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The other type of modulation in continuous-wave modulation is Angle Modulation. Angle Modulation is
the process in which the frequency or the phase of the carrier signal varies according to the message
signal.
The standard equation of the angle modulated wave is
s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac cos θ i (
c cos θi (tt)
)
Where,
A
Acc
is the amplitude of the modulated wave, which is the same as the amplitude of the carrier signal
θ
θii (
(tt)
) is the angle of the modulated wave
Angle modulation is further divided into frequency modulation and phase modulation.
Frequency Modulation is the process of varying the frequency of the carrier signal linearly with
the message signal.
Phase Modulation is the process of varying the phase of the carrier signal linearly with the
message signal.
Frequency Modulation
In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier signal varies. Whereas, in Frequency Modulation
(FM), the frequency of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal.
Hence, in frequency modulation, the amplitude and the phase of the carrier signal remains constant. This
can be better understood by observing the following figures.
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The frequency of the modulated wave increases, when the amplitude of the modulating or message signal
increases. Similarly, the frequency of the modulated wave decreases, when the amplitude of the
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modulating signal decreases. Note that, the frequency of the modulated wave remains constant and it is
equal to the frequency of the carrier signal, when the amplitude of the modulating signal is zero.
Mathematical Representation
f
fii =
= f
fc + kf m
c + kf m((t
t))
Where,
f
fcc
is the carrier frequency
k
ktt is the frequency sensitivity
m
m((t
t)) is the message signal
d
dθθii (
(tt)
)
ω
ωii =
=
d
dtt
d
dθθii(
(tt)
)
⇒
⇒ 2
2ππf
fii =
=
d
dtt
⇒
⇒ θ
θii (
(tt)
) =
= 2
2ππ∫
∫ f
fii d
dtt
Substitute, f
fii value in the above equation.
θ
θii (
(tt)
) =
= 2
2ππ∫
∫ (
(ffc + kf m
c + kf m((t
t)))
)ddt
t
⇒
⇒ θ
θii (
(tt)
) =
= 2
2ππf
fc t + 2πk f ∫
c t + 2πkf ∫ m
m((t
t))d
dtt
Substitute, θ
θii (
(tt)
) value in the standard equation of angle modulated wave.
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s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t++2
2ππk
kf ∫
f ∫
m
m((t
t))d
dtt)
)
s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t++β
β sin
sin((2
2ππf
fm t))
m t))
Where,
Δ
Δff k
kf Am
f Am
β
β = modulation index =
= =
=
f
fm f
fm
m m
The difference between FM modulated frequency (instantaneous frequency) and normal carrier frequency
is termed as Frequency Deviation. It is denoted by Δ
Δff , which is equal to the product of k
kff
and
A
Amm
.
FM can be divided into Narrowband FM and Wideband FM based on the values of modulation index
β
β .
Narrowband FM
This frequency modulation has a small bandwidth when compared to wideband FM.
Its spectrum consists of the carrier, the upper sideband and the lower sideband.
This is used in mobile communications such as police wireless, ambulances, taxicabs, etc.
Wideband FM
Its spectrum consists of a carrier and infinite number of sidebands, which are located around it.
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Phase Modulation
In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier varies. Whereas, in Phase Modulation (PM), the
phase of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.
So, in phase modulation, the amplitude and the frequency of the carrier signal remains constant. This can
be better understood by observing the following figures.
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The phase of the modulated wave has got infinite points, where the phase shift in a wave can take place.
The instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal changes the phase of the carrier signal. When the
amplitude is positive, the phase changes in one direction and if the amplitude is negative, the phase
changes in the opposite direction.
Mathematical Representation
ϕ
ϕii =
= k
kp m (t)
p m (t)
Where,
k
kpp
is the phase sensitivity
m
m((t
t)) is the message signal
s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t++ϕ
ϕii)
)
Substitute, ϕ
ϕii value in the above equation.
s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t++k
kp m (t))
p m (t))
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s
s((t
t)) =
= A
Ac cos(2πf c t
c cos(2πfc t++β
β cos
cos((2
2ππf
fm t))
m t))
Where,
β
β = modulation index = Δ
Δϕϕ =
= k
kp Am
p Am
Δ
Δϕϕ is phase deviation
Phase modulation is used in mobile communication systems, while frequency modulation is used mainly
for FM broadcasting.
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