Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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אאאאאKאאאאאאא
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אאאאWאא
Preservation of Foodstuffs
Introduction
אא Kא
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KאאאאאאאאאWאא
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Wאא
Kאאאאא
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אא ٢٥٤ א
אאאאא אאא אאא
אאאא
Preservation of Foodstuffs
Wאאאאא אאאא
Natural DryingWאא J١
א אאאא
א ،אאאא
Kא
SaltingWא J٢
אK אא אא
אאאאאKא
K
PicklingWא J٣
א אא،א،א א אאא
אאK אאאא،אאא،א
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، אאאאאאא
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אKאאאאאא
Kאא،א،אWאK אאאא
Drying א J١
אאאאאאאאא
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KDrying or Dehydration
KFreeze-Drying אאאאאא
אאאEאFאא
אא ٢٥٤ א
אאאאא אאא אאא
אאא אאא
Kאא
אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאא،אא
KאאE١ J١FאK
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אאאאא אאא אאא
אאאאא
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Kאאאאא
Wאאאאאאא
אאאאאאא J
אאאאאאא J
אאאאאאאאאאאא
K אאאאא
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אאאאאאאאאKא
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Kאא
אא ٢٥٤ א
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Cold StorageWאא
אאאPerishable Foodsאא
אאא،א
אאKאאא
Kא
K אאאאאא
א،
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א אאאאאא
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א K١
א K٢
K٣
אא ٢٥٤ א
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Storage Conditions א
، אאאאא
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אאאE٤ J١F،E٣ J١F،E٢ J١FאאKא
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א (ASHRAE-Handbook 1994) א
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Storage Temperature Wאא
אאאאאאאאא
אאKאא
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אאאאא אאא אאא
אאאאא
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אRind Pittingאא אאא
אBrowningאאאאא
Kאא
Relative Humidity and Air Motionאאאא
אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאKא
אאא א אאא
אאאאאאאאאKDesiccation
אאאאאאאKא
Kאאאאאא
אאאאאא
K אאאאאאאאKא
K אאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאא
אK אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאא
100%אK אאאאאא
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אאאאאKא
Kאא א
Storage Requirements א
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Kאאא،אKא
Wא
אא ٢٥٤ א
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Pre-Storage RequirementsWא K١
אא אא، אאא• א
Kאא
אאאא •
Kא
(blanching) אאK אא •
K
אאאאאאא
Kאאאאאאא
Kאאאא •
KאEאFאא •
Pre-Coolingא אK٢
אאאאאא
אאאאאאאK
אאאאK
אאא
Kאאא
Packing and Handling אא K٣
Kאאאאאאא• א
Kאאאאא •
אאאאאאאא •
Kא
KאCarcass אאאא •
אאK אאאא •
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Post-Storage Requirements א K٤
Wאאאאא
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K
אא ٢٥٤ א
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אאאאאא •
Kא
Kאאאאא •
Kאאאא •
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o o
C % C
אאWE٣ J١F
אא ٢٥٤ א
אאאאא אאא אאא
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o o
C % C
אאWE٤ J١F
Wאאאאאאא
Wאא
אאאא
Kאאאא
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אאא
K אא
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Kאאאאא א K١
Kאא K٢
Kאאא K٣
Kאאא K٤
Kאאאאא K٥
Kא K٦
K אאא
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Kאאאא K١
Kאאאאא אK٢
Kא K٣
Kאאאאאא אK٤
Kאאא K٥
א K٦
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אKאKא1.5 °Cאא
אאE HFאK-3.5 °Cא
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KאE٦ J١Fא
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(°C ) אא א
-23 -18 -12
12-24 6-18 4-12
12-18 6-16 3-8
4-6 3-4
8 4-14 3-4
אWE٦ J١F
אאא
KE١ J١Fא
אאאאWE١ J١F
אא ٢٥٤ א
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א אK١
א J
א J
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Freezing Methods : א
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Slow Freezingאא K١
Quick Freezingאא K٢
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0 CאאK אאאאאא
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Deep Freezingאאאאא
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אאאאאאWE٢ J١F
Slow FreezingWאא
אאאאא
אאK- 40 °C- 18 °Cאא אKFree Convection
אאאKאא،
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Quick FreezingWאא
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Air-Blast Freezing אאאאא •
Contact Freezingאא •
Immersion Freezing א •
Air-Blast FreezingWאאאאא
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אאאאאKCombined Effectאאאאאא
KאאאאKאאאאא
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אאאאWE٣ J١F
אאאאWE٤ J١F
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EFאאאאWE٦ J١F
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אאאאא אאא אאא
אאWE٧ J١F
Contact FreezingWאאא
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K
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א
KאאאאCryogenic Freezersאא
K א(CFC,s)אאא
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Summary W
אאאא J١
Kאאא
אאאאאאאאאא J٢
Kאא
Kאאאאאאאאאאאאא J٣
אאאאאאאאא،אאאאא J٤
K
א،אאאאא אאאא J٥
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א، אאאאאאאאא J٦
Kאאאאאאאאא
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אאאאא אאא אאא
W
Kאאאאאאאא אK١
Kאאאאא K٢
Kאאאאא אK٣
Kאאאאאאאאא K٤
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Kא אK٦
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אאאאאאאא K٩
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Kאאאא אK١٠
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א
א
٢
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
אWאא
Construction of Cold Stores
Introduction
אאK אאא
אא אא
אאאאאאא
אאאאאK אאאאאאא
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Kאאא •
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Construction of Cold Stores
Cold StoreWא
אאאא אא א
אאK אא
אאאאאאא
Kאא
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אאאאKאאאא
Kאאאאאא
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K
Wא
Coolersאא K١
Kאאאאאאאא
low-Temperature Rooms אא K٢
אK
אאאאא אא
אאE١ J٢FאK -29 °C -18 °C אאא
Kא
Initial Building Considerations Wאאאא
Wא
KEFאאאא •
Kאאאאאאא
Kאאאאא •
אאK אאאאאא •
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אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
WE١ J٢F
Wאאאאא
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אאאא אאא •
Kאאאא،אאא
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Kאאא •
Kאאאא •
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Kא
אא ٢٥٤ א
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Cold Store Size Determination
Wאאאא
אאאאאאא •
Kא
אאאאאWאאאאאאא •
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K אאאאאאאא •
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Building Planning and Design Wא
אאאאאא
Kא
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אאKאאאאא
אא Corridors אאאאא
Kאאאא
KאE٢ J٢FאKא
אאא
K אאאאא אאאא
Wא
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
אWE٢ J٢F
Primary CostWאא K١
אאאאאאא
E٣ J٢Fא K אאאאאאאאא
Kאאאא
א אאאאאאאא
אאK אא 50% א
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אא אאאא
Kאאא
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
אאאאWE٣ J٢F
Running or Operating Cost Wא K٢
א
א א
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אאאאWE٤ J٢F
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
אאאא אא
אאאאאאאא
K אאאאאאאא
KClosed Shipping and Receiving Docks אאאאאא
Air Circulation in a Cold StoreWאאאא K٣
، אאאאאאאאא
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אאא Kאאאאאא
אאאאא אK אאאא
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אאאWE٥ J٢F
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אאאאאאאאאאאאא
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אאאאאKא
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KE٦ J١FE٥ J١F،E٤ J١F،E٣ J١FאKאא
אאא K٤
אאאאאאאאא
אאאאKאא
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Kאא
אאאWE٦ J٢F
אאאאא
Kאא
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
א א
א
Kאא
אאאא אאאאא
אאאK 30% אא
K ٨٣אא
K אאאאאאא
אאאאאאאE١ J٢Fא
Kא
א
אאא א א א
א אא
3.6 4-6 3 1 100
6×6 3.6 6-12 4 1 250
6×6 4.8 6-18 4 1 500
6×6 4.8 6-18 5 1 1000
6×6 4.8 12-18 6 1 1500
6×126×6 4.8 12-18 7 1 3000
6×126×6 4.8 12-24 9 1 5000
6×12 4.8 12-24 12 1 10000
אWE١ J٢F
Wא
Single-Deep RacksWאא J
אאאאאDouble-Deep racksW אא J
א،אאאאאאאאKא
Kאא
Double-Deep Drive-in RacksWא J
אאא
،אא א
Kאאאאא،
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
KאאאאE٧ J٢Fא
Double RacksWEFSingle RacksWEF
Wאאאא K٥
אאאאאא
، אאאאא
KE٨ J٢Fאאאאאאא
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
אWEF אWEF
אאאאWE٨ J٢F
Refrigeration System Wא K٦
אאאאKאא
Kאאאא
אKא
אאאאאאאא
Kאאאאאא
Safety PrecautionsWאא K٧
אא،אאא
אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאKאאאאא
אK(Temperature Pulldown)EFאאאאא
אא 2 °C אאאא
KאאאאKאאאאא
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
WEF WEF
אWE٩ J٢F
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
Wאאאאא
W אאאאאאאאא
Kאאאא J١
Kאאאאא J٢
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Kאאאא J٥
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W אאאא
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Kא
Kאאאא،אW אאא J
،אא،אאא W אאאא J
Kאאאא
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K
K א אWא ٣
אאאאK٤
Kא
אאאאאאאE١٠ J٢Fא
אאWEF אאWEF
Rigid Polyurethane foam Glass mineral wool
אאאאאWE١٠ J٢F
Wאאאא
،אאאאא
KאKKאאאאאאא
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E٢ J٢FאKאאא
Kאאאאאאאאאא
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א Thermal Conductivity
Material W
( )
mK
Mineral or Glass fiber Blanketאאא 0.039
Boards or Slabs אאאא
Cellular glassאא 0.058
Cork Boardא 0.043
Glass Fiberאא 0.036
Expanded Polystyrene (smooth) – Thermocole 0.029
Expanded Polystyrene (cut Cell) – Thermocole 0.036
Expanded Polyurethane 0.017
Phenotherm (Trade Name) 0.018
Loose Fill אא
Paper or Wood Pulpאא 0.039
Sawdust or Shavingsא 0.065
Minerals Wood (Rock, Glass, Slag)אא 0.039
Wood Fiber (soft)אא 0.043
אאאאאWE٢ J٢F
Wאא
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Wא١
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Kא
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Silicaא limeאא
K 648.9 °C ← 37.8 °C אאאאאKK
Kאאאאאא
GlassW–א٢
Fibrous
KK
BlanketsRigid Board
אאKKK 40 °C ← − 37.8 °C אאאאאא
א
אא ٢٥٤ א
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KCellularאא
K
אאאאBoard Formא
א،EF
אאאא
KExcellent Moisture Resistance and Cutting Characteristics א א
אאKPre-Formed Shapes boards אאא
148.9 °C ← − 182.8 °C אאאא
Refractory Fiber Wאאא٦
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אאא
K BlanketKKSilicaא AluminaKא
K،1648.9 °C א
Expanded Polystyrene (Eps)Wאא٧
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m
אאאא J
אא ٢٥٤ א
א אאא אאא
א J
אא J
Kאאא J
PolyurethaneWא٨
א 15 cm Polyurethane 4 cm K א J
E ρ = 15 − 25 kg3 אFא J
m
J
א J
א J
א J
Insulating CementWאא٩
אאאאKאאאאא
KאאאאאאאK
Polystyrene אW
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KFiber Glass א א، Polyurethane א، Styrofoam א
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Kא،אאWאאא
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א 5 5 10 10 25 25 25 30 30 30 35 35 40 40
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( °C ) 70 80 70 80 50 60 70 50 60 70 50 60 50 60
15 - - - - 0.0128 0.0186 0.0246 0.0.281 0.375 0.0441 0.500 0.0563 0.0663 0.0795
10 - - - - 0.0266 0.0323 0.0382 0.319 0.0491 0.0574 0.591 0.0694 0.0792 0.0992
5 - - - - 0.0388 0.0445 0.0502 0.536 0.0610 0.693 0.0708 0.0810 00.906 0.1036
0 -- - - - 0.0493 0.0550 0.0606 0.0639 0.0713 0.0794 0.0808 0.091 0.1003 0.1141
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-15 0.035 0.0367 0.0383 0.0395 0.0732 0.0788 - 0.0873 0.945 - 0.1037 0.1137 - -
-20 0.0427 0.0444 0.0456 0.0468 0.0801 0.057 - 0.0941 0.1013 - 0.1102 0.1203 - -
-25 0.0501 0.0523 0.0525 0.0537 0.0866 0.0922 - 0.0998 0.1077 - 0.1165 0.1265 - -
-30 0.0571 0.0588 0.0591 0.0604 0.0929 0.0985 - 0.1067 0.1138 - 0.1225 0.1325 - -
-35 0.064 0.0657 0.0656 0.0668 0.0989 0.1045 - 0.1126 0.1197 - 0.1283 0.1382 - -
-40 0.0708 0.0725 0.072 0.0732 0105 0.1106 - 0.1185 0.1256 - 0.1341 0.1440 - -
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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8.98 33.35 10-7 -0.7 297 1.95 3.82 95 to 100 7 to10
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5.53 87.35 4-2 -0.8 307 1.99 3.92 95 to 100 0
1.73 14.69 2-1 -0.5 314 2.02 3.98 95 to 100 0
10.88 73.87 8-4 -0.6 247 1.76 3.31 95 to 100 0
7.43 12.36 14-10 -0.5 320 2.04 4.05 95 to 100 10
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2.76 4.67 7-6 -0.8 203 1.6 2.88 65 to 70 0 -
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4.32 15.38 3-2 -0.2 317 2.03 4.02 95 to 100 0
11.23 81.13 4-3 -0.9 304 1.98 3.88 95 0
0.78 4.32 8-1 -0.8 294 1.94 3.78 65 to 70 0
11.84 65.4 2-1 -1.1 284 1.9 3.68 95 to 100 0
8-6 0.99 1.24 70 10 -
3.71 11.23 3-2 -0.7 307 1.99 3.92 90 to 95 7 to 13 -
1.73 4.06 -0.7 260 1.81 3.45 90 to 95 7
6-4 -1.3 230 1.7 3.15 85 to 90 13 to 16
3-2 -0.8 304 1.98 3.88 85 to 90 31
1.56 12.61 4-3 -0.7 317 2.03 4.02 90 to 95 0
11.75 58.92 2-1 -0.3 310 2 3.95 90 to 98 0
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5.88 33.52 3-2 -0.8 284 1.9 3.68 90 to 100 0 א
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1.9 6.39 6-4 -1.1 310 2 3.95 85 to 95 7 to 10 א
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1.38 7.17 3-2 -1.8 267 1.84 3.51 95 -1 to 0 א
4-2 -0.9 290 1.93 3.75 90 to 95 2 to 4 א
14-10 -1 284 1.9 3.68 90 to 95 -0.5 to 0 א
12-6 -16 67 1.09 1.5 75or -18 to 0 א
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3.37 24.36 10-7 -2.4 260 1.81 3.45 85 to 90 -1 to 0 אא
0.6 2.68 6-3 -2 274 1.86 3.58 95 to 100 -1 to 0 א
4-3 -0.9 310 2 3.95 90 7 to 10 א
4.06 5.79 6-1 -1.4 297 1.95 3.82 85 to 90 15 to 81 א
11.04 38.79 2 -0.9 270 1.85 3.55 85 to 90 31 א
10.02 12.53 6-4 -1.4 250 1.78 3.35 85 to 90 7 to 10 א
1.13 7.77 12-3 -0.8 290 1.93 3.75 85 to 90 5 א
6-2 -1.6 277 1.88 3.61 90 to 95 -1.6 to 0 א
2 -0.8 310 2 3.95 90 to 95 7 to 10 א
0.6 9.1 4-1 -1 284 1.9 3.68 85 to 90 20 א
0.69 6.65 4-1 -0.8 287 1.92 3.72 90 to 95 -0.5 to 0 א
1.47 13.39 4-1 -0.8 287 1.92 3.72 90 to 95 -0.5 to 0 א
4-2 -3 274 1.86 3.58 90 0 א
3-2 -1.1 270 1.85 3.55 90 to 100 0 א
7-5 -0.8 300 1.97 3.85 90 to 100 0 אא
4-2 -1.1 290 1.93 3.75 90 to 95 0 א
אאWE٨ J٣F
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ
درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة kJ/kg K
زﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ
اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ
o
C
اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ
kJ/kg o
% C
6-1 -2.7 257 1.8 3.4 88 to 92 0 to 1 -
5 -1.7 233 1.71 3.18 90 0 -
7-1 -2.7 220 1.66 3.05 90 0 to 1
12-6 -2.7 90 to 95 -23 to -18 -
12-5 -2.2 233 1.7 3.2 90 85 0 -
12-8 -2.2 90 to 95 -23 to -18 -
1 -2.8 247 1.76 3.31 85 to 90 -2 to 0 - א
12-8 -2.8 95 א90 -23 to -18 - א
5 -1 -2.8 227 1.69 3.11 90 to 95 0 to 1 א
14-5 -2.2 270 1.85 3.55 5 9 to 100 -1 to 1 -
12-6 -2.2 90 to 95 -29 to -18 -
12 -2.2 267 1.84 3.51 90 to 95 0 to 1 אא
א
14-12 -2.2 270 1.85 3.55 5 9 to 100 -1 to 1 א
8-3 -2.2 90 to 95 -29 to -18 א
א
אאWE٩ J٣F
Miscellaneous LoadsW J٤
אאאאאאאא
Wאא
Kא K
KאאK
Kאא K
K K
WאE
א אאאא
אאאאאKאאאא
אאאאאאא
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
E١٠ J٣FאKאKKKKKKאאאאא
Kאאאאאאאא
אאאאא אא
kJ / person / day °C
19000 10
22200 5
25000 0
27700 -5
31700 -10
34300 -15
37000 -20
אאאאEFWE١٠ J٣F
E kJ / person / day אאאאא × אFZאW
Wא
Q p = No . of people × Q person × 86.4 kJ
day
Qp = N × Q p × CLF
W
(No. of people ) א J
CLF EאאאאאFא J
WאאE
אK
אאאאאא
אאא،אא
Wא
Ql = ∑ P × 84.4 kJ day
QL = N × Plamp × CLF
W
CLF EאאאאFא J
P lamp אא J
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אאא،אא
אאאאאF 40 → 50 W2 א
m
KEא
CLF = 1 אאאא
WאE
אאאאאאא
(fork-trucks)אאא K (20.88 kWh / Hp / day) 0.87 kW / Hp )
אאאאK 4 → 5 Hp א
אאא K (20.88 kWh / Hp / day = 75000 kJ / Hp / day)
אא،EF 15 min 20 Hp
K 20 Hp ( 15 × 20 = 5) 5 Hp
60
אאאאאאאא
EאFאאאאאא
אאאאאאא
א 1 → 1 אא
15 Hp אא،
7 6
5
(15 × = 12.5) 12.5 Hpequivalent א
6
Wא
Qmotors = Hpequivalent × ( 75000 kJ / Hp / day ) = kJ
day
א
Qmotors = F × ∑ Pmotors W
אאאא F
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
WE
אאא
א
אKKאאאאאאא
،אK אאא
KאE10% אF،אאאא
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
System BalanceWאא
אאאאא
אאא Kאאא
אא אא
אאאא،אאא
K אאאאאאא
א ،אאא
אK אאא
Kא
אאאאא
(Equilibrium or Balance Point)אא،אא،א
אאאאאאא
אאא
אאאK
אאא
אאאאא
אאKא
אאאאא،א
Kאאאא،א
אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאא
אאאאאKא
(RuntimeFאא
אאאאאאא
١٣אאא١٦א
אאאאאאK
K
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אאאאאE١ J٣Fא
(UC − 105) אK A אאא
אא (UC − 180) אאK ⎛⎜1 1 hp ⎞⎟ א
⎝ 2 ⎠
אאאאK B
אאאא
אאאאWE١_٣F
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
E١F
12m× 8m × 3.5m 40 °C אאא 7°C ,80 RH
Wאא
100mm ، 200mm אאא J
K 100mm
K 100mm 250mm א J
Kאאא J
Kאאאא
Wא
אאאאאא
1
U=
1 ∆x 1
+∑ +
hi k ho
1 W
U= = 0.312 2
1 0 .2 0 .1 0 .1 1 m K
+ + + +
10 1.23 0.036 0.72 34.1
אאאא
1
U = = 0.264
W
1 0.25 0 .1 1 m2 K
+ + +
10 1.23 0.029 34.1
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אאאא
1
U = W
= 0.375 2
1 0 .3 0 .1 m K
+ +
10 1.23 0.043
Q ∆T U A
W
W K m2 K m2
= 1 × 8000 × 8 = 2667W
24
(Q prod ) א
W، (T freezing = 0.7 °C ) אא
אא
m& × C p × ∆T
Q prod =
(3600 × n)
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
10000 × 3.45 × ( 30 − 7 )
Q prod = = 9184W
3600 × 24
Wא
( m × q resp ) × 1000
Q resp = W
24 × 3600
10000 × 4.06 × 1000
= = 469 W
24 × 3600
אא
106 × V × N × ∆h
Qinf = W
24 × 3600
= 10 × 336 × 3.9 × 0.0992 =1505 W
6
24 × 3600
Wאאאאאאא
Qcooling = 2499 + 33 + 388 + 2676 + 9184 + 469 + 1505 =16848W
אאא 10% א
QT = 1.1 × 16848 = 18533W
18hrs אא
W ( QG ) א
24
QG = 18533 × = 24710 W = 7.06 TR
18
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
Refrigeration Load Estimate Survey Form
Customer :……………………………………………….
City, State :………………………………………………
Job name : ……………………………………………….
City, State : ……………………………………………...
o
Room Temperature (R.H.)… C.DB ( …. %R.H.)
o
Ambient Temperature……... C.DB Date (…/.…/.….)
Estimator ……………………………………………..
Insulation:
Thickness Insulation Temp. surface area U Conversion
mm Type Diff m2 W/m2K Factor
Ceiling: …… …………… ..…… × ………… × ............. × .................... =
Floor: …… .................... .......... × ………… × ……… × .................... =
Wall #1: …… .................... .......... × ………… × ……… × .................... =
Wall #2: …… .................... .......... × ………… × ……… × .................... =
Wall #3: …… .................... .......... × ………… × ……… × .................... =
Wall #4: …… .................... .......... × ………… × ……… × .................... =
o
Infiltrating Air: C.DB ( %R.H.)
Air Inflit: 1000 × m3 × use × N× KJ/L =
o o
Product: Type ent@ C Lvg. @ C
Cool : cp above×24
…. Kg/hr/ … Pulldown × … LN × …. TD …. =
product
…. kJ/kg heat of fusion×24
freeze :
…. Kg/hr/ … Pulldown × … LN × =
product
…. TD …. cp above×24 =
Cool
… Kg/hr/ … Pulldown × … LN ×
frozen
Respiration: ………. Kg × ……………… kJ/kg/Day kJ/Day =
Occupancy: ………. People × ……………… kJ/person/Day kJ/Day =
Lights: …………………… Watts × 86.4 kJ/Day =
Motors: …………………… Equivalent HP× 75000 kJ/HP/Day kJ/Day =
Miscellaneous: ……………………×……………………×…… kJ/Day =
Equipment selection: Total Dailey Load (kJ/Day) =
(Voltage : …../……/…….) ÷ (16 – 18 -20 hr) Runtime =
÷ (5% - 10%) Safety Factor =
Grand Total kJ/hr Required =
Grand Total kW Required (peak) =
Peak Refrigeration Capacity (TR) =
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אאאא
Refrigeration Load Estimate Survey Form
………………………………………………א.
א،………………………………………………א
א……………………………………………… א.
א،………………………………………………א
o
אא (R.H.)… C.DB ( …. %R.H.)
o
אאא……... C.DB Date (…/.…/.….)
…………………………………………… א..
א
Thickness Insulation Temp. surface area U Conversion
mm Type Diff m2 W/m2K Factor
2
א …… ……………. ……… × ………… × ............... × ................... =
א …… .................... ……… × ………… × ............... × ................... =
E١Fאא …… .................... ……… × ………… × ............... × ................... =
E٢Fאא …… .................... ……… × ………… × ............... × ................... =
E٣Fאא …… .................... ……… × ………… × ............... × ................... =
E٤Fאא …… .................... ……… × ………… × ............... × ................... =
אאא o
C.DB ( %R.H.)
Air Inflit: 1000 × m3 × use × N× KJ/L =
WE٢F
Wאאאאאאא–١
35 °C (db) , RH = 50% אאא J
8 3600 kg א J
8 hr א J
10 °C אא J
− 30 °C אא J
0.5 hr א J
10 °C (db) , RH = 80% אאאא J
12 m × 9 m × 4.5 m א J
200 mm polystyrene א J
100 mm polyurethane א J
100 mm polyurethane אאא J
1200W א Wא J
15 HP 1 Wא J
18 hr / day Wא J
10 % Wא J
Wא
Wאא
Qw = U × A × ( T o −Ti ) W א J
Q = 0.228 × 108 × 80 = 1970 W
Qw = U × A × ( T o−Ti ) W א J
Qw = U × A × ( T o−Ti ) W ٢אא
Q = 0.222 × 54 × 40 = 493W
Qw = U × A × ( T o−Ti ) W ٣אא
Q = 0.228 × 40.5 × 32 = 295W
Qw = U × A × ( T o−Ti ) W ٤אא
Q = 0.228 × 40.5 × 65 = 600W
Qinf = V& × ∆h × 1000 א
= 15.75 × 0.0604 × 1000 × ( 2 ) = 1900W
Wא
Qabove = m × cp above × ∆T × 1000 א
3600 × N
= 3600 × 3.23 × 11 × 1000 = 4440W
3600 × 8
Q freezing = m × L × 1000 א
3600 × N
3600 × 230 × 1000
Q freezing = = 28750W
3600 × 8
Qbelow = m × cpbelowe × ∆T × 1000 א
3600 × N
3600 × 1.6 × 29 × 1000
Qbelow = = 5800W
3600 × 8
א
QL =# lamps × Plamp
QL = 1 × 1200 = 1200W
א
Qmotor = F × ∑ P motor
WE٣F
Wאאאאאאא–١
35 °C (db) , RH = 50% אאא J
8 900 kg א J
8 hr א J
2 °C אא J
− 1°C אא J
8 hr א J
9 m × 6 m × 3.5 m א J
150 mm א J
75 mm polyurethane א J
100 mm styro אאא J
600W א Wא J
18 hr / day Wא J
10 % Wא J
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
WE٤F
Wאאאאאאאא
30°C (db) , RH = 50% אאאא J
(300000 kg Apple) א J
Eא 100000 kg F 3 א J
21°C אאא J
− 1°C אא J
2 א J
15 m × 15 m × 4.5 m א J
75 mm polyurethane א J
75 mm polyurethane א
75 mm polyurethane אאאא
2400W א Wא J
2 Wא J
3 HP א אא J
37000 kJ / day א 2 J J
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
W Summary
Kא 24 hr ،אאאאא١
Kאאאאאאא٢
K (kW ) אא
אאא ٣
Kאאאאאא
אאאאא ٤
אEאאF − 2 °C ← 0 אא
אאא،אא
Fאאאאאאאאא
E 24hr
אא אא Runtime (hr)א
> 0 °C אא
22 → 24 hr
20 hr
18 hr
Forced Defrost(Elect or Hot gas )
16 hr
אאאאWE١١ J٣F
א10% ← 5% א ٥
אאאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
אאאאאאא J٦
K
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
W
Wאאאאאאאאא J١
40 °C (db) , RH = 50% אאא
(24000 kg / day) 3 days א J
15 °C אא J
− 20 °C אא J
2 hr א J
R.H . = 60 % אא J
40 m × 30 m × 4 m א J
100 mm polystyrene א J
150 mm polystyrene א J
100 mm polystyrene אאא
8 hr / day 60W א 52 Wא J
8 hr / day 2 Wא J
8 hr / day 10 kW א 1 Wא J
500W ،אא J
18 hr / day Wא J
10 % Wא J
אאאאאאאאאא J
אא
אאאEאF
אאאא J٢
Wא
40 °C (db) , RH = 50% אאאאא J
8 2400 kg א J
8 hr א J
10 °C אאא J
0 °C אא J
אא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
1 hr א J
8 m × 6 m × 3.5 m א J
150 mm concrete א J
100 mm polyurethane א J
50 mm polyurethane אאא
250W א Wא J
א Wא J
80W א J W J
Wאאאאאאאא J٣
35°C (db) , RH = 50% אאאאא J
(400000 kg potato) 40 kg 10000 א
2 .5 m
2
K
א אאאא J
W
500W 6 Wא J
4 Wא J
EאאF 5 HP א אא J
3000W א 4 J W J
אאא
אא
אא
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אאאאאWאא
Kאא
Wאא
Wאא
Kאאאאא •
Kאאאאא •
Kאאאאא •
Kאאאא •
Wאאא
٪٩٠אא
אא
٨
Wאא
Kאאאאא •
אאאא •
Wאא
Kאאאא
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אא
Industrial Refrigeration
אK אאאא
אאK
אאא
אאKאאאאאא
אאא
אאKא
אאאKאאא
אא אאאאאא
K אאאאאאא
אאאאאא
אאאא
Kא
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
Ice manufacturingWאE١F
אאאאאאאא
אאאאKopacityאאא
Kאאאאא
אKvapor compression cycle אאא
K אאא
אE٣אE٢אLאE١Wאאא
Ecubes אflakes אאWא
אFtubular
אאאאאKblock אא
Kא
Flake Ice MakerWאא
א אK אאאאאא
אאאאאאא KKא
אspiral auger אאKאאא
אאאאאK
אאא KKאאא
אKאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאK1-3mm
אאאאאאKbatchesא
אאאK אאאאKא
אאאאK
אאאאא
Kאא
אא אאאאאאא
אאאאKאא
Kאאא
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אאאא
אK א אא א
אKאrelay
K450 psig אאא
K4 psig אאא
ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﺰول
اﻟﻤﺒﺨﺮ
ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺜﻠﺞ
ﻋﻀﻮ دوار
اﻟﻌﺎزل
אאאE١ J٤F
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אאE٢ J٤F
tubular Ice Makerא
אאאאאאא
K
אאאE٣_٤FאKאא
א
אא אאא
אאאאKאאאא
אאאK13mm א5mmא15א8
אאאאאאKאאtimer
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אאאKאאאא
אKאאאאK1.1 MPaא
אאאאאא
Kא
אאKR-22R-12 אאא
אאא9000 kgאאאא
אאאKאאK
אא17500 kgא21 oCא
אאא37200 kgאK126 kW265kPa
K282 kW144 kPaא
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ
اﻟﺴﺤﺐ
ﻣﻮزﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺎء
ﺣﺎﺟﺰ داﺧﻠﻲ
ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ
ﻧﺰف
ﻣﻀﺨﺔ
אאE٣ J٤F
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
Wאאא
אאאK אאאאא K١
אאאאKאאאא
K אאאאKא
K אאאאאאא א אא
אאאbleed-off
אK
אאאאאאKE٣ J٤F
Kא
א
אא K٢
אאאאאKאא
אאK אאאאא
אKאאאאא
אאא K א אאא
אאאאאאאא
אאאKאאKא
א
אKאאא
Kא
אאאאאאא K٣
אאאאאא
אאאאאאאK
Kאא
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אאאאאאא
WאאאKא
K65.5 oCא •
K71.1 oCא •
K79.5 oCא •
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
ﻣﺰج وﺧﻠﻂ
هﻮاء داﺧﻞ
ﺗﺠﻤﻴﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ
ﺗﻌﺘﻴﻖ
ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻒ
E J٤ J٤Fאא
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ
ﺧﺰان اﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﺧﺰان اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺒﺎرد
ﺳﺨﺎن ﻣﺎء
ﻣﺎء ﺑﺎرد راﺟﻊ
אאE J٤ J٤F
Homogenizationא
אאא א
KאאאאKא
Cooling א
אאאאא א
אא אK7.2 oCאא
אKאאאאאאא
Kאאא
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
Ageing א
אא KEvat
Fא
א(0 oC - 4 oC)א7.2 oCאא
אK72 hrsאאא
א אאא
Kאאא
Freezing א
Kאאאאא
horizontal or vertical batch freezers א •
continueous freezers א •
אאאאאEF אא
אאאאאKא
KE٦ J٤F،אאאא
אאאאאאא
Kאאא
אאאאאאא
KEאFאאא
Filling and Packaging אא
- 2 אאאאא
אאאאאאאK- 7 oCאoC
KאאאאאאאאKא
Hardeningא
،- 40 oC-30oC אאאאאא
-25 oCא אאKאא
אK אאא
אאאK א א
אK אאאאאא אא
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אE٥ J٤F
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אEאFאE٦ J٤F
هﻮاء ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﺑﺎرد ﺟﺪا
ﺧﺮوج اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ
اﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﻨﺎت
اﻟﺤﺰم واﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ
دﺧﻮل اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ
رف ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﺒﻜﻲ ﻣﺜﻘﺐ
ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ
אE٧ J٤F
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
אאאאcryogenicsEאFאאא
− 100 °C אאאאאאE٨ J٤Fא
אאאK(-273 oC) אאא
Kאאאאא
א א
א• א א •
א • אא •
א • א •
• א א •
א • א •
אא• א אא •
א• א
אLאאE١ J٤F
אlinde
אאאאא،1744
אאאKarl von Lindeאא
Fאא
E٩ J٤F
EF E F
אEFאאEFE٩٤Fא
אאא ٢٥٤ א
אא אאא אאא
200 bar אEאאFאאאא
אאאאאאאאK
E 6 ← 5 אFאאEאאFא Kא
אE١٠ J٤، 7 אFא
א אאאאאאא
KE 1אFאאא
Kאאאאא
(Fractional distillation )
אאאאאאאאא
אאאE٢ J٤FאKאאאא
Wאא
א אא אא אא
% K
Oxygen 20.95 90.11 O2
Argon 0.93 87.22 Ar
Nitrogen 78.08 77.21 N2
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REFERENCESאא
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Roy J.Dossat,1997"Principles of Refrigeration",4th Edition, .٢
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Columbus, Ohio
Whitman. Johnson & Tomczyk, 2000 "Refrigeration And Air .٣
Conditioning Technology" 4th Edition, Delmar.
Althouse. Turnquist. Bracciano, 1996 "Modern Refrigeration And .٤
Air Conditioning" The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.
BOHN Heat Transfer Division "Application Manual" .٥
ASHRAE Handbook, 1990 "Refrigeration Systems & .٦
Applications"
Yunus, A.Cengel, 1998 Heat Transfer – A Practical Approach, .٧
"McGrawhill"
C.P.Arora, 2001-Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, International .٨
Edition, "McGrawhill"
Personal Internet Connections .٩
Industrial Refrigeration Handbook,W. F. Stoecker, 1998 .١٠
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Air blast freezing אאא
Air blast room אאא
Auger
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Alumina EאFא
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ASHRAE handbook אא
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Batch
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Block
Block Ice א
Board
Bohn
Brine
Browning א
Building
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Calcuim silicate א
Canning
Carcas
Carrier
Ceiling
Ceiling insulation א
Cellular glass
Cement
Ceramic א
Characteristics
Chilling injury א
Circulation
City
Classical refrigeration systems
Classification
Closed
Cold plates א
Cold storage
Combined effect
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Construction
Contact freezing
Containers
Continuos א
Conversion factor
Cool frozen
Cool product
Corridors א
Cost
Cranes א
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Cryogenic freezers אא
Customer
D
Daily load אא
Dark
Day
Deep
Deep freezing
Defrost א
Dehydration אא
Desiccation
Design
Determination
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Dew point א
Docks
Double
Double glass
Drive
Dry ice
Drying
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Epoxy adhesive
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Euipment selection אאא
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Excellent
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Fabrics gains א
Facilities
Fiber
Flakes א
Floor insulation א
Fluidized bed freezers אאא
Foam
Foam insulation materials א
Forced defrost אא
Form
Free convection
Freeze product א
Freeze-drying
Freezer
Freezing
Motors
N
Name א
Nose-mount
O
Occupancy
Off-cycle
Oil-base paints א
Opacity
Operating cost א
P
Packing & handling אא
Panels א
Paper
Peak refrigeration capacity אא
People
Perishable foods
Perlite
Person
Phenotherm אאא
Pickling
Planning
Plastic
Polyethylene א
Polystyrene א
Polyurethane
Post-storage requirements א
Precaution א
Pre-cooling
Preservatiopn of foodstuffs אאאא
Pre-storage requirements א
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Primary
Product load א
Product type א
Pulldown-time א
Pulp
Q
Quick freezing
R
Rack
Radiation
Railways
Rate of product entry א
Receiving א
Refractory
Refrigerant
Refrigeration & freezing אא
Relative humidity & air motion אאאא
Resistance
Respiration א
Rigid
Ring pitting א
Rock
Room temerature אא
Rooms
Running cost א
Run-time א
S
Safety
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Salting
Sawdust
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Shipping
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Short-term cold storage א
Side
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Single
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Slow freezing
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Storage requirements א
Store
Styrofoam א
Sub-zero א
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Thickness
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