Computer-Integrated

Manufacturing (CIM)
Definition of CIM by the Computer and Automation
Systems Association of the Society of manufacturing
Engineers (CASA/SME):
“CIM is the integration of the total
manufacturing enterprise through the use of
integrated systems and data communications
coupled with new managerial philosophies
that improve organizational and personnel
efficiency.”

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 What is CIM?
CIM is the integration of all enterprise operations
and activities around a common corporate data
repository.

It is the use of integrated systems and data

communications coupled with new managerial
philosophies.

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 What is CIM?

CIM is not a product that can be purchased

and installed.

It is a way of thinking and solving

problems.

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 CIM Objectives
 Simplify production processes, product designs,
and factory organization as a vital foundation to
automation and integration
 Automate production processes and the business
functions that support them with computers,
machines, and robots
 Integrate all production and support processes
using computer networks, cross-functional
business software, and other information
technologies

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 POTANTIAL BENEFITS OF CIM
 Improved customer service
 Improved quality
 Shorter time to market with new products
 Shorter flow time
 Shorter vendor lead time
 Reduced inventory levels
 Improved schedule performance
 Greater flexibility and responsiveness
 Improved competitiveness
 Lower total cost
 Shorter customer lead time
 Increase in manufacturing productivity
 Decrease in work-in process inventory

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Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
 CIM Systems
 Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) - automate
the production process
 Manufacturing execution systems (MES) –
performance monitoring information systems for
factory floor operations
 Process Control – control ongoing physical
processes
 Machine Control – controls the actions of
machines

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The Role of Computer in Manufacturing

The computer has had a substantial impact on

almost all activities of a factory.
Often, the introduction of the computer changed
the organizational structure of a department and
made necessary adoption of new management
structures.

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The Role of Computer in Manufacturing

The operation of a CIM system gives the user

substantial benefits:
 Reduction of design costs by 15-30%;
 Reduction of the in-shop time of a part by 30-60%;
 Increase of productivity by 40-70%;
 Better product quality, reduction of scrap 20-50%.

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 Information System
Information
systems
involve people,
hardware,
software,
computer
networks, and
data used to
manage daily
and long-term
operations.

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Major Applications of CIM
 Computer numerical control
 Adaptive control
 Industrial robots
 Automated handling of materials
 Automated and robotic assembly systems
 Computer-aided process planning
 Just-in-time production
 Group technology
 Artificial intelligence
Why Use CIM?
 Responsiveness to Rapid Changes in Market
Demand and Product Modification.
 Better Use of Materials, Machinery, Personnel,
Reduction in Inventory.
 Better Control of Production and Management of
the Total Manufacturing Operation.
 The Manufacture of High-Quality Products at
Low Cost.
Computer Numerical Control
 Use Control Microcomputer as an Integral
Part
 Can be Repeated at a Remote Site by the
Programmer
 May Incorporate Information From
Drafting Software
Advantages of CNC
 Increased Flexibility
 Greater Accuracy
 More Versatility
Adaptive Control
 Research Began in Early 1950s
 A Logical Extension of CNC
 Operator Parameter Adjust Themselves to
Fit in New Circumstances
 It Is a Feedback System Basically
Basic Functions on AC
 Determine Operating Conditions of Process
 Configure the Process Control in Response
to the Operating Conditions
 Continue to Monitor the Process
Industrial Robots
 The Word ‘Robot’ was Converted from the
Czech Work ‘Robota’ Which Means
‘Worker’
 Research Began in Early 1960s
 A Mechanism Including Several Degrees of
Freedom
 Having One or Several Arms
 Controlled by A Memorizing Device
Major Applications of Industrial
Robots
 Material Handling
 Spot Welding Utilizes Automobile and Truck
bodies
 Deburring, Grinding and Polishing
 Applying Adhesives and Sealants
 Spray Painting
 Automated assembly
 Inspection and gaging
Automated Handling of Materials
 Manual Handling is Very Costly
 Working Process and Environment Could
Be Danger to Human Being
 Automated Handling Can Minimized the
Risk of Getting Injured
 More Efficient and Accurate
 Reduction in Cost
Automated & Robotic Assembly
 Cost of Manual Assembly is Very High
 Automated & Robotic Assembly Reduce
the Cost of Production
Computer-Aided Process
Planning (CAPP)
 Tradition Process Planning Is Very Time
Consuming and Not Efficient
 CAPP Is Especially Good For Small
Volume, High Variety Parts Production
Cost Savings of CAPP
 Reduction in process planning effort
 Saving in direct labor
 Saving in material
 Saving in scrap
 Saving in tooling
 Reduction in work-in-process
Benefits of CAPP
 Reduced Process Planning and Production Lead-
Time
 Greater Process Plans Consistency
 Improved Cost Estimating Procedures F
Calculation Errors
 More Complete and Detailed Process Plans
 Improved production scheduling and capacity
utilization.
 Improved Ability to Introduce New
Manufacturing Technology
Just-In-Time Production
 First Implemented in Japan
 Eliminate Sources of Manufacturing Waste
 Receive Supplies Just-In-Time
 Produce Parts Just-In-Time
 Produce Subassemblies Just-In-Time
 Produce and Deliver Finished Products
Just-In-Time to Be Sold
Advantage of JIT
 Low Inventory Carrying Costs
 Fast Detection of Defects
 Reduced Inspection and Rework of Parts
 High-Quality Parts Produced at Low Cost
Group Technology
 First Developed In Europe in Early 1900s
 Parts Can Be Grouped and Produced By
Classifying into Families
 Seek Advantage of ‘Design and Processing
Similarities’
Artificial Intelligence
 To Simulate Human Behaviors on
Computers
 AI Can Exhibit Learning, Reasoning,
Problem Solving, Understand Language
 Capable of Modeling, Simulating
Production Facilities
 Types of Communication Networks

Network Architectures & Protocols

A communication network consists of a number components

such as hardware, software and media.

A network architecture describes the components, the

functions performed, and the interfaces between the
components of a network.

It encompasses hardware, software, standards, data link

controls, topologies and protocols.

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Computer Networks
Computer network
connects two or more
autonomous computers.

The computers can be

geographically located
anywhere.

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Applications of Networks
Resource Sharing
Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
Software (application software)
Information Sharing
Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
Search Capability (WWW)
Communication
Email, Message broadcast
Remote computing
Distributed processing (GRID Computing)

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 Types of Communication Networks

Network Architectures & Protocols

It defines the functions of, and interactions between, three

types of components.

 Network hardware components

 Communication software modules
 Application programs that use the networks

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 Types of Communication
Networks
Network Architectures & Protocols

PROTOCOL:

Protocols in network architecture define the set of rules of

information exchange between two devices(peers).

Protocols specify the message format and the rules for

interpreting and reacting to messages.

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 Types of Communication
Networks
Computer Network Reference Model
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference
Model is an architecture that enables different vendors’
systems, such as DECNET, SNA, TCP/IP and SINEC, to
communicate by using a common set of protocols.

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 Types of Communication
Networks
The reference model is based on:
 The communication functions are divided into layers;
 The services to be provided by each layer are specified;
 Layer N+1, above layer N, uses the services of the latter to
implement its functions;
 Communication between the layer N and the participating
terminals is specified by the ISO protocols.

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Types of Communication Networks

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Layer Functionality
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)
Departing airport

arriving airport
baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

intermediate air traffic sites

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing

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Layering: physical communication
ODTÜ data
application
transport
network Türk Telekom
link
physical network
application link
transport physical
network
link data
application application
physical
transport transport İTÜ
network network
link link
physical physical

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 TYPES
Local Area OF COMPUTER
Networks (LANs) NETWORKS
Used to interconnect computers (wired or
wireless) within the same building or
organisation.

A LAN typically operates at speeds ranging from

10 Mbps to 10 Giga bps, connecting several
hundred devices over a distance of up to 5 to 10
km

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Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) - MANs are large LANs that cover a
large city or suburb. Used to interconnect LANs within a metropolitan
area. A typical MAN operates at a speed of several Gigabit per second
(mostly wired but new wireless technologies are becoming popular, e.g.
wimax) .

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Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Use common carrier facilities over long
distances and are used to connect sites and
facilities over the countries .
Usually the speed between the cities can vary
from 1 to 100Gbps. In a WAN, the cost of
transmission is very high, and the network is
usually owned and operated by a public
network (e.g. TTNET)

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Global Area Networks (GAN)
these are networks connections between
countries around the globe. A GAN’s speed
ranges from
1.5Mbps to 100Gbps and its reach is
several thousands of kilometres.

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 COMMUNICATION HIERARCHY
 enterprise level
Globally link various plants/sites and interconnect
corporations through electronic data interchange

 plant level
Connect departments inside plant

 cell level
Connect cells inside departments

 equipment/device level
connect individual devices such as computers, robots and
NC machines

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MANUFACTURING
 Parallel with increasing needs for faster communications
the needs of large data storage capacity and fast
computers is increasing also.
 Now typical manufacturing environment, called also as
CAD/CAM/CAE environment is composed of fast
computers, centralized data storage units, CNC controlled
machine centers, robots etc., all connected on the same
network.
 On this networks either TCP/IP or specially designed
manufacturing protocols like, MAP or TOP, are used.

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MANUFACTURING

MAP
An initiative by General Motors of The United
States has resulted in the selection of a set of
protocols, all based on ISO standards, to achieve
open system interconnection within an automated
manufacturing plant.

The resulting protocols are knows as

manufacturing automation protocols (MAPs).

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MANUFACTURING

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MANUFACTURING
TOP

In a similar way, an initiative by the Boeing

Corporation (USA) has resulted in the selection
of a set of ISO standards to achieve open system
interconnection in a technical and office
environment.

The selected protocols are known as technical

and office protocols (TOPs).

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MANUFACTURING

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Conclusions &Recommendations
 Higher Efficiency in Manufacturing
 Changing of Human Being’s Role in
Manufacturing and Process
 Decline in Number of Machine Tool
Operators
 Increase in Computer Technicians
 Need More Through Analysis and Tests