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1. Genetics is the study of heredity and genetic variation. Key concepts include genes, alleles, chromosomes, DNA, traits, and inheritance patterns.
2. Gregor Mendel established the laws of inheritance through pea plant experiments in the mid-1800s. His laws describe dominant and recessive alleles, segregation of alleles, and independent assortment.
3. Traits can be controlled by single genes (monogenic) or multiple genes (polygenic), and are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Polygenic traits show continuous variation and include many common diseases and behaviors.
1. Genetics is the study of heredity and genetic variation. Key concepts include genes, alleles, chromosomes, DNA, traits, and inheritance patterns.
2. Gregor Mendel established the laws of inheritance through pea plant experiments in the mid-1800s. His laws describe dominant and recessive alleles, segregation of alleles, and independent assortment.
3. Traits can be controlled by single genes (monogenic) or multiple genes (polygenic), and are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Polygenic traits show continuous variation and include many common diseases and behaviors.
1. Genetics is the study of heredity and genetic variation. Key concepts include genes, alleles, chromosomes, DNA, traits, and inheritance patterns.
2. Gregor Mendel established the laws of inheritance through pea plant experiments in the mid-1800s. His laws describe dominant and recessive alleles, segregation of alleles, and independent assortment.
3. Traits can be controlled by single genes (monogenic) or multiple genes (polygenic), and are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Polygenic traits show continuous variation and include many common diseases and behaviors.
genetics specific location or luci. GENOME GENETICS Full genetic compliment of an Study of heredity. individual (of a species) in HEREDITY humans. biological process where a parent GENOTYPE passes certain genes onto their Genetic make-up of an individual children or offspring. GENE EXPRESSION 3 KEY POINTS IN GENETICS Degree to which a gene goes 1. Genetics (Genetic make-up) through transcription and 2. Genetic variation translation 3. Heredity ZYGOTE ALLELES A fertilized ovum Alternate forms of varieties of a gene DIHYBRID CROSS CHROMOSOMES Mating experiment between two organisms that are identically Thread-like, gene carrying bodies hybrid for two traits in the nucleus of the cell. Composed of DNA and Protein. MONOHYBRID CROSS DOMINANT ALLELE Genetic mix between two individuals who have two Allele that mask the presence of a homozygous genotype recessive allele in a phenotype LOCUS RECESSIVE ALLELE Physical site or location of a Allele that mask the presence of specific gene on a chromosome. dominant allele in a phenotype F1 GENERATION Heterozygous The first offspring (filial) generation. Two alleles that are different Homozygous 3. Nitrogenous Base Two alleles that are the same. Nitrogenous Base DNA (Deoxyribunucleic Acid) Adenine Guanine Genetic material inside the nucleus Cytosine Thymine of eukaryotic cells. Base pairs Adenine (A) – Thymine (T) Structure of DNA was discovered Guanine (G) – Cytosine (C) in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick DOUBLE HELIX Function and Purpose of DNA Acting as templates for newly synthesized strand 1. Stores genetic information 2. DNA makes Proteins Describe the appearance of double 3. Responsible for determining all stranded DNA organisms’ traits such as eye color, body structure, and enzymes production. GENETIC CODE
Components of DNA Gives relationship of bases in
DNA to Amino Acid Is a long molecule made up of repeating individual units of monomers called NUCLEOTIDES DNA Polymerase Summarize new DNA Strands NUCLEOTIDES using previously synthesized DNA as a template. DNA chemical components arrange into groups. Enzymes that will polymerize nucleotides Made up of 3 parts that are held together by covalent bonds. DNA Polymerase I - Replacing
1. Deoxyribose Sugar DNA Polymerase II - Repairing
2. Phosphate Group DNA Polymerase III – Copying Central Dogma Molecular biology that describes the two step process transcription and DNA Replication translation, by which the information Copying, form a new double helix, in genes flows into proteins: controlled by enzymes. DNA to RNA to Proteins Discontinuous Replication Messenger RNA (mRNA) Takes place on the complementary Carries the genetic information copied strand, where it occurs in short from DNA. segments, away from the Y junction. Transfer RNA (tRNA) Okazaki fragments is the key in deciphering the code words in mRNA. Short segments Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Reiji and Tsuneko Okazaki Associates with a set of proteins to 1500 nucleotide, 150 eukaryotes form ribosomes. Continuous replication THE LAW OF MENDEL: Leading strands Gregor Mendel Discontinuous replication Father of genetics Lagging strand Why pea plants? RNA (Ribonucleic acid) Flower structure of pea ensured self- Separate DNA strands pollination, and define male and Helicase female part.
Unzipping and unwinding Male sex structure (stamen)
Female sex structure (pistil)
Transcription Seven pairs of simple differences of
pea plants. Process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new 1. Seed coat, color, flower color molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) 2. Seed color 3. Seed shape 4. Pod color 5. Stem height Incomplete dominance 6. Flower position When two different alleles for the Law of segregation same trait combine, but neither allele allele pairs separate or segregate “wins” expression over the other, the during gamete formation, and offspring have a form of intermediate randomly unite at fertilization. inheritance. a pattern of inheritance in which two Four parts of Law of Segregation alleles in a heterozygote are partially First, it defines an allele. expressed. Second, it states that organisms inherit one allele from each parent. Incomplete dominance Third, it states that gametes only A mixture or blending of the two carry one allele for each trait. alleles Fourth, it defines the difference between dominant and recessive Example: genes Red + white cow = roan cows Law of Dominance Red + white flower = pink flower Given by Eric Von Tscerma Codominance Every gene has two alleles that Heterozygous phenotype will have code for a trait, one allele is both dominant phenotypes visible. dominant meaning it will always show. Two equally dominant alleles are Pea plant experiment expressed at the same time. He studied Pea Plant for 8 years. Example: 3 reasons why he chooses garden Red + white flower = red-white pea plants; flower 1. Structure of Pea Plants Multiple allelism 2. Presence of distinction traits 3. Rapid reproduction cycle When there is more than 2 alleles Variation appears continuous because possible for a given gene. these traits often affected by the -Think eye color, hair color, skin environment. color! Example of polygenetic traits Allows for a larger number of genetic and phenotypic possibilities. Body type, height, skin color, hair DIVERSITY! color, eye color, intelligence. Polygenetic traits often see famous bell curves. Multiple allele involves more than just the typical two alleles that usually code for a ENVIRONMENT HEAVELY INFLUENCE certain characteristic in a species. POLYGENIC TRAITS more than two phenotypes available Recently studies show: depending on the dominant or Hypertension, diabetes, cancer, recessive alleles that are available in the trait and the dominance pattern allergies, cardiovascular diseases, the individual alleles follow when behavioral traits (alcoholism, combined together. phobias)
Polygenetic traits Have some genetic link but also
Incomplete Dominance environmental explanation. Are traits that are controlled by Multifactorial inheritance multiple genes instead of just one. Continuous Variation also called complex or polygenic inheritance. Kelorenter Father of polygenetic traits type of hereditary pattern seen when there is more than one genetic factor caused by a combination of Continuous variation environmental factors and mutations Traits usually quantifiable (weight, in multiple genes. height) Two or more genes contribute to associated with heritable traits such phenotype in an additive way. as fingerprint patterns, height, eye color, and skin color. 2 Different chromosomes (ZW)= FEMALE Sex determination Similar chromosomes(ZZ)= MALE biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. sex determination is genetic: males and females have different alleles or even different genes that specify their sexual morphology. 2 Types of sex determination 1. Genotypic sex determination Determined the sex of the child by the sex chromosomes Ratio of the sex chromosomes to the autosomes Use of the genes
2. Environmental sex determination Temperature Location dependent
HUMANS The sex of the child determines by the sex chromosomes namely X and Y. XX=FEMALE XY=MALE BIRDS