onless Ny N= Nf K~ ANN Ny = rN, “BNNs [Nondimensionalize the model and analyze it, Show that there are ‘0 qualitatively afferent kinds of phase portrait, depending on the sizeof Ky, (Hint: raw ‘the null- ‘lines,) Describe the long-term behavior in each case. ‘acs Finally, suppose that both species have finite carying capacities Nan MIED~BMN, Ny, = N= Ka)~BNNs 4) Nondimensionalize the model. How many dimensionless S04 48 needed? ty Show that there are four qualitatively different phase poral = far as long- term behavior is concerned. «Find conditions under which the two species can stably cows Explain the bio- Jogieal meaning of these conditions. (Hint: The carrying capacities reflect the com- preston within a species, whereas the B's fle the competion between species.) 4.7 (Two-mode laser) According to Haken (1983, p. 129) a two-mode laser produces two afferent Kinds of photons with numbers mand Ps By analogy with, the simple Taser model discussed in Section 3.3, the rate equations are fi, =G,Nn, Rim fiy = G,Nny ~ Kom, vere NCD'= Np din, ~cat 4 the member of excited atoms. Te parameiess Gs Gaus No ate all positive. 4) Discuss the stability ofthe fixed point * = 1" = 0 b) Find and classify any other fixed point that may exis. <) Depending on the values of the various parameters, how many qualitatively dif- ferent phase portraits can occur? For each case, what dots the model predict ‘about the long-term behavior of the laser? 6.5 Conservative Systems 65.1 Consider the system 4) Find all the equilibrium points and classify them. ») Find a conserved quantity. «) Skeich the phase portrait 6.5.2 Consider the system = 2-2". 1) Find and classify the equilibrium points EXERCISES.by Sketch the phase portrait ©) Find en equation for the homecliniec orbit that separates closed and nonclosed trajectories. 6.8.3 Finda conserved quantity for the system ponrait for a<0,a=0,and a>0. ~e*, and sketch the phase 65.4 a>0 ‘Sketch the phase portrait for the system ¥=ax~s" for a<0,a and 6.5.5 Investigate the stability of the equilibrium points of the system Fs (x~ a(x" ~a) for all real values of the parameter a. (Hints: It might help to ‘graph the right-hand side, An alternative is to rewrite the equation as = ~V'(x) for a suitable potential energy function V and then use your intuition about parti ‘eles moving in potentials.) 6.5.6 (Epidemic model revisited) In Exercise 3.7.6, you analyzed the Ker- ‘mack-MeKendrick model of an epidemic by reducing it to certain first-order sys- ‘em. In this problem you'll see how much easier the analysis becomes in the phase plane. As before, let 2(¢)>0 denote the size of the healthy population and y(t)>0 ‘denote the size of the sick population, Then the model is where k,>0. (The equation for z(¢), the number of deaths, plays no rote in the 25 dynamics so we omit it) a) Find and classify all the fixed points ») Sketch the nullelines and the vector field, ©) Find a conserved quantity for the system. (Hint: Form a differential equation for dy/dx. Separate the variables and integrate both sides.) 4) Plot the phase portrait, What happens as ¢ —> =» ? €) Lot (4,9) be the initial condition, An epidemic is said to oceur if y(t) in- creases initially. Under what condition does an epider ‘5.7 (General relativity and planetary orbits) The relativistic equation for the orbit of a planet around the sun is Vir and 1.8 are the polar coordinates of the planet in its plane of mo- tion. The parameter & is postive and can be found explicitly from classical New- tonian mechanics; the term €u* positive parameter. 4) Rewrite the equation as a system in the (u,v) phase plane, where v= du/d® Einstein's correction. Here & is a very small 186 PHASE PLANE b) Find a ©) Show the lit 6) Show orbit. Hamil cequivale celestial lected « and beau dynamic or Héno Here’ real-valy and p is pendex is calle ‘The equ ‘Thes 65.8 cconstani Write 0 definite total en 659 (Hint: Hence 6.5.10 aninve where ramets