154 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2019

TPT • Medium 25: 15 AS332M Super Puma; 10

AS532UL Cougar Turkey TUR
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES
ISR • Medium 16 ADS 95 Ranger (4 systems) New Turkish Lira L 2017 2018 2019
AIR-LAUNCHED MISSILES • AAM • IR AIM-9P GDP L 3.11tr 3.66tr
Sidewinder; IIR AIM-9X Sidewinder II; ARH AIM- US$ 852bn 714bn
120B/C-7 AMRAAM per capita US$ 10,537 8,716
Growth % 7.4 3.5
Ground Based Air Defence (GBAD)
GBAD assets can be used to form AD clusters to be Inflation % 11.1 15.0
deployed independently as task forces within Swiss Def exp [a] L 47.3bn 60.9bn
territory US$ 13.0bn 11.9bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Def bdgt [b] L 28.8bn 40.5bn
AIR DEFENCE US$ 7.89bn 7.90bn
SAM • Point Rapier; FIM-92 Stinger US$1=L 3.65 5.12
GUNS 35mm Some GDF with Skyguard
[a] NATO definition
Armed Forces Logistic Organisation 9,650 [b] Includes funding for Undersecretariat of Defence Industries
on mobilisation Population 81,257,239
FORCES BY ROLE
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
1 log bde (6 log bn; 1 tpt bn; 6 med bn) Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 12.6% 4.2% 4.0% 4.0% 22.2% 3.4%
Command Support Organisation 11,150 on Female 12.1% 4.0% 3.8% 3.9% 21.8% 4.2%
mobilisation
FORCES BY ROLE Capabilities
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Turkey has large, well-equipped armed forces that are primarily
1 spt bde
structured for national defence. Much recent activity has focused
Training Command 37,350 on mobilisation on internal security and cross-border operations in response to the
continuing war in Syria. The Turkish Armed Forces 2033 Strategic
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Plan aims to modernise military equipment and the force struc-
5 trg unit
ture. According to government officials, terrorism is the main secu-
rity threat. Turkey is a NATO member and has provided access to
Civil Defence 73,000 (51,000 Reserve) its airspace and facilities for operations in Iraq and Syria. Following
(not part of armed forces) the attempted coup in July 2016, Ankara dismissed large numbers
of officers from its armed forces, with the loss of experienced
Cyber personnel affecting both operational effectiveness and training
Five Swiss government organisations have responsibilities levels, especially in the air force. The armed forces train regularly,
for cyber threats and responses: the Federal Intelligence including with NATO allies. Turkish statements have indicated an
Service; the Military Intelligence Service; the Command intention to enhance its presence in Cyprus, possibly including a
Support Organisation; Information Security and Facility naval base in the northern part of the island. Equipment is mostly
Protection; and the Federal Office for Civil Protection. A sourced from national firms. Ankara selected BMC to start series
production for its first national main battle tank, a project that
National Cyber Defence Strategy was published in 2012.
has been delayed for over two decades. Turkey is also developing
A national strategy for protection against cyber risks was
a domestic fighter aircraft, with the delivery of F-35As in question
adopted by the Federal Council in April 2018. as a result of US restrictions. To bolster air defence, Ankara signed
a contract with Russia for S-400 missile systems. Under new laws,
DEPLOYMENT the president has authority over defence procurement and control
over Turkey’s top defence companies. Turkey has signed defence-
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA: EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 21 cooperation agreements with a focus on exports and technol-
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: UN • ogy transfer, in an effort to boost its national defence industry
MONUSCO 3 and achieve defence-industrial autonomy. The defence industry
is developing more sophisticated weapons platforms across all
INDIA/PAKISTAN: UN • UNMOGIP 3 obs domains.
KOREA, REPUBLIC OF: NNSC • 5 officers
ACTIVE 355,200 (Army 260,200 Navy 45,000 Air
MALI: UN • MINUSMA 6
50,000) Paramilitary 156,800
MIDDLE EAST: UN • UNTSO 12 obs Conscript liability 12 months (5.5 months for university graduates;
SERBIA: NATO • KFOR 235 (military volunteers); 1 inf 21 days for graduates with exemption)
coy; 1 engr pl; 1 hel flt with AS332M Super Puma
RESERVE 378,700 (Army 258,700 Navy 55,000 Air
UKRAINE: OSCE • Ukraine 8 65,000)
WESTERN SAHARA: UN • MINURSO 2 obs Reserve service to age 41 for all services
 Europe 155

TOWED 760+: 105mm 75+ M101A1; 155mm 523: 517

ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE M114A1/M114A2; 6 Panter; 203mm 162 M115
MRL 146+: 107mm 48; 122mm ε36 T-122; 227mm 12
Space M270 MLRS; 302mm 50+ TR-300 Kasirga (WS-1)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MOR 5,813+
SATELLITES • ISR 2 Gokturk-1/2 SP 1,443+: 81mm; 107mm 1,264 M106; 120mm 179
TOWED 4,370: 81mm 3,792; 120mm 578
Army ε260,200 (including conscripts) SURFACE-TO-SURFACE MISSILE LAUNCHERS
FORCES BY ROLE SRBM • Conventional MGM-140A ATACMS (launched
COMMAND from M270 MLRS); J-600T Yildrim (B-611/CH-SS-9 mod 1)

Europe
4 army HQ AIRCRAFT
9 corps HQ ISR 5 Beech 350 King Air
SPECIAL FORCES TPT • Light 8: 5 Beech 200 King Air; 3 Cessna 421
8 cdo bde TRG 49: 45 Cessna T182; 4 T-42A Cochise
1 mtn cdo bde HELICOPTERS
1 cdo regt ATK 77: 18 AH-1P Cobra; 12 AH-1S Cobra; 5 AH-1W
MANOEUVRE Cobra; 4 TAH-1P Cobra; 9 T129A; 29 T129B
Armoured MRH 28 Hughes 300C
1 (52nd) armd div (2 armd bde, 1 mech bde) TPT 225+: Heavy 7 CH-47F Chinook; Medium 77+: 29
7 armd bde AS532UL Cougar; 48+ S-70A Black Hawk; Light 141: 12
Mechanised Bell 204B (AB-204B); ε45 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); 64
2 (28th & 29th) mech div Bell 205A (AB-205A); 20 Bell 206 Jet Ranger
14 mech inf bde UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES
Light CISR • Medium 33 Bayraktar TB2
1 (23rd) mot inf div (3 mot inf regt) ISR • Heavy Falcon 600/Firebee; Medium CL-89; Gnat;
7 mot inf bde Light Harpy
COMBAT SUPPORT AIR DEFENCE
2 arty bde SAM • Point-defence 148+: 70 Altigan PMADS octuple
1 trg arty bde Stinger lnchr, 78 Zipkin PMADS quad Stinger lnchr; FIM-
6 arty regt 92 Stinger
2 engr regt GUNS 1,664
AVIATION SP 35mm Korkut; 40mm 262 M42A1
4 avn regt TOWED 1,402: 20mm 439 GAI-D01/Rh-202; 35mm 120
4 avn bn GDF-001/GDF-003; 40mm 843: 803 L/60/L/70; 40 T-1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AIR-LAUNCHED MISSILES
ARMOURED FIGHTING VEHICLES ASM Mizrak-U (UMTAS)
MBT 2,379: 316 Leopard 2A4; 170 Leopard 1A4; 227 Leopard BOMBS
1A3; 100 M60A1; 650 M60A3; 166 M60T; 750 M48A5 T2 Laser-guided MAM-L; MAM-C
(2,000 M48A5 T1 in store)
RECCE ε250 Akrep Navy ε45,000 (including conscripts)
IFV 645 ACV AIFV EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
APC 4,336 SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 12:
APC (T) 3,636: 823 ACV AAPC; 2,813 M113/M113A1/ 4 Atilay (GER Type-209/1200) with 8 single 533mm ASTT
M113A2 with SST-4 HWT
PPV 700+: 50+ Edjer Yaclin 4×4; ε650 Kirpi 8 Preveze/Gür (GER Type-209/1400) with 8 single 533mm
AUV 882: 800+ Cobra; 82 Cobra II ASTT with UGM-84 Harpoon AShM/Tigerfish Mk2
ENGINEERING & MAINTENANCE VEHICLES HWT/DM2A4 HWT
AEV 12+: AZMIM; 12 M48; M113A2T2 PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 19
ARV 150: 12 Leopard 1; 105 M48T5; 33 M88A1 FRIGATES • FFGHM 19:
VLB 88: 36 Leguan; 52 Mobile Floating Assault Bridge 4 Barbaros (mod GER MEKO 200 F246 & F247) with 2
MW Husky 2G; Tamkar quad Mk141 lnchr with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 2
ANTI-TANK/ANTI-INFRASTRUCTURE 8-cell Mk41 VLS with RIM-162B ESSM SAM, 2 Mk32
MSL triple 324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 3 Sea Zenith
SP 365 ACV TOW CIWS, 1 127mm gun (capacity 1 Bell 212 (AB-212) hel)

MANPATS 9K135 Kornet-E (AT-14 Spriggan); Cobra; 4 Gabya (ex-US Oliver Hazard Perry class) with 1 Mk13
Eryx; Milan GMLS with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM/SM-1MR
RCL 3,869: 57mm 923 M18; 75mm 617; 106mm 2,329 M40A1 SAM, 1 8-cell Mk41 VLS with RIM-162B ESSM
ARTILLERY 7,799+ SAM, 2 Mk32 triple 324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT,
SP 1,080: 155mm 825: ε150 M44T1; 365 M52T (mod); ε310 1 Phalanx Block 1B CIWS, 1 76mm gun (capacity 1
T-155 Firtina; 175mm 36 M107; 203mm 219 M110A2 S-70B Seahawk/AB-212 ASW hel)
156 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2019

4 Gabya (ex-US Oliver Hazard Perry class) with 1 Mk13 Naval Aviation
GMLS with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM/SM-1MR
FORCES BY ROLE
SAM, 2 Mk32 triple 324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT,
ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE
1 Phalanx Block 1B CIWS, 1 76mm gun (capacity 1
2 sqn with Bell 212 ASW (AB-212 ASW); S-70B Seahawk
S-70B Seahawk/AB-212 ASW hel)
1 sqn with ATR-72-600; CN235M-100; TB-20 Trinidad
4 Yavuz (GER MEKO 200TN) with 2 quad Mk141 lnchr
with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 1 octuple Mk29 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
GMLS with Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 Mk32 triple 324mm AIRCRAFT
ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 3 Sea Zenith CIWS, 1 127mm MP 6 CN235M-100
gun (capacity 1 Bell 212 (AB-212) hel) TPT • Light 7: 2 ATR-72-600; 5 TB-20 Trinidad
3 Ada with 2 quad lnchr with RCM-84C Harpoon HELICOPTERS
AShM, 1 Mk49 21-cell lnchr with RIM-116 SAM, 2 ASW 29: 11 Bell 212 ASW (AB-212 ASW); 18 S-70B
Mk32 twin 324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 1 76mm Seahawk
gun (capacity 1 S-70B Seahawk hel)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 52:
Air Force ε50,000
2 tac air forces (divided between east and west)
CORVETTES • FSGM 6:
6 Burak (ex-FRA d’Estienne d’Orves) with 2 single lnchr FORCES BY ROLE
with MM38 Exocet AShM, 4 single 324mm ASTT FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
with Mk46 LWT, 1 Mk54 A/S mor, 1 100mm gun 1 sqn with F-4E Phantom 2020
PCFG 19: 8 sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
4 Dogan (GER Lurssen-57) with 2 quad lnchr with ISR
RGM-84A/C Harpoon AShM, 1 76mm gun 1 sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
9 Kilic with 2 quad Mk 141 lnchr with RGM-84C 1 unit with King Air 350
Harpoon AShM, 1 76mm gun AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL
4 Rüzgar (GER Lurssen-57) with 2 quad lnchr with 1 sqn (forming) with B-737 AEW&C
RGM-84A/C Harpoon AShM, 1 76mm gun EW
2 Yildiz with 2 quad lnchr with RGM-84A/C Harpoon 1 unit with CN235M EW
AShM, 1 76mm gun SEARCH & RESCUE
PCC 16 Tuzla 1 sqn with AS532AL/UL Cougar
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 15: TANKER
MHO 11: 5 Engin (FRA Circe); 6 Aydin 1 sqn with KC-135R Stratotanker
MSC 4 Seydi (US Adjutant) TRANSPORT
AMPHIBIOUS 1 sqn with A400M; C-160D Transall
LANDING SHIPS • LST 5: 1 sqn with C-130B/E/H Hercules
2 Bayraktar with 1 hel landing platform (capacity 20 1 (VIP) sqn with Cessna 550 Citation II (UC-35); Cessna
MBT; 250 troops) 650 Citation VII; CN235M; Gulfstream 550
1 Osman Gazi with 1 Phalanx CIWS (capacity 4 LCVP; 3 sqn with CN235M
17 tanks; 980 troops) (with 1 hel landing platform) 10 (liaison) flt with Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); CN235M
2 Sarucabey with 1 Phalanx CIWS (capacity 11 tanks; TRAINING
600 troops) (with 1 hel landing platform) 1 sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
LANDING CRAFT 30 1 sqn with F-5A/B Freedom Fighter; NF-5A/B Freedom
LCT 21: 2 C-120/130; 11 C-140; 8 C-151 Fighter
LCM 9: 1 C-310; 8 LCM 8 1 sqn with SF-260D
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 35 1 sqn with KT-IT
ABU 2: 1 AG5; 1 AG6 with 1 76mm gun 1 sqn with T-38A/M Talon
AGS 2: 1 Cesme (ex-US Silas Bent); 1 Cubuklu 1 sqn with T-41D Mescalero
AOR 2 Akar with 1 twin 76mm gun, 1 Phalanx CIWS, 1 AIR DEFENCE
hel landing platform 4 sqn with MIM-14 Nike Hercules
AOT 2 Burak 2 sqn with Rapier
AOL 1 Gurcan 8 (firing) unit with MIM-23 Hawk
AP 1 Iskenderun MANOEUVRE
ASR 3: 1 Alemdar with 1 hel landing platform; 2 Isin II Air Manoeuvre
ATF 9: 1 Akbas; 1 Degirmendere; 1 Gazal; 1 Inebolu; 5 Onder 1 AB bde
AWT 3 Sogut EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AXL 8 AIRCRAFT 308 combat capable
AX 2 Pasa (ex-GER Rhein) FTR 27: 17 NF-5A Freedom Fighter; 10 NF-5B Freedom
Fighter (48 F-5s being upgraded as LIFT)
Marines 3,000 FGA 281: 20 F-4E Phantom 2020; 27 F-16C Fighting Falcon
FORCES BY ROLE Block 30; 162 F-16C Fighting Falcon Block 50; 14 F-16C
MANOEUVRE Fighting Falcon Block 50+; 8 F-16D Block 30 Fighting
Amphibious Falcon; 33 F-16D Fighting Falcon Block 50; 16 F-16D
1 mne bde (3 mne bn; 1 arty bn) Fighting Falcon Block 50+; 1 F-35A Lightning II
 Europe 157

ISR 5 Beech 350 King Air TPT 35: Medium 12 S-70A Black Hawk; Light 23: 8 Bell
EW 2+ CN235M EW 204B (AB-204B); 6 Bell 205A (AB-205A); 8 Bell 206A
AEW&C 4 B-737 AEW&C (AB-206A) Jet Ranger; 1 Bell 212 (AB-212)
TKR 7 KC-135R Stratotanker UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES
TPT 88: Heavy 7 A400M; Medium 31: 6 C-130B Hercules; CISR • Medium 12 Bayraktar TB2
12 C-130E Hercules; 1 C-130H Hercules; 12 C-160D Transall; BOMBS
Light 49: 2 Cessna 550 Citation II (UC-35 - VIP); 2 Cessna Laser-guided MAM-L; MAM-C
650 Citation VII; 45 CN235M; PAX 1 Gulfstream 550
TRG 168: 33 SF-260D; 70 T-38A/M Talon; 25 T-41D Coast Guard 4,700
Mescalero; 40 KT-IT EQUIPMENT BY TYPE

Europe
HELICOPTERS PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 104
TPT 35: Medium 20: 6 AS532AL Cougar (CSAR); 14 PSOH 4 Dost with 1 76mm gun
AS532UL Cougar (SAR); Light 15 Bell 205 (UH-1H PBF 60
Iroquois) PB 40
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES 29+ AIRCRAFT • MP 3 CN235 MPA
CISR • Heavy 8 ANKA-S HELICOPTERS • MRH 8 Bell 412EP (AB-412EP – SAR)
ISR 27+: Heavy 9+: some ANKA; 9 Heron; Medium 18
Gnat 750 DEPLOYMENT
AIR DEFENCE
AFGHANISTAN: NATO • Operation Resolute Support 506; 1
SAM
mot inf bn(-)
Long-range MIM-14 Nike Hercules
Medium-range MIM-23 Hawk ARABIAN SEA & GULF OF ADEN: Combined Maritime
Point-defence Rapier Forces • CTF-151: 1 FFGHM
AIR-LAUNCHED MISSILES BLACK SEA: NATO • SNMCMG 2: 1 MHO
AAM • IR AIM-9S Sidewinder; Shafrir 2(‡); IIR AIM- BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA: EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea
9X Sidewinder II; SARH AIM-7E Sparrow; ARH AIM- 249; 1 inf coy
120A/B AMRAAM
CYPRUS (NORTHERN): ε33,800; 1 army corps HQ; 1 SF
ARM AGM-88A HARM
regt; 1 armd bde; 2 mech inf div; 1 mech inf regt; 1 arty
ASM AGM-65A/G Maverick; Popeye I
regt; 1 avn comd; 287 M48A5T2; 147 ACV AIFV; 106
LACM Coventional AGM-84K SLAM-ER
ACV AAPC (incl variants); 386 M113 (incl variants); 36
BOMBS
M101A1; 36 M114A2; 12 M115; 30 M44T; 144 M52T1; 9
Electro-optical guided GBU-8B HOBOS (GBU-15)
T-122; 171 81mm mor; 70 M30; 135 HY-12; Milan; 60 ACV
INS/GPS guided AGM-154A JSOW; AGM-154C JSOW
TOW; 219 M40A1; FIM-92 Stinger; 44 Rh 202; 78 GAI-D01;
Laser-guided MAM-C; MAM-L; Paveway I; Paveway II
16 GDF-003; 3 Cessna 185 (U-17); 2 AS532UL Cougar; 1
Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); 1 PB
Paramilitary 156,800
IRAQ: Army: 2,000; 1 armd BG
Gendarmerie 152,100 LEBANON: UN • UNIFIL 86; 1 PCFG
Ministry of Interior; Ministry of Defence in war MEDITERRANEAN SEA: NATO • SNMG 2: 1 FFGHM; 1 PCC
FORCES BY ROLE
QATAR: Army: 200 (trg team); 1 mech inf coy; 1 arty unit;
SPECIAL FORCES 12+ ACV AIFV/AAPC; 2 T-155 Firtina
1 cdo bde
MANOEUVRE SERBIA: NATO • KFOR 291; 1 inf coy
Other UN • UNMIK 1 obs
1 (border) paramilitary div SOMALIA: 200 (trg team); UN • UNSOM 1 obs
2 paramilitary bde SYRIA: ε5,000; 1 cdo unit; 2 armd BG; 1 SAM unit; 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE gendarmerie unit
ARMOURED FIGHTING VEHICLES UKRAINE: OSCE • Ukraine 10
RECCE Akrep
APC 560+
APC (W) 560: 535 BTR-60/BTR-80; 25 Condor
FOREIGN FORCES
PPV Kirpi Italy Active Fence: 130; 1 SAM bty with SAMP/T
AUV Cobra; Cobra II Saudi Arabia Inherent Resolve: 6 F-15S Eagle
AIRCRAFT Spain Active Fence: 149; 1 SAM bty with MIM-104C Patriot
ISR Some O-1E Bird Dog PAC-2
TPT • Light 2 Do-28D United States US European Command: 1,700; 1 tkr sqn
HELICOPTERS with 14 KC-135; 1 ELINT flt with EP-3E Aries II; 1 spt facility
ATK 4 T129B at Izmir; 1 spt facility at Ankara; 1 air base at Incirlik • US
MRH 19 Mi-17 Hip H Strategic Command: 1 AN/TPY-2 X-band radar at Kürecik