BS-II Module 1 - Students PDF

15
ARC 5.3 ELECTRICAL SERVICES & ILLUMINATION
BUILDING SERVICES-‐ II
• ELECTRICAL SERVICES & ILLUMINATION

MODULE 1-‐ Electrical Services -‐ Electricity Generation; Transmission and Distribution
SREERUPA DEB
15 ARC 5.3 ELECTRICAL SERVICES & ILLUMINATION
CONTACT PERIODS: 3 (Lecture) per week THEORY MARKS: 100

PROGRESSIVE MARKS: 50
DURATION OF EXAM: 3 Hrs
OBJECTIVE: To introduce students to electrical services and illumination and to sensitize them with respect to their integration into
Architectural Design.
MODULE 1
Electrical Services -‐ Electricity Generation; Transmission and Distribution
1.Introduction to Electrical Services: Introduction to commonly used terminology – Voltage, Current, Power, Connected Load, Max.
Demand, Load Factors, Diversity Factor Etc.; Importance of Electrical Services and Its implications on building design; Introduction to
Codes and Standards like National Building Code, National Electric Code, IS Rules, State Electricity Board and Chief Electrical Inspectorate
Guidelines.
2.Supply and distribution of electricity to buildings: Brief introduction to various Sources for Electricity generation. Introduction to
Transmission and Distribution system (from generation to Building’s main) -‐ Cables–HT/LT, Voltage Levels, Sub-‐Stations, Ring Main Units,
Metering Panels, HT Panel, Transformers, Generators, LT Panels.
MODULE 2
Electrical Services -‐ Internal Electrical distribution systems and Renewable Energy Systems
3.Residential Building internal electrical distribution system & Commercial Building internal electrical distribution system: Power
Requirement, Incoming Power Source Voltage, RMU, Transformers, HT Metering & Sub Metering Panels, Rising Mains, Sub-‐Mains, Circuit-‐
Mains, UPS requirements, Server power requirements, Point Wiring, Point Matrix, Utility Loads, Wiring Systems, Wiring Installation
systems.
4.Introduction to Renewable Energy Systems (On-‐Site and Off-‐Site): Solar, Wind, Bio-‐Mass, Achieving Net Zero Building design through
utilization of above natural resources; Energy Conservation techniques in Electrical systems.
7/17/17 Syllabus 2
SCHEME OF EVALUATION

Internal Assessments and Project Assignments 40 Marks
Study Portfolio/Quizzes/Class Participation 10 Marks
REFERENCE BOOKS AS PER SYLLABUS:

1. L.Uppal ; Electrical Wiring, Estimating & Costing.
2. Aly. S. Dadras (1995), Electrical Systems for Architects by N.G.A.R.B. McGraw-‐Hill.
3. Anwari ; Basic Electrical Engineering.
4. National electric Code, Indian Electricity Rules 1956, Energy Conservation and Building Code.
4. Handbook of Lighting Design by Ruediger Ganslandt, Harald Hofmann; ERCO Edition
5. Fundamentals of Lighting by Susan M. Winchip.
6. National Building Code, 2016 – Part 8 (Section 1, 2, 6).
7. Code of Practice for Interior Illumination (IS 3646-‐1 (1992); Indian Standard -‐ BIS.
7/17/17 Scheme of Evaluation & References 3

Electrical services deals with the

• high side equipments -‐ Installation and commissioning
of (Transformers, DG etc) and
• low side distribution -‐ distribution of of power, lighting
and auxiliary services.
7/17/17 Importance of Services 4

Importance of Electrical Services and Its implications on building design
The function of a building is not limited to providing an enclosure and shelter to the occupants.
It also needs to provide an environment to the occupants which will make them comfortable , live, work and achieve
to the best of their ability and encourage productivity.
The success of a building lies in the fact that the building functions as per the intent for which it is designed. To achieve
that building services becomes very important.
ELECTRICAL SERVICES deals with the following building functions such as installation of the high side equipments like
transformers, DG, Panels etc and distribution of power, lighting and other auxiliary services.
Electrical Power
Normal, standby and emergency power supply and distribution
Lighting
Interior, exterior and emergency lighting
Extra low voltage systems
Telephone, data & cable TV networking
7/17/17 Importance of Electrical Services 5

COMMONLY USED TERMINOLOGY IN ELECTRICAL SERVICES
Voltage (V)– An electromotive force or "pressure" that causes electrons to flow through a conductor due to the potential
difference in charge between 2 points and can be compared to water pressure which causes water to flow in a pipe.
Voltage is the difference in charge between two points.
In other words, voltage is the "energy per unit charge”. Measured in Volts. V= I* R where I is current and R is resistance
Current (I) — The flow of an electric charge through a conductor. An electric current can be compared to the flow of
water in a pipe.
Current is the rate at which electric charge flows past a point in a circuit. Measured in amperes.
Power — The rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. Measured in Watts.
P= V*I
Connected load is the sum of all the loads connected in the circuit irrespective of the fact that whether it is being
currently operated or not.
Demand load is the sum of load which is connected to the circuit and is being currently operated.
Source -‐ Wikipedia
7/17/17 Terminology 6
Maximum Demand MD is measured in Kilowatt (kW). It is the highest level of electrical demand monitored in a particular
period usually for a month period.
Load factor is defined as the average load divided by the peak load in a specified time period. It is a measure of variability
of consumption or generation; a low load factor indicates that load is highly variable, whereas consumers or generators
with steady consumption or supply will have a high load factor.
An example, using a large commercial electrical bill:

•peak demand = 436 kW
•use = 57200 kWh
•number of days in billing cycle = 30 d
Hence:
•load factor = { 57200 kWh / (30 d × 24 hours per day × 436 kW) } × 100% = 18.22%
The demand factor is taken as a time independent quantity where the numerator is taken as the maximum demand in the
specified time period instead of the averaged or instantaneous demand. the possible
This is the peak in the load profile divided by the full load of the device.
Example: If a residence has equipment which would draw 6,000 W when all equipment was drawing a full load draw a
maximum of 3,000 W in a specified time, then the demand factor = 3,000 W / 6,000 W = 0.5
Diversity factor (or simultaneity factor) is a measure of the probability that a particular piece of equipment will turn on
coincidentally to another piece of equipment. For aggregate systems it is defined as the ratio of the sum of the
individual non-‐coincident maximum loads of various subdivisions of the system to the maximum demand of the
complete system.
The Power Factor is an indicator of the quality of design and management of an electrical installation. It relies on two
very basic notions: active and apparent power.
The active power P (kW) is the real power transmitted to loads such as motors, lamps, heaters, and computers. The
electrical active power is transformed into mechanical power, heat or light.
The apparent power is the basis for electrical equipment rating.
The Power Factor λ is the ratio of the active power P (kW) to the apparent power S (kVA):
The load may be a single power-‐consuming item, or a number of items (for example an entire installation).
The value of power factor will range from 0 to 1.
Power factor 0.85 is good whereas power factor of 0.5 is poor.
A.C & D.C CURRENT
AC – Alternating Current. Electric current in which the flow of electric charge periodically reverses direction, whereas
in direct current (DC, also dc), the flow of electric charge is only in one direction. The abbreviations AC and DC are
often used to mean simply alternating and direct. AC is the form in which electric power is delivered to businesses and
residences. Source -‐ Wikipedia
Single Phase -‐ single-‐phase electric power is the

Three Phase -‐ Three Phase power refers
distribution of alternating current electric power using a
to three wire Alternating Current
system in which all the voltages of the supply vary in
(AC) power circuits. Typically there
unison. Single-‐phase distribution is used when loads are
are three (Phase A, Phase B,Phase C) power wires
mostly lighting and heating, with few large electric motors.
(120 degrees out of phase with one another) and
Applicable for mainly domestic applications.
one neutral wire.
Single Phase power refers to a two wire Alternating Current
(AC) power circuit. Typically there is one power wire and
Applicable for industrial applications.
one neutral wire.
In India the A.C current has 50 Hz frequency and 230V for In India the A.C current has 50 Hz frequency
single phase. and 230V/ 415 V for three phase.
Conductor – A substance which offers

low resistance to the flow of electric Wires – A component in the
current is called conductor -‐ Copper, cables . A wire is a single
Aluminum, GI – conducts electricity. strand or a group of strands
of an electrically conductive
material, usually aluminum
or copper.
Cable – A length of single

insulated conductor (solid
or stranded) or 2 or more
such conductors each
provided with its own
insulation which are laid up
together.
Circuit -‐ An electric circuit is a path in Distribution board -‐ Cable tray -‐ In the electrical wiring of
which electrons from a voltage or A distribution board (also buildings, a cable tray system is used
current source flow. Electric current known as panel board or to support insulated electric cables
flow in a closed path is called breaker panel) is a component used for power distribution and
an electric circuit. The point where of an electricity supply system communication.
those electrons enter an electrical that divides an electrical power
circuit is called the "source" of feed into subsidiary circuits,
electrons. while providing a protective
fuse or circuit breaker for each
circuit in a common enclosure.
Raceway is used to route wires through a Electrical conduits refer to an electrical
discreet cable track that will improve the system used to protect and provide route of
aesthetics in just about any room, and is a electrical wiring. Electrical conduits are made of
great and affordable way to conceal and metal, plastic, or fiber and could be rigid or
protect cables in both home or office. flexible
ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION
ELECTRICAL energy is generated in power houses or generating stations.
Electrical energy is generated in – Thermal power plants & Hydel power plants
Thermal power plants –

• Uses a raw material (coal as fuel) which is non-‐ renewable.
• Pollutes the environment
• Huge amount of fuel required.
• Generates a lot of ash which needs to be handled in close proximity of the power plant
Hydel power plants –

• Uses renewable resource like water as raw material.
• Requires a dam to store water in large reservoirs .
• Does not generate by products
• Water is released at high force which falls on turbines which coupled with generator converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy.
7/17/17 Electricity Generation 14

NON – CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY –

Those energy sources which are renewable and ecologically safe-‐such as solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy,
ocean energy (tidal energy, wave energy, ocean thermal energy), geothermal energy, etc.
Nuclear Energy is also a non-‐conventional

energy source, however the raw material is non-‐
renewable. Energy produced is tremendous ,
however the wastes generated are not
ecologically safe. The by products of nuclear
wastes are radioactive nuclear wastes disposing
of which is a challenge for the environment.
Sources of Energy

7/17/17 15
7/17/17 Sources of Energy 16

Step Dn Transformer

220 kV / 33kV
Step Up Transformer

11kV-‐ A.C– 220 kV
Hydel Power Plant – HT transmission towers
generated at 11kV 220kV transmission lines
33kV / 6.6kV
Substation
1st Receiving Stn Feeders

Transforming Stn – 6.6kV /
2nd Receiving Stn
0.4 or 0.23 kV
33kV / 6.6kV
Substation BULK CONSUMER CONSUMER
7/17/17 Electricity Generation 17

Generated electricity is distributed to the users through transmission and distribution networks – large network of
conductors.
Transmission system – System by which Bulk power (or energy) is transmitted from power station to load centers
(Large sub stations)
Distribution system – All equipments in the Distribution substation, overhead lines, U/G cables radiating from the
substation combined together – is known as the distribution system.
Distributors – OH lines from which number of consumers are fed by electrical energy at low voltage.
Service Connections – The Al conductors connecting the distributors with the consumer’s mains is known as service
connections.
7/17/17 Transmission & Distribution system 18

A.C & D.C SYSTEMS OF SUPPLY
D.C SYSTEM – Distributed at the generated voltage. Not generated beyond 440V.
A.C SYSTEM – Voltage can be increased to 120kV and above, therefore for same amount of power the current is
tremendously reduced.
Power (P)– Voltage (V) x Current (I)
Transmission of electrical energy at a wide distance after generation is possible with minimum copper losses. This is
the reason why A.C system of supply is adopted in most countries world wide.
Copper loss is the term often given to heat produced by electrical currents in the conductors of transformer windings,
or other electrical devices.
Maintenance cost of A.C distributor is low, however initial cost of A.C system is high as compare to the D.C system.
7/17/17 Systems of supply 19

CONDUCTORS
A substance that offers low resistance to the flow of electric current is a conductor. Some important conductors are
Silver, Copper , Aluminium to name a few.
Properties of a good conductor
• Low cost
• Easily available in the market
• Have sufficient tensile strength
• Joint should be easily made & soldered
• Have sufficient mechanical strength
• Should not get affected by changing atmospheric conditions
• Flexible
• High conductivity & low specific resistance to keep the electrical losses low
Bare conductors Conductors Insulated conductors
Not covered with insulation. Covered with insulation. Used for indoor wiring
Used in OH lines for transmission & distribution installations & UG distribution systems.
7/17/17 Conductors, Wires & cables 20

Copper Conductor – best material for conducting , Mostly used for commercial purpose, its conductivity is
approximately 90% of that of silver, can be exposed to all weather conditions , however very expensive and frequent
fluctuations of price.
Aluminum – Inferior to copper, 60% conductivity as compared to copper, however second best as conductor, cheaper
and lighter than copper, subject to less price fluctuations.
Conductors are made of solid cable (for the smaller c/s areas )
For the larger c/s areas a number of smaller cables are twisted together to make a
larger cable. These are called strands.
Conductors, Wires & cables

7/17/17 21
Insulation is a non-‐conductive material, or a material resistant to the flow of electric current. It is often called a
dielectric in radio frequency cables.
• Insulation resists electrical leakage,

• prevents the wire’s current from coming into contact with other conductors,
• and preserves the material integrity of the wire by protecting against environmental threats such as water and
heat.
• Protects personnel involved in electrical installation from electric shocks.
Both the safety and effectiveness of the wire depend on its insulation.
Any conductor which is composed of a conducting material, uniform in diameter and circular in cross-‐section is called a
wire.
A length of a single insulated conductor (solid or stranded) or two or more such conductors, each provided with its own
insulation which are laid up together is called a cable.

7/17/17 22
PARTS OF A CABLE
A cable consists of the following 3 main parts
• Conductor – the conducting material through which current

flows
• Insulation covering – covering which bounds the current to flow

in a definite path, avoids current leakage and protects against
shocks and fire
• Protective covering -‐ protects the insulation covering against any

mechanical injury.

7/17/17 23
HT CABLES
A high-‐voltage cable (HV cable) is a cable
used for electric power transmission at high
voltage. A cable includes a conductor and
insulation, and is suitable for being run
underground or underwater. This is in
contrast to an overhead line, which does not
have insulation.
High-‐voltage cables of differing types have a
variety of applications
High tension(HT) lines are using much higher

voltages (11kV,33kV,66kV,110kV etc) .It is
used to transmit power to large distances by
increasing voltage and decreasing current, so
as to reduce losses. HT lines uses thinner
conductors than LT line.
7/17/17 HT Cables 24
HT Cables are multi core types (3 core).
CORE -‐ One centre core or a number of cores of stranded
conductors. There may be 1 core, 2 cores, 3 cores, 3.5
cores or 4 cores.
INSULATION – The various insulations used may be paper,

varnished cambric and vulcanized bitumen for low
voltages.
METALLIC SHEATH – Metallic sheath over the insulation to

prevent entry of moisture into the insulating materials. It
may be lead or lead alloy.
BEDDING – Over metallic sheath, a layer of bedding of paper tape compounded with a fibrous material.
ARMOURING – Prevents mechanical injury to the cable, consists of one or two layers of galvanised steel wires or two
layers of steel tape.
SERVING – Over the armouring fibrous material like bedding is used which is called serving.
HT Cables
7/17/17 25
LT CABLES
LT Cables are used in the distribution of
electricity at low voltage – upto 1kV.
LT cables are used in the connection of power

supply to residential, commercial & industrial
units ( e.g. 230V/440V).
It is used to transmit power at very small

distances and uses thicker conductors
LT lines have low voltage and high current

distribution.
LT CABLES – up to 1000 V or 1kV
Generally these cables are used for
distribution of electrical power at 400 V.
The cables are single core or multi core.
Mostly 4 core cable is employed for
distribution of electric power at low
voltage.
7/17/17 LT Cables 26
VOLTAGE LEVELS
Electricity is supplied to consumers through the National Grid at a very high voltage to reduce energy losses
during transmission. Transformers are used to increase or decrease the voltage of the supply. Electricity is charged in
units.
Most of the world uses 50 Hz 220 or 230 V single phase 400V 3 phase for residential and light industrial services. In
this system, the primary distribution network supplies a few substations per area, and the 230 V power from each
substation is directly distributed. A live (hot) wire and neutral are connected to the building for each phase of three
phase service. Single-‐phase distribution is used where motor loads are light.
Large industrial customers have their own transformer(s) with an input from 11 kV to 220 kV.
Bulk consumers/ Industries receive power at approx 6.6kV where the power is further brought down to 415V as per
the power demand.
Consumers receive at 230V single phase for domestic usage or 415V 3 phase for domestic and light industrial services.
Voltage, Nominal (of an Installation) -‐ Voltage by which an installation or part of an installation is designated.
Voltage, Extra Low (ELV)-‐ The voltage which does not normally exceed 50 V.
Voltage, Low (LV) -‐ The voltage which normally exceeds 50 V but does not normally exceed 250 V.
Voltage, Medium (MV) -‐ The voltage which normally exceeds 250 V but does not exceed 650 V.
Voltage, High (HV) -‐ The voltage which normally exceeds 650 V but less than or equal to 33 kV.
Voltage, Extra High (EHV) -‐ The voltage, which normally exceeds 33 kV. Source -‐ NBC 2016 – Electrical & Allied Installations
7/17/17 Voltage levels 27

SUB STATION
A substation is essentially an assembly of apparatus which is installed to control transmission or distribution of electric
power.
It transforms the characteristics of electrical energy from one form to another i.e form alternating current to direct
current and from one voltage to another.
The stepping up and stepping down of voltage is done in sub – stations.
MAIN FUNCTIONS OF A SUB STATION
• Switching operations – To switch on & off the power lines

• Voltage transformation operation
• Power converting operation – a.c into d.c and vice versa
• Frequency converting operation
• Power factor correction operation
7/17/17 Sub station 28

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATION

• In accordance with the service-‐
• Static – Voltage of A.C energy is changed
• Converting-‐ A.C energy is changed to D.C energy
• In accordance with the service voltage
• Extra high voltage transmission substation – above 66kV
• Distribution substation – Voltage stepped down to L.T 400 volts for users
• Industrial substation – Bulk consumers supplied at 11kV or 66kV – stepped down at their premises.
• Substation for power factor correction
• Frequency changing substation
• In accordance with the type of construction
• Substations of the integrally built type – cells are constructed with concrete or brick
• Substations of the composite built type – prefabricated and assembled at site
• Unit type factory fabricated substations and metal clad switch boards. – preassembled in electrical workshops
and only connections are made at site.
Sub station
7/17/17 29
TYPES OF SUBSTATION -‐ ACCORDING TO DESIGN – choice is based on cost & atmospheric conditions
• Outdoor substations – Handles extra high, high & low voltages

a. Foundation mounted – Transmission substations
b. Pole mounted – Distribution substations
• Indoor substations
OUTDOOR SUBSTATIONS
a. Foundation mounted – Transmission substations
• These substations are located outside city limits & requires good
access for heavy transport
• Handles large block of electrical energy – several hundred thousand
kVA
• Saves on building cost but large site areas required , more
maintenance and also adequate clearance all around for
maintenance
• > = 132kV – outdoor construction is universal
7/17/17 Substation 30
OUTDOOR SUBSTATIONS
b. Pole mounted – Distribution substations
• These require a H shaped pole structure.

• The transformers are mounted on these structures
• These substations receive power at 11kV and delivers at 400/230V for
distribution
• Erected in important locations
• Suitable for low rating – approx till 100kVA
• Both initial and maintenance cost is low.
• Suitable for rural electrification, small residential colonies and medium
size consumers.
Substation
7/17/17 31
INDOOR SUBSTATIONS
• Indoor substations are up to Voltage of 11kV but

may be erected for 33kV & 66kV as special cases.
• Requires fire rated walls
• Requires adequate ventilation
• Requires Fire extinguishing system preferably
CO2.
Substation
7/17/17 32
The ideal location of the electrical substation should be

• In a separate building when it is part of a large campus with numerous buildings
• Close to the load center
• Located on the Ground floor level and not in the basement
• Floor level should be minimum 150mm above the highest flood level
• In case of multistoried buildings the substation shall be located close to the ground level with direct access from
the streets for movement of equipments.
• All door openings of the substations & electrical rooms etc should open outside.
• The substation enclosure that is walls, floor, ceiling openings , door etc shall have 2 hour fire rating
• The substation building shall be approx 6m clear distance from adjoining building to allow for fire tender
movement.
• The minimum height of the HT Switch gear room shall be minimum 3.6M below the beam soffit.
The layout of the electrical substation shall follow the following sequence of spaces based on the flow of electric
power
Electric Supply HV room with Transformer LV room with LT

Co’s room HT switchgear switchgear
7/17/17 Substation 33
RING MAIN UNIT

Ring Main Unit (RMU) is a 11 KV or 33 KV HT panel having 3 nos. of switches (Circuit Breakers or Isolators or LBS) that are 2
for incoming one for outgoing. It enables consumer use 2 sources of HT power in at the same metering point. It is a totally
sealed, gas-‐insulated compact switchgear unit.
RMU has two incoming with mechanical or electrical interlock and one out going to the load generally but exceptions
like one incoming and two outgoings medium voltage supplies are also possible. In engineering distribution this is called
flexible power supply.
RMU switch gears allow higher flexibility of distribution network, reduces fire hazard and is maintenance free.
7/17/17 RMU 34
METERING PANELS
Metering panels are located after the RMU to record the energy
consumption of the owner/ consumer.
It is located so that it gives easy access to the owner and the
Electric supply Company’s representative to record the
electrical units consumed.
HT Meter is located at the substation for large installations at
11KV.
LT Meter is located at consumer’s end.
• Single phase (230 Volts)connections for Upto & below 5KW
• 3 Phase connections (415 Volts) for above 5KW.
7/17/17 Metering Panels 35

HT PANELS
HT panels are located after the metering panel and

before the transformer.
HT Panel is like LT Panel except that it is used for high
tension cables.
A distribution board (also known as panelboard, breaker panel,

or electric panel) is a component of an electricity supply
system that divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary
circuits, while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for
each circuit in a common enclosure.
HT panel takes the inputs from the Metering panel and the
output goes out to the number of transformers.
7/17/17 HT Panels 36
TRANSFORMERS
Transformer is an essential component of a voltage

conversion substation.
Transformers is an essential part of a voltage

conversion substation. It consists of 2 coils which Distribution transformer
are insulated with each other and placed on a steel
core.
Transformer can be classified in the following categories
In accordance with the type of core

• Core type transformer
• Shell Type transformer
In accordance with the type of cooling

• Oil filled self cooled
• Oil filled water cooled
• Air blast type
7/17/17 Transformers 37
Transformers are used for step up and step down of voltage for easier transmission of electric current from the
generating station to the user point.
Step down transformer has more number of coil

Step up transformer has more number of coil
windings on the primary side than the secondary
windings on the secondary side than the
side.
primary side.
7/17/17 Transformers 38
GENERATORS
Diesel Generators (D.G) provides back up to E.B power.
A diesel generator is the combination of a diesel engine with

an electric generator (often an alternator) to generate electrical
energy.
Diesel generating sets are used in places without connection to
a power grid, or as emergency power-‐supply if the grid fails, as well
as for more complex applications such as peak-‐lopping, grid support
and export to the power grid.
Adjacent to the Electrical substation the back up Diesel Generator (D.G) is located.
• The D.G may be located in the Ground floor or in the first basement with adequate storage
for fuel and also forced ventilation.
• Acoustical treatment required for D.G rooms in case they are located indoors.
• D.G also requires a chimney which should leave out the smoke 3M above the highest point
of the building.
• Fire fighting equipment also to be installed in the D.G room.
Alternatively acoustical outdoor D.G units can also be provided.

7/17/17 Generators 39
LT PANELS
LT Panels: LT Panel is an electrical distribution board that

receives power from generator or transformer and distributes
the same to various electronic devices and distribution boards.
7/17/17 LT Panels 40
THE SERVICE CONNECTIONS

Electrical energy is brought to the users through Transmission & Distribution networks.
The distribution may be done either through the

• OVERHEAD cables
• UNDERGROUND cables
OVERHEAD CABLES (OH cables)

• Strong lines to withstand all weather conditions
• Continuous earth line runs along the route of the OH lines. The OH lines have to be earthed solidly with the
continuous earth.
• All metallic portions shall be earthed.
• Anticlimbing devices and danger signages have to be provided on each pole for 6.6kV and above.
• Various materials can be used for these poles to carry OH cables – Wood, Steel tubular poles, RCC Poles & Steel
Towers.
• All overhead cables need lightning protection.
7/17/17 41
OVERHEAD CABLES
Wooden Poles Steel tubular Poles RCC Poles Steel Towers
7/17/17 Types of Poles 42

UNDERGROUND CABLES
Underground cables
• Add to the aesthetics & safety
• Important for road crossings
• Care should be taken that UG cables are located far away from the UG waterlines.
7/17/17 Underground cables 43

• Overhead lines aren't the only way of bringing power to homes.
• When low-‐voltage lines are underground but transformers and medium-‐voltage lines are overhead, this is called a
hybrid overhead/underground distribution system.
• When the system is entirely underground, the medium-‐voltage lines are also buried, while transformers are
mounted on ground-‐level pads.
• The latter system is more common in densely populated areas and in housing developments.
• UG power lines is gaining popularity since in addition to improving the landscape, undergrounding protects
electrical equipment from bad weather and vegetation.
• It also helps create more open space in neighborhoods.
• Undergrounding any distribution system is more expensive than building overhead lines, and the decision is up to
municipal authorities and government
7/17/17 Overhead Vs Underground 44

Methods of laying UG cables
• Cables buried directly

underground in a trench with 0.5
M width and 1M depth.
• The cables are laid on level
surface on a bed of sand which
protects it from moisture.
• Cables are covered further with
sand.
• Care should be taken that no
sharp stones should come in
contact with the cable.
7/17/17 45
COMPARISON BETWEEN OH (OVERHEAD) SYSTEM & UG (UNDERGROUND) SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES
• Repair – OH lines easy to repair over UG cables
• Fault location easier in OH lines compared to UG lines
• Initial cost is lower for OH lines compared to UG lines
• Due to more spacing between the conductors the charging current is less in OH System compared to UG system
• Jointing is comparatively easier in OH system compared to UG system.
DISADVANTAGES
• Maintenance cost is more in OH system compared to UG system since there are more faults.
• UG cables are safer for the public since they are buried in the ground.
• OH systems affect the aesthetics , whereas the UG system is not visible.
• Lightning & Thunder affect the OH system.
• Surges are absorbed by the metallic sheath of UG cables.
• OH lines are prone to accidents.
• OH lines see more voltage drop
• OH lines affect telecommunication lines.
7/17/17 46
WHAT ARE THE ELECTRICAL CODES ?

An electrical code is a set of regulations for the design and installation of electrical works in a building. The intention of
a code is to provide standards to ensure electrical services installation are undertaken as per a set of regulations which
are safe for people and property.
• NATIONAL BUILDING CODE 2016
• NATIONAL ELECTRIC CODE
• IS RULES
• STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD
• CHIEF ELECTRICAL INSPECTORATE GUIDELINES
7/17/17 Codes 47
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE 2016

The National Building Code of India (NBC), a
comprehensive building Code, is a national
instrument providing guidelines for regulating
the building construction activities across the
country. It serves as a Model Code for
adoption by all agencies involved in building
construction works by the Public Works
Departments, other government construction
departments, local bodies or private
construction agencies. The Code mainly
contains administrative regulations,
development control rules and general
building requirements; fire safety
requirements; stipulations regarding materials,
structural design and construction (including
safety); building and plumbing services;
approach to sustainability; and asset and
facility management.
7/17/17 Codes -‐ NBC 2016 48

NBC 2016 (THIRD REVISION) The NBC 2016 has 2 Volumes.

Volume 1 Volume 2
PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH — PREREQUISITE FOR APPLYING PART 7 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT, PRACTICES AND SAFETY
PROVISIONS OF THE CODE PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES
PART 1 DEFINITIONS Section 1 Lighting and Natural Ventilation
PART 2 ADMINISTRATION Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations
PART 3 DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES AND GENERAL BUILDING Section 3 Air Conditioning, Heating and Mechanical Ventilation
REQUIREMENTS Section 4 Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise Control
PART 4 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY Section 5 Installation of Lifts, Escalators and Moving Walks
PART 5 BUILDING MATERIALS 5A Lifts
PART 6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 5B Escalators and Moving Walks
Section 1 Loads, Forces and Effects Section 6 Information and Communication Enabled Installations
Section 2 Soils and Foundations PART 9 PLUMBING SERVICES (INCLUDING SOLID WASTE
Section 3 Timber and Bamboo MANAGEMENT)
3A Timber Section 1Water Supply
3B Bamboo Section 2 Drainage and Sanitation
Section 4 Masonry Section 3 Solid Waste Management
Section 5 Concrete Section 4 Gas Supply
5A Plain and Reinforced Concrete PART 10 LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT, SIGNS AND OUTDOOR DISPLAY
5B Prestressed Concrete STRUCTURES
Section 6 Steel Section 1 Landscape Planning, Design and Development Section
Section 7 Prefabrication, Systems Building and Mixed/Composite Section 2 Signs and Outdoor Display Structures
Construction PART 11 APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY
7A Prefabricated Concrete PART 12 ASSET AND FACILITY MANAGEMENT
7B Systems Building and Mixed/Composite Construction
Section 8 Glass and Glazing
7/17/17 NBC -‐ Contents 49
Specific regulations to be adhered to in the supply and use of
electrical energy had been laid down by the Indian Electricity
Act, 1910 and the Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 framed
thereunder. However, a need was felt to elaborate upon these
regulations since the agencies involved have varied practices in
view of their diverse interests and different accessibility levels
to technological developments. In order to rationalize these
practices, India’s first National Electrical Code, formulated in
1985, was a compendium of several well established codes of
practice which provided assistance on economic selection,
installation and maintenance of electrical equipment employed
in the usage of electrical energy. The code complemented and
elaborated on the Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 for the ease of
application by the system engineers by recommending the best
practices for electrical installations in a consolidated form in
order to provide for unified practices and procedures along
with consideration for safety and economic usage of energy in
the design, execution, inspection and maintenance of electrical
installations of various locations.
7/17/17 NEC – BIS 50

IS RULES
IS (Indian Standards) or BIS(Bureau of Indian Standards) codes are the
Codes and standards formulated by BIS for various kinds of items and
aspects of electrical works like -‐ electrical appliances, equipments etc.
• describing the material specifications ,
• storage requirement,
• method of installation & fixing ,
• Mode of measurement
• testing and commissioning
and is the governing standards for all electrical works.
7/17/17 IS Rules 51
STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD
In the year 1999, Karnataka embarked on a major Reform of the power sector. As a first step, Karnataka Electricity Board
(KEB) was dissolved and in its place, the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) was incorporated.
This was followed by the constitution of Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission (KERC) in November 1999.In the
next phase of the Reform Process, the transmission and distribution business managed by KPTCL were unbundled in
June 2002. Four new distribution companies were formed to distribute power in Karnataka.
Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited (BESCOM) has taken over the responsibility from KPTCL for the
distribution of electricity in 8 districts and commenced its operations from 1st June 2002.
7/17/17 Codes -‐ State Elec Boards 52

CHIEF ELECTRICAL INSPECTORATE GUIDELINES -‐ CEIG

The purpose of the Department
The main objective of this department is to ensure that all power plants in the state of Karnataka have to comply with
the Central Electricity Authority (Methods of Safety and Electricity Supply) rules, as of 2010, to the safety code and
standards. The purpose of this department is
• to ensure that power establishments are safe for human, animal life and property damage.
• to ensure safety measures are implemented in the production, transmission, distribution and use of electricity.
CEIG Guidelines deal with Clearance and safety with a stress on the local state electricity supply guidelines. It is
drawn by state and ratifies and gives approval for installations.
7/17/17 Codes – Chief Electrical Inspectorate guidelines 53

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15

ARC 5.3 ELECTRICAL SERVICES & ILLUMINATION

• ELECTRICAL SERVICES & ILLUMINATION

CONTACT PERIODS: 3 (Lecture) per week THEORY MARKS: 100

SCHEME OF EVALUATION

REFERENCE BOOKS AS PER SYLLABUS:

7/17/17 Scheme of Evaluation & References 3

Electrical services deals with the

7/17/17 Importance of Services 4

7/17/17 Importance of Electrical Services 5

COMMONLY USED TERMINOLOGY IN ELECTRICAL SERVICES

Source -­‐ Wikipedia

An example, using a large commercial electrical bill:

Source -­‐ Wikipedia

Single Phase -­‐ single-­‐phase electric power is the

Conductor – A substance which offers

Cable – A length of single

ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION

Thermal power plants –

Hydel power plants –

7/17/17 Electricity Generation 14

NON – CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY –

Nuclear Energy is also a non-­‐conventional

Sources of Energy

7/17/17 Sources of Energy 16

Step Dn Transformer

Step Up Transformer

1st Receiving Stn Feeders

7/17/17 Electricity Generation 17

7/17/17 Transmission & Distribution system 18

A.C & D.C SYSTEMS OF SUPPLY

Power (P)– Voltage (V) x Current (I)

7/17/17 Systems of supply 19

Bare conductors Conductors Insulated conductors

7/17/17 Conductors, Wires & cables 20

Conductors, Wires & cables

• Insulation resists electrical leakage,

Conductors, Wires & cables

PARTS OF A CABLE

A cable consists of the following 3 main parts

• Conductor – the conducting material through which current

• Insulation covering – covering which bounds the current to flow

• Protective covering -­‐ protects the insulation covering against any

Conductors, Wires & cables

High tension(HT) lines are using much higher

Source -­‐ Wikipedia

HT Cables are multi core types (3 core).

INSULATION – The various insulations used may be paper,

METALLIC SHEATH – Metallic sheath over the insulation to

LT cables are used in the connection of power

It is used to transmit power at very small

LT lines have low voltage and high current

7/17/17 Voltage levels 27

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF A SUB STATION

• Switching operations – To switch on & off the power lines

7/17/17 Sub station 28

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATION

• Outdoor substations – Handles extra high, high & low voltages

• These require a H shaped pole structure.

• Indoor substations are up to Voltage of 11kV but

The ideal location of the electrical substation should be

Electric Supply HV room with Transformer LV room with LT

RING MAIN UNIT

Source -‐ Wikipedia

Source -‐ Wikipedia

Single Phase -‐ single-‐phase electric power is the

Nuclear Energy is also a non-‐conventional

• Protective covering -‐ protects the insulation covering against any

Source -‐ Wikipedia

7/17/17 Codes -‐ NBC 2016 48

7/17/17 Codes -‐ State Elec Boards 52

CHIEF ELECTRICAL INSPECTORATE GUIDELINES -‐ CEIG