Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings

 The Profile of the Angat River in Terms of its Length and Average Slope

The stretch has its initial benchmark at the Bustos Gauging Station with an elevation

of 5.18 meters or 17 feet from the datum WGS84 and last benchmark at the Calumpit

Station with an elevation of 0.91 meter or 3 feet from WGS84 which is situated near the

confluence of Angat and Pampanga River. It was observed that the difference in

elevation of the Angat Riverbed’s upstream (Bustos) and downstream (Calumpit) is 4.27

m. The Angat river stretch is 30,354.08 meters long and has an average slope of

0.014%.

 The Land-use Map of the Chosen Area of Study

From the total of 9563.328 hectares, the distribution of the land areas and its uses

is: 209.3138 hectares of the area of study is the municipality of Bustos, 669.076

hectares belongs to San Rafael, 3184.911 hectares is Baliuag, 1337.536 hectares in

Pulilan, 959.9829 hectares in Plaridel, and 3202.502 hectares in Calumpit.

More so, the chosen area of study was classified according to its land uses:

agricultural, residential, and forest. From the total area of 9563.328 hectares of the
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chosen area of study, 35.06% is residential area. Also, the 52.59% was comprised by

agricultural areas covering a land area of 96,547 hectares. The remaining 12.35% was

covered by forests.

 The Typhoon Karen

The Typhoon Karen, upon hitting Luzon gave of an average amount of rainfall of

406.55 mm. This accumulated amount of rainfall fell itself under 25-year return period

category.

 The Stage Hydrograph of Control Points

1. Bustos Gauging Station

The highest river stage recorded is 9.82 meters at 14:50 or 2:50PM of

October 16, 2016 compared to the normal water level of 1.07 m from a gauge

reading with no significant typhoon experience at 3:50 PM of March 20, 2017.

It was observed that after of approximately 34 stages rose 0.35 meter from

7.12 meters to 7.47 meters. Moreover, after 14 hours, it reached the highest

level of 9.82 meters.

2. Calumpit Gauging Station

The highest river stage recorded is 2.88 meters at 23:50 or 11:50PM of

October 16, 2016 compared to the normal water level of 49 cm from a gauge

reading with no significant typhoon experience at 12:10 AM of March 20,

2017. It was observed that at the time Typhoon Karen was affecting the

province, the stage rose 0.52 meter from 1.98 meters to 2.50 meters.

Moreover, after almost 9 hours, it reached 2.70 meters which is the highest
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level that time then rose again to the highest stage of 2.88 meters after 6

hours.

 The Flood Hazard Map of Angat River

A. Water Level

The water level at the initial station at Bustos is 9.82 m and the lowest water

level is at downstream with an elevation of 2.46 m.

The significant change of flood depth was observed at station 30250 where

maximum flood depth occurred, with its difference from the initial depth of 0.07 m

and difference to the lowest depth of 7.43 m.

B. Inundated Areas

The assessment of the flood area indicates that a large percentage (50 %) of

vulnerable areas lies in Calumpit, followed by Baliuag, Pulilan, San Rafael,

Plaridel and Bustos comprising 23%, 12%, 8%, 5% and 1%, respectively. It was

observed that the most inundated area is Calumpit.

With the relationship of municipality area with the land use area, it shows

that the largest portion of inundated Agricultural land-use classification from its

total inundated area of 326.98 hectares falls under the greatest percentage of

inundated municipality which was Calumpit with an area of 208.83 hectares

followed by Baliuag, Plaridel, San Rafael, Pulilan and Bustos with an area of

50.20834598, 29.26192119, 18.29329266, 12.63380134, and 7.751809158

hectares respectively.
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The largest portion of inundated Forest land-use classification from its total

inundated area of 412.96 hectares falls under the second largest percentage of

inundated municipality which was Baliuag with an area of 172.73 hectares

followed by Calumpit, Pulilan, San Rafael, Plaridel and Bustos with an area of

89.26, 82.32, 52.73, 12.78, and 3.14 hectares respectively.

C. Velocity Channel

The average velocity is 1.043 m/s and maximum velocity of 3.99 m/s at sta.

19400.

Conclusions

This study presents a systematic approach in the preparation of necessary data

to develop flood maps in the chosen area of study through simulation of past Typhoon

with the application of steady flow models and GIS. The major tools/models used in this

method is one-dimensional numerical model HEC-RAS and ArcView GIS for spatial data

processing and HEC-GeoRAS for interfacing between HEC-RAS and ArcView GIS. The

following conclusions were drawn from the results of the simulations.

 The automated floodplain mapping and analysis using these tools provide more

efficient, effective and standardized results and saves time and resources.

 The most number of classification of land use is Agricultural areas which are

almost covering the western half of Bulacan which provides agribusiness since

rural areas still mostly depend on agriculture (in the plains) as a source of

income.
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 Typhoon Karen has 1/25 or 4% probability of occurrence within a 25-year time

period. Moreover, this classification also interpreted that this is 25% most likely to

happen for every year.

 The water level for the control points are typically unsteady since the discharge

through the channel would usually vary with time and the reason for this is the

temporal nature of the storm event that produced the flooding event.

 The assessment of the vulnerability due to the flooding was made with regard to

the development of one-dimensional flood model of Angat River accompanied

with supporting hydraulic data.

Recommendations

In light of the aforementioned findings and conclusions of the study, the following

recommendations were drawn:

 A field survey can help identifying proper values for parameters such as

Manning’s roughness coefficient and actual data on water level.

 Digital Elevation Model of higher resolution such as 1m by 1m pixel resolution will

help obtaining more accurate flooding simulation.

 The ending boundary of the selected stretch is at the Bagbag Bridge in Calumpit,

Bulacan. Develop a parallel flood map adopting the ending boundary of the study

as the new initial boundary of another study and setting the Angat River delta in

Hagonoy, Bulacan as the new ending boundary point.

 The researchers focused on typhoon classified as 25-year return period. Further

investigation may conduct regarding simulations of past typhoons with return

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year classifications of 50 years, 100 years, and 200 years to maximize the

visualization of possible scenarios on flooding.

 The study revolved on the development of one-dimensional flood model of Angat

River. Follow-up study on the conceptualization of evacuation strategy of flood

vulnerable areas referring from the developed flood model can be done.

 Follow-up study on the determination of the level of flood vulnerability per

barangay of municipalities of Bulacan.

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Journal of Environmental Science and Management 17(2): 17-28 (December 2014)

ISSN 0119-1144 Vulnerability to Flooding of the Towns of Mabitac and Santa Maria,

Laguna, Philippines Romeo C. Pati, Danielito T. Franco, Antonio J. Alcantara ,

Enrique P. Pacardo and Arsenio N. Resurreccion

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