1.1 Concrete: Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate With Ceramic Tile 2019-2020

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE WITH CERAMIC TILE 2019-2020
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 CONCRETE
Concrete is a composite material consist of mainly water, aggregate, and cement.
The physical properties desired for the finished material can be attained by adding
additives and reinforcements to the concrete mixture. A solid mass that can be easily
moulded into desired shape can be formed by mixing these ingredients in certain
proportions. Over the time, a hard matrix formed by cement binds the rest of the
ingredients together into a single hard (rigid) durable material with many uses such as
buildings, pavements etc., The technology of using concrete was adopted earlier on large-
scale by the ancient Romans, and the major part of concrete technology was highly used
in the Roman Empire. The colosseum in Rome was built largely of concrete and the dome
of the pantheon is the World’s largest unreinforced concrete structure. After the collapse
of Roman Empire in the mid-18th century, the technology was re-pioneered as the usage
of concrete has become rare. Today, the widely used man made material is concrete in
terms of tonnage.
1.2 HISTORICALBACKGROUND
Although high strength concrete is considered as relatively a new material, its
development has been gradually increasing over years. In 1950s, USA considered the
concrete with a compressive strength of 34mpa as high strength. In 1960’s, the concrete
with compressive strength 41mpa to 52mpa was used commercially. In the early 1970’s,
62mpa concrete was been made. With in the world state of affairs, however, within the
last fifteen years, concrete of terribly high strength entered into the construction sector of
high-rise buildings and long span bridges. The compressive strength over 110mpa has
been thought-about by IS 456-2000 for the applications in pre-stressed concrete members
and cast-in-place buildings.
1.3 CONSTRUCTION WASTE IN INDIA

In the present construction world, the solid waste is increasing day by day from
the demolitions of constructions. There is a huge usage of ceramic tiles in the present
constructions is going on and it is increasing in day by day construction field. Ceramic
products are part of the essential construction materials used in most buildings. Some
common manufactured ceramics include wall tiles, floor tiles, sanitary ware, household
ceramics and technical ceramics. They are mostly produced using natural materials that
contain high content of clay minerals. However, despite the ornamental benefits of
DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, RIT, Hassan Page 1

ceramics, its wastes among others cause a lot of nuisance to the environment. And also in
other side waste tile is also producing from demolished wastes from construction. Indian
tiles production is 100 million ton per year in the ceramic industry, about 15%30% waste
material generated from the total production. This waste is not recycled in any form at
present, however the ceramic waste is durable, hard and highly resistant to biological,
chemical and physical degradation forces so, we selected these waste tiles as a
replacement material to the basic natural aggregate to reuse them and to decrease the solid
waste produced from demolitions of construction. Waste tiles and granite powder were
collected from the surroundings. There are some researchers are also going on solid waste
from construction to reuse them again in the construction to reduce the solid waste and to
preserve the natural basic aggregates. These researches promotes to use the recycled
aggregates in the concrete mix and they got good result when adding some extent
percentages of recycled aggregates in place of natural coarse aggregate.

Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
N.Naveen Prasad, [2016], Crushed waste tiles and Granite powder were use as a
replacement to the coarse aggregates and fine aggregate. The combustion of waste
crushed tiles were replaced in place of coarse aggregates by 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%
and Granite powder was replaced in place of fine aggregate by 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%
without changing the mix design. M25 grade of concrete was designed to prepare the
conventional mix. Without changing the mix design different types of mixes were
prepared by replacing the coarse aggregates and fine aggregate at different percentages of
crushed tiles and granite powder. Experimental investigation is carried out. The
workability of concrete increased with increase in granite powder and it has been
observed that the compressive strength is maximum at 30% of coarse aggregate
replacement.
R. Marwein, [2016], The ceramic waste adopted is broken tiles. Ceramic waste concrete
(CWC) made with these tiles at 0%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. M20 grade concrete is
adopted; a constant water cement ratio of 0.48 is maintained for all the concrete mixes.
The characteristics properties of concrete such as workability for fresh concrete, also
Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength are found at 3, 7 and 28 days. The paper
suggests that the replacement of waste tile aggregate should be in the range of 5-30%.
P. Rajalakshmi, [2016], Use of ceramic waste will ensure an effective measure in
maintaining environment and improving properties of concrete. The replacement of
aggregates in concrete by ceramic wastes will have major environmental benefits. In
ceramic industry about 30% production goes as waste. The ceramic waste aggregate is
hard and durable material than the conventional coarse aggregate. It has good thermal
resistance. The durability properties of ceramic waste aggregate are also good. This
research studied the fine aggregate replacement by ceramic tiles fine aggregate
accordingly in the range of 10% and coarse aggregate accordingly in the range of 30%,
60%,100% by weight of M-30 grade concrete.
T. Sekar, [2011], studied on strength characteristics of concrete utilizing waste materials

ceramic tiles, ceramic insulator waste and broken glass pieces. Ceramic tiles gave the best
results when compared to the other two type of waste. The concrete produced by ceramic
tile aggregate produced similar strength in compression, split tensile and flexure as
conventional concrete.

Chapter 3
OBJECTIVES
 To find the compression, flexural & compaction test of specimen.
 To check the comparison between conventional vs the ceramic tile concrete.
 To study the strength developments hardened concrete with waste ceramic
aggregate.
 To observe the water absorption of ceramic material in concrete containing
various content of ceramic tile as aggregates replacement material.
 The usage of granite powder in concrete as an admixture to improve the
workability of concrete and the strength parameters.
 To replace coarse aggregate in concrete by using ceramic waste in various
proportions (0%,10%, 20%, 30%,40% )

Chapter 4
MATERIALS
4.1 The following materials were used

 Ordinary Portland Cement of conforming to IS:169-1989
 Fine aggregate and coarse aggregate conforming to IS: 2386-1963
 water
 Ceramic Tile aggregate
 Granite powder
4.1 .1 CEMENT
Ordinary Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the
world as a basic ingredient of concrete & mortar. It is a fine powder produced by heating
materials to form clinker. After grinding the clinker small amounts of remaining
ingredients is added. It is developed from the hydraulic lime originates lime stone Many
types of cements are available in market. When it comes to different grades of cement, the
53 Grade OPC Cement provides consistently higher strength compared to others. The
physical properties of the cement is taken to achieve the desirable strength.
Fig 4.1
4.1.2 FINE AGGREGATE

Sand is a natural granular material which is mainly composed of finely divided rocky
material and mineral particles. The most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon
dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz, because of its chemical inertness and
considerable hardness, is the most common weathering resistant mineral. Hence, it is used
as fine aggregate in concrete. River sand locally available in the market was used in the

investigation. The aggregate is tested for its physical requirements such as gradation,
fineness modulus & specific gravity.
Fig 4.2
4.1.3 COARSE AGGREGATE

Crushed aggregates of less than 12.5mm size produced from local crushing plants
were used. The aggregate exclusively passing through 12.5mm sieve size and retained on
10mm sieve is selected. The aggregates were tested for their physical requirements such as
gradation, fineness modulus, specific gravity and bulk density in accordance & the
particular water absorption & specific gravity of aggregate is taken.
Fig 4.3
4.1.4 WATER
Water plays a vital role in achieving the strength of concrete. It is practically proved
that minimum water-cement ratio 0.35 is required for conventional concrete. Water
participates in chemical reaction with cement and cement paste is formed and binds with
coarse aggregate and fine aggregates. If more water is used, segregation and bleeding
takes place, so that the concrete becomes weak, If water content exceeds permissible

limits it may cause bleeding. If less water is used, the required workability is not
achieved. Potable water fit for drinking is required to be used in the concrete.
4.1.5 CERAMIC TILE AGGREGATE

Broken tiles are collected from the solid waste of ceramic manufacturing unit and
from demolished building. The waste tiles are crushed into small pieces by manually and
by using crusher. The required size of crushed tile aggregate is separated to use them as
partial replacement to the natural coarse aggregate. The tile waste which is lesser than 4.75
mm size is neglected. The crushed tile aggregate passing through 16.5mm sieve and
retained on 12mm sieve are used. Crushed tiles were partially replaced in place of coarse
aggregate by the percentages of 10%, 20% & 30% individually and along with
replacement of fine aggregate with granite powder.
Fig 4.4

Chapter 5
METHODOLOGY
Fig. 5.1 Work flow chart

5.1 The methodology of present work is:
 Mix design for a grade of concrete.
 Collection of materials – cement, granite powder, coarse & fine aggregate, ceramic
tile wastes.
 Basic tests on materials:
Cement Standard consistency, setting time, specific gravity test.
Aggregate Sieve analysis, specific gravity & water absorption.
 Mixing of the raw materials according to mix proportions is to done.

 As the workability of concrete is checked by slump cone test.

 Casting of specimens for compression (150*150*150mm) cubes.
 Curing of specimens for 7 & 28 days.
 Compression results.
5.2 TESTS TO BE CONDUCTED
Based on Workability
Slump Test
 The slump test is done to assess the horizontal flow of concrete. It is most commonly
used & also indicates the resistance to segregation.
 Compaction factor Test
The compaction test conducted in laboratory, as the compaction factor is the ratio of
weights of partially compacted to fully compacted concrete. It gives more precise than
slump test.
 Compression Test
This test is done to determine the strength of concrete. It is calculated by dividing the
failure load with the area of application of load, usually after 28 days curing.
 Flexural Strength Test
Flexural test is done to determine the tensile strength of concrete. It tests the ability of
concrete beam or slab withstand failure of bending.

Chapter 6
TEST PERFORMED
6.1 CEMENT – OPC 53 GRADE
REFERNCE: IS: 4031(PART-4)-1998
For finding out initial setting time, final setting time and
soundness of cement, and strength a parameter known as
standard consistency has to be used. The standard consistency
of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will
permit a Vicat plunger having 10 mm diameter and 50 mm
length to penetrate to a depth of 33-35 mm from the top of the
mould.
Sl.No Description Test result Maximum limit

1 Fineness test 2% Not more than 10%
2. Normal consistency 28 -
3 Initial setting time 45min Not less than 30min
4 Final setting time 500min
5 Specific gravity 3.13 3.12-3.19
Table.6.1 Properties of Cement
6.2 FINE AGGREGATES

REFERNCE: IS: 2386 (PART-1)-1963
This is the name given to the operation of dividing a sample of aggregate into
various fractions each consisting of particles of the same size. The sieve analysis is
conducted to determine the particle size distribution in a sample of aggregate, which we
call gradation. Many a time, fine aggregates are designated as coarse sand, medium sand
and fine sand. These classifications do not give any precise meaning. What the supplier
terms as fine sand may be really medium or even coarse sand. To avoid this ambiguity
fineness modulus could be used as a yard stick to indicate the fineness of sand. Fine sand:
Fineness Modulus: 2.2 - 2.6, Sand having a fineness modulus more than 3.2 will be
unsuitable for making satisfactory concrete.

Sl.No Description Test Result Maximum

limit
1 Specific gravity 2.35 2.5-3
2 Fineness modulus 3.62 2-4
3 Bulk density of fine aggregate (loose 1461.33kg/m³ 1520-1680
compacted)
4 Bulk density of fine aggregate (hardened 1636 kg/m³ kg/m³
compacted)
5 Bulking of fine aggregate 21.05%
6 Grading zone Zone-II Zone I-III
Table.6.2 Properties of Fine Aggregates
6.3 COARSE AGGREGATES

REFERNCE: IS: 2386 (PART-1)-1963
The coarse aggregates are the materials which are greater than 4.75mm in size.
The size of the coarse aggregate used, depends upon the nature and type of work. Coarse
aggregates are usually obtained by crushing granite, gneiss, crystalline lime stone and
good variety of sand stone etc. Broken bricks are the cheap aggregates can also be used as
coarse aggregates only for plain concrete work, but it provides low strength to the
concrete so it should be used as per the situation. The coarse aggregate used will be as per
IS 2386:19637 specifications. The aggregate used were angular in shape. The maximum
size of aggregate was limited to 20mm and below 20mm.
Sl.No Description Test Result Maximum

range
1 Nominal size used 20 mm -
2 Specific gravity 2.6 2.6-2.8
3 Impact value 20.71% <30%
4 Fineness modulus 3.75 3.5-6.5
5 Aggregate crushing value 41.67% <40%
6 Flakiness 7.49% <30%
7 Elongation index 28.55%
Table.6.3 Properties of Coarse Aggregates
6.4. CERAMIC TILE AGGREGATE

REFERNCE: IS: 383-1970

Sl.No Description Test Result Permissible

limits
1 Origin Ceramic -
2 Impact value of crushed tile 12.5% <18.2%
3 Specific gravity of crushed tile 2.6 -
4 Crushing value of crushed tile 23.2% <24.7%
5 Water absorption 0.19% -
Table.6.4 Properties of Ceramic Tile Aggregates
6.5 SPECIMEN PREPARTAION

Concrete is prepared for M 20 mix, designed for plain concrete. Materials such as
cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and plastic aggregates are free from impurities
are weighed with an accuracy of 5%, 10% of weight of cement and weight of sand.
6.5.1 Mould Dimensions (under REFERENCE IS: 10086-1982)
1. Cubical mould
Cubical mould is having the dimensions of 150mm × 150mm × 150mm. Typical cubical
mould used in this project is as shown in the below figure.
Fig.6.1 Cubical Mould
2. Cylindrical mould
Cylindrical mould used in this project is having the dimensions of 150mm diameter and
300mm height.

Fig.6.2 Cubical Mould

3. Flexural mould
The beam moulds shall conform to IS: 10086-1982. The standard size shall be 15 × 15 ×
70 cm. Alternatively, if the largest nominal size of the aggregate does not exceed 19 mm,
specimens 10 × 10 × 50 cm may be used.
Fig.6.3 Flexural Mould
6.6 MOULD PREPARTION

Mould is cleaned properly and greased with mould oil. The prepared concrete is
placed in the greased mould of dimension 150mm × 150mm × 150mm in 3 layers each of
height approximately 50mm. After the placement of first layer of concrete it is compacted
by a tamping rod of 16mm diameter, 0.6m long and bullet pointed at the lower end. The
stroke of the rod is uniformly distributed over the cross section of the mould. Each layer
is compacted with 35 strokes and next scoop of concrete is placed followed by same
manner of compaction and finally after 3 layer of compaction the top layer should be
finished.
The cylindrical moulds of 300mm height and 150mm diameter are cleaned properly
and greased with oil. The prepared concrete is placed in mould in 5 layers, each layer is
approximately 1/5th the mould Each layer is compacted with 30 strokes and the next scoop of
concrete is placed followed the same manner of compaction and finally the top layer should
be finished.

6.7 CURING
The test specimens shall be stored in a place, free from vibration, in moist air of at
least 90 percent relative humidity and at a temperature of 27° ± 2°C for 24 hours ± ½ hour
from the time of addition of water to the dry ingredients. After this period, the specimens
shall be marked and removed from the moulds and, unless required for test within 24 hours,
immediately submerged in clean, fresh water or saturated lime solution and kept there until
taken out just prior to test. The water or solution in which the specimens are submerged shall
be renewed every seven days and shall be maintained at a temperature of 27° ± 2°C. The
specimens shall not be allowed to become dry at any time until they have been tested.

Chapter 7
MIX DESIGN
5.1 MIX DESIGN FOR CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE
Illustrating the mix proportions for a concrete of M-20 grade.
Stipulations for proportioning

a) Grade of concrete : M 20
b) Type of cement : OPC 53 grade conforming to IS 8112
c)Maximum nominal size of aggregate : 20mm
d) Minimum cement content : 250 kg/m³
e) Workability : 100mm (slump value)
f) Exposure condition : Severe
g) Method of concrete placing : Non pumping/Manual
h) Degree of supervision : Good
i) Type of aggregate : Crushed angular aggregate
j) Maximum cement content : 360 kg/m³
Test data for materials
a) Specific gravity of cement : 3.29
b) Specific gravity of
• Coarse aggregate : 2.6
• Fine aggregate : 2.35
c) Free moisture
• Coarse aggregate : Nil
• Fine aggregate : Nil
d) sieve analysis
• Coarse aggregate : 3.75
• Fine aggregate : 3.62

1. Target strength for mix proportion

f’ ck= f ck + 1.65*S
Where,
f’ ck=target average compressive strength at 28 days
f ck =characteristic compressive strength at 28 days
S = standard deviation
From table 1 of IS 10262-2009, S=4 N/mm²
Therefore, target strength = 20+1.65*4= 26.6 N/mm²
2. Selection of water-cement ratio
From figure-1 of IS 10262-2009, maximum water -cement ratio is 0.5. Therefore, adopt
water-cement ratio= 0.45
3. Selection of water content
From table 2 of IS 10262-2009, maximum water content for 20mm aggregate = 186 liters
(for 25 to 50mm slump range)
Estimated water content for 100mm slump = 186 + (3/100) × 186= 191.58 liters
Hence the calculated water content = 191.58 liters
4.Calculation of cement content
Water cement ratio = 0.45
Water = 191.58 liters
Cement content = 191.58/0.45 = 425.73 kg/m³
From durability point of view the maximum cement content from IS 456:2000= 360
kg/m³
Minimum Cement content = 250 kg/m³
Hence, adopt 360 kg/m³
5. Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate content
From table 3 of IS:10262-2009, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20mm size
aggregate and fine aggregate (zone Ⅱ) for water-cement ratio of 0.5 is 0.60.
In the present case water-cement ratio is 0.45. For every 0.05 change in w/c ratio, the
coarse aggregate proportion is to be changed by 0.01
Therefore, corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate for the water cement ratio
of 0.45= 0.61
Volume of coarse aggregate=0.61 m³
Volume of fine aggregate =1-0.61=0.39 m³
6. Mix calculations
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows
a) Volume of concrete = 1m³
b) Volume of cement = (mass of cement)/ (specific gravity of cement)*1/1000

= (360)/3.29 * 1/1000= 0.109 m³
c) Volume of water = (mass of water)/ (specific gravity of water)*1/1000
= (191.58)/1 * 1/1000= 0.191m³
d) Volume of all in aggregates =[a-(b+c)]
= [1-(0.109+0.191)] = 0.763 m³
e) Mass of coarse aggregate= e* volume of coarse aggregate* specific gravity of coarse
aggregate* 1000
=0.7*0.61*2.6*1000=1110.2 kg
f) Mass of fine aggregate = e*volume of fine aggregate * specific gravity of fine
aggregate * 1000
= 0.7*0.39*2.35*1000=641.55 kg
7. Mix proportion
a) Cement= 360 kg/m³
b) Fine aggregate= 641.55 kg/m³
c) Coarse aggregate= 1110.2 kg/m³
d) water= 191.58 liters
e) Water-cement ratio= 0.45
Therefore, mix proportion for M2₀ Grade concrete is 1:1.83:3.17:0.54
Cement Fine aggregate Coarse Water

aggregate
360 kg/m³ 641.55 kg/m³ 1110.2 kg/m³ 191.58 liters
1 1.83 3.17 0.54
Table 7.1 Mix design
Chapter 8

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
8.1 Test to be conducted on Fresh concrete
8.1.1 SLUMP TEST
Slump test is the most commonly used method of measuring consistency of
concrete which can be employed either in laboratory or at site of work. It is not a suitable
method for very wet or very dry concrete. It indicates the characteristic of concrete in
addition to the slump value. If the concrete slumps evenly it is called true slump. If one
half of the cone slides down, it is called shear slump. In case of a shear slump, the slump
value is measured as the difference in height between the height of the mould and the
average value of the subsidence. After tamping the top layer was leveled. The mould was
removed from concrete immediately by rising it slowly and carefully in vertical direction.
Slump was measured (in mm) immediately by determining the difference between the
height of the mould and that of the highest point of the specimen being tested.
Fig.8.1 Slump Test
8.1.2 COMPACTION FACTOR TEST

To find the workability of concrete thoroughly mix cement, sand And coarse
aggregate according to designed mix proportions to form a homogenous mix of concrete.
Find the Weight of empty cylinder (W1). Fill the upper hopper with the freshly prepared
concrete and after 2 minutes, release the trap door of the hopper. Immediately after the
concrete has come to rest, open the trap door of the lower hopper and allow the concrete
to fall into the cylinder which brings the concrete to a partially compacted state. Remove
the excess concrete over the top of the cylinder by a trowel. Clean the cylinder properly
and weigh it with the partially compacted concrete (W2). Empty the cylinder and refill it
with the same sample of concrete in four layers, compaction of each layer by giving 25
blows with the tamping rod. Level up the mi and weigh the cylinder with the fully
compacted concrete (W3).
Fig.8.2 Compaction Factor Test

COMPACTION FACTOR= (W2 - W1)/( W3 - W1)
8.1.2 VEE BEE TEST

Slump test as described earlier is performed, placing the slump cone inside the sheet
metal cylindrical pot of the consistometer. The glass disc attached to the swivel arm is turned
and placed on the top of the concrete in the pot. The electrical vibrator is then switched on
and simultaneously a stop watch started. The vibration is continued till such a time as the
conical shape of the concrete disappears and the concrete assumes a cylindrical shape. This
can be judged by observing the glass disc from the top for disappearance of transparency.
Immediately when the concrete fully assumes a cylindrical shape, the stop watch is switched
off. The time required for the shape of concrete to change from slump cone shape to
cylindrical shape in seconds is known as Vee Bee Degree. This method is very suitable for
very dry concrete whose slump value cannot be measured by Slump Test, but the vibration is
too vigorous for concrete with a slump greater than about 50 mm.

Fig.8.3 Vee Bee Test
8.2 Test to be conducted on Hardened concrete

The various tests are made to know the strength properties of hardened concrete and to
know short term durability’s. The tests are given below
8.2.1 COMPRESSIVE TRENGTH TEST
It is not surprising that the cement is always tested for its strength at the laboratory before
the cement is used in important works. Strength tests are not made on neat cement paste
because of difficulties of excessive shrinkage and subsequent cracking of neat cement. The
cubes shall be tested on their sides without any packing between the cube and the steel plates
of the testing machine. One of the platens shall be carried on a base and shall be self-
adjusting, and the load shall be steadily and uniformly applied, starting from zero at a rate of
35 N/mm²/min.
Fig.8.4 Compression Testing Machine
Sl.No Age of Weight of Cross Load(N) Compressive Average

cube cement sectional Strength compressive

cube(gms area(mm² (N/mm²) strength(Mpa)

) )
1 3 days
2
3
1 7 days
2
3
1 28
days
Table.8.1
Result :
i) The average 3 Days Compressive Strength of given cement sample is found to be______
ii) The average 7 Days Compressive Strength of given cement sample is found to be______
iii) The average 28 Days Compressive Strength cement sample is found to be_____
8.2.2 SPILT TENSILE TEST

The bearing strips are placed between the specimen and both upper and lower
bearing blocks of the testing machine or between the specimen and the supplemental bars
or plates. Place the specimen on the plywood strip and align so that the lines marked on
the ends of the specimen are vertical and centered over the plywood strip. Place a second
plywood strip lengthwise on the cylinder, centered on the lines marked on the ends of the
cylinder. Apply the load continuously and without shock, at a constant rate within, the range
of 689 to 1380 kPa/min splitting tensile stress until failure of the specimen. Record the
maximum applied load indicated by the testing machine at failure. Note the type of failure.
Fig .8.5 Placing of Specimen

Fig .8.6 Spilt tensile test
Sl.N Age Identificatio Dia of Dept Load Tensile Average tensile

o of n specimen h (N)) Strength strength(Mpa)
cube (mm) (N/mm²)
1 3
2
days
3
1 7
2
days
3
1 28
days
Table.8.2
σsp = (2P)/ (πDL) N/mm²

Where,
P= Applied load in KN
D= Diameter of the cylinder in mm
L= Span of the cylinder in mm
Result
i) The average 3 Days Split tensile Strength of given cement sample is found to be______
ii) The average 7 Days Split tensile Strength of given cement sample is found to be______
iii) The average 28 Days Split tensile Strength of given cement sample is found to be____
8.2.3. FLEXURAL TEST

The bearing surfaces of the supporting and loading rollers shall be wiped clean, and any
loose sand or other material removed from the surfaces of the specimen where they are to
make contact with the rollers. The specimen shall then be placed in the machine in such a

manner that the load shall be applied to the uppermost surface as cast in the mould, along
two lines spaced 20.0 or 13.3 cm apart. The axis of the specimen shall be carefully aligned
with the axis of the loading device. No packing shall be used between the bearing surfaces of
the specimen and the rollers. The load shall be increased until the specimen fails, and the
maximum load applied to the specimen during the test shall be recorded. The appearance of
the fractured faces of concrete and any unusual features in the type of failure shall be noted.
Fig .8.7 Placing Of Specimen
Sl.N Age Identification Size of Span Load Position Modulus of

o of specimen lengt (N)) of fracture rupture
cube (mm) h ‘a’(mm) (Mpa)
(mm)
1 3
2
days
3
1 7
2
days
3
1 28
days
Table.8.3
To calculate flexural strength:
PXL
fb = aXd²
where,
b= measured width in cm of specimen
d= measured depth in cm of specimen at point of failure
l= length in cm of span on which the specimen supported

p = maximum load in kg applied to specimen
Result
i) The average 7 Days Modulus of Rupture of concrete sample is found to be
ii) The average 28 Days Modulus of Rupture of concrete sample is found to be
REFERENCES
[1] N.Naveen Prasad, P.Hanitha, N.C.Anil IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil
Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 13,
Issue 6 Ver. V (Nov. - Dec. 2016), PP 168-176.
[2] R. Marwein, Bharathidasan International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research, Volume 7, Issue 4, April-2016 ISSN 2229-5518. 3. Iranian Journal of

Science & Technology, Transaction B, Engineering, Vol. 31, No. B5, pp 561-565
Printed in The Islamic Republic of Iran, 2007.
[3] P.Rajalakshmi, Dr.D.Suji, M. Perarasan, E.Niranjani International Journal of Civil
and Structural Engineering Research ISSN 2348-7607 (Online) Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp:
(114-125), Month: April 2016 - September 2016.
[4] T.Sekar, “Study on Strength Characteristics on Utilisation of Waste Materials As
Coarse Aggregate in Concrete”, International Journal of Engineering Science and
Technology, Vol. 3, No.7, Pp. 5436-5440, 2011.
[5] Hemanth Kumar C. H., Sateesh Babu K, Guruvaiah T, Naveen N and Jani Sk,
“Effect of Waste Ceramic Tiles in Partial Replacement of Coarse and Fine
Aggregate of Concrete”, International Advanced Research Journal in Science,
Engineering and Technology, Vol. 2,No.6,Pp. 13-16, 2015

1.1 Concrete: Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate With Ceramic Tile 2019-2020

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1.3 CONSTRUCTION WASTE IN INDIA

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, RIT, Hassan Page 1

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, RIT, Hassan Page 2

T. Sekar, [2011], studied on strength characteristics of concrete utilizing waste materials

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4.1 The following materials were used

4.1.2 FINE AGGREGATE

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4.1.3 COARSE AGGREGATE

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4.1.5 CERAMIC TILE AGGREGATE

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Fig. 5.1 Work flow chart

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 As the workability of concrete is checked by slump cone test.

5.2 TESTS TO BE CONDUCTED

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Sl.No Description Test result Maximum limit

Table.6.1 Properties of Cement

6.2 FINE AGGREGATES

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Sl.No Description Test Result Maximum

6.3 COARSE AGGREGATES

Sl.No Description Test Result Maximum

6.4. CERAMIC TILE AGGREGATE

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Sl.No Description Test Result Permissible

Table.6.4 Properties of Ceramic Tile Aggregates

6.5 SPECIMEN PREPARTAION

6.5.1 Mould Dimensions (under REFERENCE IS: 10086-1982)

Fig.6.1 Cubical Mould

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Fig.6.2 Cubical Mould

Fig.6.3 Flexural Mould

6.6 MOULD PREPARTION

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Stipulations for proportioning

• Fine aggregate : 2.35

• Fine aggregate : Nil

• Fine aggregate : 3.62

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1. Target strength for mix proportion

b) Volume of cement = (mass of cement)/ (specific gravity of cement)*1/1000

Cement Fine aggregate Coarse Water

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Fig.8.1 Slump Test

8.1.2 COMPACTION FACTOR TEST

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Fig.8.2 Compaction Factor Test

8.1.2 VEE BEE TEST

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Fig.8.3 Vee Bee Test

8.2 Test to be conducted on Hardened concrete

Fig.8.4 Compression Testing Machine

Sl.No Age of Weight of Cross Load(N) Compressive Average

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cube(gms area(mm² (N/mm²) strength(Mpa)

8.2.2 SPILT TENSILE TEST

Fig .8.5 Placing of Specimen

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