81

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Gonzalez, R.C. and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing,
3rd Ed., Prentice Hall, New York (2008).
Gonzalez, R. C., R. E. Woods, and S. L. Eddins, Digital
Image Processing Using MATLAB® , Prentice Hall, New
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Computer Vision, Prentice Hall, New York (1998).

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 82

Index

1D DWT computation, 66 convolution filter, 12

2D DWT, 67, 68 correlation, 19, 20, 26
2D Fourier transform cross-correlation, 19
(FT), 17 cumulative distribution
adaptive histogram function (CDF), 15, 16
equalization, 16 cutoff frequency, 30
additive, 36 deconvolution, 41
Affine transform, 6 defocus, 40
affinity, 49 degradation, 36, 41
agglomerative clustering, degradation model, 36
48, 49 dendrogram, 49
aliasing, 5, 33 description, 3
autocorrelation, 19, 20 differential coding, 72
bands of frequencies, 64 dilation, 51, 52, 56, 57
basic wavelet, 66, 67 discrete convolution, 26
basis function, 58 discrete cosine transform
binary image, 5, 8, 45 (DCT), 74
binary image transform, 8 discrete form, 38
bit-plane image, 5 discrete Fourier
bit-plane slicing and transform (DFT), 18,
transformation, 8 23, 33, 37, 59
blind deconvolution, 41 discrete wavelet
block circulant matrix, 38 transform (DWT), 58,
circulant matrix, 38 63, 65
circular convolution, 26, disjoint, 53
27 distance measures, 48
closing, 52 edge detector, 13
clustering, 44, 48 equalized histogram, 15
coding redundancy, 69 erosion, 50, 52–55, 57
compact dyadic wavelet, error-free compression, 70
62 fast Fourier transform
compression ratio, 69 (FFT), 18
constrained restoration, fftshift, 24
39 filter-bank
continuous wavelet representation, 61
transform, 58 filter-bank theory, 63
convolution, 10, 11, 20, filtering, 28, 29
21, 26, 29, 35, 37, 57, first-order (1st derivative)
63, 65 gradient filter, 13

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 83

Index

fixed-length window, 58 image negative, 8

Fourier domain, 11 image preprocessing, 3
Fourier integral, 59 image quantization, 5
Fourier plane, 20 image restoration, 36, 37
Fourier series expansion, image rotation, 7
59 image sampling, 5
Fourier spectrum, 17, 60 image segmentation, 3,
Fourier transform (FT), 44, 45, 48
17, 19, 20, 29, 37, 41, image space, 46
58, 59, 61, 65 image transformation, 6
frequency-domain impulse function, 37
translation, 21 impulse response, 9, 21,
frequency–time domain, 37
58 independent variables, 2
global appearance, 15
intensity, 20, 45
gradient filter, 13
interpixel redundancy, 69,
graph theoretic
71
clustering, 49
interpretation, 3
grayscale erosion, 56
inverse discrete cosine
grayscale image, 4, 8
transform (DCT), 74
grayscale transform, 8
inverse discrete Fourier
Green’s function, 21
hard threshold, 44 transform (DFT), 18
Hebbian learning, 57 inverse filter, 41–43
high-pass (HP), 11 inverse Fourier transform
high-pass filter (HPF), 11, (FT), 17
29, 30 Joint Photographic
histogram, 15 Expert Group (JPEG),
histogram equalization, 75
15, 16 joint probability density
histogram matching, 16 function (PDF), 2
hit-or-miss transform, 53, joint transform
54, 57 correlation, 28
Hough transform, 44, 46, K-means clustering, 49
47 knowledge data, 3
Huffman coding, 69, 70 Laplacian edge operator,
image, 4 14
image acquisition, 3 linear, 11, 19, 23, 36, 37
image edge extraction, 14 linear convolution, 26

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 84

Index

linear space invariant orthogonal, 2, 65

(LSI) system, 9, 10 orthogonal function, 62
linear superposition, 9 orthogonal wavelet, 66
linear system, 9 orthonormal basis, 62
linear time-invariant orthonormal DWT, 66
(LTI) system, 9 parameter space, 46, 47
linear transform, 67 periodic signal, 34
LoG edge operator, 14 periodicity, 24
log transformation, 8 phase shift, 21
logical operations, 8 phase spectrum, 25
lossless compression, 70 point impulse response,
low-pass (LP), 11 37
low-pass filter (LPF), 11, point operation, 15, 16
29, 30 point processing, 8
magnitude spectrum, 25 point source, 37, 40
matched filtering, 20, 21, point spread function
28 (PSF), 21, 37
matrix format, 6 point-wise image
maximum disk, 55 averaging, 8
mean filter, 12 polar parameter space, 47
median, 12 polar representation, 47
median filter, 12 power law (gamma)
mirror filter, 65, 66 transformation, 8
modulation, 25 probability distribution
morphological filter, 12 function (PDF), 15,
morphological gradient, 16, 44, 45
56 psychovisual redundancy,
motion blur, 40 69
moving window, 10, 12 rank-order filtering, 57
multiplicative, 36 real signal, 24
multiresolution pyramid, real time, 40
63 recognition, 3
multiresolution/time-scale rect function, 35
analysis, 63 region growing, 44, 45
noise, 36, 43 region of support (ROS),
nonlinear, 36 62
Nyquist criterion, 31, 33 relative motion, 40
opening, 52 representation, 3
origin, 50 resolution, 31, 63, 64

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 85

Index

rotation, 7, 25 strict-sense stationary, 2

run-length encoding, 71 structuring element, 50
salt-and-pepper noise, 51 subband coding, 63–65
sampling, 31–33 superposition, 11
scaling, 7, 19, 25 superposition sum, 37
scaling expression, 7 system response, 26
scaling function, 66 system transfer function,
scaling vector, 65–67 21
scan lines, 71 thinning, 54
second-order (2nd thresholding, 44, 46
derivative) gradient time invariance, 37
filter, 14 time–frequency joint
seed, 45 analysis, 58
separability, 23, 61, 67 training, 57
shift invariance, 10 transform of a product, 21
signal-to-noise ratio transform of a transform,
(SNR), 28 20
sinc function, 34 translation, 6, 7, 21, 25
sinusoid, 47 translation matrix, 7
skeleton, 54, 55 translation property, 65
skeletonization, 55 tri function, 35
Sobel edge operator, 14 turbulent, 40, 42
soft (optimal) threshold, unconstrained
44, 45 restoration, 39
space invariance, 37 variable-length coding, 70
space-invariant system, variable-length window,
37 58
spatial domain, 20 wavelet basis, 60, 67
spatial image transform, wavelet basis function,
6 60–62
spatial redundancy, 71 wavelet series expansion,
spatial transform, 8 58
spatial-domain image wavelet transform, 58, 59,
transform, 6, 8 61
spectral density, 22 wavelet vector, 66, 67
spectrum, 17, 32, 34, 35 Weiner filter, 43
stationary process, 2 wide-sense stationary, 2
statistical filter, 12 zero padding, 27

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 Khan M. Iftekharuddin is a pro-
fessor of electrical and computer
engineering, and director of the
Vision Lab at Old Dominion Uni-
versity; he holds a joint appoint-
ment with the biomedical engineer-
ing program. Previously, he worked
in the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering at the Uni-
versity of Memphis, where he re-
ceived the Herff Outstanding Re-
searcher Award in 2011. He is the
principal author of more than 120 refereed journal
and conference proceedings papers, and multiple book
chapters on biomedical image processing, image post-
processing and distribution, and optical interconnection
networks. Dr. Iftekharuddin currently serves as an as-
sociate editor for several journals, including Optical
Engineering, International Journal of Imaging, The Open
Cybernetics and Systemics Journal, and International
Journal of Tomography and Statistics. He is a fellow of
SPIE, a senior member of IEEE, and a member of IEEE
CIS and OSA.

Abdul A. Awwal is a technical staff

member with the Laser Science En-
gineering and Operations division
of the Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory (LLNL), working in the
National Ignition Facility. He re-
ceived the R&D 100 Award in 2003
for the adaptive optics phoropter
and in 2008 for automatic align-
ment for laser fusion. Before joining
LLNL in 2002, he taught at Wright
State University, where he received the Excellence in
Teaching Award in 1996. His research interests are pat-
tern recognition, adaptive optics, optoelectronic comput-
ing, and optical/digital image processing. Dr. Awwal is the
author of 188 published articles, including 74 articles in
refereed journals and a text book on optical computing;
he also edited the book Adaptive Optics for Vision Science
(Wiley 2006). Currently, he is a topical editor (information
processing area) for Applied Optics. He is a fellow of SPIE
and OSA.

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