CE 323/ BES 222

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

SUMMER 2020

CHAPTER 1: TENSION, COMPRESSION, AND SHEAR

1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Mechanics of deformable bodies is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behaviour of solid
bodies subjected to various types of loading. Other names for this field of study are strength of materials and
mechanics of materials. The solid bodies considered in this book include bars with axial loads, shafts in torsion,
beams in bending, and columns in compression.

Principal objective:
 to determine the stresses, strains, and displacements in structures and their components due to the loads
acting on them
Statics and Dynamics Mechanics of deformable bodies
VS

Deal primarily with the forces and motions It deals with examining the stresses and strains
associated with particles and rigid bodies. inside real bodies, that is, bodies of finite
dimensions that deform under loads.

The historical development of Mechanics of deformable bodies:

 Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) and Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) performed experiments to determine the
strength of wires, bars, and beams, although they did not develop adequate theories (by today’s
standards) to explain their test results.
 Leonhard Euler (1707–1783) developed the mathematical theory of columns and calculated the critical
load of a column in 1744, long before any experimental evidence existed to show the significance of his
results. Without appropriate tests to back up his theories, Euler’s results remained unused for over a
hundred years, although today they are the basis for the design and analysis of most columns

1.2 SIMPLE STRESS

Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area or unit strength. It is the force on a member
divided by area, which carries the force, formerly express in psi, now in N/mm2 or MPa.
P
σ=
A
where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm2. The maximum stress in tension or
compression occurs over a section normal to the load.

Analysis of Internal Forces; Stress

FIG. 1.3(a) Free-body diagram for determining

FIG. 1.2 External forces acting on a body. the internal force system acting on section 1.
 FIG. 1.3(b) Resolving the internal force R FIG. 1.3(b) Resolving the internal couple CR
into axial force P and the shear force V. into the torque T and the bending moment M.

The equilibrium analysis of a rigid body is concerned primarily with the calculation of external reactions
(forces that act external to a body) and internal reactions (forces that act at internal connections). In
mechanics of materials, we must extend this analysis to determine internal forces—that is, forces that act on
cross sections that are internal to the body itself. In addition, we must investigate the manner in which these
internal forces are distributed within the body.
If the external forces that hold a body in equilibrium are known, we can compute the internal forces by
straightforward equilibrium analysis. For example, consider the bar in Fig. 1.2 that is loaded by the external
forces F1, F2, F3, and F4. To determine the internal force system acting on the cross section labelled 1 , we
must first isolate the segments of the bar lying on either side of section 1 . The free-body diagram of the
segment to the left of section 1 is shown in Fig. 1.3(a). In addition to the external forces F1, F2, and F3, this
free-body diagram shows the resultant force-couple system of the internal forces that are distributed over the
cross section: the resultant force R, acting at the centroid C of the cross section, and CR, the resultant couple1
(we use double-headed arrows to represent couple-vectors). If the external forces are known, the equilibrium
equations ΣF=0 and ΣMC= 0 can be used to compute R and CR.
It is conventional to represent both R and CR in terms of two components: one perpendicular to the cross
section and the other lying in the cross section, as shown in Figs. 1.3(b) and (c).

These components are given the following physically meaningful names:

P: The component of the resultant force that is perpendicular to the cross section, tending to elongate or
shorten the bar, is called the normal force.
V: The component of the resultant force lying in the plane of the cross section, tending to shear (slide) one
segment of the bar relative to the other segment, is called the shear force.
T: The component of the resultant couple that tends to twist (rotate) the bar is called the twisting moment
or torque.
M: The component of the resultant couple that tends to bend the bar is called the bending moment.

FIG. 1.4 Deformation produced by the components of internal forces and couples.
A. Normal Stress
Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Members subject to pure tension (or tensile force)
is under tensile stress, while compression members (members subject to compressive force) are under
compressive stress.

Bar in Tension Bar in Compression

Compressive force will tend to shorten the member. Tension force on the other hand will tend to lengthen/
elongate the member.

B. Shear Stress
Shearing stress is caused by forces parallel to the area resisting the force. It differs to tensile and compressive
stresses, which are caused by forces perpendicular to the area on which they act. Shearing stress is also
known as tangential stress.
V
𝜏=
A
where V is the resultant shearing force which passes through the centroid of the area A being sheared.

Types of shear stress:

P
𝜏=
π r2

Where;
P = applied load
r = radius of the bolt
Single Shear

P
𝜏=
2 π r2

Where;
P = applied load
r = radius of the bolt
Double Shear

P
𝜏=
πDt

Where;
t P = applied load
D = diameter of the hole
D
t = thickness of the plate

Punching Shear
 C. Bearing Stress
Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from compressive stress, as it is
an internal stress caused by compressive forces.

Pb
σb =
Ab
Where;
Pb = bearing force
Ab = bearing area = D x t
D = diameter of the bolt
t = thickness of the plate

Examples:
1. The bar ABCD in Fig. (a) consists of three cylindrical steel segments with different lengths and cross-
sectional areas. Axial loads are applied as shown. Calculate the normal stress in each segment.

Solution:
We begin by using equilibrium analysis to compute the axial force in each segment of the bar (recall
that equilibrium analysis is the first step in stress analysis). The required free body diagrams (FBDs), shown in
Fig. (b), were drawn by isolating the portions of the beam lying to the left of sections 1 and 2, and to the right
of section 3. From these FBDs, we see that the internal forces in the three segments of the bar are PAB = 4000
lb (T); PBC = 5000 lb (C), and PCD = 7000 lb (C), where (T) denotes tension and (C) denotes compression.
The axial force diagram in Fig. (c) shows how the how the internal forces vary with the distance x
measured along the bar from end A. Note that the internal forces vary from segment to segment, but the
force in each segment is constant. Because the internal forces are discontinuous at points A, B, C, and D, our
stress calculations will be valid only for sections that are not too close to these points (Saint Venants principle).
The normal stresses in the three segments are
 Answer

78 Answer

8 Answer

Problem 2:

Problem 3: What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick? The shear
strength is 350 MPa.
Problem 4: Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b if P = 400 kN.
The shearing strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.

Problem 5: Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member
supported as shown in Fig. P-119. The pin diameter is 20 mm.

Solution:

From the FBD:

ΣMC= 0
0.25RBV=0.25(40sin35°)+0.20(40cos35°)
RBV= 49.156 kN
ΣFH= 0
RBH= 40cos 35° = 32.766 kN

RB = R H +R V = 766 + 9 156
RB = 59.076 kN (Shear force of pin at B)
VB = 𝜏B(A)
59.076(1000) = 𝜏B π
𝜏B = 94.02 MPa (Answer)

Problem 6: In Fig. 1-12, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet

joins the plates that are each 110 mm wide. The allowable
stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60
MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness
of each plate; and (b) the largest average tensile stress in the
plates.
(a) From the shearing of rivet;
P = 𝜏 Arivets = 60[ π(20)2] = 6000π N
From bearing of plate material:
P=σ Ab
6000π = 120 (20t)
t = 7.85 mm (answer)

(b) Largest average tensile stress in the plate:

P = σA
6000π = σ[7.85(110-20)]
σ = 26.67 MPa (answer)