN.
STEP : 5 Maximum permissible stress:
σcbc = 0.38. fck = 0.380 x 40 = 15.20 N/mm2
σcbci = 0.51. fci = 0.51 x 30 = 15.30 N/mm2

The co-efficient values are taken from the Fig.7 and 8 of Page.no 55 and 56 from IS 1343-1980.
Also for type beams(full prestress) : σct = σcti = 0
Hence pi = 0.5 (σcbci - σcti) = 0.5(15.30 - 0) = 7.65 N/mm2

p = 0.5 (σcbc - σct) = 0.5 (15.20 - 0) = 7.60 N/mm2
hence, Area = Pi/ pi = 875x 103/7.65 = 114.37 x 103 mm2.
Area = P/ p = 700 x 103/7.60 = 92.1 x 103 mm2.
Therefore the requirement of area is greater at initial stage.
STEP : 6 Minimum section modulus

Taking A = 120 x 103 mm2, Pi = 875x 103 N, and P = 700 x 103 N,
Where, (ep .Yb/k2) and (ep .Yt/k2) = 3.0 for rectangular section

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Therefore, Zt ≥ Ml .
Zb ≥ Ml .
By equating value in above equation,
Zt = 9.61 x 106 mm3 and Zb = 12.47 x 106 mm3

As the minimum required value of Zb is larger, the design is controlled by the section modulus with
respect to the bottom fibre.
STEP : 7 Adopting a Rectangular section = 0.2 x 0.6m.
Therefore Area A = 0.2 x 0.6 = 0.12m2
and Zt = Zb = bd2/ 6 = 0.012m3
Therefore k2 = I/A = D2/ 12 = 0.62/12 = 0.030m2
The safe zone for cable line may now be determined.
eci = ((σcbci.A/P) -1).(k2/Yb) = 0.1098m
or eci = ((σcti +1).(k2/Yt) = 0.10m
similarly, ecu = ((σcbc.A/P) -1).(k2/Yt) = 0.1606m
or ecu = ((σct+1).(k2/Yb) = 0.10m

STEP : 9
Using 18 high tensile wires, each of 7mm diameter, the initial stress in each wire =
fpi= 875000 .
18 x (π x72/4)
Hence the ultimate strength required as per IS code,
fpu= fpi / 0.8 = 1263 / 0.8 = 1578 Mpa < 1600 Mpa

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Problem: 2
Design a post-tensioned beam for an auditorium for an effective span of 24m. The beam carries only
its own weight at stress transfer. It has to carry a superimposed load of 21.5 kN/m at the final stage.
Adopt a symmetrical I – section. Concrete is of M35 grade. Use Freyssinet system of post-tensioning.
The beam has to be type 1. Take working stresses pertaining to zone 1 as per IS code. The strength of
concrete at stress transfer fci = 28Mpa.
Given :
Span L = 24m. Live Load = 21.5 kN/m, Fck = 35N/mm2, fci= 28Mpa.
STEP : 1
Overall Depth = Span/20 = 24000/20 = 1200mm.
Area A = D2 / 3 = 1.22 / 3 = 0.48m2
Therefore Wb = 0.48 x 1 x 24 = 11.52 kN/m.
Dead load moment Md = 0.125.Wb L2 = 0.125 x 11.52 x 24 = 829.44 kN.m
Live load moment ML = 0.125.q. L2 = 0.125 x 21.5 x 24 2 = 1548 kN.m
Taking lever arm= j.dp = 0.6 .d for symmetrical I- section.
Prestressing force at final stage, P = Mw/ j.dp = 2377.44 x 106/ 1200 x 0.6 = 3.3 x 106 N
Assuming loss of prestress = 15%
Therefore, Prestressing force at initial stage Pi = 3.3 x 106 /0.85 = 3.88 x 106 N.

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σcbc = 0.3922. fck = 0.392x 35= 13.75 N/mm2
σcbci = 0.516. fci = 0.516 x 28 = 14.325 N/mm2

The co-efficient values are taken from the Fig.7 and 8 of Page. No 55 and 56 from IS 1343-1980.
Also for type beams(full prestress) : σct = σcti = 0
Hence pi = 0.5 (σcbci - σcti) = 0.5(14.325 - 0) = 7.163 N/mm2

p = 0.5 (σcbc - σct) = 0.5 (13.75 - 0) = 6.875 N/mm2
hence, Area = Pi/ pi = 3.3 x 106 / 7.163 = 542 x 103 mm2.
Area = P/ p = 3.88 x 106 / 6.875 = 480 x 103 mm2.

Taking A = 480 x 103 mm2, Pi = 3.3 x 106 N, and P = 3.88 x 106 N,
Where, (ep .Yb/k2) and (ep .Yt/k2) = 2 .0 for Flanged section
Zb ≥ Ml .
Zt = 123 x 106 mm3 and Zb = 152.8 x 106 mm3
STEP : 7 Properties of section:
Taking, width of top flange and bottom flange = 0.6.D = 0.6 x 1200 = 750mm.

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Thickness top flange and bottom flange = 0.25.D = 0.25 x 1200 = 300mm.
Taking thickness of web = 200mm
Taking symmetrical I – section of Width of top and bottom flanges of 750mm and thickness of
300mm. taking thickness of web as 200mm.
Therefore Area A = 570 x 103 mm2 , moment of inertia I = 9.81 x 1010 mm4
and Zt = Zb = I/y = 163.5 x 106 > 152.8 x 106 mm4
Therefore k2 = I/A = 9.81 x 1010 /570 x 103 = 172.105 x 103 m2

STEP: 8 The safe zone for cable line may now be determined.
eci = ((σcti +1).(k2/Yt) = 286.84 mm

Similarly, ecu = ((σct+1).(k2/Yb) = 286.82mm.
The mid-span ordinate of the lower parabola,

C2C4 = Md/Pi = 829.44 x 106 / 388 x 106 = 213.77 mm
C3C5 = Mw/P = 2377.44 x 106 / 3.3 x 106 = 720.43 mm
The minimum permissible eccentricity of cable line at mid span,

C1C5 = 720.43 – 286.84 = 433.6 mm,
C1C4= 213.77 + 286.84 = 500.61 mm

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PROBLEM : 3
Design a post-tensioned girder of unsymmetrical I-Section for an effective span of 30m the girder
has to carry its own weight at stage of stress transfer. The superimposed load due to all effects at
the final stage is 39 kN/m. concrete of M35 grade. Adopt Mangel-Balton system of post-tensioning
and working stresses as per IS code for Type – 2 (limited prestress) member. The strength of
concrete at stress transfer Fci = 24pa. Take fpu = 1540Mpa.
Given :
Span L = 30m. Live Load = 39 kN/m, Fck = 35N/mm2, fci= 24Mpa.fpu = 1540Mpa.
STEP : 1
Overall Depth = Span/15 = 30000/15 = 2000 mm.
Adopting the aspect ratio of the equivalent rectangular section = 4 ,
Therefore cross sectional Area A = D2 / 4 = 22 / 4 = 1 m2
Therefore Wb = 1 x 1 x 24 = 24 kN/m.
Dead load moment Md = 0.125.Wb L2 = 0.125x 24 x 302 = 2700 kN.m
Live load moment ML = 0.125.q. L2 = 0.125 x 39 x 302 = 4387.5 kN.m

Internal lever arm j.dp = 0.75D for unsymmetrical I-section.
Prestressing force at final stage , P = Mw/ j.dp = 7087.5 x 106 / 0.75 x 2000 = 4.725 x 106 N
Assuming loss of prestress = 15 %
Therefore, Prestressing force at initial stage Pi = 4.725 x 106 / 0.85 = 5.56 x 106 N.

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σcbc = 0.393. fck = 0.393 x 35 = 13.75 N/mm2
σcbci = 0.572. fci = 0.572 x 24 = 12.28 N/mm2
The co-efficient values are taken from the Fig.7 and 8 of Page. No 55 and 56 from IS 1343-1980.
Assuming that the girder has no joints, taking σct = σcti = 2Mpa.
Taking Yt/D = 0.45 and Yb/D = 0.55 for unsymmetrical I-section.
Hence pi = (0.45 (σcbci + σcti))- σcti) = (0.45(12.27 +3)) - 3) = 3.875 N/mm2
p = (0.55 (σcbc + σct)) - σct) = 0.55 (13.75+3) - 3) = 6.21 N/mm2
Hence, Area = Pi/ pi = 5.56x 106/3.875 = 1.436 x 106 mm2.

Area = P/ p = 4.725 x 106/6.21 = 0.760 x 106 mm2.
Taking , A = 1 x 106 mm2, Pi = 5.56 x 106 N, and P = 4.725 x 106 N,
Where, (ep .Yb/k2) and (ep .Yt/k2) = 2.0 for flanged section,
Zb ≥ Ml .
Zt = 275.68 x 106 mm3 and Zb = 343.71 x 106 mm3
STEP : 7 Properties of section
Taking Unsymmetrical I section of width of top flange of 1200mm and thickness of 300mm. width
of bottom flange as 600mm and thickness of 300mm. taking thickness of web as 300mm.

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Therefore Area A = ((1200 x 300 )+(400 x 300) + (600 x 300)) = 960 x 103 mm2
Centroids of section Yb = 840.625mm from bottom of the beam and Yt = 2000-840.625 =
1159.375mm.
Moment of inertia I = 5.35 x 1011 mm4.
Therefore, Zb = I/ Yb =637.23 x 106 mm3 and Zt = I/ Yt =461.60 x 106 mm3
Where, k2 = I/A = 5.35 x 1011 / 960 x 103 mm2,
Therefore k2/ Yb = 662.96 mm and k2/ Yt = 480.67 mm
STEP : 8 The safe zone for cable line may now be determined.
eci = ((σcti +1).(k2/Yt) = 248.9 mm.

similarly,
ecu = ((σct+1).(k2/Yb) = 404.09 mm.
Maximum ordinate of the lower parabola,
C2C4 = Md/Pi = 108 x 106 / 5.56 x 106 = 19.42 mm
C3C5 = Mw/P = 4495.5 x 106 / 4.725 x 106 = 951.42 mm
The minimum permissible eccentricity of cable line at mid span,
C1C5 = 951.42 – 404.09 = 547.31 mm,
C1C4= 248.9 + 19.42 = 268.32 mm.

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LIMIT STATES OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH:

TYPES OF FLEXURAL FAILURES:

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MOMENT OF RESISTANCE FOR RECTANGULAR SECTION:
From table. 11 of I.S – 1343 -1980 Page. No.51

The value of (fpu / 0.87.fp) and (xu / d) are taken. With this the values of ‘fpu’ and ‘xu’ are found out
and using it, the moment of resistance is found out.

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MOMENT OF RESISTANCE FOR T- SECTION:

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DESIGN FOR SHEAR
SHEAR AND PRINCIPAL STRESS:

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ULTIMATE SHEAR RESISTANCE OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS:

TYPES OF SHEAR:

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DESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT:

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UNIT –III
ANCHORAGE ZONE STRESS IN POST- TENSIONED MEMBERS:

The transverse stresses developed in the anchorage zone or tensile in nature over a large length and since
concrete is week in tension, adequate or sufficient reinforcement should be provided to resist this tension
The idealized stress distribution in an end block with the compressive & tensile stress path. The effect of
transverse tensile stress is to develop a zone of bursting tension in a direction perpendicular to the anchorage force
resulting in horris. Cracking since concrete is week in tension suitable reinforcement are generally provided to resist
the bursting tension
The stress distribution over a small area for increasing ratio of varying from 0 to 0.5, as been
investigated by guyon. The ratio of transverse tensile stress to the average compressive stress generally decrease
with the increase in flow ratio of depth of anchorage plate and that of end block.

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INVESTIGATION ON ANCHORAGE ZONE STRESSES OR END BLOCKS STRESSES:
Anchorage Zone is also called End block
Are done by
 Magnel
 Guyon
 Iyengar
 Row- Zielinski
 I.S.Method
MAGNEL METHOD:-
In this method the end block is considered as a Deep-beam, subjected to concentrated loads due to
anchorage on side and to normal & tangential distributed loads from the linear direct stress & shear
stress distribution from the other side.
Where,
M= Bending moment , H = direct force (vertical) ,V = Shear force (hori) ,fr = Vertical stress
fn = direct stress (P/A) , I = Shear stress.
The stress distribution across the section can be approximated from the following equations.
Where k1, k2 and k3 are called constant.

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The direct stress fn is computed by assuming that the concentrated load disappears at 45 and considering the depth
of section intercept between the dispersion line, at the required point on the neutral axis.
The principle stresses:-
Problem: 1
The end block of a prestressed concrete beam, rectangular in section, is 100mm wide and
200mm deep. The prestressing force of 100kn is transmitted to concrete by a distribution plate 100mm wide and
50mm deep, concentrically located at the ends. Calculate the position and Magnitude of the maximum tensile stress
on the horizontal section through the centre and edge of the anchor plate. Compute the bursting tension on these
horizontal plates.
Given: P= 100 kn, h= 200mm, b= 100mm
Normally, the vertical stress fn and the principal tensile stress are critical at x = 0.5h

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The principal tensile stress (acting at 0.5h = 100mm from the end) is given by,
Therefore, the total splitting tension, assuming parabolic distribution of stress as shown in fig, given by,
For section YY (passing through edge of Plate)

Stresses at x= 0.5h = 100mm from end.

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Problem : 2 The end block of prestressed Concrete block 100mm wide & 200mm deep, supports an eccentric
prestressing force of 100kn, the line of action of which coincide with the bottom kern of the section. The depth of
anchorage radius is 50mm.
Estimate the magnitude & position of a principal tensile stress on a hori.plane passing through the centre of the
anchorage plate.

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Since, the anchorage plate is provided on the bottom portion of beam, the depth is taken as ½ total depth.
Direct Stress @ centre of plate
GUYON’S METHOD:
Guyon has developed design tables for the computation of bursting tension which are based on
his earlier mathematical investigation.
The concept of symmetrical or equivalent for eccentric cables, and the method of participating
for the analysis of stresses developed due to multiple cable have been introduced by guyon.
The distribution of forces at the ends is treated under the categories of, force evenly distributed
and force not evenly distributed.
FORCES EVENLY DISTRIBUTED:
When the forces are arranged such that the resultant of the stress distribution at a distance equal
to the depth of the end block coincides with the line of action of the force.
This consists of a prism of concrete of side equal to twice the distance of the prestressing force
from to nearest free edge.
The position of Zero stress, maxi transverse stress and its magnitude for the force which are
evenly distributed are computed by using coefficient Table 10.2
According to guyon; the bursting tension
FORCES NOT EVENLY DISTRIBUTED:
When it is not possible to arrange the end forces evenly, Guyon recommends that transverse tensile
stresses be investigated along successive resultants such as a) Resultant of all forces, b) resultant of small groups of
forces, and c) lines of action of individual forces.
The line of action of the resultant force is taken as the axis of an equivalent prism of length and depth
equal to twice the distance of axis from the free edge on the adjoining equivalent prism.

Page 52
PROBLEM: 1 Using Guyon’s method , compute the position and magnitude of maximum tensile stress and
bursting tension for the end block with concentric anchor force of 100kn as detailed € first problem in Magnel’s
Method.
Given:
Solution:

Page 53
Problem 2: For the Rectangular end block with an eccentric anchor force of 100kn, as detailed in second
problem of Magnel’s Method, Compute the maxi tensile stress and the total splitting tension. Using Guyon’s
Method.
Given:
Solution:
Indian code provision:
 This is computed on the bases of Row’s Method and have similar to British code provision
 The bursting tensile force Fbst is obtained from the exp.
Where, Pk1 = tendon Jacking force.
The Reinforcement is designed to sustain this Bursting tension and it is assumed to act at its
design strength of 0.87 fy. The stress however, is limited to a value corresponding to a strain of 0.1%. when the
concrete cover is less than 50mm. The designed reinforcement is distributed in the zone of 0.2 from the loaded face
of end block
Where fc – p/b x d/2

The corrected value of bursting tension is found out using the exp
Where ft= 2N/mm2

Page 54
ANCHORAGE ZONE REINFORCEMENT:
Should be designed to withstand the bursting tension, which is determined by the transverse stress
distribution on the largest individual force.
For plate and embedded (Freyssinet) type of anchorage, Mats, helices, loops or links are generally
provided in perpendicular
Problem: 1 Estimate the position at magnitude of the maxi transverse stress and bursting tension for the end block
with a concentric anchorage force of 100kn. The end block is of 100mm wide and 200mm deep prestressed by
distributing plate, 100mm wide and 50mm deep, concentrically loaded at the ends.
Given:
(beam depth/ 2)
Distribution Ratio
Solution :
Average Compressive stress,
This is acting at a distance equal to 0.5x 50= 25mm from the end face.

Page 55
Bursting tension is given by
If the permissible tensile stress in concrete is assumed as, 2 N/ mm2

Ft = 2N/mm2
The corrected value of bursting tension is =
Problem :2 The end block of the PSC grinder is 200mm wide by 300mm deep. The beam is post-tensioned by
two Freyssinet anchorages each of 100 mm dia with their centres located at 75mm from the top and bottom of the
beam. The force transmitted by each anchorage beam 2000kn. Compute the bursting tension and design suitable
reinforcement according to IS1343 code provision.
Given:
Dia of anchorage = 100mm
= 2000kn, = 150 mm (i.e) (300/2)
Solution:
Distribution ration = / = 89/150= 0.6
= [ 0.32 – 0.3(0.6)] = 280x N

Using 10mm Ø bars mild steel links with yield stress fy = 260 The No.of bars requires,
N = Fbst/ 0.87.fy xast = 280x103/ 0.87 x 260x x102=15.7 = 16 nos
The Reinforcement are arrange in the Zone between 0.2yo to 2yo
= 150/2 = 75mm
0.2yo = 0.2x 75= 15mm
Reinforcement arranged at a spacing of 20mm in front of the anchorage both in the longitudinal and
transverse direction as shown.

Page 56
TRANSMISSION OF PRESTRESSING FORCE BY BOND:-
In a pretensioned system, when a wire is released from its temporary anchorage on the
prestressing bed, the end of the wire swells as a result of the recovery of the lateral contraction and develops a
wedge effect.
This is to enable the prestressing force to become zero at the end of wire. This is generally referred to as the Hoyer
Effect. The swelling of the wire is only a few thousand ths of a millimeter, but it nevertheless produces considerable
radial pressures on the concrete, giving rise to large frictional forces.
The transmission of prestressing force from steel to concrete is generally through a bond comprising i) adhesion, ii)
friction and iii) Shearing resistance.
The distribution of bond stress, stress in steel and concrete in the transmission zone as shown
below.
When the bond stress in zero, the stress in steel and concrete reach their maxi values, and uniform stress distribution
is prevalent from this section. The length needed for achieving this is termed as transmission length.
CODE PROVISIONS FOR BOND AND TRANSMISSION LENGTH:

 As per IS1343 for the transmission length are expressed in terms of the diameter of the wire, bar or stand,
taking into consideration the surface characteristics of the tendons.
 In the absence of values based on actual test results, the following values are recommended for the
transmission length, provided the concrete is well compacted and its strength at transfer is not less than 35
and the tendons are released gradually. IS Pg no.34

Page 57
UNIT – IV
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COMPOSITE BEAMS
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION OF PRESTRESSED AND IN-SITU CONCRETE:-

In a composite construction, precast prestressed members are used in conjuction with the concrete cast-in-
situ, So that the member behave as monolithic unit under service load. Generally the high strength
prestressed unit are used in the tension zone while the concrete which is cast-in-situ of relatively lower
compressive strength is used in compression zone.
The composite action between two component is achived by roughening the surface of the prestressed unit
thus giving a better frictional resistance.
ADVANTAGES:
 Appricable saving in the cast of steel compared with a reinforced on precast concrete member.
 The size of precast prestressed units can be reduced due to the effect of composite action.
 Low ratio of size of precast unit to that of composite member.
 In many cases precast units serve as supports and distance with the farmwork for placement of in-
situ concrete.
 Composite members are ideally suited for construction bridge decks.
 Efficient utilization of material in which low and medium strength concrete of in-situ construction
resist compressive force. While, the prestressed unit resist the tensile force.
 Precast units which requires skilled labours and workmanship can be cast in a factory.
 The combination of light weight concret for the cast in-situ slab result in reduction of dead load
leading to economy in the overall cost.
TYPES OF COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION:
1) The most common type composite construction consist of a No.of precast prestressed inverted ‘T’-
beam, placed side by side and connected by a continous top slab of in-situ concrete widely used in
bridge decks sometimes transverse prestressing are also used for monolithic operation.
2) For large span composite bridge decks exceeding 30m, the commonly used type consist of ‘I’,
unsymmetrical. T.section or box section. The concrete cast-in-situ form a dead slab
interconnecting the precast unit.
3) Precast prestressed I & T beams have been standardized by cement and the concrete association for
the span varying from 7-36m.
4) Reinforced and prestressed concrete trusses are generally used for span ranging from 18- 36m .
ideally suited for industrial structures.
5) The dead load stress developed in the precash & prestressed unit can be minimized propping then
while casting the cast in-situ concrete. This method of construction known as propped
construction.
Page 58
6) If the precast units are not propped while placing in-situ concrete, the stresses are developed in the
unit due to self weight of construction is referred as unpropped construction.
ANALYSIS OF STRESSES:
The stresses developed in the prestressed and cast in –situ concrete are computed using the simple
bending equations until the stage of cracking. If the precast prestressed unit is unpropped during the
placing of in-situ cincrete, the stresses that develop in the precast unit are sum of stresses due to the self
weight of the member, the prestressing force acting at a given eccencity and that due to the selh weight
of the in-situ cast concrete. After the in-situ concrete has hardened, the whole section is assumed to be
monolithic and the stresses that develop due to subsequent live loads are computed using the properties
of the composite section.

Page 59
However if the precast unit is propped during the placing of in-situ concrete, the stresses developed due
to the self weight of the in-situ concrete are computed using the section modules of the composite section.
In all cases the live stresses are based on the composite section.
Problems: 1 A precast pretensioned beam of Rectangular section has a breath of 100mm and a depth of
200mm. The beam with an effective span of 5m, is prestressed by tendons with their centroids coinciding
with the bottom kern. The initial force in the tendons in 150 kN. The loss of prestresssed may be assumed
to be 15%. The beam is incorporated in a composite T-beam by casting a top flange of breadth 400mm
and thickness 40mm. if the composite beam supports a live load of 8kN/m2 , Calculate the resultant
stresses developed in the precast and in-situ concrete assuming the pretensioned beam as a) unpropped and
b) propped during the casting of the slab. Assume the same modules of elasticity for concrete in precast
beam and in-situ cast slab.

Page 60
Solution:
Case a) unpropped:
1) Initial prestress =
2) Effective prestress = There is 15% of less in prestress
Eff. Prestress = 0.85 x 15= 12.75
3) Stress due to the self weight of the precast:-
Self wt of precast = 0.1 x 0.2x 24 = 0.48 KN/m.
2 2
Moment due to the self wt = 𝑤𝑙 = 0.48 𝑋 5 = 1.5 kn.m= 1.5𝑥 106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
8 8
Self wt stress due to self wt of Precast 6P = M/Z
2 100𝑥 2002
Section modules Z= 𝑏𝑑 = = 666.67x103 mm3
6 6
1.5 𝑋 106
Stress = = 2.25 N/mm2
666.67 𝑋 106
4) Stress due to self wt of in-situ concrete.

Self weight of in-situ concrete = 0.4 x 0.04x24= 0.384 KN/m
2 2
Moment = 𝑤𝑙 = 0.384 𝑋 5 = 1.2 KN.m
8 8
6
stress due to self wt of in-situ = M/Z= 1.2 𝑋 10 =1.78 N/mm2
666.7 𝑋 103
5) Stress due to live load:

A section properties of composite member
i) Distance of centroid from the top fiber
𝑎1𝑥1+𝑎2𝑥2
𝑦=
𝑎1+𝑎2
a1 = 200x 100= 20000 mm2
a2 = 40 x 400 = 16000 mm2
200 = 100 mm, x = 40 +200 = 220 mm
x1 = 2
2 2
(20000𝑥 100)+ (16000𝑥 220)
yb = = 153.3 mm from bottom ≅ 153mm
36000
yt = 240-153.0 = 87mm.

Page 61
ii) Second Moment of area (or) Moment of inertia.

3
𝑏1 1d 3 𝑏2d2 2
2
I= + A1Y1+ 12 + A2Y2
12 3 400𝑋 403
I= 100𝑋 (200) + (2000 x (153 − 100)2) + + (16000 X (220 − 153)2)
12 12
6 4
I = 196.8 x 10 mm
The section Modules for top and bottom fibre:
𝐼 196.8𝑋 106
Zt = = = 2.262 x 106 mm3
𝑦𝑡 87
196.8𝑋 106
Z = 𝐼 = = 1.286 x 106 mm3
b
𝑦
𝑏 153
Live Load = 8KN/m2
Live load/ m length = 0.4 x 8 = 3.2 KN/m

2
Moment due to L.L = 3.2 𝑋 5 = 10 Kn.m = 10 x 106 N.mm
8 6
Stress due to L.L @ top fibre = 𝑀 = 10 𝑋 10 = 4.44 N/ mm2
𝑍𝑡 2.25
6
𝑋 106
Stress due to L.L @ bottom fibre = 𝑀 = 10 𝑋 10 = 7.81 N/ mm2
𝑍𝑏 128 𝑋 106
Case b) Propped
1) Initial Prestress = 15 N/mm2

2) Effe Prestress = 12.7 N/mm2
3) Stress due to S.W of precast = 2.25 N/mm2
4) Stress due to S.W of in-situ concrete = Moment = 1.2 KN/m.
6
Stress at top fibre = 𝑀 = 1.2 𝑋 10 = 0.53 N/ mm2
𝑍𝑡 2.25 𝑋 1066
Stress at bottom fibre = 𝑀 = 1.2 𝑋 10 = 0.93 N/ mm2
𝑍𝑏 1.28 𝑋 106
5) Live load stress at top = 4.48 N/ mm2
Bottom = 7.87 N/mm2

Page 62
CONTINUOUS BEAMS:
ADVANTAGES OF CONTINUOUS MEMBERS
1. The bending Moments are more evenly distributed between the centre of span and the support of
members.
2. Reduction in the size of members results in lighter structures.
3. The climate load carrying capacity is higher than in a statically determinate structure due to the
phenomenenon of redistribution of moments.
4. Continuity of the members in framed structures leads to increased stability.
5. Continuous girders are formed by segmental construction using precast units connected by
prestresssed cables.

Page 63
6. In continuous post-tensioned girders, the curved cables can be suitable positioned to resist the span
the support moments.
7. A reduction in the number of anchorages in a continuous prestressed beam in compassion with a
series of simply supported beam.
8. In continuous prestressed structures, the deflections are comparatively small as compared to simply
supported spans.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Loss of prestress due to friction is appreciable in long cables with reversed curves and considerable
curvature.
2. Secondary stress due to prestressing, creep, shrinkage and temperature and settlements of supports
may induce very high stress unless they are controlled.
3. Cables positioned to cater for secondary moments are not generally suitable to provide the reqd
ultimate moment under a given system of loads.
METHODS OF ACHIEVING CONTINUITY:
It is achieved by using curved or straight cables which are continuous over span.
It is also possible to develop continuity between two precast beams by using cap cables.
Alternatively, short, straight tendons may be used over the supports to develop continuity.
Based on the method of construction, beams may be classified as “fully continuous beams” – tendons
generally continuous from end to other, and “ Partially Continuous” where each span is first precast as the
simple beam and the elements are assembled by using cap cables or short tendons over the support.

Page 64
DEFINITIONS OF COMMON TERMS:

PRIMARY MOMENT:- Bending moment due to the actual eccentricity of the tendons from the
centroids axis . (- P.e) hogging moment.
SECONDARY MOMENT:- Additional moment induced due to the redundant reaction developed as a
consequence of prestressing the structure.
RESULTANT MOMENT: - Sum of the primary and secondary Moments.
Resultant Moment = Primary Moment +Secondary Moment.
PRESSURE OR THRUST LINE :- Is the locus of the resultant comp at different section of the
structural member.
The shift of the pressure line from the centroidal axis is obtained as the ratio of the resultant
moment and the prestressing force.
LINE OF PRESTRESS (CGS LINE) : The locus of the centroids of the prestressing force along the
structure is the line of prestress of centre of gravity of the steel line.
CONCORDANT CABLE OR TENDON PROFILE: The tendon profile in which the eccentricity is
proportionally at all cross sections to the bending moment caused by any loading is a concordant profile.
Stressing a tendon laid to such a profile does not induce any redundant reaction and hence the
secondary moments are zero.
If the tendon profile is made to coincide with the resultant thrust line, the redundant reaction are
completely eliminated and the cable profile may be considered as concordant.

Page 65
TRANFORMATION PROFILE: is any tendon profile consisting of straight lines between the rigid
supports and having zero eccentricity at simple end supports. A tendon following such a profile will
produce support reactions and longitudinal compression but no bending moment.
METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY MOMENTS ASSUMPTIONS IN

ANALYSIS:
1. The effect of change in the length of members due to the prestressing force and external loading is
negligible.
2. The cable friction is considered to be negligible so that the prestressing force is constant at all
points of the cable.
Methods to compute the secondary moents:
a) Three moment theorem, b) consistent deformation and c) Tendon reation.
Method b) and c) are generally referred to as the flexibility influence coefficients method and the method
of equivalent loads.

Page 66
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS:

Computation of Secondary Moment is done by following equation:
(MAB+2MBA +2K MBC+ K MCB) = (KBA + k KBC)

6P
Where K = [− ∫ 𝑒𝑥𝑑𝑥] k=[ IAB / IBC ]
L2 LAB LBC
The Resultant moment at any section is computed as the sum of primary and secondary moments.
Problem 1 : A Continuous prestresssed concrete beam ABC(AB=BC=10m)has a uniform rectangular

cross section with a width of 100mm and depth of 300mm.The Cable Carrying on effective prestressing
force of 360KN in parallel to the axis of the beam and located at 100mm from the soffit.
a) Determine the secondary and Resultant moment at the central Support B.

b) If the beam supports an imposed load of 1.5 KN/M, Calculate the resultant stresses at top and
bottom of the beam at B. Assume density of concrete as 24KN/M3
c) Locate the resultant line of thrust through beam AB
Solution:
According to three moment theorem to the continuous beam ABC.
(MAB+2MBA +2K MBC+ K MCB) = (KBA + k KBC)
6P 6 𝑋 360
Where K = [− ∫ 𝑒𝑥𝑑𝑥]= [− [ −0.05 𝑋 10 𝑋 5]] = 54 KN.m
L2 10 𝑋 10
2MB +2 MB = 54 + (1) 54
4 MB = 108 KN.m
S.M at B is Mb = 27 KN.m
Resultant moment at B due to prestress = PM+ SM = [ (-360 X 0.05) +27)] = 9 KN.m

Page 67
Self wt of beam g = 0.1 x 0.3 x 24 = 0.72 KN/m
Imposed load q= 1.50 KN/m
Total load w= 2.22 Kn/m

𝑤𝑙2 2.22 𝑋 102
Moment at B due to loads = - ( )= ( ) = 27.75 KN.m
8 8
Total resultant moment at B= (9-27.75) = -18.75 KN.m

Stresses at the central support section B are
360 𝑋 103 18.75 𝑋 106
Top fibre stress = [ − ] = -0.5 N/mm2 (tension)
100 𝑋 300 1.5 𝑋 106
360 𝑋 103 18.75 𝑋 106
Bottom fibre stress = [ + ] = +24.5 (comp)
100 𝑋 300 1.5 𝑋 106
Pressure line position
At A = - 5cm = -50 mm
−18.75 𝑋 1000
At B = M/P = [ ]= -52mm
360
Resultant moment at centre of span

−𝑃𝑒 𝑤𝑙2 −360𝑋0.05 102
=[ + ]=[ + ]= +9.25 KN.m
4 16 4 16
Shift of pressure line from the centroids axis at mid span points
9.25 𝑋 1000
= = 26 mm
360
Problem 2: A prestressed beam having a rectangular cross section with a width of 120mm and a depth of
300mm is continuous over two spans, AB=BC=8M.The cable with Zero eccentricity at the ends and an
over the central support, carries an effective force of 500KN.
a) Calculate the secondary moment developed at B.
b) If the beam supports concentrated loads of 20KN each at mid points of Span, evaluate the
resultant stresses at the central Support Section B
c) Locate also the position of the pressure line at section.
Given:
P = 500KN, Zt = Zb = 18 X 105 mm3, Q = 20KN, e = 50mm, A= 36 X 103 mm2, g= 0.86 KN/m and
L = 8m

Page 68
6P
MA = Mc=0, k= 1, KAB =KBC = [− ∫ 𝑒𝑥𝑑𝑥]
L2
−6P 1 2
=
L2 2
[ 𝐿𝑒 3 𝐿] = -2Pe
Applying the here Moment equation
4 MB =(-2Pe – 2Pe) = -4Pe
S.M at B = MB = - Pe
R.M at B = PM – SM = +Pe – Pe = 0
Moment at B due to self. Wt and imposed loads is given by

−𝑤𝐿2 3QL −0.86 x82 3X 20X8
MB = [ − ]=[ – ] = -36.88 Kn.m
8 16 8 16
Stresses at section B
500 x 103 36.88 x 106
At top = [ – ] = -6.6 N/mm2 (tension)
36 x 103 18 x 105
500 x 103 36.88 x 106
At bottom = [ + ] = 34.4 N/ mm2 (comp)
36 x 103 18 x 105
Position of pressure line from the centroids axis

MB − 36.88 X 1000
At B = [ =][ ] = - 73.5 mm (below centraidal axis)
P 500
Problem 3: Two simply supported beams, AB=BC=10m,of rectangular cross-section, each post-tensioned
by means of two parabolic cables,(P=300KN each)with eccentricities of Zero at the supports and 150mm
at midspan, are converted into a continuous beam by tensioning a parabolic cap cable carrying a force of
300KN.The ends of the cap cable are located at 3m from the central support. The cable centre is 50mm
from the top of the beam over the central support B.
The beam is 200mm wide and 600mm deep.
a) Calculate the secondary moment induced at B.

b) Locate the resultant line of thrust through the beam AB.
C) Evaluate the resultant prestress along the top and bottom of the beam.

Page 69
By applying the theorem of three moments.

6P
KBA = KBC = [− ∫ 𝑒𝑥𝑑𝑥]
L2
6 𝑋 300
=−[ [−(0.25𝑋 1𝑋 0.3𝑋 7.25) − (0.67 𝑋 2𝑋 0.25𝑋 9.25)]= -46 KN.m
10 𝑋 10
4 MB = (-2 X 46) = -92

Se M at B = MB = -92/ 4 = -23 KN.m
Resultant Moment at B = (SM + PM) = -23 +75 = 52 KN.m
Resultant Moment at A = 0
23
Resultant moment at the centre of span AB = [− ( ) − (600 𝑋 0.15)] = -101.5 KN.m
2
Position of line of thrust from the centroidal axis, at A= 0

At Centre of AB = −101.5 = -169.1 mm
[( ) 𝑋 1000)]
600
+52
At B = [ ( ) 𝑋 1000)] = +173.3mm
300
A= (200X 600) = 12 X 104 mm2
Zb =Zt = 12 X 106 mm3

600 x 103
Resultant Stresses, at A= [ ] = 5 N/mm2
12 x 104

Page 70
600 x 103 101.5 x 106
At mid span of AB = [ ± ] = (5.0 ± 8.5)
12 x 104 12 x 105
Top = -3.5 N/mm2, Bottom = 13.5 N/mm2

900 x 103 52 x 106
At B= [ ± ] = (7.5 ± 4.4)
12 x 104 12 x 105
Top = 11.9 N/mm2 and Bottom = -3.1 N/mm2
DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS:

1. Calculate the maximum positive and negative moment due to the live and dead load moments at
various sections of the member and hence compute the range of moment ,which is obtained as the
difference of the maximum and minimum moments at a cross section.
Mr = (Mmax - Mmin)
2. The overall cross-sectional dimensions are fixed using the permissible compressive stress in
concrete fc, by the equation
𝑏ℎ2 𝑀𝑟
Z=( )=
86 𝑓𝑐
Assuming a suitable value of b+0.4-0.5h, the overall depth h is obtained.
3. The Minimum prestressing force required is estimated by the expression
P = [Mr/ (h/3)]
4. The limited zone for thrust is obtained by plotting (Mmax/p)(Mmin/p)at each section measured from
upper and lower kern, respectively .
5. The profile of a cable lying within the limiting zone and suitable for a concordant profile is
determined.
6. The stresses developed at transfer and working loads are checked at important section.
6. The Cable profile, if necessary, may be linearly transformed to reduce the slopes at supports with
due regards to cover required.

Page 71
CONCORDENT CABLE PROFILE:

Page 72

Page 73
UNIT –V
DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PIPES AND TANKS:
CIRCULAR PRESTRESSING:
The liquid retaining structures such as circular pipes, tanks and pressure Vessels are admirably sited for
circular prestressing. The circumferential hoop compression induced in the concrete by prestressing counter balance
is the hoop tension developed due to internal fluid pressure.
The reinforced concrete pressure pipe requires a large amount of reinforcement to ensure low tensile stresses
resulting in a crack free. Structure however circular prestressing eliminates cracks & provides for an economical use
of material. In addition its safeguard against shrinkage cracks.
An alternative method is to wrapped the high tensile wire under cylindrical methods. The wrapped wires are
generally protected against corrosion by coating of cement mortar.
In Czechoslovakia, helical prestressing has been used. This operation induced tri-axial stresses in the member.
It is important to note that calcium chloride must never be used as an accelerating admixture in PSC. Since
number of failure in PSC pipes and tank have been recorded due to the phenomena of chloride corrosion.
It is well established that PSC pipes are ideally suited for pressure range of 0.5 to 2 N/mm2, while caste iron &
steel pipes are not economical, reinforced concrete pipe are not practical.
PSC pipe have been especially used recently in water supply scheme of greater Madras to convey water from
Veeranam lake to Madras city. Each pipe of length 6m with an internal diameter of 1.676m and an maximum
working pressure of above 8 atmosphere.
Types of prestresssed concrete pipes:-
 Monolithic construction.
 Two stage construction.
Design Criteria:-
According to IS Code 782, the design of PSC pipes should cover the following 5 stage:
 Circumferential prestressing winding with or without longitudinal prestressing.

 Handling stresses with or without longitudinal prestressing
Page 74
 Condition in which a pipe is supported by saddles at extreme points with full water lead but zero
hydrastatic pressure.
 Full working pressure conforming to the limit state of serviceability
 The first crack stage corresponding to the limit state of local damage.
 In addition it is also necessary to examine the stage of bursting or failure of pipes corresponding to the
limit state of collapse, mainly to ensure a desirable load factor against collapse.
DESIGN OF NON- CYLINDRICAL EARTH WORK PIPE:
Circumferential wire winding – The design principle outline in section for member subjected to axial tension,
it is used for determining the minimum thickness of the concrete required and pitch of the circumferential wire
winding on the pipe.
If Nd = Hoop tension developed under working pressure
t = thickness of the pipe, D = Dia of the pipe, Ww = hydrastatic pressure, ct = permissible comp. stress in
concrete at transver, min.w = permissible stress in concrete under working pressure (or) residual comp.
stress
𝑊𝑤.D/2 𝑁𝑑
 t>=[ ] >[ ] where t = thickness of plate,  = loss ratio.
 − 𝑐𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛.𝑤  − 𝑐𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛.𝑤
The no.of wire can be calculated using the formula
, ,
In case of liquid retaining structure to ensure water tightness, the value of mn.w is either zero or a minimum of
compressive stress of 20% of ultimate compressive strength of concrete as provided in IS784
Losses of prestress – Its due to the elastic deformation of the member which depends upon modular ratio (e)
and reinforcement ratio (e)


Page 75
For PSC pipes, % of reinforcement varies between 0.5- 1% and the modular ratio of between 5 & 6. Hence the
loss due to the elastic deformation is about 3-6% of initial stress.
Problem: 1 A PSC pipe is to be designed to withstand a fluid pressure of 1.6 N/mm2. The dia of the pipe is
1200mm and shell thickness of 100mm/ The max compressive stress in concrete @ transfer = 16N/mm2 the residual
compressive of 1N/mm2 is expected to be maintained at service load. The loss ratio is 0.8 (), the high tensile wire
of dia 5mm, initially stressed to 1 kN/mm2 is available for use. Determine i) the number of turns in wire winding per
length. ii) The pitch of wire winding.
Given:
Ww = 1.6 N/mm2, D= 1200mm, t= 100mm, ct = 16 N/mm2, min.w = 1N/mm2, = 0.8, d= 5mm, p=1 kN/mm2,
s = 100 N/mm2.
Solution:
𝑊𝑤.D/2 1.6 x (1200/2)

Check for thickness = t > [ ]>[
 − 𝑐𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛.𝑤 (0.8 𝑥 16)− 1
] = 81.3
𝑁d dmon.w
=[ + ] = 13.25 N/mm2
C
t 
4000 𝑋 100𝑋 13.25
No. of turns,  = [ ] = 67.48
 𝑋 (52)𝑋 1000
Pitch = 1000 = 14.82 𝑚𝑚
67.48
Problem: 2 A Non-cylindrical PSC piped of 1.6m dia with a core thickness of 100mm is required to withstand the
working pressure of 1N/mm2. Determine pitch of 5mm dia wire winding of the high tensile initial stress in the wire
in limited to 100 N/mm2 . The permissible maximum and minimum stresses in concrete are 12 N/mm2 (comp) &
zero (tension). The loss ratio is 0.8. If the direct tensile strength of concrete is 2 N/mm2, Estimate the load of factor
against cracking.
Given:
Diameter of pipe or Inner dia D= 1.6 m = 1600mm

Core thickness (d) = 100mm, Ww =1.0 N/mm2, (Ø) of wire d= 5m, (s) Initial stress = 1000 N/mm2, ct = 12
n/mm2, min.w = 0, loss ratio = 0.8.
To find:
i) The pitch, ii) F.O.S against cracking

Page 76
Solution:
𝑊𝑤.D/2 1.0 x (1200/2)

t = [ 𝑐𝑡 −𝑚𝑖𝑛.𝑤 ] [
= ] = 83.3 < 100mm
0.8 𝑋12−0
𝑁d min.w
=[ + ] where N = W x D/2 = 1.0 x 1600/2 = 800
C d w
t 
800 0
C = [ + ] = 10 N/mm2
0.8 X100 0.8
4000.𝑡.c 4000𝑋100𝑋10
No. of turns n= = = 50.9  51 turns.
.𝑑2.s 𝑋52𝑋1000
To calculate the F.O.S against cracking

𝑊 𝑤.D/2 1.0 𝑋 1600
Hoop tension due to the fluid pressure = = = co = 8N/mm2
2.𝑡 2 𝑋 100
Hoop compressive due to prestress c = 10 N/mm 2
 The resultant compressive stress in concrete = c - co= 10-8 = 2 N/mm2

The direct tensile strength in a concrete is 2N/mm2. (given)
 The additional fluid pressure required to develop a tensile stress of 4N/mm2 (2+2) in concrete is given by,
2𝑋 𝑡𝑋 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 2𝑋1000𝑋4
Ww = = = 0.5 n/mm2
𝐷 1600
 The cracking fluid pressure = 1+0.5-1.5 N/mm2

𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 1.5
 The load factor against cracking = = = 1.5
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 1
Longitudinal stress due to winding:-

When a concrete pipe is progressively wound using tension wires, the hoop compression reduces a diameter of
the pipe and induce longitudinal Bending stress along the length of pipe. To prevent the failure of pipe due to
circumferential cracking as a consequence of a longitudinal tensile stress during wire winding, the pipes are
generally prestressed in longitudinal direction using high tensile wires.
The longitudinal bending stress during winding are transient, reaching a value of 0.6 r and a permanent stress
of 0.355 r develops at the spigot end of the pipe.
The suggested criteria for the design of longitudinal prestressing are the permissible tensile strength, without
any additional reinforcement should not exceed a value of 0.8 √ 𝑐𝑖 for a transient stress and 0.5 √ 𝑐𝑖 for
permanent stress. Where 𝑐𝑖 is compressive strength of concrete at the stage of wire winding? If the tensile stress
exists this limits and additional longitudinal reinforcement must be provided. According to IS784 the longitudinal
steel should be designed so that the pipe, acting as a hollow circular beam, supports, without cracking, the 3 times

Page 77
its own weight together with the weight of full volume of water in the pipe when it is subjected to supported on
knife edge at its external end.
Problem: 3 A non-cylindrical PSC pipes of internal diameter 1000mm and thickness of concrete shell 75mm is
required to convey water at a working pressure of 1.5 N/mm2. The length of each pipe is 6m. The maximum direct
compressive stress in concrete are 15 & 2 N/mm2  = 0.8
a) Design a circumferential wire winding using 5mm dia wires stressed at 1000 N/mm2.
b) Design the longitudinal prestressing using 7mm Ø bars tensioned to 1000 N/ mm2. The maximum
permissible tensile stress under the critical transient loading should not exceed 0.8 √ 𝑐𝑖 where 𝑐𝑖 = 40
N/mm2 .
c) Check for safety against longitudinal stress considering the pipe as hollow circular beam as per IS 784
provision.
Given:
D = 1000mm, L= 6m, t= 75mm, Ww = 1.5 N/ mm2, min.w = 2 N/ mm2.
Solution:
a) Circumferential wire winding:

d = 5mm, s = 1000 N/ mm2
4000. 𝑡. c
To find n= ,  <  = [𝑁d + min.w]
r c
.𝑑2. t 

s

 c = [1.5 X0.8
(1000/2) 2
+ ] = 5.
X 75 0.8
4000𝑋 75𝑋 15
n= = 57.29
 𝑋52X 1000
Pitch = 1000 = 17.5 mm
57.29
b) Longitudinal prestressing:
Transient stress = 0.6 r= 0.6 x 15= 9 N/ mm2.
Maximum permissible tensile stress = 0.8 √  𝑐𝑖 = 0.5 √40 = 5 N/ mm2.
 The additional tensile stress = 9-4 = 4 N/ mm2.
Which has to be counter balance by providing longitudinal prestressing.
 The C/s area of pipe = (X (D+t)Xt)

Page 78
=  x (1.075)x 0.075= 0.25 m2.

 If P is a prestressing force applied to the wires (p) = [2.25 x 106 x4]= 1 X 106 N.
 Using 7mm dis bars stressed to 1000 N/ mm2,
 The force in each wire = 38.5 kN.
7Ø- 𝜎= 1000 N/ mm2.

A= X 72 = 38.4 mm2
4
 Pa = 𝜎 x A = 1000 x 38.4 = 38.4 x 103 N = 38.4 KN.
No of wires = 1000 = 27 nos.

38.4
c) Check for flexural stress as per IS 784 considering the pipe as a beam of a hollow circular section over
a span of 6m.
The three times of its self wt is equal to = 3 X 1.075 X 0.075 X 25 = 18.30 kN/m.

Weight of water = X 12 X 10 = 7.9 kN/m.
4
2 2
Maximum BM = 𝑤𝑙 = 26.20 𝑋 6 = 117.9 kN.m
8 8
 (1.154−14)
I= = 0.0365 mm4
864
118 𝑋 102𝑋 575
Flexural tensile stress [= ] = 1.88 N/mm2
0.0365 𝑋 1012
Longitudinal pressure = 4N/mm2
 Resultant stress = 4-1.88 = 2.12 N/mm2 (comp)

 The resultant stress is being compressive. Hence safe.
DESIGN OF CYLINDRICAL PIPES
The design principle of cylindrical pipe is similar to those of the Non-cylindrical pipe, except that required
thickness of concrete is computed by considereing the equivalent area of a right age steel pipe embedded in the
𝐸𝑠
concrete. If ts is the thickness of the steel pipe . e  modular ratio =
𝐸𝑐
𝑁𝑑
The thickness of concrete pipe t > [ − 𝑒 . t 𝑠 ]
 . 𝑐𝑡 −𝑚𝑖𝑛.𝑤
The prestress required in the concrete at transverse = c = [

𝑁𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑛.𝑤
+ ]
 (t+𝑒.t𝑠 ) 

Page 79
And the No.of turns of circumferential wire winding. The bursting fluid pressure is estimated from the
expression.
0.00157𝑑2n. 𝑝𝑢 + 2 t𝑠 . 𝑦
Pu = [ ]
𝐷
Pu = bursting tension or pressure N/mm2
400(t+ 𝑒 . t𝑠 ) 𝑐.
N = No. of turns = [ ]
 .𝑑2 t𝑠
pu = Tensile strength of wire winding
Y = Yield stress of Cylinder
D = Dia of pipe.
Problem : 1 A PSC cylinder pipe is to be design using a steel cylinder of 1200mm internal diameter and thickness
of 1.5 mm. The service internal hydrostatic pressure in the pipe is 0.8 N/mm2. 4mm dia high tensile wires initially
tensioned to a stress of 1kN/mm2 are available for circumferential wire winding. The yield stress of steel cylinder is
280 N/mm2 The maximum permissible compressive stress in concrete at a transver is 15 N/mm2 and low tensile
stress is permitted. Under service load condition. Determine the thickness of the concrete lining and the no.of terns
and the factor of safety against bursting assume modular ratio as 6 and loss ratio 0.8.
Given:
Internal diameter (D) = 1200mm, ts = 1.5 mm, Ww = 0.8 N/mm2, d= 4mm, s = 1kN/mm2 = 1000 N/mm2, y =
280 N/mm2, ct = 15 N/mm2, min.w = 0, e = 6,  = 0.8
1200
t>[ 𝑁𝑑 − 𝑒 . t𝑠 ] = t > [0.8 x ( 2 )
− 6 X 1.5] = 31mm
 . 𝑐𝑡 −𝑚𝑖𝑛.𝑤 0.8 𝑥 15
Provide the thickness of concrete t= 32mm

𝑁𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑛.𝑤
 1200
0.8 x ( 2 )
c = [ + ]= [ + 0]= 14.6 N/mm2
 (t+𝑒.t𝑠 )  0.8 (32+6 𝑋1.5) (t+𝑒.t𝑠 )
4000(t+ 𝑒 . t𝑠 ) �
� 4000(32+6+1.5)14.6
N= = = 47.63  48 nos
 .𝑑2 𝑠  .𝑋 42X1000
P 0.00157𝑑2n. 𝑝𝑢 + 2 t𝑠 . 𝑦
Factor of safety = 𝑢 = Pu = [ ]
W𝑤 𝐷

Page 80
The ultimate tensile strength of wire in assumed as 1600 N/mm2.

0.00157 𝑋 42 C 48 X 1600+2 X 1.5 X 280
 Pu = 1400
= 2.30 N/mm2
2.30
os = = 2.87
0.8
DESIGN OF TANK
Application:-
 PSC tanks widely used for the storage of fluids such as water, oil, gases, sewage, granular material like
cements and liquid chemicals, Slurry and move recently cryoges. Water storage tanks of large capacity are
invariable made of prestressed concrete.
 Recent application includes special form of prestressed concrete tanks which are triaxially prestressed and
serve as a containment vessels in a biological shield for nuclear reactions.
 PSC tanks are generally when the diameter upto 100m and liquid depth of 236m capacity of above 50
million litres.
The tanks have been built for storing liquid oxygen at -2300C with capacity upto 1 million litres.
 The tank with a water storage capacity of 900 m3 is prestressed by 206 Freyssinet cables made up of 12
wires of 7mm dia.
The Shapes of prestressed concrete tanks:-
i) Cylindrical tanks are most commonly used types.

ii) Square or Rectangular tank as an advantage for materials in congested urban & industrial area
iii) Multi celled tanks have been constructed using interlocking polymer & circular shape, especially for
storage of cement.
iv) Hyperpoloidal shape was constructed in France- main advantage is the considerable reduction in thickness
of the cement shell.
v) Double curved shell are also been used to take advantage of the efficiency of shell action of the concrete.

Page 81
JUNCTION OR JOINTS OF TANK WALL AND BASE SLAB (REF IS 3370 – PART- III)
 Fixed base,  Hinged base and  Flexible (or) desirable load factor against cracking and collapsed.
According to IS 3370 part III, the minimum load factor of 1.2 against cracking and 2 against ultimate
collapse is desirable.
 In addition, it is prescribed that the principle compressive stresss in a concrete should not exceed 1/3th of
cube strength and when the tank is full there should be a residual compressive stress of atleast 0.7 N/mm2
ct = 1/3 cube strength, min.w = 0.7 N/mm2
 When the tank is empty the allowable tensile strength at any point is limited to 1 N/mm2.
 Vertical prestressing will be necessary to take the moment developed in the walls depending upon the shear
developed at the base, as well as to resist the longitudinal moment for this condition IS code provides the

Page 82
maxi. Flexural stress in the tank walls should be assumed to be numerically equal to 0.3 times of hoops
compression.
 For estimation of resistance to cracking the code provides the value of direct and Nending tensile strength
of concrete covering the grade from M35 to M65 in direct tensile strength.
Direct tensile strength ct = 0.267√ 𝑐𝑟 and flexural tensile strength, 𝑐𝑟 = 2 𝑡
DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR CIRCULAR TANK:
i) Estimate the maximum ring tension Nd and B.M, Mw in the wall of the tank using IS table No.9 & 10 of
IS 3374- part IV
𝑁𝑑
ii) Minimum wall thickness = t = [ ]
 𝑐𝑡 −𝑚𝑖𝑛.𝑤
The thickness of the wall provided should be such that the minimum cover of 35mm is available to vertical
prestressing in practice the wall are less than 150mm tk to ensure proper compaction of concrete.
iii) Circumferential prestress required is given by  = [ 𝑁𝑑 + 𝑚𝑖𝑛.𝑤]
c
t 
iv) The spacing of wire required at any section is obtained by considering hoop tension due to the fluid
pressure and hoop compression due to circumferential wire winding as following:
a) If As = C/S area of wire winding, mm2
Wt = Average radial pressure at a transver (N/mm2)
D = Dia of the tank (mm)
S = spacing (mm)
s = Stress in wire at a transfer or intial stress
t = thickness of the wall
c = compressive stress in concrete.
Hoop compression due to prestress = 𝑊𝑡2

.D
𝑊𝑡 .D 𝑠 .𝐴𝑠
Equating =
2 𝑆
 Wt = 2𝑠 .𝐴𝑠
𝐷𝑋𝑆
If Nd = hoop tension due to hydrostatic pressure ‘Ww’
Nt = hoop compressive due to radial pressure of wire ‘Wt’
 Nt = ( 𝑊𝑡 ) Nd
𝑊𝑤

Page 83
 Nt = t X c
By using the above equation the spacing of wires.
2𝑁𝑑 𝑠 .𝐴𝑠
S=[ 𝑋 ]
𝑊𝑤 𝑐 .𝐷𝑡
V) Vertical prestressing to resist the B.M is computed as follows.
If Mt = Vertical momentdue to prestress at transfer
Mw = Vertical moment due to hydrostatic pressure

𝑊𝑡 𝑊𝑡
( ) Nd t =( ) Mw
𝑊𝑤 𝑊𝑤
The compressive prestress required in concrete is expressed as

𝑀𝑤 𝑚𝑖𝑛.𝑤 𝑀𝑡
 + ] when a tank is full of wter and c= [ + ] when a tank is empty.
c = [ 𝑚𝑖𝑛.𝑤
 𝑧  Z
 The vertical prestressing force is given by P = Ac X c

Ac = C/S area of concrete
According to the IS code, the vertical prestressing force is to be designed for 30% of hoop compressive.
Problem:1 A cylindrical PSC water tank of internal dia 30m is required to store water over a depth of 7.5m. The
permissible compressive stress in cone at transfer is 30 N/mm2 and minimum compressive stress at working
pressure is 1N/mm2 loss ratio (+ = 0.75, d=5mm, s= 1000 1N/mm2. Freyssinet cable made of 12 Nos of 8mm Ø
stressed to 1200 N/mm2 for vertical prestressing design the tank walls assuming the base as fixed. The cube strength
of concrete is 40 N/mm2.
Given:
D= 30m, H= 7.5m, d=5m, s= 1000 N/mm2, = 0.75. Initial stress s = 1000 N/mm2- circumferential, 12 wires
of 8mm Ø @ s= 1200 N/mm2- vertical prestressing, ct= 13 N/mm2, min.w= 1N/mm2
Step: 1 – To calculate the Nd and Mw with H=7.5m, D= 30m/s
Assuming the thickness, t= 150mm
 𝐷𝐻𝑡
2 7.52
= 30𝑋 0.15 = 12.5m
From the table 9 and 11 of IS 3370,
Nd = 0.64 X 10 X 7.5 X 15 = 720 kN/m = 720 N/mm
Mw = (0.01 X 10 X 7.52) = 42.5 kN/m = 42500 N.mm/mm

𝑁𝑑 720
The minimum thickness of wall t = [ ]= = [ ]
 𝑐𝑡 −𝑚𝑖𝑛.𝑤 0.75 𝑋 13−1

Page 84
The net thickness available for vertical prestressing of covers 30mm= 150-30= 120mm
1
The circumferential prestress  = [ 𝑁𝑑 + 𝑚𝑖𝑛.𝑤] = [ 720 + ] = 9.4 N/mm2-
c
t 

0.75 𝑋 120 0.75
2𝑁𝑑 𝑠 .𝐴𝑠
Spacing, S= [ 𝑋 ] where W = W X H = 10 X 7.5 = 75 kN/m2 = 0.075 N/mm2.
w
𝑊𝑤 𝑐 .𝐷𝑡
1200 X 4X8 X12

2
 S = [2X 720 𝑋 ] = 11.4 mm
0.075 2.5 𝑋 30𝑋 103X120
No. of wire = 1000

11.4
= 87
The ring tension Nd at 0.1 H from the top

Nd = (0.097 X 10X 7.5 X 15) = 109.125
1
𝑁  109.125 + ] = 2.5 N/mm2-
c= [ 𝑑 + 𝑚𝑖𝑛.𝑤] = [
t 

0.75 𝑋 120 0.75
2𝑁𝑑 𝑠 .𝐴𝑠 2X 109.125 1000 X 20 ]= 64mm.

S= [ 𝑋 ] =[ 𝑋
𝑊𝑤 𝑐 .𝐷�
� 0.075 2.5 𝑋 30𝑋 103X120
No. of wires per ‘m’ length at top of the tank = 1000

164
= 16 nos.
For vertical prestressing:
1) Maximum radial pressure due to prestress.

2 X 1000X 20
2 𝑋𝑐 X𝐴𝑠 = = 0.116 N/mm2
Wt =
SD 11.4 X 30000
𝑊𝑡
2) Maximum vertical moment due to prestress Mt = M w ( )
𝑊𝑤
0.116
= 42500 [ ] = 65.73 x 103 N.mm/ mm= 65.7 x 106 N.mm/m.
0.075
Considering 1m length of tank along the circumference, the section modules.

bt2 1000x1502
Z= = = 3.750 x 106 mm3
6 6
𝑚𝑖𝑛.𝑤 𝑀𝑡 1 65.7 x 106
The vertical prestress required is  = [ + ] empty = [ + ] = 18.85 N/mm2
c
 𝑍 0.75 3.75x106
Since this stress exist the permissible stress value of ct = 13 N/mm2, the thickness of the tank wall @ base is
increased to 200mm.
1000x2002
Z = 6 = 6.66 x 106
  = [ 1 + 65.7 x 10 ] = 11.19 N/mm2 < 
6

= 13 N/mm2
c ct
 
0.75 6.66x106

Page 85
Vertical prestressing force P = Ac . c= 11.19 x 1000 x 200 = 2.23 x 106= 2.23 x 103 kN

Using 8mm Ø (12 Nos) Freyssinet cable the force on each cable = x 82 x 12x 1000 = 723.8 x 103 N= 723 kN.
4
Spacing of Vertical cable = 1000 𝑋 723 = 324.2 mm  300 mm

2.23 𝑋103
The approximate vertical prestress required to counter act winding stresses as per IS code = 0.3 c= 0.3 x 9.4 =
2.82 N/mm2
 The Vertical prestessing force required = 2.82 x 1000x 200 = 564 x 103 N = 564 kN.
This is less than 723 kN. Hence sufficient.
Check: To find FOS
The ultimate tensile force @ base of the tank=87 x 20x 1000= 1.74 x 106 N= 1.70 x 103 kN.
3
The load factor against collapse = 1.70723
𝑋10 = 2.4
F.O.S against cracking:

 Direct tensile strength of concrete = 0.267√40 = 1.68 N/mm2
Cracking load = 1000 x 200x ((0.75 x 9.4) + 1.7)= 1750 kN.
F.O.S against cracking = 1750

273
= 2.4
2) Design a circular cylindrical tank with the data’s seen in previous problem assuming the base connection
to be hinged with the other.
2
3) The maximum ring tension are obtained for the tank parameters H = 12.5
𝐷𝑡
From table 11 & 9- IS 3370- Nd = (0.75 x 10 x 7.5 x15)
Mw = (0.0039 x 10x 7.53)

Page 86
PARTIAL PRESTRESSING:-
The degree of prestress applied to concrete in which tensile stresses to a limited degree are permitted in
concrete under working load. In this case, in addition to the tensioned steel or prestressed wires, a considerable
proportion of unmentioned reinforcement is generally used to limit the width of the crack developed under service
load.
Advantage:-
 Limited tensile stresses are permitted in concrete under service load with control on the maximum width of
cracks and depending upon the type of prestressing & environmental condition.
 Untension reinforcement is required in the cross section of a prestressed member for carious reasons such as
to resist the differential shrinkage, temperature effect & handling stresses.
 Hence the reinforcement can better for the serviceability requirements, such as control of cracking and
practically for the ultimate limit state of collapse which can result in reduction in the costlier high tensile
steel.
 Saving the cost of overall structure.
Disadvantages:-
 The excessive upload deflection, especially in bridge structures where dead load from a major portion of the
total service load and this deflection may increase with the time of creep.
Application of partial prestressing:-
 Used in large diameter concrete pipes.
 Used in railway sleepers.
 Water tanks.
 Precast concrete piles to counter tensile stresses during transportation and erecting.
 Used in bridge construction.

Page 87

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VELAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

UNIT I INTRODUCTION – THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR

1.1 BASIC CONCEPT AND INTRODUCTION:

1.4 NEED FOR HIGH STRENGTH MATERIALS:

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

1.5 TENSIONING DEVICES:

1.6 METHOD OF PRESTRESSING:

1.6.1 PRE- TENSIONING SYSTEM:

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

1.6.2 POST- TENSIONING SYSTEMS:

Principal of anchoring the tendons:

 Wedge action producing a frictional grip on the wires.

1.6.2.1 FREYSSINET METHOD:

1.6.2.2 GIFFORD- UDALL METHOD:

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

1.6.2.3 LEE – MACALL’S METHOD:

1.6.2.4 MAGNEL – BALTON METHOD:

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

1.7 ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSS:

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

1.11 PRESSURE LINE OR THRUST LINE AND INTERNAL RESISTING

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Internal resisting moment:

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

1.8 CONCEPT OF LOAD BALANCING:

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

1.9 STRESS IN TENDON:

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

1.10 LOSSES IN PRETRESS:

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

1.10.1 LOSS DUE TO ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF CONCRETE:

1.10.2 LOSSES DUE TO SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE:

1.10.3 LOSS DUE TO THE CREEP OF CONCRETE:

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

1.10.4 LOSS DUE THE RELAXATION OF STRESS IN STEEL:

1.10.5 LOSS OF STRESS DUE TO FRICTION:

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

1.10.6. LOSS DUE TO ANCHORAGE SLIP:

PROBLEM ON TOTAL LOSSES:

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

PREMSSIBLE STRESSES IN CONCRETE:

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

STEP 7:- Selection of correct size of the beam,

STEP 8:- Determine safe zone for cable line.

eci = ((σcbci.A/P) -1).(k2/Yb) or ((σcti.A/Pi) +1).(k2/Yt)

Similarly ecu = ((σcbc.A/P) -1).(k2/Yt) or ((σct.A/Pi) +1).(k2/Yb)

STEP : 2 Self weight of the beam,

Hence, unit weight of concrete γc = 24 kN/m3.

Therefore Wb = 0.2x0.6x1x24 = 2.88 kN/m.

SUB CODE/NAME : CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

STEP : 3 Total working Moment

Dead load moment Md = 0.125.Wb L2 = 0.125x2.88 x 152 = 81 kN.m

Live load moment ML = 0.125.q. L2 = 0.125 x 4.2 x 15 2 = 118.125 kN.m