1 Theorems on sides of triangle

1. Angle opposite to greater side is greater.

2. Side opposite to greater angle is greater.
3. The sum of any two sides of the triangle is greater than third side.
4. a + b > 2mc

5. a + b + c > ma + mb + mc
6. 4 (ma + mb + mc ) > 3 (a + b + c)
7. 2s > (ma + mb + mc ) > 32 s

2 Area Properties
1. Triangles with equal bases have areas proportional to their heights
[4ABC] AP
In adjoining figure 4ABC and 4DBC have same base hence [4DBC] = DQ

2. Triangles with equal heights have areas proportional to their bases.

[4ABC] BC
In adjoining figure 4ABC and 4P QR lie in parallel lines, hence, have the same height therefore [4P QR] = QR

3. Triangles with collinear bases and opposite vertex common have areas proportional to their bases.
In adjoining figure 4ABC and 4ACD have collinear bases and opposite vertex common, hence, have the
[4ABC] BC
same height ,therefore [4ACD] = CD

4. A median divides the triangle into 6 triangles of equal areas.

Problems
AX BY
1. Points X, Y are taken on the sides CA, AB of 4ABC. If BX, CY meet at P and XC = YA = 12 , find the
value of the ratio PBP
X

2. Given triangle ABC, find all points P such that the areas of triangles ABP, BCP and ACP are equal.
3. In rectangle ABCD AB = 5, BC = 3 F and G are points on the side DC such that DF = 1, GC = 2 , If E
is the point of intersection of AF and BG, then find the area of 4ABE. (preRMO)
3 Locus
3.1 Locus Definition
The set of points satisfying the given condition is called locus.
eg: The locus of points which are at a distance 5 units from point P is a sphere of radius 5 and center P .

3.2 Perpendicular bisector theorem

The locus of the points equidistant from the end points of the segment is the perpendicular bisector.

Theorem 1. If point P lies on the perpendicular bisector of the segment AB , then, AP = BP

Converse: If point P is equidistant from points A and B(that is AP = BP ), then, point P lies on the perpendicular
bisector of the segment AB .

3.3 Angle bisector theorem

The locus of the points equidistant from the sides of the angle is the angle bisector.

Theorem 2. If point P lies on the angle bisector of the ∠ABC and P Q ⊥ BA, P R ⊥ BC,, then, P Q = P R
Converse:If point P is equidistant from sides BA and BC( that is P Q ⊥ BA, P R ⊥ BC,and, P Q = P R ),
then, point P lies on the angle bisector of the ∠ABC.

4 Similarity
4.1 Definition
1. Two triangles are said to be similar if all corresponding angles are equal and corresponding sides are in
proportion.

4.2 Tests of similarity

1. SSS
If three sides of a triangle are in proportion with corresponding sides of other triangle, then, these two triangles
are similar.
2. SAS
If two sides of a triangle are in proportion with corresponding sides of other triangle and the corresponding
pair of inclusive angles are congruent, then, these two triangles are similar.

3. AA
If two angles of a triangle are congruent with corresponding angles of other triangle then, these two triangles
are similar.

4.3 Properties
1. All possible lengths are in proportion.
2. All corresponding angles are equal.
3. Ratio of the areas of similar triangles is square of the ratio of their corresponding sides.
4.4 Basic proportionality theorem
Theorem 3. If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle and intersects the other sides in two distinct points
then the other sides are divided in the same ratio by it.

Converse: A line cutting two sides of a triangle in proportion is parallel to the third side.

4.5 Midpoint theorem

Theorem 4. The segment joining midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to third side and is half of the
third side.

Converse : The segment through the midpoint of one side of the triangle and parallel to second side bisects the
third side.

4.6 Angle bisector property

Theorem 5. In the triangle the angle bisector divides the opposite side in the ratio of other two sides.
The bisector of the internal ∠BAC of 4ABC meetBC at point D, then, BD AB
DC = AC = b
c

For internal angle: For external angle:

BD AB
Converse : Let AD be a cevian such that B − D − C,and DC = AC = cb , then, the ray AD bisects the internal
∠BAC.
BD AB
Let AD be a cevian such that B − C − D,and DC = AC = cb , then, the ray AD bisects the external ∠CAF .

5 Similarities in right triangle

In right triangle ABC, ∠B = 90o . Let BD be altitude then,
• 4ABC ∼ 4ADB ∼ 4BDC

5.1 Geometric mean properties

• BD2 = AD · CD
• AB 2 = AD.AC
• BC 2 = AC.CD
6 Pythagoras theorem
Theorem: In right triangle sum of squares of sides making right angle is equal to the square of the hypotenuse.
Given :In 4ABC, ∠C = 90o then AB 2 = AC 2 + BC 2

6.1 30-60-90 theorem

Theorem: In a triangle
√
if angles are 300 − 600 − 900 then side opposite to 30o is half of the hypotenuse and side
opposite to 60o is 23 of the hypotenuse.
Given: In triangle ABC, ∠A √ = 30o , ∠B = 90o , ∠C = 60o ,
To prove: AC = 2BC, AB = 3BC

6.2 45-45-90 theorem

Theorem: In a triangle if angles are 450 − 450 − 900 then side opposite to 45o is √1 of the hypotenuse .
2

6.3 Apollonius theorem

Given: In triangle ABC , letM be the midpoint of BC
To prove:

• AB 2 + AC 2 = 2AM 2 + 2BM 2
• AB 2 + AC 2 = 2AM 2 + 12 BC 2

6.4 Stewarts theorem

Given: In triangle ABC , let P be the any point of BC such that B − P − C, BP = m, CP = n,
To prove: n.c2 + m.b2 = (p2 + mn)a

Properties:
1


• The median through Point A, m2a = 4 2b2 + 2c2 − a2

• m2a + m2b + m2c = 34 a2 + b2 + c2

• The sum of the squares of the sides of parallelogram equals the sum of the squares of the diagonals.
a2 bc
• In any 4ABC, the angle bisectorAa of ∠A is given by A2a = cb − mn = cb − (b+c)2
7 Quadrilateral

7.1 Parallelogram
The following statements are all equivalent

• The quadrilateral is a parallelogram, that is, two pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
• Two pairs of opposite sides are congruent.
• One pair of opposite sides is parallel and congruent

• Diagonals bisect each other.

7.2 Rectangle
Parallelogram with all angles equal.

• Diagonals are congruent.

7.3 Rhombus
Parallelogram with all sides equal.
• Diagonals are perpendicular bisectors of each other.
• Diagonals are angle bisectors .

7.4 Square
Parallelogram with all sides and angles equal. (regular quadrilateral)
• Diagonals are congruent.

• Diagonals are perpendicular bisectors of each other.

• Diagonals are angle bisectors .

7.5 Trapezium
Quadrilateral with exactly one pair of opposite sides parallel.
• Base angles of isosceles trapezium are equal.
• The segment joining midpoints of two non-parallel sides is called the median of trapezium, its parallel to
parallel sides and half of their sum.

• The segment joining midpoints of diagonals is parallel to parallel sides and half of their difference.
• The intercept cut by the line parallel to parallel sides on nonparallel sides of a trapezium is the harmonic
mean of parallel sides.
• The line joining the point of intersection of diagonals and the point of intersection of the nonparallel sides,
bisects each of the parallel sides.
• The segment joining midpoints of opposite sides and diagonals are concurrent.
7.6 Kite
Quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides congruent but not all sides congruent is called kite.
• One of the diagonal is the axis of symmetry. that is it is perpendicular bisector of other diagonal and angle
bisector.

8 Centroid
Properties
In 4ABC let AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 be medians and G be the centroid, then,
• G divided each median in the ratio 2 : 1.
• Medians divides the area of triangle in 6 equal parts.
• G divided the segment joining orthocenter and circumcenter in the ratio 2 : 1.

8.1 Medial triangle

• 4AC 0 B 0 ' 4C 0 BA0 ' 4B 0 A0 C ' 4A0 B 0 C 0 and each of these triangles are similar to 4ABC ( The ratio of
similarity =1 : 2).
• G divides the triangle into 6 equiareal triangles.
• @AC 0 A0 B 0 ,@BA0 B 0 C 0 and @CB 0 C 0 A0 are parallelograms.
• 4ABC and 4A0 B 0 C 0 share same medians and hence same centroid.
• Perpendicular bisectors of sides of 4ABC are altitudes of the medial 4A0 B 0 C 0 so circumcenter of 4ABC is
the orthocenter of medial 4A0 B 0 C 0 .

9 Orthocenter
Properties
In 4ABC let AD, BE, CF be altitudes and H be the orthocenter, then,

• @AF HE ,@BDHF and @CEHD are cyclic

• @ABDE ,@BCEF and @CAF D are cyclic
• 4AEF ∼ 4DBF ∼ 4DEC ∼ 4ABC
• ∠ADF = ∠ADE = 90 − ∠A, ∠BEF = ∠BED = 90 − ∠B, ∠CF E = ∠CF D = 90 − ∠C
• Altitudes of 4ABC are the angle bisectors of the orthic triangle4DEF and H is the incenter of orthic triangle
4DEF .
• The reflection of H in the sides of triangle lies on its circumcircle.
• The circumcircle of 4HBC is congruent to the circumcircle of 4ABC
10 Circle
1. The perpendicular bisector of any chord passes through the center of the circle. (Converse is true).
2. Circle is symmetric about any of its diameter.
3. Two circles cannot intersect in more than two points.
4. Equal chords of circle are equidistant from the center.
5. The longer chord is at more distance from the center than the shorter one.

10.1 The tangents to circles

Properties:
1. Tangent segments from exterior points are congruent.
2. Point of contact of two tangent circles is collinear with the centers.
3. The common tangent to two circles is called direct common tangent ,if their centers are on the same side of
the tangent, and is called transverse common tangent ,if their centers are on the opposite side of the tangent.
radii r1 and r2 and the distance between their centers is d , then, the length
4. Let two circles have p p of the direct
common tangent is d2 − (r1 − r2 )2 , and the length of the transverse common tangent is d2 − (r1 + r2 )2

√
5. The length of the direct common tangent of two tangent circles is 2 r1 r2 .
6. The point of intersection of two direct (transverse) tangents is collinear with centers and divides the segment
joining centers and common tangent segment in the ratio of radii.(these are called internal (external) centers
of similitude.
OP OA AP r1
OQ = OC = CQ = r2

7. Number of the common tangents to two given circles with radii r1 , r2 and distance d between their centers is
given as follows
Case d n
1 d > r1 + r2 4
2 d = r1 + r2 3
3 r1 + r2 > d > r1 − r2 2
4 d = r1 − r2 1
5 d < r1 − r2 0

10.2 Angles that subtend equal arc

Properties
1. Angle subtended at center is double that the angle subtended at any point by an arc.
2. Angles subtended in any arc are equal. All angles that subtend same arc are equal.
3. Measure of an arc is defined as the measure of the central angle corresponding to the arc.
4. Measure of any angle with vertex on the circle is half the measure of the intercepted arcs.
5. Angles inscribed in the semicircle is right angle.
10.3 The value of an angle between two chords
1. Measure of any angle with vertex in the interior of the circle is half the sum of measures of the intercepted
arcs. Let m(arcAD) = 2mand m(arcBC) = 2n, then, m∠AP D = m∠BP C = m + n.

2. Measure of any angle with vertex in the exterior of the circle is half the difference of measures of the inter-
cepted arcs. Let m(arcAD) = 2mand m(arcBC) = 2n, then, m∠AP D = m∠BP C = m − n.

3. If A, B, C, D are concyclic points then ∠ACB = ∠ADB. Conversely if Cand D are two points on the same
side of segment AB that subtend equal angles then A, B, C, D is concyclic.(Hint use indirect proof)

10.4 The angle between a tangent and a chord

1. Tangent secant theorem: Given an angle with its vertex on the circle . If one of the angles touches the circle
and the other intersects the circle in two points , then, the measure of the angle is half the measure of the
intersepted arc m∠ABC = m∠CAD = 21 m(arcAC)..

10.5 Cyclic quadrilateral

• The sum of the opposite angles of the cyclic quadrilateral is 180o and VV.Hence its exterior angle is congruent
to its interior opposite angle.
• If a line segment joining two points subtends congruent angles at two other points lying on the same side of
the segment, then four points are concyclic.
• Any cyclic trapezium is always isosceles.
• Any cyclic parallelogram is a rectangle.

10.6 Circle inscribed in a quadrilateral

A quadrilateral ABCD has an inscribed circle iff AB + CD = AC + BD.

10.7 Power of point

• Let P be a point outside a circle . let secants from P cut the circle at A, B and C, D respectively and let P T
be the tangent then P T 2 = AP.BP = CP.DP and is called as power of the point P with respect to the given
circle.
• Conversely if two segments AB and CD ,intersecting at P such that AP · BP = CP · DP , then A, B, C, D are
concyclic.
• Hence if P be the intersection point of diagonals
a ofaconvex quadrilateral ABCD, then, quadrilateralABCD
is an inscribed one (cyclic) if and only if AP B ∼ DP C, i.e., P A · P C = P B · P D
 • Let P be a point inside a circle . Let chords from P cut the circle at A, B and C, D respectively AP.BP =
CP.DP . and is called as power of the pointP with respect to the given circle.
• The power of the point P with respect to the circle is |r2 − d2 | where d is the distance between the center of
the circle and P .

10.8 Ptolemy’s theorem

In any quadrilateral ABCD ,AB.CD + AD.BC ≥ AC.BC. The equality holds iff the quadrilateral cyclic .

11 Special circles related to triangles

11.1 Incircle
The circle touching all three sides of triangle and that lies inside the triangle is called the incircle. The incenter is
the point of concurrency of all 3 angle bisectors.Inradius is denoted by r.
In triangle ABC,let incircle meet the side at D, E, F , then
A(4ABC) = A(4IAB) + A(4IBC) + A(4IAC)
∴ 4 = 21 (ra + rb + rc) = rs
∴r = 4 s ,
Also let AF = AE = x, BF = BD = y and CF = CE = z =⇒ s = x + y + z
∴ AF = AE = s − a, BF = BD = s − b and CF = CE = s − c

11.2 Incircle of right triangle

Let ABC be a right triangle with ∠B = 90o ,As shown in the figure
@IF BD is a square hence AE = AF = c − r, CE = CD = a − r
∴ AC = a + c − 2r =⇒ 2r = a + c − b
∴r =s−b
Hence inradius of right triangle is the difference between semiperimeter and hypotenuse.

11.3 Angles around Incenter

∠BIC = 12 ∠B and ∠CIB = 21 ∠C =⇒ ∠BIC = 90o + 12 ∠A
Similarly ∠CIA = 90o + 21 ∠B and ∠AIB = 90o + 12 ∠C
11.4 Excircle
The circle touching all three sides of triangle and that lies outside the triangle is called the incircle. The excenter of
the excircle opposite to the vertex A is denoted by Ia and is the point of concurrency of two external angle bisectors
and one internal bisector. Exradius of the excircle opposite to the vertex A is denoted by ra .
In triangle ABC ,let excircle meet the side at X, Y, Z , then
A(4ABC) = A(4Ia AB) + A(4Ia AC) − A(4Ia BC)
∴ 4 = 21 (rc + rb − ra) = r(s − a)
4
∴r = s−a ,
Also let BZ = BX = x, CX = CY = y and AZ = AY =⇒ 2AZ = c + x + y + b = a + b + c =⇒ AZ = AY = s
∴ BZ = BX = s − c, CX = CY = s − b

11.5 Exradius of a right triangle.

a+b+c
In triangle ABC, angle ∠C is a right one. Then the exradius opposite to hypotenuse is rc = 2 .

11.6 Properties
4
• ra = s−a

• Ia , B, Ic are collinear points.

• The quadrilateral IBIa C is a cyclic with circumcenter is point of intersection of the circumcircle 4ABC of
with Ia I and diameter Ia I .
• I is the orthocenter of 4Ia Ib Ic .

• The circumradius of 4Ia Ib Ic is 2R.

• The circumcircle of 4ABC is the nine point circle of4Ia Ib Ic .
• (Euler) Let O be the center of the circumscribed circle of triangle ABC, let I be the center of the inscribed
circle, Ia the center of the escribed circle tangent to side BC, then
,a) d2 = R2 − 2Rr, where d = OI; b) d2a = R2 + 2Rra , whereda = OIa
12 Euler line theorem
• Let H, O and A0 be orthocenter , circumcenter and midpoint of BC in 4ABC, then AH = 2SA0
• In any triangle (other than equilateral) , the centriod G trisects the segment joining orthocenter H and the
circumcenter S, and the midpoint of this segment is nine point center N .

13 Nine point circle

13.1 Medial triangle
Properties:

• Sides of medial triangle 4A0 B 0 C 0 . are half and parallel to the corresponding sides of 4ABC.
• 4A0 B 0 C 0 ∼ 4ABC with ratio of similarity 1 : 2
• @A0 B 0 AC 0 @BA0 B 0 C 0 and CB 0 C 0 B are parallelograms.
• 4ABC and 4A0 B 0 C 0 share common medians and hence centroid.

• The circumcenter of 4ABC is the orthocenter of medial 4A0 B 0 C 0 .

13.2 Special triangle congruent to medial triangle
• Let points P, Qand R be the midpoints of segments AH, BH and CH , that is segments joining the orthocenter
and vertices of 4ABC, then, 4P QR ∼ = 4A0 B 0 C 0
• 4P QR ∼ 4ABC with ratio of similarity 1 : 2
• 4P QR ∼
= 4A0 B 0 C 0
• Sides of 4P QR. are half and parallel to the corresponding sides of 4ABC.

13.3 Theorem: Nine point circle

• In any triangle (other than equilateral or isosceles), the midpoints of sides of a triangle, the bases of heights
and the midpoints of segments that connect the orthocenter with the vertices lie on one circle and the center
of this circle is the midpoint of segment OH. where O is the circumcenter and H is the orthocenter.The circle
defined above is called the circle of nine points.
• In case of isosceles triangle feet of altitude coincides with the midpoint of sides so nine point circle becomes
six point circle.

• In case of equilateral triangle nine point circle becomes six point circle.

13.4 Pedal triangle

LetP be any point in the plane of the triangle. Let P X ⊥ BC, P Y ⊥ CAand P Z ⊥ AB, then 4XY Z is called the
pedal triangle of P with respect to the 4ABC.

Properties
1. @AZP Y, @BXP Z, and @CY P X are all cyclic quadrilaterals with diameters P A, P B and P C.
2. Sides of pedal triangle are Y Z = P AsinA = BC·P A
2R , ZX = P BsinB =
AC·P B
2R and XY = P CsinC =
AB·P C
2R .where R is the radius of the circumscribed circle of triangle ABC.
13.5 Orthic triangle
The orthic triangle of 4ABC is the pedal triangle of orthocenter H , that is triangle formed by feet of the altitudes.

1. @AZP Y, @BXP Z, and @CY P X are all cyclic quadrilaterals with diameters P A, P B and P C.
2. @ABXY, @BCY Z, and @CAZX are all cyclic quadrilaterals with diameters AB, BC and AC.
3. 4ABC ∼ 4AZY ∼ 4XBZ ∼ 4XY C
4. Angles of orthic triangles are (π − 2A), (π − 2B)and (π − 2C).

5. Orthocenter H of 4ABC is the incenter of orthic triangle XY Z

6. Let ABC be an acute triangle. For any pointX, Y, Z on the sides BC, CA, AB, respectively, the triangle
M N P with minimal perimeter is orthic triangle

13.6 Simson lines

The feet of the perpendiculars from any point Q on the circumcircle of a triangle ABC on to the sides of the
triangle, are collinear.
The pedal line of Q bisects the line joining Q to P , the orthocenter of the triangle.

14 Trigonometry
14.1 Sine rule
a b c
In triangle ABC, sinA = sinB = sinC = 2R

14.2 Cosine rule

b2 +c2 −a2 b2 +c2 −a2 b2 +c2 −a2
In trianglecosA = 2bc , cosA = 2bc ,cosA = 2bc

14.3 Projection rule

In triangle ABC, a = b · cosC + c·cosB

15 Area of a triangle
A(4ABC) = 21 absinC = 21 bcsinA = 12 acsinB
15.1 Properties of triangle
15.1.1 Properties of circumcenter
Let O be the circumcenter of 4ABC let OA1 ⊥ BC, OB1 ⊥ ACand OC1 ⊥ AB, then ,
• ∠BOC = 2A, ∠COA = 2B, ∠AOB = 2C

• ∠BOA1 = ∠COA1 = ∠A, ∠AOB1 = ∠COB1 = ∠C and ∠AOC1 = ∠BOC1 = ∠C

• OA1 = RcosA ,OB1 = RcosB, OC1 = RcosC

15.1.2 Properties of incenter

Let I be the incenter of 4ABC let IP ⊥ BC, IQ1 ⊥ AC and IR ⊥ AB, then ,
4 A
• r= s = (s − a) tan 2
4 A
• r= (s−a) = (s) tan 2

15.1.3 Properties of orthocenter

Let H be the incenter of 4ABC let AD ⊥ BC, BE ⊥ AC and CF ⊥ AB, then ,
• @AF HE, @BDHF, @CEHD, @ABDE, @BCEF, @CAF E are cyclic
• 4AEF ∼ 4DBF ∼ 4DEC ∼ 4ABC
• Altitudes of 4ABC are the angle bisectors of orthic 4DEF , hence orthocenter Hof 4ABC is incenter of
orthic 4DEF .
• Angles of orthic triangle DEF will be π − 2a, π − 2B, π − 2C.
Properties
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1. r = ra + rb + rc = ha + hb + hc

2. ra + rb + rc = r + 4R
3. ra rb + rb rc + rc ra = s2
4. abc = 4srR

5. ab + bc + ca = r2 + s2 + 4rR
4
6. r = s = 4Rsin A2 sin B2 sin C2 , r = (s − a)tan A
2
4
7. ra = s−a = 4Rsin A2 cos B2 cos C2 , ra = s tan A
2
r
8. cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + R

9. tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA · tanB · tanC

10. tan A2 · tan B2 + tan C2 · tan A2 + tan B2 · tan C2 = 1

16 Polygons
Properties
1. The sum of all angles of a n sided polygon is (n − 2)π.
(n−2)π.
2. Each angle of a regular n -gon is n

3. The sum of all exterior angles of a n sided polygon is 2π.