HYPERCALCEMIA

HYPOMAGNESEMIA/HYPERMAGNESEMIA
1.

HYPO HYPER
1. Insufficient Mg intake 1. Increase Mg intake
2. Malnutrition & starvation 2. Mg containing antacids and laxatives
3. Malabsorption syndrome 3. Excessive adm. of MgSO4 (magnesium
4. Crohn’s disease sulfate)
5. Chronic alcoholism 4. Intake of Potassium sparing diuretics
– conserves Mg
5. ↓ renal excretion of Mg d/t renal
insufficiency

2.
3. Because the client will experience confusion, drowsiness, and lethargy. Monitor the client’s LOC,
vital signs, seizure precautions; instruct client to wear nonskid shoes.
4. For hypomagnesemia: high Mg (>75 mg/serving), chili, tofu, fish, chocolate, wheat germ

HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA/HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA

1. Risk factors
2. Pathophysiology
3. Manifestations
4. Nursing care
5. Community-based care
HYPO
Insufficient phosphorus intake
Rhabdomyolysis – breakdown
of muscle fibers d/t trauma or
ischemia
HYPER
Hypoparathyroidism
Irritable skeletal muscles:
twitches, cramps, tetany,
seizures

FLUID VOLUME DEFICIT

1. The client’s oral mucous membranes are dry, his skin turgor is poor, and his urine is
concentrated with a high urine specific gravity
2. Hypovolemia
3. Fluid volume deficit describes the loss of extracellular fluid from the body while cellular
dehydration occurs when you use or lose more fluid than you take in.
4.

FLUID VOLUME EXCESS

1. Weight gain, 3+ pitting edema of both lower extremities, and bilateral crackles in the base of his
lungs; pulse is bounding; BP is elevated
2. If the heart is weakened by HF, the kidneys may not get enough blood to work as well as they
should. As a result, your body retains salt and water in a misguided attempt to boost blood
volume that causes fluid to build up throughout the body
3. Treatment with inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis has no effect on diuretic appearance in
urine but blunts response by blocking the increase in real blood flow produced by loop diuretics