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PLASTIC VESSELS
National Board Chief Inspectors Technical Program
Thursday, October 8, 2015
National Board Training & Conference Center
Columbus, OH
David R. Bentley, PE
RL Industries, Inc. – Fairfield, Ohio, USA
ASME Certificates RTP‐13 and RP‐34590
Session Overview
• ASME Standards
• Materials
• Fabrication Processes
• Shop Qualification
• Laminates
• Design
• Testing
• Project Examples
ASME RTP‐1 Standard
RTP
• Developed in 1980s
• First issue 1989
• 12 facilities certified (8/2015)
• 11 in USA
• 1 in Canada
• Scope: Stationary vessels used for the
storage, accumulation, or processing
of corrosive or other substances
• Full vacuum to 15 psig
• Requires unique demonstration vessel to
achieve certification
• Not in scope: Hoods, Ducts, Stacks, Fans,
Blowers, Piping, Fully Buried Tanks, Mobile
Tanks
3
RTP‐1 Dual Laminate (Appendix M‐12)
RTP
• Appendix developed in
the 1990s to address
thermoplastic linings in
FRP equipment
• Lining construction is
included in the ASME
Standard
• 3 lining classifications
• 1 facility certified (USA)
ASME BPVC Section X
• Greater than 15 psig
• Three classes
• Class I – 150 psig, 1500 psig, and
3000 psig max pressure
• Class II – 250 psig max pressure
• Class III – 15,000 psig max pressure
RP 5
Temperature Limitations
• RTP‐1
• No maximum but laminate properties are
determined by mechanical testing at
design temperature above 180° F
• Section X
• 250 °F max for Class I and Class II
• 185 °F max for Class III
or
• Maximum 35 °F below the maximum use
temperature of the resin (see point 1)
• ‐65 °F minimum
Materials
Resin Polymer Matrix
• Resin is the “glue” that
binds the reinforcement
fibers
• Resin types:
• Epoxy
• Polyester
• Vinyl ester
• Phenolic
• Furan
• Resins are received as a
liquid then hardened
with curing agents
• Provide primary
corrosion resistance
source: RL Industries
Reinforcements
• Glass fiber
• A, E, E‐CR, S, and C
types source: OCV
• E is most common
• Carbon fiber
• Aramid fiber
source: DuPont
source: Toray
Resin Curing Agents
• Initiators (Catalyst)
• Promoters
• Accelerators
• Gel time retardants
• Fire retardant synergists
• Reactive diluents
Fiberglass Roving
• A number of strands, tows or ends
collected into a parallel bundle with
little or no twist of reinforcing fibers.
• Typically supplied in a single coreless
doff
• Rovings are used directly in
fabrication or converted to fabrics
used for fabrication
source: OCV
Woven Roving
• Fabric woven from
fiberglass roving
• Commonly used
reinforcement fabric for
tank and vessel
fabrication
Chopped Strand Mat
• Chopped glass fiber
held together with a
resin soluble binder
• Fibers are oriented
randomly
• Used alone or with
woven roving
Chopped Gun Roving
• Continuous roving that
is chopped and sprayed
with resin
• Similar to chopped
strand mat
• Difficult to control
when not mechanized
C Veil
• First layer applied
• Provides high resin content on interior
surface for corrosion resistance
• Similar to chopped strand mat but a finer
glass fiber
Polyester Veil (Nexus™)
• Synthetic surfacing
reinforcement that provides
high resin content on the
interior surface
• Improved corrosion resistance in
some applications over C glass
veil
Carbon Veil
• Similar to C Veil but made with
carbon fibers
• Superior corrosion resistance
in most applications over
other veils
Stitched Multiaxial Fabric
• Glass rovings that are stitched
together, not woven
• Stitched together with a
polyester yarn
• Higher strength because fiber
is straight
• Uni‐directional, ±45°, 0/90
Balsawood Core
• End‐grain balsawood core is used to stiffen tank
tops and slope tank bottoms
• Balsa core with FRP skins is one type of Sandwich
Core Construction
• Sandwich core construction is
like a “continuous I‐Beam”
• Section is created to offset the
low modulus characteristic of
FRP
METAL SHOP
Vessel
Material Tracking Shell
Steel Sheet
Heads
Steel sheet
Nozzles
Pipe
• Material tracking Weld Rod
and traceability is
much more FRP SHOP
complex in an FRP Vessel
systems at the shop Gel time
retarder
Chopped
Roving
Gel time
retarder
Chopped
Roving
Gel time
retarder
Milled fiber
Gel time
retarder
Milled fiber
simple and robust Styrene
suppressant
Styrene
suppressant
Styrene
suppressant
Styrene
suppressant
• Unlike metal shops, FRP fabrication shops
determine material properties in place as the vessel
is molded
• Process control is critical
• Large number of raw materials are required
compared to metal shops
Hand Layup
• Fabric is applied by hand in a
mold or onto other FRP parts
• Resin is brushed into or
sprayed onto the
reinforcement
• Wet laminate is rolled to
remove air
• Thickness is built up in steps
to allow laminate to exotherm
Chopped Spray Layup (Spray up)
• Glass roving is chopped
at the point of use
• Chopped glass is applied
with sprayed resin
• Frequently mechanized
to control deposition rate
Filament Winding
• Continuous glass
rovings are wet out in a
bath of resin
• Rotating mold pulls
fibers through the bath
• Fibers are wrapped at a
predetermined angle
video
Filament Winding
• Glass rovings are
located upstream in a
creel (rack)
• Rovings are organized
and fed through eyelets
to the resin bath
video
0/90 (Zero‐Ninety) Winding
• Continuous filament wrap provides
hoop strength
• Spiral wrapped weft fabric provides
axial strength
• Axial strength fabric applied
according to laminate schedule
• Provides flexibility for high axial
strength when the design call for it
video
High Helix 55° Winding
• Continuous filaments
provide hoop and axial
reinforcement
• 55° wind angle makes a
laminate with a hoop
strength that is twice
the axial strength
video
Tape Wrapping
• Balanced fabric (often
woven roving) is spiral
wrapped with chopped
fiber applied between
layers
• Finished laminate is
similar to hand layup
video
Vacuum Infusion
• Closed molding process
• Resin is transferred into
reinforcement under a
vacuum bag
• Full laminate schedule is
molded at once without
interruption
• Controlled process used in
some RTP and Class II shops
video
Shop Qualification
Minimum Requirements
• Facilities
• Material storage
• Resin mixing
• Molds
• Lab equipment
• Design & drafting • Personnel
• Quality control
• Material control
• Fabrication
• Laminators
• Secondary Bonders
RTP‐1 Demonstration Laminates
• Required for initial
certification and every 5 years
to maintain certification
• Required for each laminate
type and process
• Must meet minimum
properties defined in RTP‐1
• Tested by an independent
laboratory
• Demonstrates capability to
perform a process
RTP‐1 Demonstration Vessel
• Required for initial RTP
shop qualification
• Vessels is sectioned and
mechanically tested to
verify laminate properties
• Separate vessel is
required for dual
laminate certification
RTP‐1 Laminator Qualification
• Molders of FRP parts must
qualify via laminate testing
• Initial qualification with
continuity record thereafter
• Must be requalified if
inactive for 6 months
• Qualified Laminators are
required to fabricate parts
for ASME RTP‐1 vessels
RTP‐1 Secondary Bonder Qualification
• Assemblers of FRP parts must
qualify via bond shear test
• Initial qualification with
continuity record thereafter
• Must be requalified if inactive
for 6 months
• Qualified Secondary Bonders
are required to combine
fabricated parts for ASME
RTP‐1 vessels
RTP‐1 Thermoplastic Welder Qualification
• Thermoplastic liner
welders must qualify in
each process and
material for dual
laminates
• Welders must requalify
every year or if inactive
for 6 months
• Thermoplastic lining is
included in the ASME
scope
Laminates
RTP‐1 Laminate Types
• RTP‐1 laminate types
• Type I (all mat)
• Type II (1.5 oz/ft2 mat & 24 oz/yd2 woven roving)
• Type X (everything else)
• The following are classified as Type X laminates
• hand laid bi‐directional
• mat & woven roving using different ply weights
• filament wound
• vacuum infused
• Type X laminates require mechanical tests to
determine material properties used in design
Section X Laminate Types
• Class I
• Wide variety of laminates can be used
• Vessel is destructively tested
• Class II
• Mechanical testing on representative plates is required to
establish mechanical design properties
• Laminates used are similar to RTP‐1 laminate types
• Laminate performance is verified by non‐destructive AE test
• Class III
• Filament wound laminates are typically used
• Can be used with a load sharing metallic or non‐metallic liner
• Laminate performance is verified by non‐destructive AE test
• Combinations of glass and carbon fiber reinforcement can be
used
Laminate Schedules
• All laminates are defined by a THICKNESS and a SEQUENCE
• The average Laminate thickness cannot be less than 95% or
more than 120% of the thickness on the drawing
• The full sequence listed in the sequence chart must be
applied
• If the thickness is less than 95% after the sequence in the
chart is applied
• Add additional material the achieve the minimum thickness
specified
• Use the “full repeating sequence” of the structural layers
Laminate Schedules
• Drawings need to define each reinforcement ply
with a thickness, symbol, and description
REINFORCEMENT THK/LAYER SYMBOL PART NO.
1‐1/2 OZ. MAT OR EQUAL 0.043" M MAT‐150‐50‐1
3/4 OZ. MAT OR EQUAL 0.0215" N MAT‐75‐50‐1
24 OZ. WOVEN ROVING 0.033" R WVRV‐24‐50‐C1LC‐1
FILAMENT WINDING (HOOP) WET 0.052" F60 HOOP‐366‐113‐1
18 OZ. WEFT UNIDIRECTIONAL (AXIAL) 0.022" U18 BIDR‐SF180Z‐50‐2
INTERSPERSE 0.010" I CHOP‐207
EXOTHERM LAYER 0.010" E CHOP‐207
CARBON VEIL 0.010" C VEIL‐R‐35‐1
C VEIL 0.010" V VEIL‐C‐50‐1
Laminate Schedules
• Drawings need to define each thickness with a
corresponding reinforcement sequence
SEQUENCE CHART
NOMINAL PLY COUNT / % GLASS SEQUENCE - ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES NOMINAL MAX THK MIN THK
0.268 6-M 1-V 29% VMM--MMMM 0.268 0.322 0.255
0.250 3-R 3-M 1-N 41% MRMRMRN 0.250 0.300 0.238
0.270 2-R 4-M 1-N 1-V 36% VMM--MRMRN 0.270 0.324 0.257
0.508 4-R 8-M 1-N 1-V 37% VMM--MRMRMRM--MRMN 0.508 0.610 0.483
0.521 6-R 7-M 1-N 40% MRMRMRM--MRMRMRN 0.521 0.625 0.495
0.526 12-M 1-V 30% VMM--MMMMM--MMMMM 0.526 0.631 0.500
0.666 8-F60 2-U18 1-E 10-I 2-M 1-V 56% VMM--IF60 IU18 --IF60 IF60 IF60 IF60 IF60 IF60 --IU18 IF60 E 0.666 0.799 0.633
0.757 7-R 12-M 1-V 38% VMM--MRMRMRM--MRMRMRM--MRM 0.757 0.908 0.719
0.759 8-R 11-M 1-N 39% MRMRMRM--MRMRMRM--MRMRMN 0.759 0.911 0.721
0.784 18-M 1-V 30% VMM--MMMMM--MMMMM--MMMMM--M 0.784 0.941 0.745
1.007 10-R 15-M 1-N 1-V 39% VMM--MRMRMRM--MRMRMRM--MRMRMRM--MRN 1.007 1.208 0.957
1.042 24-M 1-V 30% VMM--MMMMM--MMMMM--MMMMM--MMMMM--MM 1.042 1.250 0.990
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES 0.000 0.000 0.000
Importance of Fiber Direction
• Fiber orientation (how it is laid relative to the mold
and other fibers) is CRITICAL
• The fiber gives the laminate strength
• The strength of the laminate will depend on the
direction of the fiber
• Fibers must be straight without wrinkles
Importance of Fiber Direction
How much takes to typically break different laminate types
Vacuum Infused Vacuum Infused
Hand Lay up Hand Lay up Balanced Reinforcement Unbalanced Reinforcement
All Mat Mat‐Woven Roving (equal amount of fiber in both directions) (all fiber in vertical direction)
9,000 lb
15,000 lb
60,000 lb 100,000 lb
All laminates shown are 1” wide x 1” deep
45
Brittle vs. Ductile Properties
• FRP materials are brittle
compared to metals
• Very little yielding
before tensile break
• Always pressure test
with water!
video
Isotropic Properties
• FRP laminates typically have two primary strength
directions
• Hoop and axial
• Longitudinal and transverse
Design
Calculations & Drawings
• Design calculations must be
performed by a Licensed Engineer
with FRP experience
• Calculations and drawings must be
stamped for RTP‐1 and Section X
stamped vessels
• Drawings must provide sufficient
detail to describe the laminates and
laminate connections
• Design by rules and/or stress
analysis
RTP‐1 UBRS
• User’s Basic
Requirements
Specification
• Governing document
providing the basis
for design
• Agreed upon by user
and fabricator prior
to fabrication
Section X Procedure Specifications
• Document that
specifies the
materials and the
procedure
employed to
fabricate or
assemble a part
Design Factors
• FRP vessel design uses higher design factors than metal
• RTP‐1 Design factors
• 10:1 on stress for internal pressure
• 5:1 on stress for external pressure
• 0.001 maximum strain
• Section X Design Factor
• Class I – must withstand 6x design pressure
• Class II – 0.001 maximum strain
• Class III
• max stress 28% of fiber tensile strength for glass
• Max stress 44.4% of fiber tensile strength for carbon
Strength and Modulus
• FRP laminates exhibit high tensile strength but have
low tensile modulus compared to metal
• FRP laminates require special consideration when
deflection is the limiting design condition
RTP‐1 Use of Sandwich Core Construction
• Flat end closures can be fabricated using sandwich
cored construction
• RTP‐1 includes provisions for using design and
material control with balsa core
Testing
Pressure Testing
• FRP vessels are
always tested in
the flooded
condition
• Brittle failure of
FRP makes air
pressure testing
unsafe
Pressure Testing
• RTP‐1
• Hydrostatic head + 110%‐120% of
design pressure
• Class I
• Cyclic loading + 6x design pressure
• Class II
• Hydrostatic head + 110% of design
pressure with AE
• Class III
• Hydrostatic head + 125% of design
pressure with AE
Acoustic Emission Testing
• Active method of NDT
• Monitors acoustic
response to an applied
load
• Pass/fail test for Class II
and Class III vessels
AE SENSOR AE COMPUTER
LOAD APPLIED
FLAW / DEFECT
gnition Loss (Burnouts)
Method of measuring
reinforcement content
of a laminate (glass
fiber only)
Resin is burned away
in a kiln while glass
remains
Weight differential
(after/before) is the
glass content
Laminate sequence
can also be verified
Gel Testing
Instrument used to
record the time when
resin gels (open time)
Gelled resin stops a
rotating wire and
triggers a slip clutch
Climbing Drum Peel Test
ASTM D1781
Use to measure the
bond strength of a
thermoplastic linings
to the FRP structure
Required on every
lot of material per
RTP‐1
Barcol Hardness Testing
Determines the surface
indentation hardness of the
resin, which is directly related
to the degree of cure.
ASTM 2583
Similar to Rockwell testing of
metals
Model GYZJ‐934‐1
OJECTS
ME SECTION X TAIL GAS
CRUBBER
• 2.5’ X 14’ STRAIGHT SHELL
• ASME SX CLASS 2
• 50 PSIG/FULL VACUUM RP
• 230° F DESIGN TEMPERATURE
• AE TESTED
• INSTALLED 2008
ASME SECTION X BCME
CRUBBERS
• 3’ X 54’ STRAIGHT SHELL
• ASME SX CLASS 2
• 50 PSIG/FULL VACUUM RP
• 230° F DESIGN TEMPERATURE
• AE TESTED
• INSTALLED 2008
ME SECTION X WASTE
OLLECTION TANK
• 9’ X 15’ STRAIGHT SHELL
• ASME SX CLASS 2
• 50 PSIG DESIGN PRESSURE
RP
• FULL VACUUM & SUBMERGED
• AE TESTED
P BRINE FILTERS
• 60” X 9’‐6” LONG
• E‐GLASS / VINYL
ESTER
• +109 PSIG @ 170F
• ASME SECTION X,
CLASS II
• HORIZONTAL
• SUPPORTED
OVERHEAD
• 6‐1/2” THK FLAT
COVER
• ACOUSTIC EMISSION
TESTED AT 170 F
ME SECTION X DUAL
AMINATE SCRUBBERS
• 12” AND 16”
• FEP LINED FRP
• ASME SX CLASS 2
• 65 PSIG DESIGN PRESSURE
• AE TESTED AT 250 F
STAMPED
CRITICAL SERVICE
STAMPED
OSGENE SCRUBBER
• 54” X 80’ LONG
• E‐GLASS / VINYL ESTER
• +/‐5 PSIG @ 180F
• ASTURIAS, SPAIN
• FABRICATED 2007
Cl DUAL LAMINATE
CRUBBER
• 72/54” X 27’ TALL STAMPED
• ETFE / E‐GLASS / VINYL ESTER
• +12/‐7” WC @ 190F
• FABRICATED 2003
REINFORCED THERMOSET
PLASTIC VESSELS
National Board Chief Inspectors Technical Program
Thursday, October 8, 2015
National Board Training & Conference Center
Columbus, OH
David R. Bentley, PE
dbentley@rl‐industries.com
RL Industries, Inc.
Fairfield, Ohio, USA
www.rl‐industries.com
513‐874‐2800