QA1.

ILLUSTRATE THE ROLE OF OZONE DEPLETION IN

STRATOSPHERE POLLUTION?

ANS.

Q1B. WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF PARTICULATE

POLLUTANTS?

ANS. Particulate matter pollution or particulate pollution is one of the

deadliest types of air pollution in India and on a global level. The
primary reason for the rise in particulate pollution, type of air
pollution, is because of human activities. Major sources of particulate
matter emission are factories, power stations, incinerators, industries,
automobiles, and diesel generators. All of this is anthropogenic
sources or due to human activities. A particulate pollutant is a
microscopic or microscopic liquid and solid particles present in the
form of the suspension in the air. Particulate matter can be released
from different types of human activities such as vehicle emissions,
smoke particles, dust particles, and ash from industries.

Particulate matter present in the air is mainly of two types- Viable

particles and non-viable particles.

 Viable Particulate Matter: These particles include lower living

organisms such as algae, bacteria, molds, fungi, etc. They are
dispersed into the air. Human beings are allergic to these
microorganisms and they can also cause different types of diseases
in plants and animals.
 Non-Viable Particulate Matter: We can classify these particles
on the basis of size and their nature. These particulates include
smoke, dust, mists, and fumes.
Smoke Particles
Smoke particulates contain a mixture of liquid and solid particles.
Combustion of any kind of organic matter leads to the formation of
smoke particles. Examples include the release of smoke from a
cigarette, burning of garbage and dry leaves, burning of fossil fuel,
oil, etc.

Dust
The size of dust particulates is more than 1 micrometer (μm) in
diameter. Dust particulate matter originates from grinding, crushing,
and attribution of solid substances. Examples of this type of
particulate emission include the release of sawdust during word
works, release of sand particles during sandblasting, pulverization of
coal, release of fly ash and cement from factories, dust storms, etc.

Mists
Vapors in air undergo condensation to form a mist. Production of
mist is also possible by particles of spray liquids. For instance,
herbicides and pesticides are used in the form of sprays in agriculture
but sometimes it is possible to miss the spray target and enter the
atmosphere and form mists. Another example is the sulfuric acid
mist.

Fumes
Formation of fumes is possible by the condensation of vapors during
different processes such as boiling, distillation, sublimation, and
other types of chemical reactions. Organic solvents, metallic oxides,
and metals undergo a chemical reaction to generate fume particles.

The adverse effect of the particulate pollutants will vary according to

the particle size. Therefore, airborne particles like fumes, dust, mist,
etc are harmful to human health. Larger particles of size more than 5
microns have the ability to enter and block the nasal passage.
However, particles of the approximate size of 10 microns can directly
enter the lungs and affect it severely.

Q2A. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION?

EXPLAIN EUTROPHICATION.

ANS.  Water pollution occurs when harmful substances—often chemicals or

microorganisms—contaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer,etc.

Various Causes of Water Pollution

1. Industrial waste
Industries produce a huge amount of waste which contains toxic
chemicals and pollutants which can cause air pollution and damage to us
and our environment. They contain pollutants such as lead, mercury,
sulfur, asbestos, nitrates, and many other harmful chemicals.

Many industries do not have a proper waste management system and

drain the waste in the fresh water which goes into rivers, canals and later
into the sea. The toxic chemicals have the capability to change the color of
water, increase the number of minerals, also known as eutrophication,
change the temperature of water and pose a serious hazard to water
organisms.
2. Sewage and wastewater
The sewage and wastewater that is produced by each household is
chemically treated and released into the sea with fresh water. The sewage
water carries harmful bacteria and chemicals that can cause serious
health problems. Pathogens are known as a common water pollutant; The
sewers of cities house several pathogens and thereby diseases.

Microorganisms in water are known to be causes of some very deadly

diseases and become the breeding grounds for other creatures that act as
carriers. These carriers inflict these diseases via various forms of contact
onto an individual. A very common example of this process would be
Malaria.

3. Mining activities
Mining is the process of crushing the rock and extracting coal and other
minerals from underground. These elements when extracted in the raw
form contains harmful chemicals and can increase the number of toxic
elements when mixed up with water which may result in health problems.
Mining activities emit a large amount of metal waste and sulphides from
the rocks which is harmful to the water.

4. Marine dumping
The garbage produced by each household in the form of paper,
aluminum, rubber, glass, plastic, food is collected and deposited into the
sea in some countries. These items take from 2 weeks to 200 years to
decompose. When such items enter the sea, they not only cause water
pollution but also harm animals in the sea.
5. Accidental oil leakage
Oil spill poses a huge concern as a large amount of oil enters into the sea
and does not dissolve with water; thereby opens problem for local
marine wildlife such as fish, birds and sea otters. For e.g.: a ship carrying a
large quantity of oil may spill oil if met with an accident and can cause
varying damage to species in the ocean depending on the quantity of oil
spill, size of the ocean, the toxicity of pollutant.

6. The burning of fossil fuels

Fossil fuels like coal and oil when burnt produce a substantial amount of
ash in the atmosphere. The particles which contain toxic chemicals when
mixed with water vapor result in acid rain. Also, carbon dioxide is released
from the burning of fossil fuels which result in global warming.

7. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides

Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used by farmers to protect crops
from insects and bacterias. They are useful for the plant’s growth.
However, when these chemicals are mixed up with water produce harmful
for plants and animals. Also, when it rains, the chemicals mix up
with rainwater and flow down into rivers and canals which pose serious
damages for aquatic animals.

Eutrophication is an enrichment of water by nutrient salts that causes

structural changes to the ecosystem such as: increased production of
algae and aquatic plants, depletion of fish species, general deterioration of
water quality and other effects that reduce and preclude use.

Algae grow in the sea feeding on nutrients in the water. Algae grow better when more
nutrients (nitrates and phosphates) are present in the water column. A
small increase in algal biomass has no adverse effects on the ecosystem
 and can even lead to an increase of certain fish populations. An overgrowth
however can lead to an algal bloom which may disturb the
water. The algae may keep out the light and when they eventually die, they are
decomposed by bacteria which consume oxygen in this process so that the
water may become temporarily anoxic (hypoxia) which may be toxic to aquatic
life. An enrichment by or excess of nutrients to the water is
called eutrophication and may result in an explosive growth of algae.
Depending on the environment (quiet bay or rough seas) and the type of algae
(microscopic or macroscopic), a 'bloom' can be observed in different forms:
foam or a green tide on the beach.

Eutrophication is one of the causes of the deterioration of water quality. In the

North Sea and the English Channel, this is mainly due to human activities.
Nutrients can have a natural or anthropogenic origin and come from:

 Domestic wastewater
 Industrial waste
 Agriculture (fertilizer use)Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (livestock and
gases)

The overload of nitrogen, phosphorus and other organic material can result in a

series of 'side effects'. The main effects of eutrophication are:

 Increasing biomass of phytoplankton resulting in 'algal blooms'.

 Hypoxia (reduced dissolved oxygen content of a body of water).
 An increasing number of incidents of fish kills.
 The water can have a bad taste, color and odeur which has a negative impact
on tourism. Governments have to invest more in waste water treatment.
 Decline or loss of species biodiversity (commercially important species may
disappear).
 Some phytoplankton species produce toxins that cause severe symptoms such
as diarrhea, memory loss, paralysis and in severe causes death.

Q2B. WRITE A NOTE ON ACID RAIN?

ANS. What is Acid Rain?

Acid Rain as the name suggests can be said to be the precipitation of acid in
the form of rain in the simplest manner. When atmospheric pollutants like
oxides of nitrogen and sulphur react with rainwater and come down with the
rain, then this results in Acid Rain.
Causes of Acid Rain
The causes of acid rain are Sulfur and Nitrogen particles which get mixed with the wet
components of rain. Sulfur and Nitrogen particles which get mixed with water are found in two
ways either man-made i.e as the emissions are given out from industries or by natural causes
like how a lightning strike in the atmosphere releases nitrogen ions and sulphur is released from
volcanic eruptions.
The regular clean rain we experience, even though it is not clean i.e water and carbon dioxide
react together to form weak carbonic acid which essentially by itself is not extremely harmful. The
reaction occurring is :
H2O (l) + CO2 (g) ⇌ H2CO3 (aq)
The pH value of regular rainwater is around 5.7, giving it an acidic nature. The oxides of
nitrogen and sulphur are blown away by the wind along with the dust particles. They settle on the
earth’s surface after coming down in the form of precipitation. Acid rain is essentially a byproduct
of human activities which emit oxides of nitrogen and sulphur in the atmosphere.  Example – the
burning of fossil fuels, unethical waste emission disposal techniques.

Formation of Acid Rain

Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide undergo oxidation and then they react with water resulting
in the formation of sulphuric acid and nitric acid respectively. The following reaction will clarify the
acid formation reaction:
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) + 2H2O (l) → 2H2SO4 (aq)
4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) + 2H2O (l) → 4HNO3 (aq)

Effects of Acid Rain

 Acid rain is very harmful to agriculture, plants, and animals. It washes away all nutrients
which are required for the growth and survival of plants. Acid rain affects agriculture by
the way how it alters the composition of the soil.

The Effect of Acid Rain on a forest

 It causes respiratory issues in animals and humans.

 When acid rain falls down and flows into the rivers and ponds it affects the aquatic
ecosystem. As it alters the chemical composition of the water, to a form which is actually
harmful to the aquatic ecosystem to survive and causes water pollution.
 Acid rain also causes the corrosion of water pipes. Which further results in leaching of
heavy metals such as iron, lead and copper into drinking water.
 It damages the buildings and monuments made up of stones and metals.

Real-Life Examples
 Taj Mahal, one of the 7 wonders of the world, is largely affected by acid rain. The city of
Agra has many industries which emit the oxides of sulphur and nitrogen in the
atmosphere. People continue to use low-quality coal and firewood as a domestic fuel,
adding to this problem. Acid rain has the following reaction with the marble (calcium
carbonate):
 CaCO3 +  H2SO4 → CaSO4  + H2O + CO2 

The formation of calcium sulphate results in the corrosion of this beautiful monument.

 Statue of Liberty which is made of copper has also been damaged by the cumulative

action of acid rain & oxidation for over 30 years and is, therefore, becoming green in
colour.

Q3A. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF SOIL DEGRADATION?

ANS. Soil degradation has been defined as a process that leads to

decline in the fertility or future productive capacity of soil as a result
of human activity.

Causes of Soil Degradation:

The main reasons for unproductiveness or degradation of
soils are as follows:
1. Nutrient disorder

2. Water-logging

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3. Salinity

4. Erosion

5. Biological degradation

6. Other causes

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Nutrient disorder:
Most of the Indian soils are deficient in nutrients and organic
matter. Organic matter is rapidly decomposed and leached or
eroded by heavy rains. In addition to these causes, intensive
cultivation using high-yielding short-duration and fertilizer-
responsive cultivars of crops has further accelerated the loss of
plant nutrients which is much greater than what is supplemented
through fertilizers.

The problem is more severe in the cultivated areas of the

subtropical belt. Out of 20.2 million tonnes NPK removed by the
plants, only 2.66 million tonnes comes from fertilizers and 3 million
tonnes from organic sources. If the loss of nutrients due to soil
erosion is included, the loss of nutrients from top soil is 43 million
tonnes.

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Water-logging:
Soils become water-logged when the water balance of an area is
disturbed because of excess recharge. Important sources of water
are heavy rains, overland water flow towards basin, seepage from
canals and distribution system and tidal flooding. Natural basins
without outlet for water, low permeability of subsurface horizons,
internal drainage, low intake rate of surface soils and obstructions
to natural flow of rain water etc. are conditions cause water logging.

In highly productive areas, canal irrigation is responsible for a rapid

rise in water table. Expansion of canal irrigation is also directly
concerned with widespread water-logging and salinity problems in
arid and semiarid areas. Disturbances in the hydrologic cycle due to
inefficient use of surface irrigation water, poor land development,
seepage and poor drainage have resulted in higher water tables.

Salinity (Saline and alkali soils):

Salinity directly affects the productivity by making the soil
unsuitable for crop growth. Indirectly it lowers productivity through
its adverse effects on the availability of nutrients. The adverse effect
of alkalinity on availability of nutrients is due to deflocculating
effect of sodium ions. An area of about 21.7 million hectares of soil
is rendered unproductive due to salinity and water-logging.

The saline degradation is due to natural causes and poor irrigation

practices which disturb the water cycle in areas. Most of the crops in
India are affected due to salinity. Productivity loss of some crops is
given in Table 27.5.

Erosion:
Soil erosion is the major cause of soil degradation. In the soil
erosion, uppermost fertile layer of soil which contains essential
nutrients is lost. Thus soil becomes deficient in essential minerals
and this results in productivity loss. Deforestation or destruction of
forests accompanied by reduced frequency of rainfall leads to soil
erosion and causes damage to agriculture property. Deforestation
causes fast degradation when the soil is steep sloppy or easily
erodible. Destruction of natural vegetation cover is a major factor
responsible for erosion of soils by water and wind.

Biological degradation:
The factors which affect soil micro flora and fauna also reduce the
biological or microbial activity of soil adversely. These factors
reduce the yield. It is well known that mono cropping (growing the
same crop on the same land year after year) often leads to
increasing attack of pests and diseases. The fatal nematodes
threaten potato cultivation in the Nilgiris and, if not controlled they
may pose threat to potato cultivation in that area. Excess use of
pesticide reduces microbial activity and biomass.

Applications of some pesticide chemicals (e.g., amitrole, atrazine,

bromacil, picloram, etc.) inhibit nitrification. The nodulation and
growth of some leguminous crops and nitrogen fixation are
inhibited by different pesticides. Disposal of oil shales, heavy metal
contamination of soil and spillage of crude oils adversely affect soil
micro flora which ultimately affect soil productivity and cause soil
degradation.

Other Causes of Soil Degradation:

Extension of cultivation to marginal land:
Due to tremendous population increase the use of land is increasing
day by day. Marginal lands though sustainable for farming are less
fertile and more prone to degradation. Examples of marginal lands
are steep sloppy lands, shallow or sandy soils and the lands in dry
and semi-dry areas.

Improper crop rotation:

Due to shortage of land, increase of population and economic
pressure, the farmers have adopted intensive cropping patterns of
commercial crops in place of more balanced cereal-legume
rotations. During last two decades the area under food crops
decreased and that under non-food crops increased. Intensive
cultivation leads to removal of large quantities of nutrients from the
soil which results to in loss of soil fertility.

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Fertilizer misuse:
Soil fertility is reduced due to prolonged intensive cultivation. The
farmers maintain productivity of soil by applying chemical
fertilizers but make less use of organic manures. Although the yield
can be maintained by using fertilizers that provide deficient
minerals yet their use often results in deficiencies of other nutrients.

Overgrazing:
In India pasture land area is decreasing day by day due to expansion
of agricultural land. Recent satellite data show that the area under
pasture land is severely degraded. This poor condition of pasture
lands is due to excessive grazing. The unchecked and indiscriminate
grazing on forest land also leads to degradation of forest soils.
Overgrazing directly leads to disappearance of vegetation which is
one of the important causes of wind and water erosion in dry lands.

Mining:
Mining disturbs the physical, chemical and biological features of the
soil. The impact of mining on soil depends on the physical, chemical
properties of the waste generated. The soil profile is changed; the
top soil is turned deep inside the dumps. The erodible material is
almost devoid of organic matter and lacks in mineral plant
nutrients. According to an estimate, about 0.8 million ha soil is
degraded due to mining activity.
Q3B. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF MARINE WATER
POLLUTION?

ANS. Marine pollution has been an ever-present problem since the

advent of large-scale agricultural activity and industrialization.
However, significant laws and regulations at an international level to
tackle the problem came only in the mid-twentieth century. During
United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea in the early 1950s,
the various stakeholders come together to deliberate and formulate
laws pertaining to marine pollution. Till mid-twentieth century the
majority of the scientists maintained that oceans were vast enough to
be able to dilute the amount of pollution being drained into them,
thus, considering pollution harmless to the marine life.

Causes of Marine Pollution

1. Sewage

Pollution can enter the Marine directly. Sewage or polluting substances

flow through sewage, rivers, or drainages directly into the Marine. This is
often how minerals and substances from mining camps find their way into
the Marine.

The release of other chemical nutrients into the Marine’s ecosystem leads

to reductions in oxygen levels, the decay of plant life, a severe decline in
the quality of the seawater itself. As a result, all levels of Marineic
life, plants and animals, are highly affected.
2. Toxic Chemicals From Industries

Industrial and agricultural waste is another most common form of wastes

that are directly discharged into the Marines, resulting in Marine pollution.
The dumping of toxic liquids in the Marine directly affects the marine life
as they are considered hazardous and secondly, they raise the
temperature of the Marine, known as thermal pollution, as the
temperature of these liquids is quite high. Animals and plants that cannot
survive at higher temperatures eventually perish.

3. Land Runoff

Land runoff is another source of pollution in the Marine. This occurs when

water infiltrates the soil to its maximum extent and the excess water from
rain, flooding or melting flows over the land and into the Marine.

Often, this water picks up man-made, harmful contaminants that pollute

the Marine, including fertilizers, petroleum, pesticides and other forms of
soil contaminants. Fertilizers and waste from land animals and humans
can be a huge detriment to the Marine by creating dead zones.

4. Large Scale Oil Spills

Ship pollution is a huge source of Marine pollution, the most devastating

effect of which is oil spills. Crude oil lasts for years in the sea and is
extremely toxic to marine life, often suffocating marine animals to death
once it entraps them. Crude oil is also extremely difficult to clean up,
unfortunately meaning that when it is split; it is usually there to stay.

In addition, many ships lose thousands of crates each year due to storms,
emergencies, and accidents. This causes noise pollution (excessive,
unexpected noise that interrupts the balance of life, most often caused
by modes of transportation), excessive algae, and ballast water. Often
times, other species can also invade an ecosystem and do harm to it by
interrupting the life cycles of other organisms, causing a clash of nature
that has already been damaged by the overflow of pollution.

5. Marine Mining

Marine mining in the deep sea is yet another source of Marine pollution.
Marine mining sites drilling for silver, gold, copper, cobalt, and zinc create
sulfide deposits up to three and a half thousand meters down into the
Marine.

While we have yet the gathering of scientific evidence to fully explain the
harsh environmental impacts of deep-sea mining, we do have a general
idea that deep sea mining causes damage to the lowest levels of the
Marine and increase the toxicity of the region. This permanent damage
dealt also causes leaking, corrosion and oil spills that only drastically
further hinder the ecosystem of the region.

6. Littering

Pollution from the atmosphere is, believe it or not, a huge source of

Marine pollution. This occurs when objects that are far inland are blown
by the wind over long distances and end up in the Marine. These objects
can be anything from natural things like dust and sand to man-made
objects such as debris and trash. Most debris, especially plastic debris,
cannot decompose and remains suspended in the Marine’s current for
years.

Animals can become snagged on the plastic or mistake it for food, slowly
killing them over a long period of time. Animals who are most often the
victims of plastic debris include turtles, dolphins, fish, sharks, crabs, sea
birds, and crocodiles.
In addition, the temperature of the Marine is highly affected by carbon
dioxide and climate changes, which impacts primarily the ecosystems and
fish communities that live in the Marine. In particular, the rising levels of
Co2 acidify the Marine in the form of acid rain.

Even though the Marine can absorb carbon dioxide that originates from
the atmosphere, the carbon dioxide levels are steadily increasing and the
Marine’s absorbing mechanisms, due to the rising of the Marine’s
temperatures, are unable to keep up with the pace.

Q4A. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS AND CONTROL MEASURES

OF THERMAL POLLUTION?

ANS. Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process

that changes ambient water temperature. A common cause of thermal
pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial
manufacturers.

The harmful effects of the thermal pollution are discussed below:

1. Reduction in dissolved Oxygen

The pollutant from various industrial plants are heated decreases the
concentration of oxygen with an increase in the temperature of water.

2. Change in water properties

The decrease in density, viscosity and solubility of gases in water
increases the setting speed of suspended particles which seriously affect
the food supplies of aquatic organism.

3. Increase in toxicity
The concentrated pollutant causes the rise in the temperature of water
which increases the toxicity of the poison present in water. The toxicity in
water will increase the death rate in marine life.

4. Disruption of Biological activities

Temperature changes disrupt the entire marine ecosystem because
changes in temperature causes change in physiology, metabolism and
biological process like respiration rate, digestion, excretion and
development of an aquatic organism.

How biochemical cycles stabilises the biosphere?

5. Damage of biotic organism
Aquatic organisms like juvenile fish, plankton, fish, eggs, larva, algae and
protozoa which pass through screens and condenser cooling system are
extremely sensitive to abrupt temperature changes. They are habitual of
warmer water may suddenly face increase or decrease in temperature of
water bodies and thus die because of sudden changes in the temperature
of water.

How can thermal pollution be prevented?

The following measures can be taken to prevent or control high
temperature caused by thermal pollution:

1. Heated water from the industries can treated before discharging

directly to the water bodies.

2. Heated water from the industries can be treated by the installation of

cooling ponds and cooling towers.

3. Industrial treated water can be recycled for domestic use or industrial

heating.

4. Through artificial lakes: In this lake Industries can discharge their used
or heated water at one end and water for cooling purposes may be
withdrawn from the other end. The heat is eventually dissipated through
evaporation.

Hence, we can say any kind of pollution may directly or indirectly affect
humans because the loss of biodiversity causes changes that affect all the
aspects of the environment.

Q4B. WHAT ARE THE STRATEGIES TO CONTROL

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION?

ANS. Due to increasing human activities pressure on natural resources is increasing day

by day and something has to be done to reduce it, because if it continues at this rate life on
earth would become unsustainable. Many environmentalist and scientist are working to

make certain strategies to reduce environmental pollution.

the methods to control various types of pollution caused by different sources involves these
common strategies:

 Management of waste
 recycling
 Green chemistry.

Management of Waste
The production and improper disposal of domestic and industrial wastes are responsible for
Environment Pollution. The domestic waste includes sewage and municipal waste while
industrial wastes include inorganic and organic suspended particles and inorganic and
organic soluble matter.
One of the best methods to manage wastes especially domestic waste is by collecting them
in bins. Government of India is promoting the usage of bins, under the Clean India
Campaign that is, Swacch Bharat Abhiyan. It is advisable to collect biodegradable and non-
biodegradable wastes into separate bins so that the municipal workers do not have to do
extra work for separating them. This household waste is transferred to community bins
from where they are collected by municipal workers which take the waste to the dumping
sites. Municipal workers separate the waste into biodegradable and non-biodegradable
waste at these sites. Biodegradable waste consist of households waste like vegetables, left
over food etc. while non-biodegradable includes metal scraps, paper, plastic etc. Those
which are biodegradable are dumped in landfills and the non-biodegradable are sent for
recycling.

If this procedure is not followed and garbage bins are kept unutilized, all of this waste goes
into the sewers, and some of it is eaten by stray animals. This waste chokes the sewers and
causes various problems. Many times it gets collected at a place and the place becomes
breeding ground for mosquitoes and flies which causes various diseases.  Therefore, the
best practice is to dispose domestic waste properly. These wastes are treated in the
following ways:

Now will discuss ways of treating the waste:

Recycling
This is a simplest method of treating the waste. Recycling of materials saves much of the
raw materials cost as well as reduces the cost of disposal. Some common examples of
recycling by industries are:

 Recycling of Glass
 Using scrap metal to manufacture steel
 Recovering energy by burning down of wastes which are combustible in nature
 The use of waste paper,
In other words, recycling converts waste into wealth.

Green Chemistry
We know that increasing population, has increased the use of fossil fuels and increasing
number of industries and vehicles are polluting our environment to an alarming extent. The
increase in pollution adversely affects the health of humans and other living organisms. It is
believed that the advancement and modernization of our society is inducing certain types of
cancers for our future. These pollutants are being added in air, in water, in our food supply
and in soil. As we know because of agriculture revolution i.e. by developing improved
methods of farming, irrigation, improving the quality of seeds, and by using fertilizers and
Pesticides India became self-sufficient in production of food since late 20th century. But
excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides and over exploitation of soil has resulted into
deterioration of air, water and soil.
With the growing awareness of the environmental pollution, the international community is
under increasing pressure to find methods to save our lives from the increasing pollution.
So should we stop using the technology for advancement?  NO. Instead we should search
for alternative process or technologies which helps in reduction of pollution of our
environment. The scientists are searching new alternatives which do not cause
environmental pollution. This new approach is called Green Chemistry which was
introduced in early 1990s. It means zero discharge of toxic, persistent substances, into the
environment guaranteed by the fact that they are never produced. Green chemistry may
be defined as a strategy to design chemical processes and products that reduces or
eliminates the use and generation of hazardous substances.