6 Halaba Bridge Pier

MÄGA ENGINEERING (PVT) LTD.
Design of Halaba Bridge at 8+380 Sheet No

200, Nawala Road, Narahenpita Badulla Kandy New Raja mawatha
Colombo - 05, Sri Lanka. Designed by : Date :
Tel: 2808835 to 44 Fax: 2808846 & 47 Checked by : Date :
REFERANCE CALCULATIONS OUT PUT
6.0 DESIGN OF PIER
450 855
V1 V2
W1
A
1900
W2
400 900 B HFL 542.866
400
2500
W3
200 1700
200
C
2500
W4
200 2100 D
200
300-2000
VARIES
W5
500 2500 E
800
W6
534.300 F
3500
Fig. 4.6 Section of Pier
The stability of the Pier is checked for the following conditions

under Serviceability Limit State & Ultimate Limit State
1 - Dry condition
2 - Wet condition
3 - Construction Stage
General Data
Pier bottom level = 536.830 m

High Flood level = 542.866 m
Weight of dry mass concrete (γ) = 23.60 KN/m2

Weight of wet mass concrete (γ) = 23.60-9.81 KN/m3
13.79 KN/m3
MÄGA ENGINEERING (PVT) LTD. Design of Halaba Bridge at 8+380 Sheet No
3
Weight of dry concrete (γ) = 24.00 KN/m
Weight of wet concrete (γ) = 24.00-9.81 KN/m3
14.19 KN/m3
Weight of dry soil (γ) = 17.28 KN/m3

3
Weight of wet soil (γ) = 17.28-9.81 KN/m
7.47 KN/m3
Weight of dry Porous fill material (γ) = 18.00 KN/m3

3
Weight of wet Porous fill material (γ) = 18.00-9.81 KN/m
8.19 KN/m3
2
Active earth Load Fb = 1/2 Ka γh
Surcharge Load Fb = K a ns h
2
Reynolds Passive earth Load Fb" = 1/2 (1/Ka) γs h"
Hand book
Table 16 ϕ = 35 deg
Ka = 0.271
6.1 DESIGN OF CAPPING BEAM
6.1.1 Calculation of Loads
6.1.1.1 Dead Load
450 855
V1 V2
W1
A
1900
W2
400 900 B HFL 542.866
400
2500
W3
200 1700
200
C
2500
W4
200 2100 D
200
300-2000
VARIES
W5
500 2500 E
600
W6
534.300 F
3500
No of beams = 20
Length of span = 13.500 m
Length of the capping beam = 10.650 m
Top width of the Section = 0.900 m
Height of the curtain wall = 0.855 m
Length of the curtain wall = 0.900 m
Width of curtain wall = 0.200 m
Cross sectional area of the deck

2
= 7.698 m
Volume of concrete in deck

= 7.698 x 13.5
3
= 103.93 m
Volume of displacers in deck
2
= 19 x π x 0.5 x (16.500 - 2 x 0.75)
3
= 2.01 m
Net volume of concrete in deck

= 103.93 - 2.01
3
= 101.92 m
Load due to weight of concrete in deck

= 101.92 x 24.0
= 2446.05 kN
Load due to weight of concrete in deck per m (one side)

= 2446.05 / 10.65 /2
= 114.84 kN/m
Weight of the curtain wall

= 0.2x0.9x0.855x24
= 3.69 kN
Load for unit length of curtain wall

= 3.69x2/10.65
= 0.69 kN/m
Total dead load per meter length

= 114.84 + 0.69 Dead load
= 115.53 kN/m = 115.53
kN/m
6.1.1.2 Superimposed Dead Load
Load due to weight of hand rails
= 2 x 13.500 x 0.58
= 15.795 kN
Load due to weight of wearing surface

= 7.14 x 13.500 x 0.05 x 22.6
= 108.9207 kN
Total super imposed dead load

= 15.795 + 108.92
= 124.72 kN Super
Imposed
Load due to weight of concrete in deck per m (one side) Dead load
= 124.72 / 13.5 /2 = 5.86
= 5.86 kN/m kN/m
BS 5400-Part 2 6.1.1.3 Live Loads
Cl 3.2.9.3.1
Carriageway width = 3.700 x 2
= 7.4 m
No of notional lanes = 2 ( 4.6m <7.4m < 7.6m)
HA Loading
BS 5400-Part 2 Loaded length = 13.5 m (< 30.0m)
Cl 6.2.1
Type HA Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL)
= 30 kN/m/lane
HA -loading
= 13.5 x 2 x 30
= 810.0 kN
BS 5400-Part 2 Nominal knife edge load = 120 kN/lane

Cl 6.2.2
Total knife edge load
= 2 x 120 kN
= 240.0 kN
BS 5400-Part 2 6.1.1.4 Nominal Live Load on Footways

Cl 7.1.1 loaded length <30m
uniformly distributed load = 5 kN/m2
Width of foot walk = 1.60 m
Total pedestrian live load

= 13.5 x 1.6 x 5 x 2
= 216.0 kN
Total HA live load acting on a capping beam

= (810 + 216)/2 + 240.00
= 753.00 kN
HA Live
Total HA live load acting on unit length of capping beam Load
= 753 / 10.65 = 70.70
= 70.7 kN/m kN/m
6.1.1.5 Tractive Force
BS 5400-Part 2 Nominal load for type HA loading
Cl 6.6.1 = 8kN/m of loaded length + 200kN <700kN
= 13.50 x 8 + 200
= 308.00 kN/m
RDA Bridge Tractive force for Pier

Design Manual = 0.8 x Tractive force
Cl 2.2.4 = 246.40 kN
Total tractive force per unit length of capping beam HA Tractive

= 246.4 / 10.65 force
= 23.14 kN/m = 23.14
kN/m
Table 6.1
Loads Applying on Unit Length of the Capping Beam(SLS)
BS 5400 Part 2 Load type Nominal γFL γf3 Design
Table 1 Load (kn/m) Load (kn/m)
Vertical Forces
BS 5400 Dead load 115.53 1.00 1.00 115.53
Part 4 : 1990 Superimposed dead load 5.86 1.20 1.00 7.03
Cl. 4.2.2 W1 10.04 1.00 1.00 10.04
Live load 70.70 1.20 1.00 84.84
Sub Total 217.44 VSLS
Longitudinal Forces = 217.44
Tractive force 23.14 1.00 1.00 23.14 kN/m
Sub Total 23.14 HSLS
= 23.14
kN/m
Table 6.2
Loads Applying on Unit Length of the Capping Beam(ULS)
BS 5400 Part 2 Load type Nominal γFL γf3 Design
Table 1 Load (kn/m) Load (kn/m)
Vertical Forces
BS 5400 Dead load 115.53 1.15 1.10 146.14
Part 4 : 1990 Superimposed dead load 5.86 1.75 1.10 11.27
Cl. 4.2.2 W1 11.12 1.15 1.10 14.07
Live load 70.70 1.25 1.10 97.21
Sub Total 268.69 VULS
Longitudinal Forces = 268.69
Tractive force 23.14 1.25 1.10 31.82 kN/m
Sub Total 31.82 HULS
= 31.82
kN/m
6.1.2 Analysis of Capping Beam
For Ultimate Limit State
6.2.1.2 Check for Stability

695
205
V2 V1
H
450
W1
A
900
Essentials of Bridge Fig. 6.2 Section of Capping Beam

Eng. By D.J. Victor
4th Edition, 1991 V1 = Dead load + Superimposed dead load + Live load
Cl 12.4 V1 = 146.14 + 11.27 + 97.21
V1 = 254.6 kN/m V1 =
254.62
V2 = Dead load + Superimposed dead load kN/m
V2 = 146.14 + 11.27
V2 = 157.4 kN/m V2 =
157.41
H = 31.82 kN/m kN/m
H =
Table 6.3 - Analysis of Capping Beam For Stability 31.82
(Moments are taken around A) kN/m
Load type Design load Length Moment (kNm/m)
(kN/m) from Stability Over turning
A (m) Ms Mo
V1 254.62 0.205 52.20
V2 157.41 0.695 109.40
W1 14.07 0.450 6.33
Longitudinal Forces
H 31.82 0.500 15.91
Total 167.93 15.91
Bridge Design Factor of safety against overturning

Manual Cl.2.1 F.O.S = Stability moment / Over turning F.O.S
= 167.93/15.91 = 10.6
= 10.6 >1.3
Therefore section is safe in stability.
6.1.3 DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENT FOR CAPPING BEAM
The stuctural design is made for ultimate loads.

MU
Ultimate bending moment = Ms - Mo = 167.9
= 167.9 - 15.91 kNm/m
= 152.0
BS 5400 Cover thickness should not be less than the maximum size of the
Part 4 : 1990 coarse aggregete + 5mm
Cl. 5.8.2
Maximum size of the coarse aggregate = 19 mm
= 19 + 5 mm
= 24 mm
BS 5400 Minimum cover is 45 mm for grade 25 concrete

Part 4 : 1990 Therefore provide 50mm cover
Table 13
Assume 16 mm bar for main bars & 10 mm bar for shear links
are provided.
Width of the Section (b) = 900 mm
Effective depth (d) = 450-50-16/2-10
= 382 mm
BS 8110 K' = 0.156

Part 1 : 1997
M
Cl. 3.4.4.4 K  2
bd f cu
fcu = 25 N/mm2
K = (167.93 x10^6)
(900Х 382^2 Х 25)
= 0.0511
K < K'
Therefore, compression reinforcement is not required.

  K  
Lever arm, z  d  0 .5   0 . 25  

  0 .9  


  .051
z  d0.5 0.25 

  0.9 

z = 359 mm
But z should not exceed 0.95d
0.95 d = 0.95 x 382
= 363 mm
Therefore get, z = 359 mm
Required tension reinforcement , As = M

0.95  f y  z
AS 6
= 167.9 x 10
0.95 x 460 x 358.89
AS = 1071 mm2
100AS = 100 x 1071

bd 900 x 382
= 0.3114 > 0.15

Hence OK
6.1.3.1 Main Reinforcement
BS 5400 Minimum main reinforcement requirement

Part 4 : 1990 AS = 1071 mm2
Cl. 5.8.4.1 No. of bars = 1071 /(π x 16^2/4) No. of bars
= 5.33 7 T16@
Provide 7 Nos of 16 mm bars 114 mm
Therefore Provide16mm Φ tor steel bars at 114mm intervals

center to center for both bottom and top layers.
provided As = (π x 16^2/4) Х 7 mm2 As,prov

= 1408 mm2 = 1408
mm2
BS 5400 6.1.3.2 Shear reinforcement
Part 4 : 1990
Cl. 5.3.3.1 Max. Shear force, V = 268.69 kN/m
Shear stress,v = V/bd

= 268.69 x 1000 v =
900 x 382 0.780
2
= 0.78 N/mm N/mm2
0.75√(fcu) = 0.75√(25)
= 3.75 N/mm2 > v
Depth factor, ξs = (500/d)^(1/4)

= 500 ^(1/4)
382
= 1.0696
BS 5400 Ultimate shear stress in concrete vc

Part 4 : 1990 by linear interpolation
Table 8 100As/bd v c (N/mm2)
0.25 0.4
0.50 0.5
0.410 0.46
vc = 0.46 N/mm2
ξs vc = 1.07 x 0.46
2
= 0.50 N/mm < v
Provide φ10mm tor steel shear stirups,2 legs,
2
fyv = 460 N/mm
BS 5400 v > ξs vc
Part 4 : 1990 Therefore,
Cl.5.3.3.2 Asv >= 0.4bsv(v+.4-ξsvc)/0.87fyv
Table 07 sv <= Asv x 0.87fyv/0.4b(v+.4-ξsvc)
<= (0.87 Х 460 Х 2Х π Х 10^2/4)
0.4x900 (0.78+.4-0.5)
<= 102.76 mm No. of bars
Select sv = 100 mm T10 @
100
So, Provide 2 leg strirups at 100 mm spacing.
Asv,prov = 1570
For, 100As/bd = 0.46 >.12
Hence satisfy the nominal secondary rienforcement requirement
6.2 DESIGN OF PIER STEM AND BASE
6.2.1 Dry Condition Serviceability limit state
450 855
V1 V2
W1
A
1900
W2
400 900 B HFL 542.866
400
2500
W3
200 1700
200
C
2500
W4
200 2100 D
200
300-2000
VARIES
W5
500 2500 E
600
W6
534.300 F
3500
The stuctural design is made for Serviceability loads.

BS 5400 Part 2 Table 6.4 Calculation of Serviceability loads
Table 1 Load type Nominal γFL γf3 Design
Load (kn/m) Load (kn/m)
BS 5400 Vertical Forces
Part 4 : 1990 Deck dead load 115.53 1.00 1.00 115.53
Cl. 4.2.2 Superimposed dead load 5.86 1.20 1.00 7.03
Live load 70.70 1.20 1.00 84.84
Capping beam, W1 10.04 1.00 1.00 10.04
Pier - W2 38.39 1.00 1.00 38.39
Pier - W3 108.95 1.00 1.00 108.95
Pier - W4 128.19 1.00 1.00 128.19
Pier - W5 123.92 1.00 1.00 123.92
Pier - W6 67.50 1.00 1.00 67.5
Sub Total 684.39
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 23.14 1.00 1.00 23.14
Sub Total 23.14
V1 = Dead load + Superimposed dead load + Live load

V2 = Dead load + Superimposed dead load
6.2.1.1 Analysis of Pier section 2 for Stability

Specimen calculation for section 2 per unit width of the Pier
Table 6.5 Moments about point B

A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 0.205 39.38
V2 121.39 0.695 84.37
Capping beam, W1 10.04 0.450 4.52
Pier - W2 38.39 0.450 17.28
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 23.14 2.350 54.38
Sub Total 145.55 54.38
Total bending moment M 91.2 kNm/m M
= 91.2
kNm/m
Total bending moment = 91.2 kNm/m
6.2.1.1a Check for Stability
Factor of safety against overturning

RDA Bridge
Design Manual F.O.S = Stability moment / Over turning F.O.S
Cl. 2.1 = 145.55 / 54.4 = 2.7
= 2.7 > 1.3
6.2.1.1b Check for StressesKz

z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9








Total vertical force, V = 361.91 kN/m

Eccentricity of the resultant force from the edge of the section (e')
e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 145.6 - 54.4

361.9
e' = 0.252 m e'

= 0.252
Eccentricity of the vertical force from the centre of the section (e) m
e = b/2 - e'
e = 0.9 /2 - 0.25
e = 0.198 m e
= 0.198
m
Second moment of innertia , I
3
I = 1/12 x b x d
3
I = 0.9 X 1.00
12
4
I = 0.0608 m
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 361.9 X 0.198
M = 71.7 kNm/m
Bending stress, σ b
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 71.7 X 0.45
0.061
2
σb = 531.0 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 361.9
0.9 X 1.00
2
σd = 402.12 kN/m /m
Maximum stress, σ max
σ max = σd + σb
= 402.12 + 531.03 σ max
2
= 933.16 kN/m /m = 933.16
kN/m 2 /m
Minimum stress, σ min

σ min = σd - σb
= 402.12 - 531.03 σ min
= -128.9 kN/m 2 /m = -128.9
< 360 2 2
kN/m kN/m /m
Hence OK

Table 6.6 Moments about point C

A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 0.605 116.21
V2 121.39 1.095 132.92
Capping beam, W1 10.04 0.850 8.53
Pier - W2 38.39 0.850 32.63
Pier - W3 108.95 0.850 92.61
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 23.14 5.250 121.49
Sub Total 382.90 121.49
= 261.4
kNm/m

RDA Bridge
Cl. 2.1 = 382.90 / 121.5 = 3.2
= 3.2 > 1.3
6.2.1.2b Check for Stresses Kz
z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9








e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 382.9 - 121.5

361.9
e' = 0.7223 m e'

= 0.722
e = b/2 - e'
e = 1.700 /2 - 0.72
e = 0.128 m e
= 0.128
m
I = 1/12 x b 3 x d
3
I = 1.7 X 1.00
12
4
I = 0.409 m
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 361.9 X 0.128
M = 46.2 kNm/m
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 46.2 X 0.85
0.409
2
σb = 95.9 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 361.9
1.7 X 1.00
2
σd = 212.89 kN/m /m

σ max = σd + σb
= 212.89 + 95.94 σ max
2
= 308.83 kN/m /m = 308.83
2
kN/m /m

σ min = σd - σb
= 212.89 - 95.94 σ min
2
= 116.9 kN/m /m = 116.9
< 360 kN/m 2 kN/m 2 /m
Hence OK

Table 6.7 Moments about point D

A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 0.805 154.63
V2 121.39 1.295 157.20
Capping beam, W1 10.04 1.050 10.54
Pier - W2 38.39 1.050 40.31
Pier - W3 108.95 1.050 114.40
Pier - W4 128.19 1.050
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 23.14 7.950 183.96
Sub Total 477.08 183.96
= 293.1
kNm/m

RDA Bridge
Cl. 2.1 = 477.08 / 184.0 = 2.6
= 2.6 > 1.3

z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9








e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 477.1 - 184.0

361.9
e' = 0.810 m e'

= 0.810
e = b/2 - e'
e = 2.100 /2 - 0.810
e = 0.240 m e
= 0.240
m
3
I = 1/12 x b x d
3
I = 2.100 X 1.00
12
I = 0.772 m4
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 361.9 X 0.240
M = 86.9 kNm/m
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 86.9 X 1.05
0.772
2
σb = 118.2 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 361.9
2.1 X 1.00
2
σd = 172.34 kN/m /m

σ max = σd + σb
= 172.34 + 118.21 σ max
2
= 290.55 kN/m /m = 290.55
2
kN/m /m

σ min = σd - σb
= 172.34 - 118.21 σ min
2
= 54.1 kN/m /m = 54.1
< 360 kN/m 2 kN/m 2 /m
Hence OK

Table 6.8 Moments about point E

A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 1.005 193.05
V2 121.39 1.495 181.48
Capping beam, W1 10.04 1.250 12.55
Pier - W2 38.39 1.250 47.99
Pier - W3 108.95 1.250 136.19
Pier - W4 128.19 1.250 160.24
Pier - W5 123.92 1.250 154.90
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 23.14 10.15 234.87
Sub Total 886.40 234.87
= 651.5
kNm/m

RDA Bridge
Cl. 2.1 = 886.40 / 234.9 = 3.8
= 3.8 > 1.3

z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9








e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 886.4 - 234.9

361.9
e' = 1.800 m e'

= 1.800
e = b/2 - e'
e = 2.500 /2 - 1.80
e = 0.550 m e
= 0.550
m
3
I = 1/12 x b x d
3
I = 2.500 X 1.00
12
I = 1.3021 m4
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 361.9 X 0.550
M = 199.1 kNm/m
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 199.1 X 1.25
1.302
2
σb = 191.2 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 361.9
2.5 X 1.00
2
σd = 144.76 kN/m /m

σ max = σd + σb
= 144.76 + 191.18 σ max
= 335.94 kN/m 2 /m = 335.94
kN/m 2 /m

σ min = σd - σb
= 144.76 - 191.18 σ min
2
= -46.4 kN/m /m = -46.4
< 360 kN/m 2 kN/m 2 /m
Hence OK
6.2.1.5 Analysis of Pier Foundation for Stability
Table 6.9 Moments about point F

A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 1.505 289.10
V2 121.39 1.995 242.17
Capping beam, W1 10.04 1.750 17.57
Pier - W2 38.39 1.750 67.18
Pier - W3 108.95 1.750 190.66
Pier - W4 128.19 1.750 224.33
Pier - W5 123.92 1.750 216.86
Pier - W6 67.5 1.750 118.13
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 23.14 10.95 253.38
Sub Total 1366.00 253.38
= 1112.6
kNm/m

RDA Bridge
Cl. 2.1 = 1366.00 / 253.4 = 5.39
= 5.39 > 1.3

z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9








e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 1366.0 - 253.4

790.5
e' = 1.408 m e'

= 1.408
e = b/2 - e'
e = 3.500 /2 - 1.408
e = 0.342 m e
= 0.342
X
m
1000
F
X
3500
Fig. 6.3 Axis of Bending of Pier Foundation

3
I = 1/12 x b x d
3
I = 3.500 X 1.00
12
4
I = 3.5729 m
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 684.4 X 0.342
M = 234.4 kNm/m
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 234.4 X 1.75
3.573
2
σb = 114.80 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 684.4
3.5 X 1.00
2
σd = 195.54 kN/m /m

σ max = σd + σb
= 195.54 + 114.80 σ max
2
= 310.34 kN/m /m = 310.34
kN/m 2 /m
σ min = σd - σb
= 195.54 - 114.80 σ min
2
= 80.74 kN/m /m = 80.74
< 360 kN/m 2 kN/m /m 2
Hence OK
Stress Redistribution under the Foundation at Serviceability

Limit State
Le
V
2 e' e'
3.500
Fig. 6.4 Stress Redistribution under the Foundation at SLS
Let the redistributed maximum bearing pressure under

the foundation be σ and effective length be Le (m)
L e /3 = e'
Therefore V = 1/2×σ×Le
σ = 2V
3e'
= 2 X 790.47
3 X 1.41
= 374.40 kN/m 2
Allowable Bearing Capacity of Foundation

Reynolds Hand Since hard rock has been exposed, Bearing capacity of rock
Book Table 191 can be taken as( igneous and gniessic: sound) 10000 kN/m2
But due to rock fractures ,unforeseen condition etc.
allowable bearing capacity under foundation is limited to 600kN/m 2
Before staring construction of Piers allowble bearing

capacity of rock can be made sure by conduductin RQD
( Rock Quality Designation) Test, if there is a question arised,
due to the precsence of fracture of rock
The permissible bearing pressure under foundation is

600 kN/m2 > 374.40 kN/m2
Hence Satisfactory.
6.2.1.5c Checking for sliding

Foundation Design,
Total Horizontal force (H) = 23.14 kN/m
J.E. Bowels Friction angle δ between concrete interface
0
Table 11-6 δ = 30
μ = tan (30 0 )
= 0.58
Reynolds Frictional force (R) = µ x Vertical force

Hand Book = 0.58 x 790.47
Table 187 = 456.1 kN/m
F.O.S = Frictional force (R)

Horizontal force (H)
F.O.S = 456.10
23.14
F.O.S = 19.7 > 1.5
Hence Section is safe against sliding.
6.2.2 Dry Condition Ultimate limit state
450 855
V1 V2
W1
A
1900
W2
400 900 B HFL 542.866
400
2500
W3
200 1700
200
C
2500
W4
200 2100 D
200
300-2000
VARIES
W5
500 2500 E
600
W6
534.300 F
3500
The stuctural design is made for Ultimate loads.
BS 5400 Part 2 Table 6.10 Calculation of Ultimate loads

Live load 70.70 1.50 1.10 116.66
Capping beam, W1 10.04 1.15 1.10 12.7
Pier - W2 38.39 1.15 1.10 48.56
Pier - W3 108.95 1.15 1.10 137.82
Pier - W4 128.19 1.15 1.10 162.16
Pier - W5 123.92 1.15 1.10 156.76
Pier - W6 67.50 1.15 1.10 85.39
Sub Total 877.48
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 23.14 1.25 1.10 31.82
Sub Total 31.82



A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 0.205 39.38
V2 121.39 0.695 84.37
Capping beam, W1 12.7 0.450 5.72
Pier - W2 48.56 0.450 21.85
Longitudinal Forces
Sub Total 151.32 74.78
= 76.5
kNm/m

RDA Bridge
Cl. 2.1 = 151.32 / 74.8 = 2.0
= 2.0 > 1.3

z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9









e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 151.3 - 74.8

374.7
e' = 0.204 m e'

= 0.204
e = b/2 - e'
e = 0.9 /2 - 0.20
e = 0.246 m e
= 0.246
m
3
I = 1/12 x b x d
3
I = 0.9 X 1.00
12
4
I = 0.061 m
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 374.7 X 0.246
M = 92.1 kNm/m
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 92.1 X 0.45
0.061
2
σb = 682.2 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 374.7
0.9 X 1.00
2
σd = 416.38 kN/m /m
σ max = σd + σb
= 416.38 + 682.17 σ max
2
= 1098.5 kN/m /m = 1098.5
kN/m 2 /m

σ min = σd - σb
= 416.38 - 682.17 σ min
= -265.8 kN/m 2 /m = -265.8
< 360 2 2
kN/m kN/m /m
Hence OK


A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 0.605 116.21
V2 121.39 1.095 132.92
Capping beam, W1 12.70 0.850 10.80
Pier - W2 48.56 0.850 41.28
Pier - W3 137.82 0.850 117.15
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 31.82 5.250 167.06
Sub Total 418.36 167.06
= 251.3
kNm/m
RDA Bridge Factor of safety against overturning

Cl. 2.1 = 418.36 / 167.1 = 2.5
= 2.5 > 1.3
z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9








e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 418.4 - 167.1

374.7
e' = 0.6706 m e'

= 0.6706
e = b/2 - e'
e = 1.700 /2 - 0.67
e = 0.179 m e
= 0.179
m
I = 1/12 x b 3 x d
3
I = 1.7 X 1.00
12
4
I = 0.4094 m
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 374.7 X 0.179
M = 67.2 kNm/m
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 67.2 X 0.85
0.409
2
σb = 139.6 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 374.7
1.7 X 1.00
2
σd = 220.44 kN/m /m

σ max = σd + σb
= 220.44 + 139.58 σ max
2
= 360.01 kN/m /m = 360.01
2
kN/m /m

σ min = σd - σb
= 220.44 - 139.58 σ min
2
= 80.9 kN/m /m = 80.9
< 360 kN/m 2 kN/m 2 /m
Hence OK


A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 0.805 154.63
V2 121.39 1.295 157.20
Capping beam, W1 12.70 1.050 13.34
Pier - W2 48.56 1.050 50.99
Pier - W3 137.82 1.050 144.71
Pier - W4 162.16 1.050
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 31.82 7.950 252.97
Sub Total 520.87 252.97
= 267.9
kNm/m

RDA Bridge
Cl. 2.1 = 520.87 / 253.0 = 2.1
= 2.1 > 1.3

z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9








e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 520.9 - 253.0

374.7
e' = 0.715 m e'

= 0.715
e = b/2 - e'
e = 2.100 /2 - 0.71
e = 0.335 m e
= 0.335
m
I = 1/12 x b 3 x d
3
I = 2.100 X 1.00
12
I = 0.7718 m4
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 374.7 X 0.335
M = 125.6 kNm/m
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 125.6 X 1.05
0.772
2
σb = 170.85 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 374.7
2.1 X 1.00
2
σd = 178.45 kN/m /m

σ max = σd + σb
= 178.45 + 170.85 σ max
2
= 349.30 kN/m /m = 349.30
kN/m 2 /m
σ min = σd - σb
= 178.45 - 170.85 σ min
2
= 7.6 kN/m /m = 7.6
< 360 2 2
kN/m kN/m /m
Hence OK


A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 1.005 193.05
V2 121.39 1.495 181.48
Capping beam, W1 12.70 1.250 15.88
Pier - W2 48.56 1.250 60.70
Pier - W3 137.82 1.250 172.28
Pier - W4 162.16 1.250 202.70
Pier - W5 156.76 1.250 195.95
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 31.82 10.15 322.97
Sub Total 1022.04 322.97
= 699.1
kNm/m

RDA Bridge
Cl. 2.1 = 1022.04 / 323.0 = 3.2
= 3.2 > 1.3

z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9








e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 1022.0 - 323.0

374.7
e' = 1.865 m e'

= 1.865
e = b/2 - e'
e = 2.500 /2 - 1.87
e = 0.615 m e
= 0.615
m
I = 1/12 x b 3 x d
3
I = 2.500 X 1.00
12
I = 1.302 m4
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 374.7 X 0.615
M = 230.6 kNm/m
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 230.6 X 1.25
1.302
2
σb = 221.4 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 374.7
2.5 X 1.00
2
σd = 149.90 kN/m /m

σ max = σd + σb
= 149.90 + 221.42 σ max
= 371.32 kN/m 2 /m = 371.32
2
kN/m /m

σ min = σd - σb
= 149.90 - 221.42 σ min
2
= -71.5 kN/m /m = -71.5
< 360 kN/m 2 kN/m 2 /m
Hence OK

A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 1.505 289.10
V2 121.39 1.995 242.17
Capping beam, W1 12.70 1.750 22.23
Pier - W2 48.56 1.750 84.98
Pier - W3 137.82 1.750 241.19
Pier - W4 162.16 1.750 283.78
Pier - W5 156.76 1.750 274.33
Pier - W6 85.39 1.750 149.43
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 31.82 10.95 348.43
Sub Total 1587.21 348.43
= 1238.8
kNm/m

RDA Bridge
Cl. 2.1 = 1587.21 / 348.4 = 4.56
= 4.6 > 1.3

z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9








e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 1587.2 - 348.4
916.9
e' = 1.351 m e'

= 1.351
e = b/2 - e'
e = 3.500 /2 - 1.35
e = 0.399 m e
X = 0.399
m
1000
F
X
3500

I = 1/12 x b 3 x d
3
I = 3.500 X 1.00
12
4
I = 3.5729 m
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 877.5 X 0.399
M = 350.0 kNm/m
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 350.0 X 1.75
3.573
2
σb = 171.44 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 877.5
3.5 X 1.00
2
σd = 250.71 kN/m /m

σ max = σd + σb
= 250.71 + 171.44 σ max
2
= 422.15 kN/m /m = 422.15
2
kN/m /m
σ min = σd - σb
= 250.71 - 171.44 σ min
2
= 79.27 kN/m /m = 79.27
< 360 kN/m 2 kN/m /m 2
Hence OK
Stress Redistribution under the Foundation at Ultimate

Limit State
Le
V
2 e' e'
3.500
Fig. 6.4 Stress Redistribution under the Foundation at ULS

Le/3 = e'
Therefore V = 1/2×σ×Le
σ = 2V
3e'
2 X 916.87
3 X 1.35
= 452.41 kN/m 2

allowable bearing capacity under foundation is limited to 600kN/m 2


600 kN/m2 > 452.41 kN/m2
Hence Satisfactory.
Foundation Design,
J.E. Bowels Friction angle δ between concrete interface
0
Table 11-6 δ = 30
μ = tan (30 0 )
= 0.58

Hand Book = 0.58 x 916.87
Table 187 = 529.03 kN/m
F.O.S = 529.03
31.82
F.O.S = 16.6 > 1.5
6.2.3 Wet Condition Serviceability limit state
450 855
V1 V2
W1
A
1900
W2
WATER CURRENT PRESSURE
P1 = 52 K V2
400 900 B HFL 542.866
400
1200
DEBRIS FORCE PRESSURE
P2 = 52 K V2
2500
W3
200 1700
200
C
2500
W4
200 2100 D
200
300-2000
VARIES
W5
500 2500 E DEEPEST SCOUR LEVEL

600
W6
534.300 F
3500

The stuctural design is made for Serviceability loads.
RDA Bridge Force due to Water Current & Debries and Log Impact
Design Manual Force due to water current & force due to debries are acting
0
Cl. 2.2.5 on a pier with an angle of 20 .
Essentials of Bridge Pressure due to water current = 52 kv2 kg/m 2

Eng. By D.J. Victor V= √2 xMean velocity of water(vm)
4th Edition, 1991 = √2 x 1.6
Cl 3.14 = 2.26 m/s
k= 0.66 (Semi circular cut ways)
2
Water current Pressure = 52 x 0.66 x 2.26
= 175.29 kg/m 2
= 1.72 kg/m 2
Water Current affecting height, h

h = HFL-deepest Scour level
= 542.866 - 534.053
= 8.813 m
Water current force, P1 = 1/2 x P1 x h

= 1/2 x 1.72 x 8.813
= 7.58 kN/m
Effective component of water current force Water

0
= P1 Sin20 current
= 7.58 x Sin200 force
= 2.59 kN/m = 2.59
kN/m
2 2
RDA Bridge Pressure due to Floating debris = 52 kv kg/m
Design Manual V= √2 xMean velocity of water(vm)
Cl. 2.2.5 = √2 x 1.6
= 2.26 m/s
2
Floating debris Pressure = 52 x 1 x 2.26
2
= 265.6 kg/m
2
= 2.61 kg/m
Floating debris affecting height, h

h = HFL-deepest Scour level-1.2m
= 542.866 - 534.053 - 1.2 m
= 7.613 m
Floating debris force, P2 = 1/2 x P1 x h

= 1/2 x 2.61 x 7.613
= 9.93 kN/m
Effective component of Floating debris force Floating

0
= P1 Sin20 debris
= 3.4 kN/m = 3.4
kN/m
RDA Bridge Log impact Force P3 = 0.1 W .V
Cl. 2.2.5 = √2 x 1.6
= 2.26 m/s
W = Wieght of drifting items ; 2 ton (assumed)
W = 2 x 9.81 x 1000/1000 kN
W = 19.6 kN
Log impact Force P3 = 0.1 x 19.62 x 2.26

= 4.43 kN/m
Effective component of Log impact force

0
= P1 Sin20 Log impact
= 1.52 kN/m = 1.52
kN/m
BS 5400 Part 2 Table 6.16 Calculation of Serviceability loads
Live load 70.70 1.20 1.00 84.84
Capping beam, W1 10.04 1.00 1.00 10.04
Pier - W2 38.39 1.00 1.00 38.39
Pier - W3 63.66 1.00 1.00 63.66
Pier - W4 74.91 1.00 1.00 74.91
Pier - W5 72.41 1.00 1.00 72.41
Pier - W6 39.44 1.00 1.00 39.44
Sub Total 506.25
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 23.14 1.00 1.00 23.14
Sub Total 23.14

A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 0.205 39.38
V2 121.39 0.695 84.37
Capping beam, W1 10.04 0.450 4.52
Pier - W2 38.39 0.450 17.28
Longitudinal Forces
Sub Total 145.55 54.38
= 91.2
kNm/m

RDA Bridge
Cl. 2.1 = 145.55 / 54.4 = 2.7
= 2.7 > 1.3

z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9








e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 145.6 - 54.4

361.9
e' = 0.252 m e'

= 0.252
e = b/2 - e'
e = 0.9 /2 - 0.25
e = 0.198 m e
= 0.198
m
I = 1/12 x b 3 x d
3
I = 0.9 X 1.00
12
I = 0.0608 m4
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 361.9 X 0.198
M = 71.7 kNm/m
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 71.7 X 0.45
0.061
2
σb = 531.0 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 361.9
0.9 X 1.00
2
σd = 402.12 kN/m /m

σ max = σd + σb
= 402.12 + 531.03 σ max
2
= 933.16 kN/m /m = 933.16
kN/m 2 /m

σ min = σd - σb
= 402.12 - 531.03 σ min
2
= -128.9 kN/m /m = -128.9
< 360 kN/m 2 kN/m 2 /m
Hence OK


A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 0.605 116.21
V2 121.39 1.095 132.92
Capping beam, W1 10.04 0.850 8.53
Pier - W2 38.39 0.850 32.63
Pier - W3 63.66 0.850 54.11
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 23.14 5.250 121.49
force 1.425 1.545 2.2
force 3.02 0.886 2.68
force 1.52 2.900 4.41
Sub Total 344.40 130.78
= 213.6
kNm/m

RDA Bridge
Cl. 2.1 = 344.40 / 130.8 = 2.6
= 2.6 > 1.3

z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9








e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 344.4 - 130.8

425.6
e' = 0.502 m e'

= 0.502
e = b/2 - e'
e = 1.700 /2 - 0.50
e = 0.348 m e
= 0.348
m
3
I = 1/12 x b x d
3
I = 1.7 X 1.00
12
I = 0.409 m4
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 425.6 X 0.348
M = 148.1 kNm/m
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 148.1 X 0.85
0.409
2
σb = 307.5 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 425.6
1.7 X 1.00
2
σd = 250.34 kN/m /m

σ max = σd + σb
= 250.34 + 307.50 σ max
= 557.84 kN/m 2 /m = 557.84
kN/m 2 /m
σ min = σd - σb
= 250.34 - 307.50 σ min
2
= -57.2 kN/m /m = -57.2
< 360 kN/m 2 kN/m /m 2
Hence OK

A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 0.805 154.63
V2 121.39 1.295 157.20
Capping beam, W1 10.04 1.050 10.54
Pier - W2 38.39 1.050 40.31
Pier - W3 63.66 1.050 66.84
Pier - W4 74.91 1.050 78.66
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 23.14 7.950 183.96
force 2.247 3.535 7.94
force 6.257 2.498 15.63
force 1.52 5.600 8.51
Sub Total 508.18 216.04
= 292.1
kNm/m

RDA Bridge
Cl. 2.1 = 508.18 / 216.0 = 2.4
= 2.4 > 1.3

z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9









e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 508.2 - 216.0

361.9
e' = 0.807 m e'

= 0.807
e = b/2 - e'
e = 2.100 /2 - 0.81
e = 0.243 m e
= 0.243
m
3
I = 1/12 x b x d
3
I = 2.100 X 1.00
12
4
I = 0.7718 m
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 361.9 X 0.243
M = 87.9 kNm/m
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 87.9 X 1.05
0.772
2
σb = 119.5 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 361.9
2.1 X 1.00
2
σd = 172.34 kN/m /m

σ max = σd + σb
= 172.34 + 119.54 σ max
2
= 291.88 kN/m /m = 291.88
kN/m 2 /m

σ min = σd - σb
= 172.34 - 119.54 σ min
= 52.8 kN/m 2 /m = 52.8
< 360 2 2
kN/m kN/m /m
Hence OK


A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 1.005 193.05
V2 121.39 1.495 181.48
Capping beam, W1 10.04 1.250 12.55
Pier - W2 38.39 1.250 47.99
Pier - W3 63.66 1.250 79.58
Pier - W4 74.91 1.250 93.64
Pier - W5 72.41 1.250 90.51
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 23.14 10.15 234.87
force 2.557 4.932 12.61
force 7.478 4.124 30.84
force 1.52 7.800 11.86
Sub Total 698.80 290.18
= 408.6
Total bending moment = 408.6 kNm/m kNm/m

RDA Bridge F.O.S = Stability moment / Over turning F.O.S
Design Manual = 698.80 / 290.2 = 2.4
Cl. 2.1 = 2.4 > 1.3

z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9








e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 698.8 - 290.2

361.9
e' = 1.129 m e'

= 1.129
e = b/2 - e'
e = 2.500 /2 - 1.13
e = 0.121 m e
= 0.121
m
I = 1/12 x b 3 x d
3
I = 2.500 X 1.00
12
4
I = 1.302 m
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 361.9 X 0.121
M = 43.8 kNm/m
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 43.8 X 1.25
1.302
2
σb = 42.0 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 361.9
2.5 X 1.00
2
σd = 144.76 kN/m /m

σ max = σd + σb
= 144.76 + 42.02 σ max
2
= 186.78 kN/m /m = 186.78
kN/m 2 /m

σ min = σd - σb
= 144.76 - 42.02 σ min
2
= 102.7 kN/m /m = 102.75
< 360 kN/m 2 kN/m 2 /m
Hence OK

A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 1.505 289.10
V2 121.39 1.995 242.17
Capping beam, W1 10.04 1.750 17.57
Pier - W2 38.39 1.750 67.18
Pier - W3 63.66 1.750 111.41
Pier - W4 74.91 1.750 131.09
Pier - W5 72.41 1.750 126.72
Pier - W6 39.44 1.750 69.02
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 23.14 10.95 253.38
force 2.59 5.876 15.22
force 3.4 5.075 17.26
force 1.52 8.813 13.4
Sub Total 1054.26 299.26
= 755.0
kNm/m

RDA Bridge
Cl. 2.1 = 1054.26 / 299.3 = 3.5
= 3.5 > 1.3

z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9








e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 1054.3 - 299.3

612.3
e' = 1.233 m e'

= 1.233
e = b/2 - e'
e = 3.500 /2 - 1.23
e = 0.517 m e
= 0.517
m
X
1000
F
X
3500

I = 1/12 x b 3 x d
3
I = 3.500 X 1.00
12
4
I = 3.573 m
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 506.3 X 0.517
M = 261.7 kNm/m
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 261.7 X 1.75
3.573
2
σb = 128.20 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 506.3
3.5 X 1.00
2
σd = 144.64 kN/m /m

σ max = σd + σb
= 144.64 + 128.20 σ max
2
= 272.84 kN/m /m = 272.84
2
kN/m /m

σ min = σd - σb
= 144.64 - 128.20 σ min
2
= 16.45 kN/m /m = 16.45
< 360 kN/m 2 kN/m 2 /m
Hence OK
Stress Redistribution under the Foundation at Serviceability

Limit State
Le
V
2 e' e'
3.500
Fig. 6.4 Stress Redistribution under the Foundation at SLS

Le/3 = e'
Therefore
V = 1/2×σ×Le
σ = 2V
3e'
2 X 612.33
3 X 1.23
= 331.08 kN/m 2
2
allowable bearing capacity under foundation is limited to 600kN/m


600 kN/m2 > 331.08 kN/m2
Hence Satisfactory.
Foundation Design,
J.E. Bowels
Table 11-6 Friction angle δ between concrete interface
0
δ = 30
0
μ = tan (30 )
= 0.58

Hand Book = 0.58 x 612.33
Table 187 = 353.31 kN/m

F.O.S = 353.31
30.65
F.O.S = 11.5 > 1.5

6.2.4 Wet Condition Ultimate limit state
450 855
V1 V2
W1
A
1900
W2
WATER CURRENT PRESSURE
P1 = 52 K V2
400 900 B HFL 542.866
400
1200
DEBRIS FORCE PRESSURE
P2 = 52 K V2
2500
W3
200 1700
200
C
2500
W4
200 2100 D
200
300-2000
VARIES
W5
500 2500 E DEEPEST SCOUR LEVEL

600
W6
534.300 F
3500
The stuctural design is made for Ultimate loads.
RDA Bridge Force due to Water Current & Debries and Log Impact
Design Manual Force due to water current & force due to debries are acting
0
Cl. 2.2.5 on a pier with an angle of 20 .
Essentials of Bridge Pressure due to water current = 52 kv2 kg/m 2

Eng. By D.J. Victor V= √2 xMean velocity of water(vm)
4th Edition, 1991 = √2 x 1.6
Cl 3.14 = 2.26 m/s
2
Water current Pressure = 52 x 0.66 x 2.26
= 175.29 kg/m 2
= 1.72 kg/m 2
Water Current affecting height, h

h = HFL-deepest Scour level
= 542.866 - 534.053
= 8.813 m
Water current force, P1 = 1/2 x P1 x h
= 1/2 x 1.72 x 8.813
= 7.58 kN/m
Effective component of water current force Water

0
= P1 Sin20 current
= 2.59 kN/m = 2.59
kN/m
2 2
RDA Bridge Pressure due to Floating debris = 52 kv kg/m
Cl. 2.2.5 = √2 x 1.6
= 2.26 m/s
2
Floating debris Pressure = 52 x 1 x 2.26
= 265.6 kg/m 2
2
= 2.61 kg/m
Floating debris affecting height, h

h = HFL-deepest Scour level-1.2m
= 542.866 - 534.053 - 1.2 m
= 7.613 m
Floating debris force, P2 = 1/2 x P1 x h

= 1/2 x 2.61 x 7.613
= 9.93 kN/m
Effective component of Floating debris force Floating

0
= P1 Sin20 debris
= 3.4 kN/m = 3.4
kN/m
RDA Bridge Log impact Force P3 = 0.1 W .V
Cl. 2.2.5 = √2 x 1.6
= 2.26 m/s
W = Wieght of drifting items
W = 2 ton (assumed)
W = 2 x 9.81 x 1000/1000 kN
W = 19.6 kN
Log impact Force P3 = 0.1 x 19.62 x 2.26

= 4.43 kN/m
Effective component of Log impact force
= P1 Sin200 Log impact
= 1.52 kN/m = 1.52
kN/m
BS 5400 Part 2 Table 6.22 Calculation of Ultimate loads
Live load 70.70 1.50 1.10 116.66
Capping beam, W1 10.04 1.15 1.10 12.7
Pier - W2 38.39 1.15 1.10 48.56
Pier - W3 63.66 1.15 1.10 80.53
Pier - W4 74.91 1.15 1.10 94.76
Pier - W5 72.41 1.15 1.10 91.6
Pier - W6 39.44 1.15 1.10 49.89
Sub Total 652.13
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 23.14 1.25 1.10 31.82
Sub Total 31.82



A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 0.205 39.38
V2 121.39 0.695 84.37
Capping beam, W1 12.7 0.450 5.72
Pier - W2 48.56 0.450 21.85
Longitudinal Forces
Sub Total 151.32 74.78
= 76.5

RDA Bridge
Cl. 2.1 = 151.32 / 74.8 = 2.0
= 2.0 > 1.3

z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9








e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 151.3 - 74.8

374.7
e' = 0.204 m e'

= 0.204
e = b/2 - e'
e = 0.9 /2 - 0.20
e = 0.246 m e
= 0.246
m
I = 1/12 x b 3 x d
3
I = 0.9 X 1.00
12
I = 0.0608 m4
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 374.7 X 0.246
M = 92.1 kNm/m
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 92.1 X 0.45
0.061
2
σb = 682.2 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 374.7
0.9 X 1.00
2
σd = 416.38 kN/m /m

σ max = σd + σb
= 416.38 + 682.17 σ max
2
= 1098.5 kN/m /m = 1098.5
kN/m 2 /m
σ min = σd - σb
= 416.38 - 682.17 σ min
2
= -265.8 kN/m /m = -265.8
< 360 2 2
kN/m kN/m /m
Hence OK


A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 0.605 116.21
V2 121.39 1.095 132.92
Capping beam, W1 12.70 0.850 10.80
Pier - W2 48.56 0.850 41.28
Pier - W3 80.53 0.850 68.45
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 31.82 5.250 167.06
force 1.425 1.545 2.2
force 3.02 0.886 2.68
force 1.52 2.900 4.41
Sub Total 369.66 176.35
= 193.3
kNm/m

RDA Bridge
Cl. 2.1 = 369.66 / 176.4 = 2.1
= 2.1 > 1.3

z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9








e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 369.7 - 176.4

455.3
e' = 0.425 m e'

= 0.425
e = b/2 - e'
e = 1.700 /2 - 0.42
e = 0.425 m e
= 0.425
m
3
I = 1/12 x b x d
3
I = 1.7 X 1.00
12
I = 0.409 m4
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 455.3 X 0.425
M = 193.7 kNm/m
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 193.7 X 0.85
0.409
2
σb = 402.1 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 455.3
1.7 X 1.00
2
σd = 267.81 kN/m /m

σ max = σd + σb
= 267.81 + 402.08 σ max
= 669.89 kN/m 2 /m = 669.89
kN/m 2 /m

σ min = σd - σb
= 267.81 - 402.08 σ min
2
= -134.3 kN/m /m = -134.3
< 360 kN/m 2 kN/m 2 /m
Hence OK

A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 0.805 154.63
V2 121.39 1.295 157.20
Capping beam, W1 12.70 1.050 13.34
Pier - W2 48.56 1.050 50.99
Pier - W3 80.53 1.050 84.56
Pier - W4 94.76 1.050 99.50
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 31.82 7.950 252.97
force 2.247 3.535 7.94
force 6.257 2.498 15.63
force 1.52 5.600 8.51
Sub Total 560.22 285.05
= 275.2
kNm/m

RDA Bridge
Cl. 2.1 = 560.22 / 285.1 = 2.0
= 2.0 > 1.3

z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9








e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 560.2 - 285.1
374.7
e' = 0.7343 m e'

= 0.7343
e = b/2 - e'
e = 2.100 /2 - 0.73
e = 0.316 m e
= 0.316
m
3
I = 1/12 x b x d
3
I = 2.100 X 1.00
12
4
I = 0.7718 m
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 374.7 X 0.316
M = 118.3 kNm/m
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 118.3 X 1.05
0.772
2
σb = 161.0 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 374.7
2.1 X 1.00
2
σd = 178.45 kN/m /m
σ max = σd + σb
= 178.45 + 160.96 σ max
2
= 339.41 kN/m /m = 339.41
kN/m 2 /m

σ min = σd - σb
= 178.45 - 160.96 σ min
= 17.5 kN/m 2 /m = 17.5
< 360 2 2
kN/m kN/m /m
Hence OK


A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 1.005 193.05
V2 121.39 1.495 181.48
Capping beam, W1 12.70 1.250 15.88
Pier - W2 48.56 1.250 60.70
Pier - W3 80.53 1.250 100.66
Pier - W4 94.76 1.250 118.45
Pier - W5 91.60 1.250 114.50
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 31.82 10.15 322.97
force 2.557 4.932 12.61
force 7.478 4.124 30.84
force 1.52 7.800 11.86
Sub Total 784.72 378.28
= 406.4

RDA Bridge
Cl. 2.1 = 784.72 / 378.3 = 2.1
= 2.1 > 1.3

z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9








e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 784.7 - 378.3

374.7
e' = 1.085 m e'

= 1.085
e = b/2 - e'
e = 2.500 /2 - 1.08
e = 0.165 m e
= 0.165
Second moment of innertia , I m
3
I = 1/12 x b x d
3
I = 2.500 X 1.00
12
4
I = 1.3021 m
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 374.7 X 0.165
M = 62.0 kNm/m
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 62.0 X 1.25
1.302
2
σb = 59.5 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 374.7
2.5 X 1.00
2
σd = 149.90 kN/m /m

σ max = σd + σb
= 149.90 + 59.51 σ max
2
= 209.40 kN/m /m = 209.40
kN/m 2 /m

σ min = σd - σb
= 149.90 - 59.51 σ min
2
= 90.4 kN/m /m = 90.4
< 360 kN/m 2 kN/m 2 /m
Hence OK

A (m) Ms Mo
Vertical Forces
V1 192.09 1.505 289.10
V2 121.39 1.995 242.17
Capping beam, W1 12.70 1.750 22.23
Pier - W2 48.56 1.750 84.98
Pier - W3 80.53 1.750 140.93
Pier - W4 94.76 1.750 165.83
Pier - W5 91.60 1.750 160.30
Pier - W6 49.89 1.750 87.31
Longitudinal Forces
Tractive force 31.82 10.95 348.43
force 2.59 5.876 15.22
force 3.4 5.075 17.26
force 1.52 8.813 13.4
Sub Total 1192.85 394.31
= 798.5
kNm/m

RDA Bridge
Cl. 2.1 = 1192.85 / 394.3 = 3.0
= 3.0 > 1.3

z
z 


 d
d
d













0
0

b

.
.0
5
5
d


.
M
5
2






f
0
0.
.
cu
2
2



5
5

0
.
.
.
004
0
2
0
0
5
.
.
1
9
9


3














 0
K
. 9








e' = Ms – Mo
V
e' = 1192.9 - 394.3

691.5
e' = 1.155 m e'

= 1.155
e = b/2 - e'
e = 3.500 /2 - 1.15
e = 0.595 m e
= 0.595
m
X
1000
F
X
3500

I = 1/12 x b 3 x d
3
I = 3.500 X 1.00
12
4
I = 3.573 m
Bending moment, M
M = V× e
M = 652.1 X 0.595
M = 388.2 kNm/m
σb = Mxy
I
σb = 388.2 X 1.75
3.573
2
σb = 190.13 kN/m /m
Direct stress, σ d
σd = V
bd
σd = 652.1
3.5 X 1.00
2
σd = 186.32 kN/m /m

σ max = σd + σb
= 186.32 + 190.13 σ max
2
= 376.45 kN/m /m = 376.45
2
kN/m /m

σ min = σd - σb
= 186.32 - 190.13 σ min
2
= -3.80 kN/m /m = -3.80
< 360 kN/m 2 kN/m 2 /m
Hence OK
Stress Redistribution under the Foundation at Ultimate

Limit State
Le
V
2 e' e'
3.500
Fig. 6.4 Stress Redistribution under the Foundation at ULS

Le/3 = e'
Therefore
V = 1/2×σ×Le
σ = 2V
3e'
2 X 691.52
3 X 1.15
= 399.23 kN/m 2
2
allowable bearing capacity under foundation is limited to 600kN/m


600 kN/m2 > 399.23 kN/m2
Hence Satisfactory.
Foundation Design,
J.E. Bowels
Table 11-6 Friction angle δ between concrete interface
0
δ = 30
0
μ = tan (30 )
= 0.58

Hand Book = 0.58 x 691.52
Table 187 = 399 kN/m

F.O.S = 399.00
39.33
F.O.S = 10.1 > 1.5

6.2.5 DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENT FOR PIER
FOUNDATION
This is calculated for Ultimate Limit State
Diameter of tor steel bar = 16 mm
Nominal cover = 50 mm
Depth of foundation = 600 mm
Effective Depth
d = (600 -50- 16/2)
= 542 mm
Width of the considered foundation section

b = 1000 mm
Width of the foundation

b = 3500 mm
(From 6.2.2 Dry Condition Ultimate limit state)
Ultimate Vertical Load (Vu) = 916.9 kN/m
Ultimate Stability Moment (Msu) = 1587.2 kNm/m
Ultimate Over Turning Moment (Mou) = 348.4 kNm/m
Eccentricity of the resulten force from the edge of the section

e' = 1.351 m
Eccentricity of the vertical force from the centre of the section

e = 0.399 m
2
Maximum stress, σ umax = 422.15 kN/m /m
2
Minimum stress, σ min = 79.27 kN/m /m
m
Rredistrubuted max bearing pressure under the foundation
σu = 452.41 kN/m 2
Lu
Vu
2e' e'
Y
σu
0.50
0.6
b 3.50 Y
Figure 6.7 Stress distribution diagram of left Pier
foundation under Ultimate Limit stage
Bending moment M x at any section given by
X2 X2
  U   X   2
1
MX X 
2 2 3
But,  X 
 X  U 
1  

 Le 
Hence,
U X 2  X 
MX   3  
6  Le 
Ultimate bending moment @ Section Y-Y, MY-Y
When, X = 0.5 m
2
MY-Y = 452.41 x 0.5 x (3 - 0.5 / 4.053)
6
= 54.23 kNm
Kz 
 d

b
 d


 0
M
. 5
2

f cu



0 . 25 
0
K
. 9








BS 8110 K' = 0.156

Part 1 : 1997
M
Cl. 3.4.4.4 K  2
bd f cu
fcu = 25 N/mm2
K = 54.2
1000Х 542^2 Х 25
= 0.0074
K < K'
Therefore, compression reinforcement is not required.

  K  
Lever arm, z  d  0 .5   0 . 25  

  0 .9  


  .012
z  d0.5 0.25 

  0.9 

z = 537.52 mm
But z should not exceed 0.95d

0.95 d = 0.95 x 542
= 515 mm
Therefore get, z = 515 mm
Required tension reinforcement , As = M

0.95  f y  z
AS = 54.2 x 106
0.95 x 460 x 515
AS = 241 mm2
100AS = 100 x 241

bd 1000 x 542
= 0.04 < 0.15
Hence nominal reinforcement shall be provided.
6.2.5.1 Main Reinforcement
BS 5400 Minimum main reinforcement requirement

Part 4 : 1990 AS = 0.15 x bd/100 mm2
Cl. 5.8.4.1 = 0.15 x 1000 x 542
100
= 813 mm2
No. of bars in section = 813/(π x 16^2/4)
= 4.05
Main bars
T16 @175
Provde T 16 @ 175 mm
provided As = (π x 16^2/4) Х 5.71 mm2

= 1149.4 mm2
Provided 100As/bd= 100x 1149 /(542x1000) As,prov

= 0.212 = 1149.4
mm2
6.2.5.2 Secondary Reinforcement
BS 5400 Minimum secondary reinforcement requirement

Part 4 : 1990 AS = 0.12 x bd/100 mm2
Cl. 5.8.4.2 = 0.12 x 1000 x 542
100
2
= 650 mm
No. of bars per 1m = 650 /(π x 16^2/4) Second. bars
= 3.24 T16 @250
Provde T 16 @ 250 mm
provided As = (π x ^2/4) Х 4 mm2

= 804.57 mm2
Provided 100As/bd= 100x 805 /(542x1000) As,prov

= 0.148 = 804.57
mm2
6.2.5.3 longitudinal Reinforcement for faces
BS 5400
Part 4 : 1990 Depth of side face > 600mm
Cl. 5.8.4.2 Minimum reinforcement requirement
AS = 0.05 x bd/100 mm2
= 0.12 x 1000 x 542
100
2
= 650 mm
No. of bars = 650 /(π x 16^2/4) No of. bars
= 3.24 4 T 16
Provde 4 T 16 @ 200 mm @200
provided As = (π x 16^2/4) Х 4 mm
2
2
= 804.57 mm As,prov
= 804.57
mm2
BS 5400 6.2.5.4 Check Shear for Pier Foundation
Part 4 : 1990
Cl. 5.3.3.1 Refer Figure 6.7
Shear stress at distance X from the edge of the foundation is Vx
Stress at any point

 X 
 X   U 1  
 Le 
And Shear force at any point of foundation
VX 
 U   X  X
2
U X  X 
VX   2  
2  Le 
Shear stress at any point of foundation
U X  X 
vX   2  
2d  Le 
When X = 0.500 m
vx = 452.41 x 0.500 x ( 2 - 0.500 )
2 x 0.542 4.05
vx = 391.61 KN/m2 vx =
3
= 0.392 N/mm 0.392
N/mm2
When X = 0.250 m
vx = 452.41 x 0.250 x ( 2 - 0.250 )
2 x 0.542 4.05
vx = 202.24 KN/m2
= 0.2 N/mm3
0.75√(fcu) = 0.75√(25)
= 3.75 N/mm2 > vx
Hence OK
Depth factor, ξs = (500/d)^(1/4)
= 500 ^(1/4)
542
= 0.98
Provided 100As/bd = 0.21
BS 5400 Ultimate shear stress in concrete vc

Part 4 : 1990 by linear interpolation
Table 8 100As/bd v c (N/mm2)
0.15 0.34
0.25 0.4
0.21 0.38
vc = 0.38 N/mm2
E s .vc = 0.98 x 0.38
2
= 0.37 N/mm
BS 5400 = 369.69 KN/m3 > v
Part 4 : 1990
Cl.5.4.4.1 Hence, shear rienforcement is not required


 M   . 022 
 K  

Kz
z 

 d
d
0.0
5 
. 5 
 0. 25
0 . 25 
  

b 2
 d f cu  0.9 
0 . 9  

6.2.5.5 Check for crack width of foundation
SLS BM due to live loads (Mq) = 107 kN/m

SLS BM due to dead loads (Mg) = 1005.4 kN/m
Total SLS BM for Crack width = 1112.6 kN/m
Bar Spacing = 175 mm
Main R/F diameter = 16 mm
Cover for R/F = 50 mm
Effective depth(d) = 542 mm
Section thickness(h) = 600 mm
Width of section (b) = 1000 mm
As provided = 1149 mm2
Reinforcement ratio ( ϕ = As/bh ) = 0.0021
2
BS 5400 Grade of concrete fcu = 25 N/mm
Part 4 : 1990 Static modulus of concrete (Ec) = 26 kN/mm2
Table 03 Modulus of elasticity of steel (Es) = 200 kN/mm2
Cl.4.3.2.1 Modular ratio (α = Es /(Ec/2) ) = 15.38
Cl.4.3.2.2 Characteristic strenth of R/F = 460 N/mm2
ɛc
ɛc fcb
h d Neutral axis
ɛs fs
ɛ1
Figure 6.8 Stress Strain Diagram
x/d = -αϕ + [αϕ(2+αϕ)]^(1/2)
x = -15.38x0.0021 +
542 [15.38x0.0021(2+15.38x0.0021)]^(1/2)
x = 0.223903 x 542
= 121 mm
Leaver arm ,z = d-x/3

= 542 - 121 /3
= 502 mm
At Servicebility limit state
700mm
110
235
3500 mm
4850mm
σ
= 110+(235-110)*(4.85-.7)/4.85
= 217 kN/m2
Moment at Servicebility limit state,M
M = 0.7x0.7x217/2+0.7x0.7/2x2/3x(235-217)
= 56.11 kNm
Steel tension stress, fs = M

As z
56.11 x 106
1149 x 502.00
= 97.278 N/mm2
0.87fy = 0.87 x 460

2
= 400.2 N/mm
BS 5400
Part 4 : 1990 fs < 0.87fy
Cl.5.3.2.3 Hence O.K
Concrete Compression Stress, fcb = 2M

fcb = 2M xbz
xbz
= 2 x 56.11 x 106
121 x 1000 x 502
= 1.85 N/mm2
0.45fcu = 0.45 x 25.00

= 11.25 N/mm2
fcb < 0.45fcu

Hence O.K
Calculated stain at notational surface,ɛ1
ɛ1 = fs h-x
Es d-x
= 97.278 600 - 121

200 x 103 542 - 121
= 0.000553
Calculated strain in the tension reinforcement ,ɛs
ɛs = fs
Es
= 97.278
3
200 x 10
= 0.000486
Moment at the section considered due to permenent loads,Mg

Mg = 1348 x 56.11 kNm
1366
= 55.4 kNm
Moment at the section considered due to live loads,Mq

Mq = 18 x 56.11 kNm
1366
= 0.7 kNm
dc = x = 121 mm
a' = 600 - 50
= 550 mm
BS 5400 Calculated stain at cracking surface,ɛm

Part 4 : 1990
Cl.5.8.8.2 ɛm = ɛ1 - 3.8bth(a'-dc) 1- Mq 10-9
Equation 25 ɛsAs(h-dc) Mg
= 0.000553 - 3.8 x1000X600(550-121)

0.000486x1149(600-121)
x 1 - 1 x 10-9
55
= 0.000553 - 0.003609145
= -0.003056
ɛm < 0
Hence section is uncracked

6 Halaba Bridge Pier

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6 Halaba Bridge Pier

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Verfügbare Formate

MÄGA ENGINEERING (PVT) LTD.

Design of Halaba Bridge at 8+380 Sheet No

400 900 B HFL 542.866

Fig. 4.6 Section of Pier

The stability of the Pier is checked for the following conditions

Pier bottom level = 536.830 m

Weight of dry mass concrete (γ) = 23.60 KN/m2

Weight of dry soil (γ) = 17.28 KN/m3

Weight of dry Porous fill material (γ) = 18.00 KN/m3

400 900 B HFL 542.866

Fig. 6.1 Section of Pier

Cross sectional area of the deck

Volume of concrete in deck

Net volume of concrete in deck

Load due to weight of concrete in deck

Load due to weight of concrete in deck per m (one side)

Weight of the curtain wall

Load for unit length of curtain wall

Total dead load per meter length

Load due to weight of wearing surface

Total super imposed dead load

BS 5400-Part 2 Nominal knife edge load = 120 kN/lane

BS 5400-Part 2 6.1.1.4 Nominal Live Load on Footways

Width of foot walk = 1.60 m

Total pedestrian live load

Total HA live load acting on a capping beam

RDA Bridge Tractive force for Pier

Total tractive force per unit length of capping beam HA Tractive

6.2.1.2 Check for Stability

Essentials of Bridge Fig. 6.2 Section of Capping Beam

Bridge Design Factor of safety against overturning

The stuctural design is made for ultimate loads.

BS 5400 Minimum cover is 45 mm for grade 25 concrete

BS 8110 K' = 0.156

Required tension reinforcement , As = M

100AS = 100 x 1071

= 0.3114 > 0.15

6.1.3.1 Main Reinforcement

BS 5400 Minimum main reinforcement requirement

Therefore Provide16mm Φ tor steel bars at 114mm intervals

provided As = (π x 16^2/4) Х 7 mm2 As,prov

Shear stress,v = V/bd

Depth factor, ξs = (500/d)^(1/4)

BS 5400 Ultimate shear stress in concrete vc

Provide φ10mm tor steel shear stirups,2 legs,

400 900 B HFL 542.866

Fig. 6.1 Section of Pier

The stuctural design is made for Serviceability loads.

V1 = Dead load + Superimposed dead load + Live load

6.2.1.1 Analysis of Pier section 2 for Stability

Table 6.5 Moments about point B

6.2.1.1a Check for Stability

Factor of safety against overturning

Therefore section is safe in stability.

6.2.1.1b Check for StressesKz

Total vertical force, V = 361.91 kN/m

e' = 145.6 - 54.4

e' = 0.252 m e'

Minimum stress, σ min

6.2.1.2 Analysis of Pier section 3 for Stability

Table 6.6 Moments about point C

6.2.1.2a Check for Stability

Factor of safety against overturning