ATTY. GALAHAD R.A.

PE BENITO FEU INSTITUTE OF LAW

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW SCHOOL YEAR 2019-20

COURSE OUTLINE

I. Introduction
a. The Religious Perspective
i. Dominion
ii. Superiority
iii. Stewardship
b. The Anthropocentric Perspective (economics)
c. The Biocentered Perspective (ecology)
d. Need for environmental regulation
i. uncertainty of mechanism/effect
ii. potentially catastrophic effects
iii. collective risks
iv. irreversibility
v. controllability
e. Preliminary Query: Is the Philippines prepared to go the environmental way?

II. History of Environmental Law

a. International
b. United States
c. Philippines

III. Environmental Policy Approaches/Concepts

a. Polluter Pays Principle
b. Beneficiary Pays Principle
c. The Coase Theorem
d. Economic Efficiency
e. The Tragedy of the Commons
f. Approaches to Regulation
1. Market Forces
2. Government Regulation
3. Liability
4. Social Insurance
g. Regulatory Targets
h. Bases for Controls
i. Types of Regulation

IV. Constitutional Provisions

a. Right to a Balanced and Healthful Ecology (Section 16, Article II)
1. Oposa v. Factoran, including concurring opinion, G.R. No. 101083, July
30, 1993; 33 I.L.M. 173(1994)
2. Lead Agency (Executive Order No. 192)

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 a. Powers
b. Attached Agencies
b. Goals of National Economy; Protection Against Unfair Foreign Competition
(Section 1, Article XII)
1. General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT)
a. Most-Favoured Nation Treatment (Article I)
b. Elimination of Quantitative Restrictions (Article XI)
c. General Exceptions (Article XX)
c. Ownership of Natural Resources (Section 2, Article XII)
1. La Bugal-B’laan Tribal Association v. Ramos, G.R. No. 127882,
January 29, 2004.
2. La Bugal-B’laan Tribal Association v. Ramos, G.R. No. 127882,
December 1, 2004.
3. Republic Act 7942
4. Executive Order No. 79, series of 2012.
5. DAO 2007-12
6. DENR Memorandum Order No. 2016-01
7. DENR Administrative Order No. 2018-13
d. Requirements of Ecology and Conservation in Disposition of Lands of Public
Domain (Section 3, Article XII)
e. Forest Lands and National Parks; Logging (Section 4, Article XII)
f. Rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities to Ancestral Lands (Section 5,
Article XII)
g. Preference to Qualified Filipinos (Section 10, Article XII)
h. Natural Resources Reform (Section 4, Article XIII)
i. Principle of Stewardship (Section 6, Article XIII)
j. Special Rights of Subsistence Fishermen to Marine Resources (Section 7,
Article XIII)
k. Food and Drug Regulation (Section 12, Article XIII)

V. Environmental Impact Statement (PD Nos. 1151, 1586)

a. Substantive and Procedural Aspect
b. Essential Contents
1. Environmental Impacts
2. Adverse Effects
3. Alternatives
4. Consistency
5. Depletable/Nonrenewable resources
c. US Model
1. Calvert Cliff’s Coordinating Committee v. US Atomic Energy Commission,
449 F.2d 1109, 146 US App.D.C. 33.
d. Implementing Rules and Regulations (“IRR”) (DENR Administrative Order
No. 2003-30)
1. Basic Policy and Objectives (Sections 1 & 2, IRR)
2. Definition of Terms (Section 3, IRR)
3. Scope (Section 4, IRR)

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 i. Republic of the Philippines v. The City of Davao, 437 Phil. 525
(2002)
4. Requirements for ECC and CNC
i. Forms and Contents
ii. Documentary Requirements
iii. Programmatic EIS
iv. Public Hearings
a. DENR Administrative Order No. 2017-15
v. Prior Consultations
a. Sections 26 and 27, Local Government Code
vi. Review Process
5. Appeal (Section 6, IRR)
6. Timing (Sections 7, 8.2, IRR)
7. Amendments (Section 8.3, IRR)
8. Monitoring (Section 9, IRR)
9. Fines and Penalties (Section 16, IRR)
10. Compare implementing rules with requirements of the law.
e. Boracay Foundation v. Aklan, G.R. No. 196870, June 26, 2102
f. Paje v. Casino, G.R. No. 207257, February 3, 2015

VI. Clean Air Act (“CAA”) of 1998 (R.A. 8749); Implementing Rules and Regulations
(“IRR”) under DENR Administrative Order No. 2000-81
a. Air Quality Policies and Recognition of Rights (Sections 2-4, CAA)
b. Definitions (Section 5, CAA)
c. Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework (Section 7, CAA)
d. Air Quality Control Action Plan (Section 8, CAA)
1. A Brief History of Technology-Forcing by Paul Miller and Matt
Solomon
2. DENR Administrative Order No. 2015-04
3. LTO Memorandum Circular No. 2017-2078
4. DOE Order No. 2018-08-0012
e. Airsheds (Section 9, CAA)
1. Emissions Trading (Section 9, CAA)
f. Non-attainment Areas (Section 10, CAA)
1. Designation of Non-attainment Areas (Section 1, Rule XI, IRR)
2. Modification of Sources (Section 4, Rule XII, IRR)
3. Fee Surcharges (Sections 5 and 6, Rule XII, IRR)
4. Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (Section 2, Rule XIII, IRR)
5. Emission Offsets (Section 3, Rule XIII, IRR)
g. Air Quality Control Techniques (Section 11, CAA)
h. Ambient Air Quality Values and Standards (Section 12, CAA)
1. Basis for Values (Section 12 (a) & (b))
2. Review of Values (Section 2, Rule VII, IRR)
i. Emission Charge System (Section 13, CAA)
1. Emissions Averaging (Section 1, Rule XXI, IRR)
j. Air Quality Management Fund (Section 14, CAA)

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 k. Permitting System for Stationary Sources (Section 16, CAA)
1. Permits Required (Sections 1 and 8, Rule XIX, IRR) as amended by
DENR-Order No. 2004-26
l. Emission Quotas (Section 17, CAA)
m. Financial Guaranty for Emergency Response/Cleanup (Section 18, CAA)
n. Emission Standards for Stationary Sources (Section 19, CAA)
3. Absence of Emission Standard (Section 3, Rule XXXV, IRR)
4. Prohibited Acts (Sec ion 13, Rule XXXV, IRR)
o. Ban on Incineration/Exceptions (Section 20, CAA)
1. Non-Burn Technology (Section 2, Rule XXVIII, IRR)
p. Pollution from Motor Vehicles (Sections 21-23, CAA)
1. Emission Standards (Section 21, CAA)
2. Powers of DOTC to implement emission standards (Section 21, CAA)
3. Emissions Testing for Registration (Section 22, CAA)
a. Roadside Inspection; Apprehension (Sections 1 and 4, Rule XXXV,
IRR)
q. Smoking Ban (Section 24, CAA)
1. Penalty (Section 5, Rule LVI, IRR)
r. Regulation of Fuels (Sections 26-29, CAA)
s. Other Pollutants (Sections 30-33, CAA)
t. Role of LGUs (Section 36, CAA)
u. Record-keeping, Inspection, Monitoring (Section 38, CAA)
v. Administrative Actions (Sections 40, 42, CAA)
1. Jurisdiction (Section 4,Rule XLIX, IRR)
2. Pollution Adjudication Board (Section 2, Rule L, IRR)
w. Citizen Suits (Section 41, CAA)
1. Damages (Section 5, Rule LII, IRR)
2. Malicious Actions (Section 8, Rule LII, IRR)
x. Countersuits (Section 43, CAA)
y. Lien on Properties of Violator (Section 44, CAA)
z. Fines and Penalties (Sections 45-48, CAA)
1. Prohibited Acts (Section 1-3, Rule XXXVIII, IRR)

VII. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Summary for Policymakers

a. Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (Working Group II
Fifth Assessment Report)
b. Paris Climate Agreement
c. Massachusetts v. EPA, 549 U.S. 497 (2007)

VIII. Solid Waste Management Act (Republic No. 9003)

a. Basic Policies (Sec. 2, Art. 1, Chapter 1)
b. Definition of Terms (Sec. 3, Art. 2, Chapter 1)
c. National Solid Waste Management Commission (Sections 4, 5, Chapter 2)
d. Visitorial Powers of Department (Section 9, Chapter 2)
e. Role of LGUs (Section 10, Chapter 2)
1. Provincial Solid Waste Management Board (Section 11, Chapter 2)

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 2. City and Municipal Solid Waste Management Board (Section 12,
Chapter 2)
3. Local Government Solid Waste Management Plan (Sections 16, 17,
Article 1, Chapter 3)
4. Mandatory Solid Waste Diversion (Section 20, Article 1, Chapter 3)
5. Common Solid Waste Management Problems and Facilities (Sections
43, 44, Article 7, Chapter 3)
f. Comprehensive Solid Waste Management (Chapter 3)
1. Status Report (Section 14, Article 1, Chapter 3)
2. Framework (Section 15, Article 1, Chapter 3)
3. Responsibility of Owner and Operator (Section 18, Article 1, Chapter
3)
g. Segregation of Wastes (Article 2, Chapter 3)
1. Mandatory Segregation (Sections 21, 22, Article 2, Chapter 3)
h. Collection, Transport, and Transfer (Sections 23-25, Article 3, Chapter 3)
i. Recycling Program
1. Eco-labeling (Section 27, Article 4, Chapter 3)
2. Reclamation Programs/Buyback Centers (Section 28, Article 4,
Chapter 3)
3. Non-environmentally Acceptable Products (Sections 29 and 30,
Article 4, Chapter 3)
4. LGU Materials Recovery Facility (Sections 32 and 33, Article 4,
Chapter 3)
j. Composting (Article 5)
k. Waste Management Facilities (Article 6)
1. Prohibition against Open Dumps (Section 37, Article 6, Chapter 3)
2. Permit for Solid Waste Facility Construction (Section 38, Article 6,
Chapter 3)
3. Guidelines for Controlled Dumps (Section 39, Article 6, Chapter 3)
4. Sanitary Landfills (Sections 40-42, Article 6, Chapter 3)
l. Establishment of Common Waste Treatment and Disposal Facilities (Section
44, Article 7, Chapter 3)
m. Incentives (Chapter 4)
n. Solid Waste Fund (Section 46, Article 6, Chapter 4)
o. Solid Waste Fees (Section 47, Article 6, Chapter 4)
1. Ferrer v. Mayor Bautista, G.R. No. 210551, June 30, 2015
p. Penal Provisions (Chapter 6)
q. Citizen Suits (Sections 52 and 53, Chapter 7)

IX. Clean Water Act (Republic Act No. 9275)

a. Declaration of Policy (Sec. 2, CWA)
b. Coverage (Sec. 3, CWA)
c. Definition (Sec. 4, CWA)
d. Water Quality Management Areas (Sec. 5, CWA)
e. Management of Nonattainment Areas (Sec. 6, CWA)
f. National Sewerage Program ( Sec. 7, CWA)

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 g. Domestic Sewage Collection (Sec. 8, CWA)
h. Water Quality Management Fund (Sec. 9, CWA)
i. Water Quality Variance for Geothermal and Oil Exploration (Sec. 11, CWA)
j. Categories of Industry Sector (Sec. 12, CWA)
1. Categories of Industry Sector (Rule 12, IRR)
2. Effluent Standard per Industry Sector (Rule 12.1, IRR)
3. Means to Determine Effluent Standards (Rule 12.2, IRR)
k. Wastewater Charge System (Sec. 13, CWA)
l. Discharge Permits (Sec. 14, CWA)
1. Where filed (Rule 14.4, IRR)
2. Requirements for Approval (Rule 14.6, IRR)
3. Effectivity (Rule 14.9, IRR)
4. Plant Operational Problems (Rule 14.15.1, IRR)
5. Grounds for suspension or revocation (Rule 14.11, IRR)
6. Exemption (Rule 14.18, IRR)
l. Environmental Guarantee Fund (Sec. 15, CWA)
1. Additional Costs (Rule 15.2, IRR)
2. Precedent (Rule 15.4, IRR)
m. Clean-up Operations (Sec. 16, CWA)
1. Determination of Liability, EGF, Reimbursement (Rules 16, 16.1-16.3,
IRR)
2. What constitutes clean-up operations (Sec. 4 (g), CWA)
3. Necessary and Base Costs/Party-in-Interest. United States of America
v. Hyundai Merchant Marine Co., Ltd., 172 F.3d 1187; 48 ERC 1385;
1999 AMC 1521; 29 Envtl. L. Rep. 21,131 (9th Cir.)
n. Record-keeping, Entry, Access to Documents (Sec. 23, CWA)
o. Incentives (Sections 25, 26, CWA)
p. Civil Liability/Penal Provisions (Sections 27-29, CWA)
1. Complaint (Rule 27.7, IRR)
2. Absence of Respondent (Rule 27.8, IRR)
3. Where Filed (Rule 27.9, IRR)
q. Administrative Actions (Sec. 30, CWA)

X. Marine Pollution
a. Marpol 73/78
1. Double-Hull Requirement
2. Annex 1- Permissible Operational Discharges
3. Load on Top (LOT)
4. Port Facilities to Receive Oily Residues
5. Crude Oil Washings (COW)
6. Segregated Ballast Tanks (SBT)
7. Oil Record Book
b. 1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage
(1969 CLC)
c. International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for
Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (1971 Fund Convention)

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 d. Republic Act No. 9483 - Oil Pollution Compensation Act of 2007
e. In re Exxon Valdez, 236 F. Supp. 2d 1043 (District Court); 270 F.3d 1215;
2002 AMC 1; 32 Envtl. L. Rep. 20, 320 (9th Cir. 2001)
f. Ways of quantifying environmental damage
1. Replacement Costs- Commonwealth of Puerto Rico v. The SS ZOE
COLOCOTRONI, 628 F.2d 652; 15 ERC 1675; 1981 AMC 2185; 10
Envtl. L. Rep. 20,882 (1st Cir. 1980)
2. Existence Value, Commercial Value, Recreational Value- State of
Idaho v. Southern Refrigerated Transport, Inc., 1991 WL 22479 (D.
Idaho 1991)
3. Contingent Valuation- State of Ohio v. United States Department of
the Interior, 880 F.2d 432; 30 ERC 1001; 19 Envtl. L. Rep. 21,099
(D.C. Cir. 1989)

XI. Rules of Procedure for Environmental Cases (A.M. No. 09-6-8-SC)

a. Civil Procedure
i. Citizen Suits
ii. Temporary Environmental Protection Order (TEPO)
a. Presidential Decree No. 1818
b. Republic Act No. 8975
c. WT Construction v. DPWH, G.R. No. 163352, July 31, 2007
d. Hernandez v. Napocor, G.R. No. 145328, March 23, 2006
iii. Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation (SLAPP)
b. Special Civil Actions
i. Writ of Kalikasan
ii. Writ of Continuing Mandamus
1. Residents of Manila Bay v. MMDA, G.R. Nos. 171947-48, December
18, 2008
c. Criminal Procedure
i. Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation (SLAPP)
d. Evidence
e. Precautionary Principle
i. ISAAA v. Greenpeace, G.R. Nos. 209271, 209276, 209301 & 209430,
December 8, 2015 and July 26, 2016.