3 Ship Resistance and Fuel Cons

To be a leader in Maritime Education & Training
Ship Resistance
and
Fuel Consumption
AMED / ACSU / Naval Architecture & Ship Construction Ship Resistance & Fuel Consumption / Jan 2014 1
Learning Objective:
Understand the principle of resistance on

the vessel’s hull and its effect on fuel
consumption and power.
As a ship moves through the water, it experiences

forces that work
against its forward movement. The sum of all
these forces is the
(Picture Source: http://budgettravel.about.com)
- This is designated as Rt
- It is from this value that the Effective Power, EP, is calculated
Potential Losses & Savings of Energy
Resistance Values
Resistance values, denoted by R, are dimensional values
Rt = Total hull resistance is the sum of all resistance
Rt = Rf + Rr
•Rf = Frictional resistance of water

- A function of viscosity of water, speed, and wetted surface
area of ship
• Rr = Resistance due to waves caused by the ship

- A function of beam to length ratio, displacement, hull shape &
Froude number (ship length & speed)
Total Resistance and Relative Magnitude of Components
Residuary resistance
Frictional
Rt
Speed (kts)
Source: Naval Architecture for Marine Engineer (Reed’s)
Frictional Resistance (Rf)
• The resistance between the ship hull and water

causing the belt of eddying current is known as
frictional resistance.
large eddy
Full ship
Slender ship
small eddy
(Picture Source: http://ebookengineer.com)
Factors on Frictional Resistance

depends
1. The speed of the ship.

2. The wetted surface area.
3. The length of the ship.
4. The roughness of the hull.
5. The density of the water.
Calculations
Wetted Surface Area, S

Denny’s Formula:
S = 1.7 Ld +
d
Taylor’s: S=c√ L
Where: S = wetted surface area, m2

L = length of ship, m
d = draught, m
= volume of displacement, m3
= displacement, tonne
c = a coefficient of about 2.6 which depends upon the
shape of the ship.
Also,
S ∞ L2
S ∞ 2/3
Frictional Resistance
• In a slow or medium speed engine the

frictional resistance is as much of 75% of
the total resistance.
• Also if the roughness of hull is too much

mean there is a great amount of marine
growth on ship hull it will increase in the
frictional resistance thus reducing the
ship’s speed.
Residuary Resistance
Such resistances is caused due to the following
reasons:
• Resistances caused by the formation of
streamlines around the ship i.e. due to the
change in the direction of water.
• Eddy resistances caused by sudden changes in
form.
• Resistance caused by the formation of waves as
ships passes through the water. For slow and
medium speed the value may be small but for
high speed engine the value may 50% to 60% of
the total resistances.
Methods to Reduce Residuary

Resistance
• Several attempts were made to overcome such
resistance by modifying the ship’s structure.
• One of the successful attempt was to introduce
the bulbous bow. This helps in reducing the size
wave formation at the bow consequent reducing
the resistance.
(Picture Source: http://cruiseradio.net/what-is-a-bulbous-bow/)

The green line represents the natural bow wave of the hull.
The blue line represents the wave created by the protruding bulb.
The red line is the sum of these two. The height of the bow wave is
substantially reduced, which reduces the hull drag associated with
the bow wave. This improves fuel economy, and increases range.
Sonar dome type used in navy vessels
William Froude .
28 November 1810 in
Devon– 4 May 1879 in
Simonstown, South Africa)
was an English engineer,
hydrodynamics and naval
architect. He was the first to
formulate reliable laws for
the resistance that water
offers to ships (such as the
hull speed equation) and for
predicting their stability.
(Picture Source: http://wikipedia.org.)
Calculation of Residuary
Resistance
Speed – Length Ratio
Points to be Remember
• The calculations of residuary resistance is usually
based on the results of the model experiment.
• The model is usually made of the wax, it is towed
at corresponding speed in the towing tank.
• The frictional resistance is calculated and
subtracted from the total resistance leaving the
residuary resistance.
• The residuary resistance is then used to
determine the residuary resistance of the ship.
Assessment
The frictional resistance per square meter of a ship
is 12 N at 180 m/min. The ship has a wetted
surface area of 4000m2 and travels at 14 knots.
Frictional resistance varies as speed 1.9. If
frictional resistance is 70% of the total
resistance, calculate the effective power.
Towing Tank
Towing Tank
Model Tests
Model Tests
Effective Power
Once the total resistance of the ship is
determined it is possible to determine the power
to overcome the resistance. This power is known
as Effective power.
Effective Power (EP) = Total Resistance x
Velocity
or power to overcome frictional resistance
Pf = Frictional Resistance x Velocity
or power to overcome residuary resistance
Pr = Residuary Resistance x
Velocity
PT = P f + Pr
Problem 1
A ship has a wetted surface area of 3200m2.
Calculate the power required to overcome
frictional resistance at 17 knots if n =
1.825 and f = 0.424.
Ans: Pf = 2089.3 kW
Problem 2
A ship is 125 m long, 16 m beam and floats
at a draught of 7.8 m. Its block coefficient
is 0.72. Calculate the power required to
overcome frictional resistance at 17.5
knots if n = 1.825 and f = 0.423. Use
Taylor’s formula for wetted surface, with c
= 2.55.
Ans: S = 3059 m2 , Pf = 2161.9 kW
Ship Correlation Factor
Ship Correlation Factor (SCF)

• The model is tested without the
appendages such as rudder and bilge
keels.
• SCF is the allowance for the appendages

and general disturbance of the water at
sea compared with the tank condition.
Naked Power & True Power
• The power directly obtained from the

model test is known as naked effective
power (EPn).
• The true effective power (EP), is product

of the naked effective power and ship
correlation factor, SCF.
EP = EPn x SCF
Admiralty Coefficient Method
• A system to approximate the power of a ship

without resorting to model experiments
• Has been in use for several years
• Based on the assumption that for small

variations in speed the total resistance may
be expressed in the form :
Rt α ρSVⁿ
It was earlier seen

S α ∆⅔
Hence with constant density
Rt α ∆⅔Vⁿ
But power α Rt x V
α ∆⅔Vn+1
⅔ n+1
Power = (∆ V )
a coefficient
This coefficient is known as Admiralty Coefficient.
Thus,
Admiralty Coefficient, C = ∆⅔V3
SHP
Where: ∆=displacement in tonne

V=ship speed in knots
SHP =shaft power in kilowatts
Approximation of Admiralty Coefficient
Another way of obtaining C is to use the

approximation of Dr. A. Emmerson of Newcastle
upon Tyne University:
C = 26 (L0.5 + 150/V)
where L = LBP in meters
V = ship speed in knots
• C may be regarded as constant for similar ships

at their corresponding speeds
• Value of C vary between 350 – 600 for different

ships, the higher values indicating more efficient
ships
• For small changes in speed, the value of C may

be regarded as constant for any ship at constant
displacement
For similar ships:
7/6
SHP1 = ∆1
SHP2 ∆2
Thus if the shaft power of one ship is known , the

shaft power for a similar ship may be obtained
at the corresponding speed .
Problem 3
A ship of 8000 tonne displacement has an
Admiralty Coefficient of 470. Calculate its
speed if the shaft power provided is 2100
kW.
(Ans. 13.51 knots)
Problem 4
A ship 150 m long and 19 m beam floats at a draft
of 8 m and has a block coefficient of 0.680.
a) If the Admiralty Coefficient is 600, calculate SHP
required at 18 knots.
b) If the speed is now increased to 21 knots, and
within this speed range resistance varies as
speed3 (RT α V3) find the new shaft power.
Note: SHP α RT x V
(Ans. a) 6143 kW, b) 11382 kW)
Problem 5
A 6 m model of a ship has a wetted surface
area of 7 m2, and when towed in fresh
water at 3 knots, has a total resistance of
35 N. Calculate the effective power of the
ship, 120 m long, at its corresponding
speed.
n = 1.825; f from formula; SCF = 1.15.
Ans: 1688.4 kW
Fuel Coefficient & Fuel

Consumption
 The fuel consumption of a ship depends upon the
power developed
 The Overall efficiency of power plant is often

measured in terms of the specific fuel Consumption
which is the consumption per unit of power, expressed
in kg/kW-h.
 Efficient diesel engines have a specific fuel

consumption of about 0.20 kg/kW h, while that for a
steam turbine may be about 0.30kg/kW h.
FUEL
CONS.
Kg/kW h
V3 V2 V1
SHIP SPEED
Between V1 and V2 the specific consumption may be regarded as

constant for practical purpose.
Fuel consumption/unit time α power developed
Fuel consumption/unit time α sp
Since, sp α Δ2/3 V3
Fuel consumption/unit time α Δ2/3 V3
Fuel consumption/day = Δ2/3 V3

Fuel coefficient
If the displacement and fuel coefficient remain s constant, i.e. between

V1 and V2 .
Fuel consumption/unit time α speed 3
3
Cons1 V1
=
Cons2 V2
If D is the distance travelled at V knots, then:
Number of days α D
V
But daily consumption α V3
Therefore: Total Voyage Consumption α V3 D

V
α V2 D
2
Voy. Cons1 V1 D1
=
Voy. Cons2 V2 D2
A general expression for voyage consumption is;
2/3 2
New voy.cons. New displ New speed New dist.
=
Old voy.cons. Old displ Old speed Old dist.
Problem 6
A ship of 15,000 tonne displacement has a fuel

coefficient of 62,500. Calculate the fuel
consumption per day at 14.5 knots.
Solution:
Fuel consumption/day = Δ2/3 V3
Fuel coefficient
= (15,000)2/3 (14.5)3
62,500
= 29.67 tonne ans.
Problem 7
A ship uses 23 tonne of fuel per day at 14 knots.
Calculate the speed if the consumption per day
is:
a) increased by 15%
b) reduced by 12%
c) reduced to 18 tonne
Ans: a)14.67 knots

b) 13.42 knots
c) 12.90 knots
Problem 8
A ship travels 2,000 nautical miles at 16 knots and
returns with the same displacement at 14 knots.
Find the saving in fuel on the return voyage if the
consumption per day at 16 knots is 28 tonnes.
Ans. Fuel Savings = 34.2 tonnes
Solution to Problem 8
2,000 NM,
16 knots, 28
tonnes/day
14 knots
At 16 knots: No. of days = 2000

16 x 24
= 5.21 days
Total consumption = 28 tonne/day x 5.21 = 145.8 tonnes
2
Voy. Cons1 V1 D1
Voy. Cons2 = V2 D2
At 14 knots: Total Consumption = 145.8 x (14/16)2

= 111.6 tonnes
Savings in fuel = 145.8 – 111.6 = 34.2 tonnes ans.
Problem 9
The daily fuel consumption of a ship at 17 knots is
42 tons. Considering cons/day α V3, calculate the
speed of the ship if the consumption is reduced
to 28 tons per day and the specific consumption
at the reduced speed is 18% more than at 17
knots.
Ans.: 14.06 knots
Resistance
Question No. 1
A ship has a wetted surface area of 3200m2. Calculate the power

required to overcome frictional resistance at 17 knots if n = 1.825 and
f = 0.424.
Answer No.1
Rf = f S Vn
= 0.424 x 3200 x 171.825
= 238 900 N
= 238.9 kN
Power = Rf x v
= 238.9 x 17 x 1 852/3 600
= 2 089.3 kW
Question No. 2
A plate towed edgewise in sea water has a resistance of 13 N/m2 at 3m/s.

A ship travels at 15 knots and has a wetted surface area of 3800m2. If the
frictional resistance varies as speed 1.97,calculate the power required to
overcome frictional resistance.
Answer No. 2
At 3 m/s, Rf = 13 N/m2
At 15 knots, Rf = 13 x ( 15/3 x 1 852/3 600 )1.97
= 83.605 N/m2
Rf = 83.605 x 3 800
= 317 700 N
Power = 317 700 x 15 x 1852/3 600
= 2 451 500 W
= 2 451.5 kW

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To be a leader in Maritime Education & Training

Understand the principle of resistance on

As a ship moves through the water, it experiences

(Picture Source: http://budgettravel.about.com)

Potential Losses & Savings of Energy

•Rf = Frictional resistance of water

• Rr = Resistance due to waves caused by the ship

Total Resistance and Relative Magnitude of Components

Frictional Resistance (Rf)

• The resistance between the ship hull and water

(Picture Source: http://ebookengineer.com)

Factors on Frictional Resistance

1. The speed of the ship.

Wetted Surface Area, S

Where: S = wetted surface area, m2

• In a slow or medium speed engine the

• Also if the roughness of hull is too much

Methods to Reduce Residuary

(Picture Source: http://cruiseradio.net/what-is-a-bulbous-bow/)

(Picture Source: http://ebookengineer.com)

(Picture Source: http://wikipedia.org.)

Speed – Length Ratio

Ans: S = 3059 m2 , Pf = 2161.9 kW

Ship Correlation Factor

Ship Correlation Factor (SCF)

• SCF is the allowance for the appendages

Naked Power & True Power

• The power directly obtained from the

• The true effective power (EP), is product

Admiralty Coefficient Method

• A system to approximate the power of a ship

• Has been in use for several years

• Based on the assumption that for small

It was earlier seen

This coefficient is known as Admiralty Coefficient.

Where: ∆=displacement in tonne

(Picture Source: http://ebookengineer.com)

Approximation of Admiralty Coefficient

Another way of obtaining C is to use the

• C may be regarded as constant for similar ships

• Value of C vary between 350 – 600 for different

• For small changes in speed, the value of C may

For similar ships:

Thus if the shaft power of one ship is known , the

(Ans. 13.51 knots)

(Ans. a) 6143 kW, b) 11382 kW)

Fuel Coefficient & Fuel

 The Overall efficiency of power plant is often

 Efficient diesel engines have a specific fuel

Between V1 and V2 the specific consumption may be regarded as

Fuel consumption/unit time α power developed

Fuel consumption/unit time α sp

Fuel consumption/unit time α Δ2/3 V3

Fuel consumption/day = Δ2/3 V3

If the displacement and fuel coefficient remain s constant, i.e. between

Fuel consumption/unit time α speed 3

If D is the distance travelled at V knots, then:

But daily consumption α V3

Therefore: Total Voyage Consumption α V3 D

A general expression for voyage consumption is;

A ship of 15,000 tonne displacement has a fuel

Ans: a)14.67 knots

Ans. Fuel Savings = 34.2 tonnes

At 16 knots: No. of days = 2000